STATE FUNDING FOR THE BISHOP

Joyce D. Kahane Rescarchcr

Report No. 2, 1988

Legislativc Reference Bureau State C:apitol, Room 004 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813

FOREWORD

Th is s tudy on t h e Bishop Museum was prepared i n response t o Senate Concur ren t Resolution No. 56, adopted d u r i n g t h e 1987 legislat ive session.

Senate Concur ren t Resolution No. 56 requested tha t t h e Bureau s tudy t h e feasib i l i ty o f designat ing t h e Bishop Museum as t h e State Museum f o r Natura l and Cu l tu ra l H is to ry w i t h an annual l ine item appropr iat ion f o r t h e operat ion of t h e Museum, and t o consider state acquisi t ion o f Museum real estate proper t ies tha t a re o f cu l t u ra l and h is to r ic signif icance t o t h e State. T h e s t u d y pr imar i l y focusses on t h e quest ion of state f u n d i n g t o t h e Museum.

We ex tend o u r s incere appreciat ion t o Bishop Museum staf f and administrat ion f o r t h e i r gracious cooperation and assistance th roughout t h e course o f t h i s s tudy .

We also wish t o acknowledge administrators o f Hawaii state departments and agencies, and state agencies, museum organizations, and museums around t h e nat ion who responded though t fu l l y t o o u r quest ionnaires and prov ided us w i th valuable information and help.

SAMUEL 8 . K. CHANG Di rec tor

January 1988

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

... FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

1 . INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Organizat ion of t h e Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 . BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Overv iew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 State Financing of Museums i n t h e Un i ted States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 T h e Smithsonian Ins t i tu t ion : A Publ ic-Pr ivate Par tnership . . . . 9 Facil i t ies. Act iv i t ies. and Finances o f Selected Museums . . . . . . . . 15 At t i tudes of Museum Adminis t rators Toward Museum Fund ing . . 30

3 . THE BISHOP MUSEUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B r ie f H i s to ry 36 Government Repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S t r u c t u r e and Organizat ion 38 . . . F a c ~ l ~ t ~ e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Act iv i t ies o f t h e Museum 41 Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research 42 Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Public Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L i b r a r y 45 Information Resource f o r t h e Public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Government Fund ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Waipi'o Val ley 54

4 . PERCEIVED CONTRIBUTION OF THE BISHOP MUSEUM T O THE STATE OF HAWAII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Department of Ag r i cu l t u re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department o f t h e At to rney General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department o f Business and Economic Development . . . . . . . . . . . . Department o f Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department o f Land and Natura l Resources Div is ion

o f Histor ic Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department o f Transpor ta t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State Foundation on Cu l tu re and t h e A r t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Un ive rs i t y o f Hawaii Center f o r Ora l H i s to ry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Un ive rs i t y o f Hawaii Department of Anthropo logy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Un ive rs i t y o f Hawaii Department of lndo-Paci f ic Languages . . . . Un ive rs i t y o f Hawaii Department of L ingu is t i cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Un ive rs i t y o f Hawaii Music Department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Un ive rs i t y o f Hawaii Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Un ive rs i t y o f Hawaii School of Hawaiian. Asian. and . . Pac t f~c Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Un ive rs i t y o f Hawaii Social Science Research Ins t i t u te . . . . . . . . . . 63

. . Unident t f ied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 64

Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recommendations 69

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FOOTNOTES 71

Exh ib i t s

1 . Smithsonian Operat ing Expendi tures. b y Source 1847-1976 . . . . . . . . . . 16

Percent o f Smithsonian Operat ing Expendi tures. by Source 1847-1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Faci l i t ies: 1971 and 1987 22

Exhib i t ions: 1971 and 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Act iv i t ies: 1971 and 1987 24

Role o f Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of Staf f and Salary Ranges: 1970 and 1986 26

Sources of income: 1970 and 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Expend i tu res : 1970 and 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Na tu re o f Government Funding. 1987 29

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bishop Museum Corporate Leadership 39

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bishop Museum Organizat ional Char t 40

. . . . . . . . . . State Cont r ibu t ion t o Expendi tures o f t h e Bishop Museum 52

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State Cont r ibu t ion t o Income o f t h e Bishop Museum 53

Appendices

A . Senate Concur ren t Resolution No . 56. Senate. Four teenth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legislature. 1987 Regular Session. State o f Hawaii 73

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B . Bernice P . Bishop Museum . Deed o f T r u s t 75

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C . Bishop Museum Char te r of Incorporat ion 83

D. Bishop Museum Amended Charter of Incorporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

E . Bishop Museum Press: Annotated Catalog of Books and Series in Print, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Senate Concur ren t Resolution No. 56 (see Appendix A) requests tha t t h e

Legislat ive Reference Bureau "conduct a feasib i l i ty s t u d y on designat ing t h e

Bernice P. Bishop Museum as t h e State Museum f o r Natura l and Cu l tu ra l

H is to ry w i th a l ine item appropr iat ion o f an annual pub l ic cont r ibu t ion f o r t h e

operat ion of t h e Hawaii State Museum and f u r t h e r , t h a t t h e s tudy consider

acquisi t ion, b y t h e State o f Hawaii, o f those Bishop Museum real estate

proper t ies t h a t a re o f cu l t u ra l and h is tor ica l s ignif icance t o t h e people o f

Hawaii." T h e Resolution states t h e Bishop Museum would be a more stable

and p roduc t i ve educational and sc ient i f ic ins t i tu t ion if such pub l ic f unds were

made available, and po in ts o u t t h a t t h e Bishop Museum cont r ibu tes t o t h e

pub l ic because:

(1) Specimens and objects o f natura l , botanical, ethnological,

archi tectura l , histor ical , and archaeological value o r in terest a re

t rans fe r red t o t h e Bishop Museum, pu rsuan t t o section 6E-6, Hawaii

Revised Statutes;

(2) T h e Bishop Museum is a r i c h reservo i r o f educational resources f o r

Hawaii's s tudents;

(3) The Bishop Museum conducts research programs i n t h e Pacific

region and these studies help preserve t h e ar ts , ar t i facts , and

biological specimens of t h e Pacific; and

(4) T h e sc ient i f ic research conducted b y t h e Bishop Museum on animals,

plants, and cu l tu res o f t h e Pacific i s beneficial t o research

ins t i tu t ions th roughout t h e world, and th i s research focuses

in ternat ional at tent ion on Hawaii.

STATE FUNDING FOR THE BISHOP MUSEUM

T h e Resolution o f fe rs as a model f o r t h e relat ionship between state

government and t h e Bishop Museum, t h e Smithsonian Ins t i tu t ion i n

Washington, D.C., an educational and sc ient i f ic ins t i tu t ion founded and

operated under t h e concept o f pub l i c -p r i va te par tnersh ip .

T h e issue o f state suppor t f o r t h e Bishop Museum is no t a new one. In

response t o legislat ive requests, t h e Legislat ive Reference Bureau publ ished

two repo r t s ent i t led: Feasibi l i ty S tudy : State Acquis i t ion o f Bishop Museum'

and Financial V ic iss i tudes o f t h e Bernice P. Bishop Museum,' i n 1972 and

1973, respect ive ly . T h e 1972 s t u d y concluded tha t "state acquisi t ion o f t h e

Museum is no t a v iable opt ion a t t h i s t ime. . . . Financial assistance, ra the r

than government acquis i t ion o f Bishop Museum, appears t o b e a pract ica l and

feasible method b y which t h e State of Hawaii could suppor t a p a r t o f i t s

respons ib i l i t y i n t h e area o f p r o v i d i n g museum serv ices. . . . Financial

assistance t o Bishop Museum could enable i t t o p lay a greater role as t h e

ins t i tu t ion f o r t h e learning, preservat ion, and presentat ion o f t h e unique

c u l t u r e and her i tage o f t h e ch i l d ren o f Hawai i" . '

Methodology

I n o r d e r t o determine whether it would be feasible t o establish t h e

Bishop Museum as t h e State Museum f o r Natura l and Cu l tu ra l H is to ry w i t h an

annual l ine item appropriat ion, and f o r t h e State t o acqui re cer ta in Bishop

Museum real estate proper t ies, it was decided t o gain a broad perspect ive on

museums; learn about t h e f u n d i n g o f museums i n o the r states, and t h e

concept o f t h e pub l i c -p r i va te museum par tnersh ip ; be t te r understand t h e

work ings o f t h e Bishop Museum, i n re lat ion t o o ther museums i n t h e nation;

and examine t h e cont r ibu t ion of t h e Bishop Museum t o t h e State of Hawaii.

T h e emphasis of t h e s tudy , as i n Senate Concur ren t Resolution No. 56, was

on t h e quest ion o f state f inancia l suppor t t o t h e Museum.

Accordingly , t h e pr inc ipa l data ga the r ing act iv i t ies consisted of t h e

fol lowing:

INTRODUCTION

( 1 ) Review of cer ta in p r in ted materials on museums, and attempts t o

locate information on government f u n d i n g t o museums in the Uni ted

States;

(2) Invest igat ion o f t he concept o f t h e pub l ic -pr iva te museum

par tnersh ip and the work ings o f t h e Smithsonian Inst i tu t ion;

( 3 ) Survey of selected museums in other states;

( 3 ) In terv iews w i th Bishop Museum administration, trustees, and staff,

and others concerned about t h e Bishop Museum; and

(5) Survey o f selected state departments and agencies to assess the

contr ibut ions of t h e Bishop Museum to t h e State.

Organization of the Report

T h e repor t is presented as follows:

Chapter 1 introduces the repor t

Chapter 2 provides an overv iew o f museums in t h e nation, discusses t h e

Smithsonian Ins t i tu t ion and i t s pub l ic -pr iva te par tnersh ip , compares t h e

Bishop Museum wi th selected museums i n the nation, and discusses at t i tudes

toward state fund ing o f museums.

Chapter 3 describes t h e Bishop Museum.

Chapter 4 presents percept ions of cer ta in state departments and agencies

regard ing t h e Bishop Museum's cont r ibu t ion t o t h e State o f Hawaii.

Chapter 5 repor ts t h e f ind ings and recommendations of t he Legislat ive

Reference Bureau.

Chapter 2

BACKGROUND

Overv iew

Defini t ion, Functions, and Financing o f t h e Museum. A museum is "an

organized and permanent nonpro f i t inst i tu t ion, essential ly educational o r

aesthetic i n purpose, w i th professional staff , which owns and ut i l izes tangib le

objects, cares f o r them and exhib i ts them t o t h e pub l ic on some regu lar

schedule". ' Museums are t h e t r u s t e d guardians o f these objects, which i n

t h e aggregate, create a permanent record of t h e wor ld 's cu l tu ra l , scient i f ic,

and natura l heri tage.

T h e th ree funct ions o f museums a r e collection, research, and education,

and museums d i f f e r i n t h e balance t h e y have o f these funct ions. ' T h e

collections are what d is t ingu ish museums f rom o ther research and educational

inst i tu t ions. Research ac t iv i ty , t h a t is, t h e use of t h e collections t o advance

knowledge, allows t h e meaning o f t h e museum objects t o be understood, and

b r i ngs t h e museum collection t o l i fe .

As educational inst i tu t ions, museums attempt t o stimulate t h e imagination,

sharpen powers o f observat ion, and broaden t h e horizons of t h e pub l ic .

Museums encourage an appreciat ion o f o the r societies, o the r times, o the r

wor ld views, animal and p lan t l i fe, and a r t i s t i c expression, and p lay an

important p a r t i n t h e l i fe long process o f education tha t does not take place

w i th in a formal school s t r u c t u r e o r i n p u r s u i t of an academic degree. T h e

main business o f museums may be s a i d t o b e help ing t h e pub l ic t o enr ich

t h e i r l ives.

Broad-based f inancial suppor t has developed w i t h government, business,

foundations, ind iv iduals, and museums con t r i bu t i ng t o suppor t museums. A

su rvey of museums i n t h e Uni ted States conducted i n 1979 b y t h e Ins t i t u te o f

BACKGROUND

h4useum Services, demonstrated t h a t of near ly $1 b i l l ion in total museum

opera t ing income:

( I ) 6.9 p e r cent was f rom t h e federal government;

(2) 12.4 p e r cent was f rom state governments;

(3) 18.7 p e r cent was f rom local governments;

(4) 21.3 p e r cent was f rom ind iv idua l contr ibut ions, memberships,

corporat ions, foundations, and o the r p r i v a t e sources;

(5) 26.5 p e r cent was f rom admission fees, g i f t shop sales, and

res taurant income; and

(6) 14.2 p e r cent was f rom nonoperat ing sources such as investments

and endowments.

As shown above, p r i v a t e cont r ibu t ions and museum revenues total led

almost half of t h e amount o f museum suppor t i n t h e Uni ted States, and

f u n d i n g f rom local and state governments p rov ided about one - th i rd o f t h e i r

income. '

T h e most p ress ing f inancial needs o f museums are c u r r e n t l y f o r general

opera t ing costs and t h e development o f endowments f o r opera t ing expenses;

t h e care and organizat ion o f collections; and capital expenses." It is more

d i f f i c u l t f o r museums t o obta in f u n d i n g f o r museum operat ing and

adminis t rat ive expenses, such as pest contro l and u t i l i t y costs, than f o r

specif ic h igh l y v is ib le pro jects.

Of t h e approximately 5,000 museums in t h e nation, 650 are accredited,

formal ly ind ica t ing t h e i r professional ~ r e d i b i l i t y . ~ Of t h e la t ter , 199, o r

about 30 p e r cent, a re s t r i c t l y government - run and supported. T h e D i rec tor

o f Accredi tat ion o f t h e American Association of Museums estimated tha t t h e

STATE FUNDING FOR THE B I S H O P MUSEUM

number of museums which receive regu lar suppor t f rom government is

probably ciose t o 80 p e r cent, a l though no exact f i gu res were a ~ a i l a b i e . ~

Museums request ing government f u n d i n g must j u s t i f y t h e i r requests t o

governments, as they compete w i th o ther organizat ions f o r l imited budge t

appropr iat ions. As one observer p u t i t , "Return on investment is t h e name

of t h e game histor ical agencies have been fo rced t o learn, because when t h e i r

services are measured against such pub l ic needs as road improvement o r

be t te r schools o r pub l ic housing, h is tor ica l agencies must elaborate on t h e i r

s to ry o f o ld - - tha t t hey preserve t h e her i tage of t h e state and improve t h e

qua l i t y o f l i fe" . '

Along these lines, a s tudy conducted f o r t h e Un i ted States Congress on

t h e attract iveness o f ci t ies f o r prospect ive businesses found t h a t t h e qua l i t y

of l i fe was more important t o expanding and re locat ing f i rms than were

business-related factors, such as tax rates and labor costs. ' Museums, as

cu l tu ra l amenities, a re said t o help make t h e i r communities more pleasing t o

l i ve i n and enable communities t o at t ract , hold, and stimulate business ta lent

and investment, and t h e t o u r i s t dol lar . I n t h i s way, museums may cont r ibu te

t o t h e economic development o f t h e local i ty . '

State F inancing of Museums in t h e Un i ted States

I n o r d e r t o gain a more expansive perspect ive of government f u n d i n g o f

museums, t h e Bureau contacted organizat ions such as t h e American

Association of Museums, t h e National Assembly o f State A r t Agencies, t h e

National Endowment f o r t h e Ar ts , t h e American Association o f State and Local

History, the Smithsonian Ins t i tu t ion Museum Reference Center, t h e Counci l o f

State Governments, and t h e National Conference o f State Legislatures.

However, systematic information regard ing government suppor t t o museums

was v i r t u a l l y unavailable. Therefore, t h e Bureau surveyed legislat ive

research bureaus and regional museum organizat ions i n 49 states regard ing

state museum f u n d i n g i n t h e i r respect ive states. T h e Bureau received

responses f rom 42 states, o r 86 p e r cent o f t h e states surveyed.

BACKGROUND

T h e Bureau f o u n d t h a t more t h a n half of t h e s e s t a t e s have a t l eas t o n e

s t a t e - o p e r a t e d museum, a n d t h e s t a t e p r o v i d e d in t h e r a n g e of 20 t o 100 p e r

c e n t of t h e museum's income. O v e r half of t h e s t a t e s d o not g i v e l ine item

f u n d i n g t o p r i v a t e museums, n o r f o r t h a t m a t t e r t o p r i v a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s ,

o f t en b e c a u s e of s t a t e cons t i tu t iona l p roh ib i t ions . Many of t h e r e s p o n d e n t s

exp la ined t h a t t h e i r s t a t e f u n d e d museums b y g r a n t s o r p u r c h a s e of s e r v i c e

c o n t r a c t s t h r o u g h a s t a t e a g e n c y . S t a t e m e n t s f rom t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s

inc luded : l 0

Ours is a museum i n a s t a t e u n i v e r s i t y and a s such is funded

e n t i r e l y by t h e s t a t e l e g i s l a t u r e ' s a p p r o p r i a t i o n t o t h e u n i v e r s i t y .

A p o r t i o n o f t h a t o p e r a t i n g budget i s d e s i g n a t e d by t h e u n i v e r s i t y

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n t o t h e museum f o r s u p p l i e s and s e r v i c e s , s a l a r i e s ,

p a r t - t i m e l a b o r , c a p i t a l expenses . and a c q u i s i t i o n s .

Our C o n s t i t u t i o n p r o h i b i t s g r a t u i t i e s t o p r i v a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s ,

and t h e s t a t e budget does n o t c o n t a i n l i n e i tem a p p r o p r i a t i o n s t o

p r i v a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s .

Provided funds a r e f o r p u b l i c purpose , p r i v a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s

normal ly r e c e i v e funds by c o n t r a c t o r a p p l i c a t i o n and g r a n t .

P r i v a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s do n o t r e c e i v e s t a t e funds through

s p e c i f i c l i n e i tem a p p r o p r i a t i o n . That i s n o t t o s a y , however, t h a t

p r i v a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s do n o t r e c e i v e s t a t e monies t o fund museums o r

museum p r o j e c t s . The Iowa L e g i s l a t u r e o f t e n a p p r o p r i a t e s funding

f o r g r a n t programs, f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n by t h e Department of C u l t u r a l

A f f a i r s . The g r a n t s a r e normal ly funded p r i m a r i l y from f e d e r a l

monies w i t h some s t a t e c o n t r i b u t i o n .

We a r e opposed t o l i n e i tem budget ing f o r museum s u p p o r t . We

recommend a g a i n s t t h i s .

STATE FUNDING FOR THE BISHOP MUSEUM

A l l of us a re s t r i v i n g t o serve t h e c i t i z e n r y by preserving our

c u l t u r a l h e r i t a g e . I t is most appropr ia te f o r t h e S t a t e t c support

those i n s t i t u t i o n s and s i t e s which a re of s ta tewide importance.

Other s i t e s / i n s t i t u t i o n s may be funded p r i v a t e l y .

This ( s t a t e budget l i n e item f o r p r i v a t e museums) i s

con t rove r s i a l , considered by some as pork b a r r e l i e g i s l a t i o n and

o the r s as cons t i t uen t s e r v i c e s . The Governor vetoed a l l l i n e items

l a s t yea r , but t h e l e g i s l a t u r e overrode i t . Line items a r e not

subjec t t o peer review l i k e g ran t s from t h e Council on Arts.

They ( p r i v a t e organiza t ions) apply through t h e s t a t e agency

empowered t o g ive g ran t s i n a i d . We have found t h a t t h i s works bes t

because it permits those knowledgeable about each program t o decide

which organiza t ions and p ro jec t s most deserve t h e funds. I t avoids

p o l i t i c s i n most c a s e s . . . . I would c e r t a i n l y recommend again ( s i c )

d i r e c t l i n e item funding f o r s eve ra l reasons.

I t does not have any checks and balances. There i s

u sua l ly no s t a t e agency empowered t o determine t h a t funds

a r e spent f o r purpose ( s i c ) f o r which t h e l i n e item was

granted .

I t weakens t h e s t a t e agency's a b i l i t y t o seek funds f o r

t h e good of a l l museums . . . i n t h e s t a t e . Ins tead you have

each l e g i s l a t o r t r y i n g t o he lp out t h e i r own hometown

museum, but not r e a l l y ca r ing about funding the o t h e r s .

I t can ge t out of hand. A t one po in t our s t a t e had 40 t o

50 f e s t i v a l s rece iv ing d i r e c t l i n e item funding, with more

added each year . The Parks/Recreation agency had no

j u r i s d i c t i o n over those f e s t i v a l s o r t h e i r funds, and a

number of them were showing wonderful p r o f i t s each year

and r e a l l y d i d n ' t need s t a t e funds . . . . If t h e s t a t e of

BACKGROUND

Hawai i i s consider ing how t o fund mtiseums i n t h e state, 1

would c e r t a i n l y recommend g i v i n g some s t a t e agency a sum

o f money t h a t i t could d i s t r i b u t e based on a c e r t a i n

developed c r i t e r i a .

We have no museum t h a t would c la im state-wide in f luence o r

content and we are a long way from any k i n d of e t h i c t h a t would

demand s t a t e ( l e g i s l a t i v e ) support o f museums a t a l l .

The museums ( h i s t o r i c a l s o c i e t i e s a c t u a l l y ) t h a t are recognized

i n s t a t u t e as s t a t e agencies, do n o t view the ad hoc funding o f non-

s t a t e agency museums w i t h equanimity, s ince t h e i r own needs are

f requen t l y n o t met.

T h e Smithsonian Ins t i tu t ion : A Publ ic-Pr ivate Par tnersh ip

Because t h e Resolution c i ted t h e Smithsonian l ns t i t u t i on as "an

educational and sc ient i f ic ins t i tu t ion founded and operated under t h e concept

o f pub l i c -p r i va te par tnership," a more detai led examination of t h e work ings of

t h e Smithsonian l ns t i t u t i on is presented.

Faci l i t ies and Collections. T h e Smithsonian Inst i tu t ion, custodian of t h e

National Collections o f t h e Uni ted States, is one of t h e wor ld 's leading

research centers and has t h e wor ld 's largest museum complex, a t t rac t i ng

approximately 27,000,000 v is i to rs annual ly t o i t s museums, galleries, and

zoological p a r k . Addit ional ly, mil l ions o f people view Smithsonian t rave l i ng

exhibi t ions, appear ing th roughout t h e Un i ted States and abroad, and i t s

annual f o l k l i f e fes t iva l . "

The Smithsonian possesses more than 100 mil l ion a r t objects, na tura l

h i s to ry specimens, and ar t i fac ts . T h e collections are displayed f o r v is i to rs

and are ut i l ized f o r research b y s ta f f o f t h e Smithsonian and b y hundreds o f

v i s i t i ng students, scientists, and h is tor ians each year . l 2

STATE FUNDING FOR THE BISHOP MUSEUM

The Smithsonian Ins t i tu t ion comprises 13 museums (12 i n Washington,

D.C., and one in New York) and the National Zoological Park (also i n

Washington, D.C. ) ,13 as follows:

(1) T h e National Museum of American History;

(2 ) T h e National Museum o f Natura l History;

(3) T h e National A i r and Space Museum;

(4) T h e Hi rshhorn Museum and Scu lp ture Garden;

(5) T h e A r t s a n d Industr ies Bui ld ing;

(6) T h e Anacostia Neighborhood Museum;

( 7 ) T h e Cooper-Hewitt Museum (New York C i ty ) ;

(8) T h e Smithsonian lns t i tu t ion Bu i ld ing ("Castle");

(9) T h e Freer Gal lery o f A r t ;

(10) T h e National Por t ra i t Gal lery;

(11) T h e National Museum of American Ar t ;

(12) T h e Renwick Gallery; and

(13) T h e National Museum of A f r ican A r t .

Admission t o a l l Smithsonian museums are f ree . T h e pr inc ipa l bui ld ings

are open seven days a week f rom 10 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.

BACKGROUND

The Srnithson~an also has research faci l i t ies located i n 9 states and t h e

Republ ic of Panama, inc lud ing the :

( I ) Arch ives o f American A r t ;

(2) Conservat ion and Research Center of t h e National Zoo;

(3) Smithsonian Environmental Research Center :

(4) Smithsonian l ns t i t u t i on Marine Station a t L ink Port;

15) Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; and

( 6 ) Smithsonian Trop ica l Research I n s t i t u t e

History. T h e Smithsonian was created b y an Ac t of Congress i n 1846 t o

c a r r y o u t t h e terms of t h e w i l l o f B r i t i s h scholar a n d scient ist James

Smithson. Smithson, who had never v is i ted t h e Un i ted States, l e f t t h e b u l k

o f his estate t o his nephew and any hei rs t h e nephew might have, p r o v i d i n g

tha t if h is nephew died childless, t h e money should go t o t h e Uni ted States

" to f o u n d a t Washington, under t h e name of t h e Smithsonian Inst i tu t ion, an

establishment f o r t h e increase and d i f fus ion o f knowledge among men." '*

His nephew d ied in 1835 wi thout ch i ldren, and Smithson's for tune,

equivalent t o more than $500,000, was b r o u g h t t o America i n 1838.

Receipt of t h e bequest set o f f a long debate in Congress ove r whether

t h e nat ion could iegal ly accept t h e f u n d s and t h e accompanying t r u s t and

what a "Smithsonian Ins t i t u t i on " should be. Var ious g roups i n Congress

proposed t h a t t h e Smithsonian should be a national un ivers i ty , an agr icu l tu ra l

school, a normal school, a school f o r t h e b l ind, a nat ional l i b ra ry , a botanical

garden, a nat ional observa tory , a chemical laboratory, a popu lar pub l ish ing

house, o r a national museum of a r t s and sciences. T h e two most in f luent ia l

STATE FUNDING FOR THE BISHOP MUSEUM

Congressional factrons, however, were t h e national l ibrary and national

museum g r o u p s .

Administration. Congress determined in 1846 t h a t t h e federal

government d id have author i ty to administer such a t r u s t d i rec t ly and t h e

legislation establ ishing t h e Smithsonian institution was enacted on August 10

of t h a t y e a r . I 6 Congress c rea ted a corpora te ent i ty called t h e Establishment

to t a k e cha rge of t h e Smithson beques t : "

941. Incorporat ion of I n s t i t u t i o n

The P res iden t , t h e Vice P res iden t , t h e Chief J u s t i c e , and t h e

heads of executive departments a re cons t i t u t ed an establishment by

t h e name of t h e Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n f o r t h e increase and

d i f f u s i o n of knowledge among men, and by t h a t name s h a l l be known

and have perpetual succession with t h e powers, l i m i t a t i o n s , and

r e s t r i c t i o n s h e r e i n a f t e r contained, and no o the r .

A Board of Regents was crea ted t o govern t h e Smithsonian:18

$42 . Board of Regents; members

The business of t h e I n s t i t u t i o n s h a l l be conducted a t t h e c i t y

of Washington by a Board of Regents, named t h e Regents of t h e

Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n , t o be composed of the Vice Pres ident , t h e

Chief J u s t i c e of t h e United S t a t e s , t h r e e ?iembers of t h e Senate,

t h r e e %embers of t h e Iiouse of Representa t ives , and n ine o ther

persons, o the r than Members of Congress, two of whom s h a l l be

r e s iden t i n t h e c i t y of Washington, and seven of whom s h a l l be

inhab i t an t s of some S t a t e , but no two of them of t h e same S t a t e .

T h e Secre tary was named t o b e t h e Smithsonian's chief executive

of f icerL3 with s ~ e c i f i e d d u t i e s : 2 o

BACKGROUND

4 . Organization of board; expenses; g ra tu i tous s e r i ~ i c s s

The Board of Regents s h a l l meet in t h e c i t y of Washington and

e l e c t one of t h e i r number as chancel lor , who s h a l l be t h e pres id ing

o f f i c e r of the Board of Regents, and ca l l ed t h e chancel lor of t h e

Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n , and a s u i t a b l e person as Secretary of t h e

i n s t i t u t i o n , who s h a l l a l s o be t h e sec re t a ry of t h e Board of

Regents. The board s h a l l a l s o e l e c t t h r e e of t h e i r own body as an

executive committee, and s h a l l f i x t h e time f o r t h e regular meetings

of t h e board; and, on appl ica t ion of any t h r e e of t h e regents t o t h e

Secre tary of t h e i n s t i t u t i o n , it s h a l l be h i s duty t o appoint a

s p e c i a l meeting of t h e Board of Regents, of which he s h a l l give

n o t i c e , by l e t t e r , t o each of t h e members; and, a t any meeting of

t h e board, e ight s h a l l c o n s t i t u t e a quorum t o do business . Each

member of t h e board s h a l l be paid h i s necessary t r a v e l i n g and o ther

a c t u a l expenses i n a t t end ing meetings of t h e hoard, which s h a l l be

audited by t h e executive committee, and recorded by t h e Secre tary of

t h e board; but h i s s e rv ice as Regent s h a l l be g r a t u i t o u s .

$ 4 6 . Duties of Secretary

The Secre tary of t h e Board of Regents s h a l l take charge of t h e

bu i ld ing and property of t h e i n s t i t u t i o n , and s h a l l , under t h e i r

d i r e c t i o n , make a f a i r and accura te record of a l l t h e i r proceedings,

t o be preserved i n t h e i n s t i t u t i o n u n t i l no longer needed i n

conducting cu r ren t bus iness ; and s h a l l a l s o discharge t h e du t i e s of

l i b r a r i a n and of keeper of t h e museum, and may, with t h e consent of

t h e Board of Regents, employ a s s i s t a n t s .

Congress is said t o have consistent ly maintained t h e i n t e g r i t y o f t h e

Srnithsonian's t r u s t and i t s independence f rom t h e administrat ion o f c i v i l

STATE FUNDING FOR THE BISHOP MUSEUM

government, w i t h t h e Board of Regents and Secretary hav ing broad d iscret ion

t o determine t h e most appropr iate means of adminis ter ing t h e S m i t h s ~ n i a n . ~ '

Funding. T h e Smithsonian is a un ique combination o f a p r i va te l y -

endowed ins t i tu t ion administered b y a Board o f Regents independent o f t h e

federal government hav ing cont inu ing f inancial suppor t o f t h e Un i ted States,

as t rus tee .

T h e Smithson bequest i n 1846 was len t b y law t o t h e Un i ted States

Treasury , and t h e federal government agreed t o pay 6 p e r cent in terest on it

t o t h e Smithsonian i n p e r p e t ~ i t y . ~ ~ Congress s ta r ted t o supplement t h e

Smithsonian's t r u s t resources w i th federal suppor t when t h e federal

government collection was t r a n s f e r r e d from t h e Patent Of f ice t o t h e

Smithsonian, making t h e Smithsonian t h e cu ra to r o f t h e National Collection.

Congress appropr iated funds f o r t h e t rans fe r and new arrangement of t h e

National Collection articles, and cont inued t h e annual appropr iat ion prev ious ly

made t o t h e Commissioner o f Patents f o r t h e i r care and e x h i b i t i ~ n . ~ '

Federal appropr iat ions are t h e p r imary source o f suppor t f o r basic

research; t h e care, documentation, and exh ib i t ion o f t h e nat ional collections;

education programs; maintenance, repair , renovation, and construct ion of

facil i t ies; u t i l i t ies and communications services; protect ion services t o

bu i ld ings and t h e i r contents; and t h e general administrat ion and management

o f t h e Smithsonian's programs. '*

T r u s t f unds are allocated f o r uses such as purchases f o r t h e collections,

and, on a special pro ject basis, scholar ly studies and educational act iv i t ies.

Annual ly, as p a r t o f i t s consolidated budge t review, t h e Board of Regents

determines if addit ional allocations of un res t r i c ted t r u s t f u n d income can be

made t o reduce requirements f o r appropr iated funds .2s

BACKGROUND

I n 1878, t h e annual government appropr iat ions for t h e f i r s t t ime

approximated t h e expendi tures from t h e Smithsonian's t r u s t f unds (see Exh ib i t

1 ) . B y 1882, appropr iat ions were p r o v i d i n g more t h a n 80 p e r cent of t h e

Smithsonian's annual expenses (see Exh ib i t 2 ) . I n 1986, federal

appropr iat ions cont r ibu ted 47 p e r cent of t h e Smithsonian's income.26

Facilities, Act iv i t ies, and Finances o f Selected Museums

I n 1971, t h e Bureau surveyed 12 na tura l h i s to ry museums "comparable t o

Bishop Museum i n as many respects as possible'' f o r i t s repor t , Feasibi l i ty

S tudy : State Acquis i t ion of Bishop M u s e ~ m . ~ ' I n 1987, t h e Bureau again

surveyed these museums, t o have a source f o r comparison o f t h e evolut ion o f

t h e Bishop Museum since 1971, and t o assess t h e c u r r e n t operat ions o f t h e

Bishop Museum.

One state-owned museum and 5 independent museums responded t o o u r

questionnaire, i n addit ion t o t h e Bishop Museum. Exh ib i ts 3 t h r o u g h 10 cha r t

t h e i r replies and also inc lude data f rom t h e American Association o f Museums,

Off ic ial Museum Di rec tory , 1987. Information about t h e Smithsonian

Ins t i tu t ion is also prov ided, because o f i t s mention i n t h e Resolution.

Exhib i ts 3 and 4 indicate t h e ins t i tu t ions ' faci l i t ies and exhib i t ions.

Exh ib i t 5 describes act iv i t ies o f fe red . Exh ib i t 6 discusses t h e ro le of

research i n each ins t i tu t ion . Exh ib i t 7 l is ts t h e number o f professional and

nonprofessional s t a f f employed b y t h e ins t i tu t ion and t h e salary ranges of t h e

respect ive s ta f f . Exh ib i ts 8 and 9 repo r t sources o f income and

expendi tures. Exh ib i t 10 indicates t h e na ture o f t h e government f und ing

received b y t h e ins t i tu t ions .

The fol lowing observat ions may b e made f rom t h e information gathered

and analysis thereof . The k inds of faci l i t ies, exhibi t ions, a n d act iv i t ies of

t h e Bishop Museum are s t i l l f a i r l y comparable t o t h e o the r 6 ins t i tu t ions . I t s

l i b r a r y has g rown a t a h igher ra te than t h e o the r independent museums. T h e

Exhibit 1

Year -

iB47 48 49

1850 5 1 5 2 53 54 55 5 6 57 5 8 5 9

1860 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 65 66 6 7 68 69

1870 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 76 7 7 7 8 79

1880 8 1 82 8 3 84 85 86 8 7 88

T r u s t Funds

SMITHSONIAN OPERATING EXPENDITURES, BY SOURCE

1847-1976

F e d e r a l A p p r o p r i a t i o n s

Year -

89 1890 91 92 9 3 94 9 5 9 6 9 7 9 8 9 9

1900 01 0 2 03 04 05 06 0 7 08 09

1910 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

1920 2 1 22 23 24 25 26 2 7 28 2 9

1930 31 32 33 34 35 36 3 7 38

Federa! kepropr iations

Federa: Grarts and Contracts Tota l

$ 272 323 311 310 330 328 366 374 403 418 456 45 1 470 497 5 15 508 509 495 532 580 645 883 846 909 755 777 729 738 743 749 773 807 868 905

1,002 1,112 1,198 1,349 1,385 1,416 1,603 1,802 1,876 1,929 1,757 1,338 1,475 1,662 1,606 1,670

Trus t Funds

$ 432 400 336 332 410 400 442 414 463 548 467 565 507 536 548 528 694 659 774 7 6 1 812 826 992 9 73 878

1,376 947

3 ,140 3,896 3,956 5 ,704 7 , 4 4 2 8 ,182 6 , 7 0 1 8 ,077

16,676 23,596 31 ,336

Federal Appropriations

Federa! Grants and Contracts

Source: "Srnithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n Operating Expenditures, by Source: 1847 through 1976" (Off ice of t h e General Counsel, Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n , 1 9 7 7 ) , pp. 1 - 3 .

Exhibit 2

Year --

1847 48 49

1850 5 1 5 2 53 5 4 55 5 6 57 5 8 5 9

1860 6 1 62 63 64 65 66 6 7 68 69

1870 7 1 7 2 73 74 7 5 7 6 77 7 8 79

1880 8 1 82 8 3 84 85 86 8 7 8 8 89

PERCENT OF SMITHSONIAN OPERATING EXPENDITURES, BY SOURCE

Trust Fun*

10o'k

11

1,

, t

( 1

1 ,

19

1 ,

, I

70% 94 88 9 0 88 7 4 89 9 0 89 94 86 7 8 89 9 2 71 69 60 59 6 1 61 69 49 6 1 4 3 23 19 17 17 17 16 18 15 14

Federal A p p r o p r i a w

Federal Grants and Contracts -

T r u s t Funds

12% 13 13 15 18 16 18 14 15 13 13 13 14 13 15 14 13 9

Federa l A ~ r o p r i a t i o n s

88% 8 7 87 85 82 84 32 8 6 85 87 8 7 8 7 86 8 7 85 86 8 7 91 88 89 88 90 88 89 8 9 90 88 87 87 86 86 87 84 85 76 7 9 7 1 72 74 7 0 69 7 0 73 75 76 77 7 3 77 75 74

Federal Grants and C o n t r a c t s --- T o t a l

i i e i d eiireum of Natr i ra i H i s t o r y

Chicago, ! l i t n o i s

Exhibit 3

FACILITIES: 1971 AND 1987

~ n n d s of F a c i l i t i e s : 7971 Kinds o f F a c i i i t i e s . 1987

siio io l i ime l i b r a r y a v a i l r b l e for re ference; h i s t o r i c r i t e ; e x n i b i t i o n arse .

1,500-~03. i t b -a ry o f painphiets. p e r i o d i c a i r and books r s i a t e d 10 i nd ians , and r e i a t e d caiiect,ons a v e i l a b l e f o r i n t e r - l i b r a r y ioan; 22s-seat a u d i t o r i i m . Crafts % books by 'ndsana au tho rs fo r sa ie .

50,000 v o i m e l i b r a r y f a r i n t e r - l i b r a r y ioan: e x h i b i r 8 o n a r e a

l i0 .000 volume i mbrary f o r in ter - l i b r a r y i o a n ; e x h i b i t i o n a rea .

30,000 voiiime l i b r a r y f a r i n t e r - l i b r a r y i o a n ; e x h i b i t i o n area; p iene ta r ium.

50.500 vo i i ine l i b r a r y a v a i l a b l e f o r re ference; 22.000 pamlihlets and 320 s e r i a l p i i b \ i c a t i a n r ; ~ i a n e t a r i u m ; exhibition ares; h t ~ t o r i c ship; f i e l d research s t a t ion.

50.3001 v o i . i ~ b r a r y o f n s k i i r s i h i s t o r y a v a i l a b l e f o r in ter - i i b r a r y l oan a f o r use by F e w e s t : b o t a n i c a i garden: z o o l o g i c a l p a r k ; nat i i re center; c o n s e w a r a o n lab, p lane ta r ium; f i e l d research station; read ing mom; 750 sea t aud i to r i um; c lassrooms

28,000-VD!. ! i b r a r y o f books on science, h i s t o r y , technology, an th ropo iogy , astronomy a v a i l s b i e f o r t n t e r - i i h r a r y # c a n and f o r use on premises; 2 w - s e a t p i a n e t a r i m : read ing room: UOO and 200 s e a t a u d i t ~ r i t m s ; C I ~ S S ~ O O ~ S . 800-acre cumining ~ a t u r e Center c o n t a i n i n g year-rottnd f r a i i s , re- c o n ~ t r u c t e d p i o n e e r homestead, i o g silgarhoilse and ou tdoor e x h i b i t s : 100-seat t h e a t e r ; w i l d - l i f e v i e w - ing a r e a ; r e s t a u i a n i . Educa t iona l i t ems p e r t a i n i n g to prograin f i e l d s f o r S a l e .

88,000 v o i . i i b r a r y w i t h 30,000 pamphlets and 1.300 s e r i a l p u b l i c a t i o n s of P a c i f i c I s l a n d sources, manuscr ip ts , voyages, p r i n t s , engrav ings, works o f a r t on paper, l e t t e r s and documents a v a i l a b l e on preni ises; current p e r i o d i c a l s : h i s t o r i c a l photograph colieciions; o i l p a i n t i n g s : 1,500 c u b i c f c e r o f bus iness a rch i ves ; read ing room: e x h i b i t space: p lane ta r ium: Hal i of D iscovery; H B Y ~ i sinmigrant wer i t age ~ r e r e r v a t a o n center : Sc ience center ; 100-seat thea te r ; c i a s s r o o o s : 200- sea t aud i to r i um. Books, j ewe l r y , a u t h e n t i c e thno- g raph ic rep reduc t ions , hand ic ra f t s , p a i n t i n g * % photograph^ POI. s a l e .

967,000-vni. % i b - a r y o f botany: in inera, sc iences; paieobiOlOgy: systemic b io logy ; American ethnology; t r o p i c a l b i o l o g y ; photo b i o l o g y ; s o l a r r a d i a t i o n ; z0010gy; anrhropolagy; h i s t o r y o f a s t r o n a u t i c s i n d aeronaut ics ; a s i r o p h y 5 i c r ; American h i s t o r y and c u i t i l r e ; h i s t o r y of sc ience and technology: p h i l a t e l y ; 4ae r i can p a i n t i n g . scu lp tu re . p o r i r a i t i l r e , and b i o p r a ~ n y ; i e c o r a i i v e a r t s and design, e s p e c i a l l y i n t e r i o r design: $arty works of t r a v e l and s c i e n t i f i c e x p i o r a t i o n ; w ~ e o l o 9 y ; a v a i i a b i e Fo r i n t e r - I i b r a r y l oan and f o r ,se by quai i f i e d scho la rs . Graphic r e p r e s e n t a t i o n > f i tems i n the c o i i e c t i o n s , educa t lana i toys, B inera1 spectmens, book8 and o t h e r museum-related i t e m f o r s a l e .

SOLITCC: A s e i i c a n assoctainon O F ~useuins, o r f i c i a i Museum D i r e c r o w [New Yark: 19871, pp . 135, 175, 187, 218, ~ 9 5 , 515, 565; Samliel 8. x . Chang, ~ e a n a. Funalsu, and Kenneth K . n iha ra , F e a s i b i i , t v S- S t a t e A c i ? u i r i f i o n o f 81rhoo Museum, L e g i s l a t i v e Reference 8uresu ( H O ~ O ~ U I U : 1972). PP. 23-211.

S t a t e - o w e d

indtana S t a t e Mriseiin

c i r v e i a n d Mosriim o< N a t u r a l H i s t o r y

aochester Museis" and Science cencer

8 i r h o ~ Museum

Srnithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n

Exhibit 4

EXHIBITIONS: 1971 AND 1987

Types O f E x h i b i t i o n s : 1971

H i s t o r y . anthropoiogy, p s i n i i n g r d e c o r a f s ~ e a r t s , geology, miner- alogy. n a t u r a l h i s t o r y . pa l e0n to i "gy .

Anstony, snfhropaiogy, archeeo'ogy, a s t m n ~ m y , l n d ' a n a r t i f a c t s , entoso- iogy, geology, he rpe fo iogy , marloe, minera logy. p a l e o n t o f o g y , h i s t o r i c b u i l d i n g s .

n o a t o w , EnthrOpolo9Y, archaeology, a rch i ves . bofany, c0sliimes. ento- mology, e thnoiogy, geology. herbar i i im, he rpe to logy , 1"d ,an. m,neiaioqy, n a i u i a ~ h i s t o r y , p a ~ e a n i a l o g y , sc ience, t e x t ! ies, roo i ogy.

storG:' tech- fac ts . costumes,

t e x t i ier, a s s , anatomy, i ndus t r y , music, - entomology,

N a t u r a l h i s t o r y , zoology, en to - mology, anthropology, botany, S T C ~ X Y ~ S . h i s t o r y , geology. n a u a i i a n p h i l a t e l i c ; aerospace mciseum praq-an.

S t a t e n a i u r a i a c ~ i i u r a i h~s:o.-y; y h y s i c s i sc iences: roo iogy ; geology; archeology, botany and pa ieon to ingy ; foucduii penduium;

an ihropoiogy; i nsec t ; a a p h i w e n dr r e p t i i e ; f i 5he5 : mani lscr ip t c o i i e c t i o n s : m v e r t e b r a t e s : f o s s i l s : mammals; d ino rau rs : me teo r i t es , rockr . m n e r a i s and gems; b l rds: she'is. ~ i r t o r i c B t i i i d i n g s : 1930, facade O f SDLith WI:~, New York Landmark; 1936, New York S t a t e .headare ROOSeve#t MemOTial.

~ a i e o n t o i o g y : emoinoiogy; minera iogy; zoology; herbaricim; erhnolagy; archaeology; p h y s ~ c a l a n t h ~ 0 ~ 0 I 0 g y : arborerim: srrronomy: botany; d e c o r a t i v e a r t s ; herpe to logy .

Annfomy: an th ropo logy ; archaeology: a rch i ves ; botany: costumes; entomology: e thnology; geology: ne rba r iun ; he rpe to iogy : i nd ian : m n e r a i o g y ; n a t i i r a l h i s t o r y ; p a i e a n i a ~ o g y . science; t e x t , ies; r o o i o g y .

Anthropology: archaeology: a r c h i v e s : botany; entomology; e thnaiogy: geoiogy: he rpe to logy : iChthYOlOgy: RaIBCOIOgy: ZODIOgy; herb- avium; p h i i a t e i i c : phamgraph i , ~ a v s i i a n & P l C i f i C C O T * I S .

Anthropology; b i o i o g y : eco logy; as t i 0phys :cs ; geodesy; m e t e o r i t i c s : space science$; h i s t o r y and technology o f a e r o r a u t i c s and a s t r o n a u t i c s ; oceano- graphy: m i n e r a i sc iences; r a d i a t i o n b i o i o g y ; s o l a r r a d i a t i o n ; c o n s e r v a t i o n o f n a t u r a l resources, w a i d - i i r e , museum o b j e c t and I i b r a r y m a r e r i s l s ; t h e a r t s ; h i s t o r y ; museoiogy; e x h i b i t techniques; i n t e r n a t i o n a l , governmental end s o c i a i probiems.

Source: American n s r a c i a t i a n o f ~oseumr , o f f i c i a l M ~ ~ s e u n D i r e c f o r x (New Y o r k : 1987). pp. 135, I ~ U , 175. 187, 218, 1195, 515, and 565; Sarntjei 8. K . Chang, Jean A. Fiinafsu, and Kenneth K . M ~ h a t a , F e a s i b i l i t y a u d y : S t a t e ~ a u i s i t i o n o f E i ~ h o p IIUSBU~, ~ e g i s i a t i v e Reference Bureau ( n o n o i u l u : 19721, pp. 23-2U.

Exh ib i t 5

GENERAL ACTIVITIES: 1971 AND 1987

i n ~ t i t u t on Genera ~ c t s e s 1971 Genemi a c t i v t t , s s 1987

Rochester N U S B D ~ and Science Center

Cwded ~ O L I P S f o r P C ~ D O I C ! ~ I E ~ S ; l e c t u r e ~ ; f i l m s : g a l i e r y t a l k s f o r qenerai aiidience; concerts: Sttidy c! i ibs: hebay w O l k ~ h O p ~ : f o i m a l i y o rgan i rea educat ional ~ r o g r a m f o r chi l o r e n , adi8irs. ~ n d u n d e q r a d m t e and g r a d u a t e students; inter-museum ioan extl i b i t ions: uermanent and tenoo- rary e x h i b i t i o n s .

and

Bishop Museum Guided tours r o r scnooi ciasses; Lectures; f i ims; formal i y o rgan ized educa t ion ~ r e s e n t a t i o n 6 a t S C ~ O O I S , programs f o r adu l ts ; docent program: t r a i n i n g s p e c i a l lecturer and/or denon- programs r o r p r o f e r a i o n a l museum workers. a i r a t i o n s f o r r choo i ciasses; permanent, temporary and t rave i ing exhihi- organzred school l oan s e w - t i o n s : mobile vans; s c h o o l loan s e r v i c e . i c e o f spec ia i m a t e r i a i s : mureurn sponsors: a n n u a l f e s t i v s i of nawa i ian ClSSEe5, ~ I l r b F , and Stildy CUItUPe. ~ ~ O U P S f o r adu l ts ; p lane- :ar iun programs.

Smi lh ion :an I n s t i t u t i o n Ctlzded tours; iecturer; f i ims; g a l l e r y t a l k s ; concerts. dance r e c i t a i s ; a r t s f e s t i v a l s . orilna. hobby wo~kshaos; TV and rad io p r o g r a m ; /orma 1; organized educa t ion p rog rnos f o r c h i l d r e n , adu l ts , i indeigiaduate and gradua te c a i i e g e students; docent program: t r a i n i n g programs Tar o r o f e s r i a n a l museum workers; inter-museum ioan, permanent temporary and t r a v e l i n g e x n i b i t : o n s ; fun6ame;itai r e s e ~ r c h ; s t u d y COI i e c f ions f o r research; t r a v e l ZOUFS; t n t e r n a t i a n a i exchange o f s c ; e n t i f i f n l l h i i r s r inns

source: Amerncan a s s o c i a t i o n o r Mureiims, O f f i c 8 a l Viireun D i r w I N e w Y O r K : i9871. FP. 135, 175, 187, 218, 4 9 5 , 5 1 5 and 565; Samuel n. K . C h a w , J e a n A . F l i n a t ~ i i , a d Kenneth K . Mihnts, F e a s : b i , i w S t u a v : State A c o u i s i t i o n of Bishoo luSeUm, L e g i B I a t i v e Reference Bureau (Honolu lu: 19721, pp. 25-26,

Exhibit 6

ROLE OF RESEARCH

I n s t i t u t i o n

State-Owned

Indiana S t a t e ?fuseurn

Role of Research, 1971 Role of Research, I987

Research is l e f t up t o Research i s not the primary and i n cooperation with a c t i v i t y of t h e Museum. our U n i v e r s i t i e s . Preservat ion and exhib i t ions a r e t h e primary a c t i v i t i e s of t h e Huseum.

Independent

American Museum of Natural History

Cleveland Museum of S a t u r a l History

F ie ld Museum of Natural History

Rochester Museum and Science Center

Bishop Museum

Academic research i s t h e primary a c t i v i t y of t h e Museum.

Information unavai lab le

Academic research i s t h e primary a c t i v i t y of t h e Museum.

The primary a c t i v i t y i s publ ic education through programs and e x h i b i t s , not research

Academic research is t h e primary a c t i v i t y of t h e Museum.

Research i s not t h e primary a c t i v i t y of t h e Museum, but is a primary funct ion , along with l i b r a r y , exh ib i t ion , educat ion.

The primary a c t i v i t i e s of t h e Museum a r e exh jb i t ion and education, not research .

Research i s one of t h e primary a c t i v i t i e s of t h e Museum, including c o l l e c t i n g , educat ion, exh ib i t ion .

The primary a c t i v i t i e s of t h e Museum a re exh ib i t ion and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , not research .

Research i s one of t h e t h r e e primary a c t i v i t i e s : c o l l e c t i o n s management, research and scho la r ly s t u d i e s , publ ic programs. A l l t h r e e a r e of equal p r i o r i t y .

Source: Responses t o Leg i s l a t ive Reference Bureau ques t ionnai re , 1971 and 1987.

0 ..0 3-0 0 m o .. .C r

-hi 0 0 m---.- CCO in* O l r n l - - o m 0 YIOLO *300 m .L . i m a m 0- C'"

0 a Z

0 c 17 .. C 0 - C

- m . ..C cc --"OR ma--V: c l m t 0CYlC .- 0 O c i n C ; i = " -0 O L ? L C C N a- 2'" cV: - a z

m in C 0 a Y)

m i

0 Z

m n f i n

.. - m .. C - 0

m -- C Y)

0 "7 - m V) C in 0 m i C a E g a z

m in c 0 a in m L

0 Z

C 0

E 3 h m i in 0 J Y x in .- v x c m - - m m i >: m - m u Z

* f

..c 3 -02 - m~ ..0 C - - f I t - .- - g? in.,

i n , .-m m o *i C m L1 - p - m.3 - - C r am :'" e z

C C C f in r-f

Exhibit 8

SOURCES OF INCOME: 1970 AND 1986

sources o f incone: 3 7 0 1 " S i T E t L O L sou rces o? :ncoms: 1986

State-Owned

~ n d ' a n a s t a t e nusew

Rochester Museum and Sc ience C e n t e r

~ o c a l : S2,600.000 C i t y : S 8 , W 0 . 0 0 1 'edo-8 i : 600,300 S t a t e : 750,393 Endowment: 2,100,000 Federa i : 1.250,000 Pcibi i c a t i o n : i00.000 i n e r i ~ n d o u m e n t : 14,500,000 Othe" : PUDliC8L'OnS: 1!.800.000 TOTAL: Dues ai id

b d m i s s i o n : 2,400,'100 O t h e r : TOTAL:

NO response Federa I : S 100,000 Endowment: 2,900,000 Dues and

AdmlsSlO": TOTAL:

Loca i : 5 960,000 c i t y : S 5,248,1611 i e d e r a i : 300.000 f e d e r a l : 574,385 Endowment: 1,225,000 Endowment: 6,795,259 C o n i r x b i i t i o n s : 400,000 m e 5 and DL~CS and Adm iss i on : 1,326,321

Admi6szon: 575.000 O t h e r : O the r : 2 000 TOTAL: TOTAL: 53,640,000

A s s e t s : C u i r e n t Fonds: S 534,386 Endowment f unds : 421,7911 p l a n t ~ u n d r :

TOTAL:

Co i ln ty : S 1,570,000 S t a t e : 133,100 Endowment: 1,032,182 D ~ i e s and

d d m i s ~ i o n : 1,126,676 P u b l i c a t i o n s : 7,312 Other': TOTAL:

LOCB 1 : S 26.715.68 State: S 248,107 Federa I: 533,957.00 Federa I : 398,742 Endowment: 118,372.00 Endowment: 2,819,718 DUBS and DUBS and

A d m i s ~ o o n : 92,148.00 Admiss ton: 613,689 ~ u b i # c a t i on : 107,013.00 ~ ~ b l i c a t i a n r : 190,584 O the r : O t h e r : TOTAL: TOTAL:

Federa I : S169.400.0OO Endowment and

C o o t r i b U t i o n S : 22,000,000 Does and

Admtswon : 46,600,000 Pub1 8cat lons: TOTAL:

S w r c e : Samuel 8 . K . Ctiang, i e a n A. Fiinatsi i , and Kenneth K. ~ i h a t a , ~ e a n i b i i i t r s t u d v : s t a t e A c q r i i s i i i o n o f B i shao M m , L e g i s l a t i v e Reference Bureail i ~ o n o i u i t i : 19721, pp. 30-31; responses t o ~ e g a s l a t i v e ~ e f e r e n c e 8u reau q u e s t i o n n a i r e , d u i y 6, 7 . and 8 . 1981: "Srn ; thsoo:an i n s t i t i : t i o n , Source and A p p i i c a t i o n o f Funds, A c t u a l FY 1986" (Sm i thsom ian I n s t i t u t i o n . 19861. l n i m e o g r a p h e d l .

~ i e i d ~ u r e u m o f N a t i i i a i H i s t o r y

ROcneSfel Miiseirm and SCience c e n t e r

Exhibi t 9

EXPENDITURES: 1970 AND 1986

Expendc iu l es : 1970 i x p e n a l r u m s : 1986

RSSeBrC*: schoo, and n d v i t

E 3 ~ 1 c a t l o n P iog raas : i i h , b i t i o n s : Aamin .s r r ; t r i on : Sei iera i O y e r a t l n g c o s t : Pt:bi i c a t s a n : Ofher j P B n ~ , o n ~ n d

S o c i a l S e c u r i t y ) : TOTAL:

NO r e s m n s e

torrent Fii"d L i a b , l , t i er Endowment ~ i a b i l i r i e s : P l a n t L i a b , i i t i e s : TOTAL:

General o p e r a t i n g c o s t s ~liocated t o : science 40% E x h i b i t i o n 47% Edi ica t i o n 99, O t h e r

10141: OX

Research: $ 3.618.984 Schoo l P r ~ g l a m s : 1,024,262

I A d u t f and Schoo l E d i i c a t a o n j E x h i b i t i o n : 834.771 A d r n i n i r t r a i , ~ " : 1,514,956

l o n i y f i g u r e s g i v e n ) TOTAL: 5 2 2 , 1 4 4 , 8 8 9

~ leaearch s 66,969 S c h m P F O ~ P B R I S : 468,879 A d u i t Educa t i on : i r29.030 E x h i b i t i o n : 915.453 A d i n i n l E t r a L i a n : 280,834 C ~ n e r a ! Onera t i n g Cos t : 1,199,082 P u b I i c a t i o n s , pub1 i c i n f o r m a t i o n : 305,722 O t h e r : r0Tl iL:

Research: S 52,062,000 MLISeumS: 89,764,000 Pub1 I C S e r v i c e : 4,232,000 D i r e c t o r o f l n t e r n s t i o n a i ~ c t i v i t i e s : 1,387,000 SDeCia i Programs: I1 . /50 .0C0 A s s o c i a t e s programs: ~ . 0 3 3 . 0 1 0 A d m i n i s t r a t i o n : 21,200,000 F a c : i i t i a r S e r v i c e s : TOTAL:

Exhibit 10

NATURE OF GOVERNMENT FUNDING, 1987

institution Nature of Government Funding

State-Owned

Indiana State State funds Museum by biennial appropriation. Xuseum

Independent

American Museum of Natural History

City of New York owns buildings and land used by Museum, except for Museum's planetarium. City pays directly for utility, security, and maintenance costs; pension costs for employees on City payroll; and capital expenditures through department of public parks. Also receives annual operating support from the State of New York.

Cleveland Museum of Receives no state or local funding. Natural History

Field Museum of Natural History

Rochester Museum and Science Center

Bishop Museum

Funded by tax levy from the Chicago Park District, city of Chicago.

County provides 39% of its operating budget annually.

Funded through the State Foundation on Culture and the Arts by purchase of service contract.

Smithsonian Institution Funded annually by federal government, through Congressional appropriation.

Source: Responses to Legislative Reference Bureau questionnaires, July 6 and 8, 1987.

STATE FUNDING FOR THE BISHOP MUSEUM

Bishop Museum, t h e American Museum o f Natura l H is tory , a n d t he Fieid

Museum of Natura l H is tory have al l changed f rom hav ing research as the

pr imary ac t i v i t y o f t h e museum t o hav ing research as one o f several p r imary

act iv i t ies of t h e museum.

T h e Bishop Museum is t h e on ly ins t i tu t ion t h a t had less professional

s taf f i n 1986 than i n 1971. I n 1971, the Bishop Museum had t h e lowest

s ta r t i ng salaries f o r professional s taf f , which no longer was the case in 1986.

However, i t s h ighest salary f o r nonprofessional s taf f is t he lowest of t he

independent museums surveyed.

I n 1971, the Bishop Museum's income was well below t h e o ther

independent museums t h a t responded to t h e survey, which was not t r u e i n

1986. Al though the Bishop Museum's sources of income have expanded since

1970, i t s g rowth has not been as dramatic as t h e American Museum of Natura l

H is tory o r t h e Field Museum of Natura l H is tory . T h e Bishop Museum's

expendi tures have shif ted, so tha t c u r r e n t l y t h e emphasis i s on research and

administ rat ive and general operat ing costs, whereas in 1971, t h e emphasis was

on research.

A t t i tudes of Museum Administ rators Toward Museum Fund ing

The Bureau also surveyed administrators a t these ins t i tu t ions about t h e i r

at t i tudes toward museum funding, i n t h e 1987 quest ionnaire. For example,

they were asked what they perceived to be the most desirable fund ing

arrangement f o r t h e i r museum, and t h e advantages and disadvantages of

regular government suppor t t o museums and museum af f i l ia t ion w i th

government. T h e main points o f museum administrators who responded t o o u r

inqui r ies are set f o r t h below.

Indiana State M u ~ e u m . ~ ' The most desirable f inancial arrangement f o r

th is Museum i s a m ix tu re of state and p r i va te fund ing, and grants .

BACKGROUND

T h e disadvantages o f regu lar suppor t is t h e percept ion b y t h e pub l ic

t h a t t h e Museum has al l t h e f u n d i n g it needs. Moreover, t h e State has a

d i f f i c u l t t ime unders tand ing what a museum is and how it f i t s i n to a state

system.

American Museum of Natura l H i ~ t o r y . ~ ' A broad d iverse f u n d i n g base

i nc iud ing substant ial in f la t ion sensi t ive sources supplemented b y endowment o r

o the r investment income and government subsidy is t h e most ideal f u n d i n g

arrangement. Among t h e advantages o f regu lar government suppor t is t h e

stimulus i t gives t o p r i v a t e g i v ing .

Advantages o f be ing operated independent ly f rom government include

nonbureaucrat ic management, freedom f rom l imi t ing government rules on

employment and f iscal management, more responsive work ing condit ions and

benef i ts, and ab i l i t y t o seek and reta in professional management. "We have

benef i t ted f rom o u r C i t y - p r i v a t e par tnersh ip , and so has t h e C i t y and i ts

residents, w i thout serious pol i t ical in ter ference. . . . "

It is be t te r not t o be governed b y an agency of local government

because i t would be too res t r i c t i ng . I n ". . . o u r society government should

subsidize cu l tu ra l and recreat ional services, b u t should no t r u n them."

Cleveland Museum o f Natura l H is to ry . " There may b e an increased

necessity f o r museums t o seek government f u n d i n g i f t h e tax incent ives f o r

ind iv iduals and corporat ions t o suppor t these ins t i tu t ions is s ign i f i can t ly

reduced.

T h e disadvantage o f regu lar government suppor t t o museums is t h a t i n

t h e event o f economic d i f f icu l t ies, museums are all too o f ten t h e f i r s t t o feel

t h e ef fects o f reduced government suppor t .

T h e disadvantage of museum af f i l ia t ion w i t h government is t h a t unless

the re is adequate pro tec t ive legislation, t h e government is i n a posit ion t o

impose contro ls and regulat ions wh ich can b e res t r i c t i ve t o t h e museum

STATE FUNDING FOR THE BISHOP MUSEUM

operations, whereas as a p r i v a t e nonpro f i t ins t i tu t ion , a museum can make i ts

own policies and decisions w i th a minimum of outs ide in ter ference.

F ie ld Museum of Natura l His tory." T h e best source of suppor t f o r t h e

Museum has been t h e Chicago p a r k d i s t r i c t tax suppor t . Because it is

perceived necessary t o broaden t h e Museum's tax base, t h e Museum is i n t h e

process of examining greater county, state, and federal suppor t .

Museums suppor ted b y government are affected by government budget

cuts, and i t is necessary f o r museums t o ef fect ive ly lobby . Often, state

legislatures and municipal and county governments fol low t h e federal lead i n

budget cu ts .

A government museum does have regu lar suppor t f o r research and

collection purposes, un l i ke t h i s Museum, which is a f ree-s tand ing research

ins t i tu te . However, i t s advantage is autonomy. It is d i f f i c u l t t o depend on a

government pa r tne rsh ip and not ge t caught i n a pol i t ical a f f a i r on occasion.

Rochester Museum and Science Center." T h e most desirable f inancial

arrangement is a combination of pub l ic and p r i v a t e f u n d i n g where federal,

state, and local governments cont r ibu te 50 p e r cent t o t h e museum's f inances

and t h e p r i v a t e sector cont r ibu tes t h e o the r hal f .

A n advantage o f regu lar government suppor t is t h a t it allows consistency

f o r p lann ing purposes.

It is be t te r not t o be a government museum because cont ro l would then

move f rom persons w i th p rope r t r a i n i n g t o pol i t ical appointees.

T h e Smithsonian I n s t i t ~ t i o n . ' ~ The advantages o f t h e Smithsonian's

pa r tne rsh ip w i t h government a re overwhelming. T h e federal government is

v e r y suppor t i ve o f t h e Smithsonian's work a n d prov ides funds f o r t h e core

suppor t of t h e programs, whi le t h e t r u s t f unds p rov ide f o r f l ex ib i l i t y and

program enhancement. T h e Board o f Regents, on behalf o f t h e American

BACKGROUND

people, prov ides broad overs igh t of t h e programs o f t h e Smithsonian, and

subject t o t h i s guidance, t h e Smithsonian has been able t o maintain a s t rong

and p roduc t i ve independence f rom government.

T h e disadvantage i n t h i s federal government-museum pa r tne rsh ip is t h a t

i n spending appropr ia ted funds , it is necessary t o app ly federal laws and

regulat ions, inc lud ing t h e l imits on federal pay . Th is has a major l im i t ing

ef fect on t h e Smithsonian's ab i l i t y t o r e c r u i t senior s ta f f f o r administrat ive,

professional, and scholar ly positions, as compared w i th research and museum

organizat ions i n t h e p r i v a t e sector.

T h e responsibi l i t ies and obl igat ions t h a t t h e Smithsonian has i n r e t u r n

f o r government f u n d i n g includes responsib i l i ty f o r p r u d e n t management o f i t s

act iv i t ies and pub l ic accountabi l i ty f o r i t s work . More specif ical ly, t h e

expend i tu re of appropr ia ted funds requi res adherence t o federal personnel,

procurement, contract ing, and similar laws and regulat ions.

I t i s c l e a r t h a t museums and o ther c u l t u r a l and educat ional

o rgan iza t ions need a s t rong and cont i i iu ing core o f support t o a l l ow

o r d e r l y and e f fec t i ve program p lann ing and implementation. An important

source o f such funds i s government support.

Bishop Museum. " Two separate responses by two Museum

administrators a re compiled below.

Endowment i s t h e most desirable f u n d i n g basis f o r t h e Museum.

However, usage and membership fees are also needed t o suppor t user and

member benef i ts . Gran t and cont rac t revenue is needed t o suppor t research

and service work . Addit ional suppor t f rom t h e State w i l l enable t h e Museum,

d i rec t l y o r ind i rec t ly , t o broaden i t s non revenue programs.

T h e most p ress ing f inancial needs of t h e Museum are f o r general

operat ing costs and t h e f u r t h e r development of endowments f o r opera t ing

expenses; t h e care and organizat ion o f collections; and capital expenses. A

STATE FUNDING FOR THE BISHOP MUSEUM

l ine item i n the Governor 's budge t addressing these areas, w i th a s ta tu to r i l y

established f loor o f no t less than a f i x e d percentage, such as 20 p e r cent, of

t h e Museum's prev ious year 's opera t ing expenses would be t h e most desirable

arrangement.

T h e advantages of regu lar suppor t f rom state government inc lude t h e

fol lowing:

(1) If p rov ided uncondit ional ly, i t would amount t o t h e equivalent of

approximately 12 times i t s value i n endowment;

(2) Dependable and predic table f inancial suppor t permi ts ef f ic ient and

ef fect ive long- term p lann ing . I r r e g u l a r suppor t l imits t h e

application o f t h e f u n d i n g t o shor t - te rm projects;

(3) It would p rov ide t h e resources t o meet t h e needs o f t h e Museum's

scholar ly and general pub l ic constituencies;

14) I t presents a s t rong statement of t h e State's recognit ion and

commitment t o t h e importance o f gather ing, s tudying, preserv ing,

and shar ing o f t h e na tura l and cu l tu ra l h i s to ry o f Hawaii; and

( 5 ) I t s t rengthens t h e Museum's ab i l i t y t o obta in t h e suppor t of t h e

p r i v a t e sector, because as a general rule, foundations,

corporat ions, and p r i v a t e ind iv idua ls a re most ap t t o suppor t

specif ic programs and pro jects tha t a re compatible w i th t h e i r

in terests, t ha t possess a predic table end t o t h e f u n d i n g

requirement, and f o r which name recogni t ion is possible. Basic

operat ion expenses of salaries, ut i l i t ies, and fac i l i t ies maintenance

are not a t t rac t ive fund ra i s ing pro jects.

Regular state suppor t cou ld be disadvantageous if subject t o condit ions

that would increase t h e demand f o r endowment resources; t h a t is, if t h e

BACKGROUND

Museum were r e q u ~ r e d t o spend ~ t s own resources i n o rde r t o meet P

commrtments made i n r e t u r n f o r state suppor t .

State suppor t should be regarded as payment t o t h e Museum f o r se rv ing

as t h e reposi tory of t h e State's cu l t u ra l and natura l h i s t o r y . Government

support , along w i t h suppor t f rom p r i v a t e and corporate resources, i s l i ke ly t o

be essential if t h e t r u e potent ial o f t h e Museum as an educational, scient i f ic,

and cu l tu ra l ins t i tu t ion is t o be realized.

Chapter 3

THE BISHOP MUSEUM

Brief History

T h e Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum was or ig ina l l y founded t o s tore

Hawaiian heirlooms, such as t h e Kamehameha dynas ty crown, roya l treasures,

and a va r ie t y o f ar t i facts . These ancient items were i n t h e care of Princess

Bernice Pauahi, one o f t h e last h i g h - r a n k i n g female a l i ' i o f t h e Kamehameha

family, and Queen Emma, widow o f K i n g Kamehameha IV, when Queen Emma,

Princess Pauahi, and Princess Pauahi's husband, Charles Reed Bishop decided

t o s tore t h e Hawaiian collections i n a bu i l d ing t h a t Bishop would prov ide .

Mrs. Bishop d ied on October 16, 1884. Her w i l l o f October 31, 1883,

c rea t ing t h e Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate, gave most of h e r real p r o p e r t y i n

fee simple t o a t r u s t managed b y f i v e t rus tees t o establ ish and maintain t h e

Kamehameha Schools. It was on t h e or ig ina l Kamehameha School si te t ha t M r .

Bishop, i n 1890, w i t h t h e consent o f t h e o the r t rustees o f t h e Bishop Estate,

set ou t t o house t h e royal Hawaiian hold ings i n a bu i l d ing known as t h e

Bernice P. B i s h o ~ Museum.

Gi f ts f rom M r . Bishop t o t h e t rustees of t h e Bishop Estate inc luded t h e

Museum objects, as well as land a t Waipi'o Val ley on t h e is land o f Hawaii and

t h e sum o f $30,000 f o r t h e maintenance o f t h e Museum.

When t h e t rustees of t h e Bishop Estate realized t h a t t h e i r actions w i t h

respect t o t h e establishment and operat ion o f t h e Bishop Museum were not

legal ly p rov ided f o r under t h e wi l l o f Bern ice Pauahi Bishop, a pet i t ion was

drawn u p t o create separate and d i s t i nc t t r u s t s f o r t h e Museum and t h e

Kamehameha Schools. T h e Museum t r u s t was t o be administered by a board

o f t rus tees t o be composed o f t h e Bishop Estate t rus tees and two o the r

ind iv idua ls .

THE BISHOP MUSEUM

On October 5, 1896, a d e c r e e was e n t e r e d g r a n t i n g t h e r e q u e s t a n d

au thor iz ing t h e conveyance of t h e a r t i f a c t s , t h e land a t Waipio Valley, and

the $30,000, legally held b y t h e Bishop Es ta te t r u s t e e s , t o the t r u s t e e s of the

Bishop Museum " . . . f o r t h e p u r p o s e of a Museum of Polynesian a n d Kindred

Ant iqu i t i es , Ethnology a n d Natural His tory" ' ( s e e Appendix B ) .

Government Repos i to ry

T h e Bishop Museum was a repos i to ry f o r t h e Hawaii gove rnmen t collection

almost from i ts incept ion. According t o t h e 1892 publ icat ion, A Preliminary

Ca ta logue of t h e Bern ice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology a n d

Natural His to ry , p r e p a r e d b y the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, "The

Hawaiian Government h a s depos i ted in t h e Museum t h e collection formerly

known a s the Government Museum".

For f i f ty - f ive y e a r s , beg inn ing in 1921, t h e Bishop Museum of Polynesian

Ant iqu i t i es , Ethnology, a n d Natural His tory was legally t h e only depos i t o ry

f o r na tu r a l h i s t o ry , e thnological , a n d archaeological specimens a n d ob jec t s , a s

s t a t ed in Act 196 of t h e Legis la ture of t h e T e r r i t o r y of Hawaii, Regula r

Session of 1921:

Sec t i on 1. Any specimens and o b j e c t s o f n a t u r a l h i s t o r y and of

e t h n o l o g i c a l o r a r chaeo log i ca l va lue o r i n t e r e s t now i n t h e

pos se s s ion of t h e Un ive r s i t y of Hawaii, o r any t e r r i t o r i a l

depar tment , bureau o r board, o r which may h e r e a f t e r come i n t o t h e

pos se s s ion of s a i d u n i v e r s i t y o r any such depar tment , bureau o r

board , i f and when t h e same a r e no longer needed f o r s c i e n t i f i c

i n v e s t i g a t i o n , f o r s t udy , o r f o r any o t h e r purpose by s a i d

u n i v e r s i t y o r such depar tment , bureau o r board, and h i s t o r i c a l f l a g s

now i n t h e a r ch ive s b u i l d i n g , may, a t t h e r eques t of t h e t r u s t e e s of

t h e Bernice P. Bishop Xuseum of Polynesian A n t i q u i t i e s , Ethnology

and Natura l H i s to ry , be t r a n s f e r r e d and d e l i v e r e d by and wi th t h e

consent o f such depar tment , bureau o r board having pos se s s ion of any

t he r eo f t o t h e s a i d t r u s t e e s and thereupon t h e t i t l e t h e r e t o s h a l l

become ves red i n s a i d t r u s t e e s and s h a l l be h e l d by them upon t h e

STATE FUNDING FOR THE BISHOP MUSEUM

t r u s t s and pursuant t o the prov is ions se t f o r t h i n t h az c e r t a i n deed

o f t r u s t between Charles R. Bishop and others and Samuel H. Damon

and others, dated t h e 13th day o f October, 1896, and o f record i n

the Reg is t ry o f Conveyances i n Volume 164, on pages 387-391, w i t h

re ference t o s a i d museum; provided, t h a t the specimens and ob jec ts

so t r a n s f e r r e d and de l i ve red t o the s a i d t rus tees are made ava i l ab le

a t a l l reasonable t imes by the s a i d t rus tees f o r study and

examination by t h e o f f i c i a l s o f s a i d u n i v e r s i t y o r any such

department, bureau, o r board.

T h e Bishop Museum's ro le as t h e on ly such of f ic ia l state deposi tory

changed i n 1976, when t h e of f ic ia l ro le o f t h e Bishop Museum as t h e holder o f

such state specimens and objects was extended t o o the r "qual i f ied" museums

i n t h e State.'

S t r u c t u r e and Organizat ion

Two major changes i n t h e Museum's s t r u c t u r e occu r red i n 1975 and 1986,

p r imar i l y f o r t h e purpose en larg ing t h e Museum's f inancia l base. I n 1975 t h e

Museum was incorporated under t h e name o f Bishop Museum as a p r i v a t e

nonpro f i t corporat ion, separat ing t h e board o f t rus tees o f t h e Bishop Museum

ent i re ly f rom t h e Bishop Estate. With t h e establishment o f t h e Bishop Museum

corporat ion, a board was created o f not less than ten persons, hav ing f u l l

contro l and management o f t h e af fa i rs , business, a n d p r o p e r t y o f t h e

corporat ion (see Appendix C ) .

I n 1986, museum administrators became nonvot ing corporate off icers,

making t h e day- to -day decisions per ta in ing t o t h e Museum, and t h e board o f

trustees, whose name was changed t o t h e board o f d i rec tors , se t t ing t h e

overa l l pol icy f o r t h e Museum (see Exh ib i t 11 and Appendix D).

T h e organizat ion o f t h e Bishop Museum is descr ibed i n Exh ib i t 12

Exhibit 11

BISHOP MUSEUM CORPORATE LEADERSHIP

BOARD OF DIRECTORS r----l

BISHOP ELUSEUM A Hawaii Non-prof i t Corpora t ion

I EXECUTIVE COMELITTEE

Voting Yembers (Board of D i r e c t o r s )

I Ex O f f i c i o O f f i c e r s of t h e Board

Non-voting Members ( A s s o c i a t i o n Members)

E l e c t e d >lembers (5) + I

OFFICERS OF THE BOARD

Chairman

Vice Chairman

I Vice Chairman I ( S e c r e t a r y o f t h e Board I

CORPORATE OFFICERS

Vice P r e s i d e n t and A s s i s t a n t S e c r e t a r y

Vice P r e s i d e n t

I A s s i s t a n t T r e a s u r e r I Source: Bishop Museum, D i r e c t o r ' s O f f i c e , J u l y 13 , 1987.

39

Exhibit 12

BISHOP MUSEUM ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

BLRNlCr P. RiSHOP MUSCIJM

MUSEUM ASSOCIATION President and Director of the Museum

I

ASSISIANI OiRLCiOR

ADMINISTRATION SCHOLARI~Y SlUDl f S MANAGFMFNT MCMRFRSAIP

A w l ied Research Pllbl i c Program OPVP IiiymenL Group

Botanical Garden

Source: IJirhap Museum, Director's Office, ~lrly 13, 1987

THE BISHOP MUSEUM

Faci l i t ies

T h e or ig ina l Museum bu i l d ing consisted o f a lanai and entrance hal l i n

addi t ion t o t h r e e rooms: t h e P ic tu re Gal lery, t h e Kahi l i Room, and t h e

Hawaiian Vest ibule. From 1899 t o 1970, t h e Museum's tota l f loor space used

f o r i t s laboratories, exh ib i t halls, off ices, and l i b r a r y , increased f rom 4,500

square feet t o 100,000 square feet. '

I n recent years, t h e main addit ions t o t h e faci l i t ies of t h e Museum have

been t h e Hawaii Immigrant Her i tage Preservat ion Center (19771, t h e dedication

o f t h e Hal l o f Discovery (19791, t h e Maintenance Shop (19791, A ther ton Halau

(19801, and t h e Jabulka Pavil ion (19821. T h e newest addit ion, Castle Hall, is

supposed t o be s ta r ted i n mid-1988.'

Ac t iv i t ies o f t h e Museum

T h e p r imary act iv i t ies o f t h e Museum fa l l in to t h r e e main categories:

collections management, research and scholar ly studies, and pub l ic programs.

A l l t h r e e act iv i t ies are considered t o be equal ly important i n t h e func t ion ing

o f t h e Museum. I n t h e past, t h e main focus of t h e Museum was i t s research

func t ion .

Collections

T h e objects tha t were p a r t o f t h e collections of t h e ear ly Bishop Museum

ranged f rom sur fboards belonging t o Mrs . Bishop's f a the r t o feather leis o f

chieftesses. I n addi t ion t o ethnological materials, a na tura l h i s to ry collection

consisted of herbar ium specimens, b i rds , marine and land shells, p reserved

f i sh , a n d marine inver tebra tes . T h e Museum also contained p ic tu res and

books concerned w i t h Pacif ic regions, and s i lverware and coins.'

STATE FUNDING FOR THE BISHOP MUSEUM

Present ly, t h e Bishop Museum's collection includes t h e f ~ l l o w i n g : ~

Area - Anthropology

Botany

Educat ion

Entomology

Geology

Zoology

L i b r a r y

books

archives and miscellaneous

maps and a e r i a l s

V isua ls

a r t

photographs and negat ives

TOTAL

Number o f Specimens

240,000

442,000

13 000

13 ,000,000

1,800

6 ,481 ,000

Accord ing t o t h e Museum administrat ion, extensive rearrangements o f

space a r e c u r r e n t l y p lanned i n which many collections w i l l b e placed i n a

compactor- type storage system. Al though these systems resu l t i n reduct ions

i n space, t h e y also create safer, more available storage f o r a la rger number

o f specimens. Castle Hall is planned t o be used f o r long- term storage o f t h e

anthropology collections. '

Research

I n 1985, research programs were c u t back, wh ich inc luded t h e

terminat ion o f 13 s ta f f members. l o I t has been said by indiv iduals employed

b y t h e Museum and o the r in terested persons, t h a t because t h e research

func t ion o f t h e Museum has declined, t h e Museum may be becoming merely an

at t ract ion f o r tour is ts , and not an ins t i tu t ion w i t h h igh scholar ly s tandards.

Such ind iv idua ls would l i ke t o see t h e research programs restored, because

h igh-qua l i t y exhib i t ions and pub l ic education r e l y on a s t rong research

program. Accord ing t o t h e Museum administrat ion, research programs were

THE BISHOP MUSEUM

c u t because o f budget def ic i ts l and i t was essential t o ge t t h e Museum on

more stable f inancial foot ing. 'l

C u r r e n t major research e f fo r t s include, b u t a re no t l imited to, t h e

fol lowing. In t h e f i e ld o f Botany, t h e Museum is col laborat ing w i th t h e

Phi l ippine National Museum t o invest igate endangered f lo ra o f t h e Phil ippines;

par t i c ipa t ing i n a s u r v e y o f w i ld forests i n Papua, New Guinea, t o collect

compounds f o r t h e National Cancer Inst i tu te; and completing a comprehensive

manual o f Hawaii's f lo ra f o r publ icat ion nex t year . T h e Entomology

Department is conduct ing research on beetles; p repa r ing an index on fl ies i n

t h e Pacific; s tudy ing insects on t h e B ig Is land's fo res t canopy w i t h t h e

collaboration o f t h e Zoology Department; and p lanning a new pro jec t on

Hawaiian insect fauna. T h e Chair o f t h e Zoology Department is i n Papua,

New Guinea bu i l d ing a research program i n collaboration w i th Austra l ian

researchers. T h e Anthropology Department i s computeriz ing i t s collections,

t h e Department Chair is cont inu ing h is archeology work i n t h e Society Is lands

and consultat ions on h is to r ic preservat ion i n t h e Easter Is lands and t h e Cook

Islands; and f o r t h e Department, s tudy ing Hawaiian archaeology is a

p r i o r i t y .

Publications

T h e publ icat ion o f popu lar and sc ient i f ic work on t h e Museum's

collections and research has been a ch ief aim of t h e Museum since i t s

founding. T h e geographic scope o f publ icat ions extends f rom t h e Hawaiian

ls lands t o th roughou t t h e Pacific Basin, cover ing such f ie lds as ar t ,

architecture, archaeology, botany, entomology, ethnology, folklore,

geography, geology, h is to ry , language, malacology, music, physical

anthropology, rel igion, and sociology (see Appendix E ) .

T h e pub l i sh ing o f research b y t h e Bishop Museum ref lects t h e scholar ly

research funct ion, as well as i t s pub l ic education funct ion, in help ing t o

disseminate knowledge t o t h e community.

STATE FUNDING FOR THE B I S H O P MUSEUM

Publ ic Educat ion

Histor ical ly, t h e Museum followed t h e European t rad i t i on i n i t s

in te rpre ta t ion o f t h e role o f t h e Museum i n t h e community. The Bishop

Museum had been an " i v o r y tower", hav ing v e r y l imited pub l i c access, w i t h

research as i t s p r imary ac t i v i t y . In 1892, t h e Museum was open t o t h e pub l ic

two days a week, on Fr idays f rom 9 a.m. u n t i l noon, and on Saturdays, f rom

2 p . m . un t i l 5 p .m. "

D u r i n g t h e 1950ts, v i s i t i ng hours were extended f o r v iewing t h e exh ib i t

halls on weekdays and on Sunday, and now t h e Museum is open t o t h e pub l ic

f rom 9 a.m. t o 5 p.m. Monday t h r o u g h Saturday and t h e f i r s t Sunday of each

month. General admission is $4.75 f o r adul ts and $2.50 f o r young people

ages 6 t h r o u g h 17. On t h e f i r s t Sunday of each month, "Family Sunday",

t h e r e is no admission charge f o r Hawaii residents.

T h e Museum of fe rs f o r t h e general pub l ic educational act iv i t ies such as

gu ided tours and ga l le ry talks, a lecture series f o r t h e general audience,

television programs produced b y t h e Museum, l i ve musical and dance events,

planetar ium programs, f i e l d excursions, and a "hands on" ga l le ry where

touchable and " l i v i ng " exh ib i ts are designed t o complement t h e more stat ic

displays i n t h e main gal ler ies. D u r i n g t h e 1986 f iscal year, 277,240 people

v is i ted t h e Museum. l 4

T h e department o f education liaison teaches th roughout t h e year, l i nk ing

t h e pub l i c school system and t h e Museum's educational programs t h r o u g h

e f fo r ts such as in tegra t ing Museum and pub l ic school programs and assist ing

teachers. The re are gu ided tou rs f o r school classes, presentat ions a t

schools, special lectures and demonstrations f o r school classes a t t h e Bishop

Museum, an organized school loan serv ice o f special materials and collections,

and f i e ld excursions. D u r i n g t h e last f iscal year, 22,357 students v is i ted t h e

Bishop Museum. l s

T h e Bishop Museum l i b r a r y has sponsored workshops t o in t roduce t h e

l i b r a r y ' s resources and services t o Hawaii's teachers and l ib rar ians . T h e

THE BISHOP MUSEUM

focus has included ways materials i n t h e Museum l i b r a r y can be used b y

publ ic school teachers t o develop curr icu lum-re lated act iv i t ies.16

T h e Museum also of fers a summer science education program, Ho' ike

Akeakamai (Show a Love o f Knowledge), f o r ch i ld ren aged 9 t o 11. T h e

th ree one-week sessions are l imited to 20 students each, o f fe r ing par t ic ipants

exposure t o the various scient i f ic departments of t he Museum. Act iv i t ies and

v is i ts t o hluseum departments such as ichthyology, archaeology, botany, and

zoology allow students t o experience the work of scientists whi le viewing t h e

research collections o f t h e Museum. "

L i b r a r y

The l i b r a r y provides assistance t o organizations and indiv iduals engaged

in research o r the development o f programs re lat ing t o Hawaii and the Pacific.

T h e pub l ic reference hours are 10 a.m t o 3 p.m. Tuesday t h r o u g h Fr iday,

and 9 a.m. t o noon on Saturday. T h e photograph collection is open t o t h e

pub l ic f rom 1 p .m. to 4 p.m. f rom Tuesday t o Thursday, and 9 a.m. to noon

on Saturday.

T h e l i b r a r y has assisted w i th projects, such as:"

(1) A pub l ic television (KHET) product ion on Queen Li l i 'uokalani

f ea tu r ing material f rom t h e l i b r a r y ' s collections;

(2) Student papers and research projects;

( 3 ) Research culminat ing i n publ ished books and art ic les, inc lud ing

Holt 's T h e A r t o f Featherwork i n Old Hawai'i, Hibbard's T h e View

f rom Diamond Head, F i tzpat r ick 's T h e Ear ly Mapping o f Hawaii, and

Kanahele's Pauahi; and -

STATE FUNDING FOR THE BISHOP MUSEUM

(4) Newspaper and magazine stor ies on Hawaii pub l ished by local a n d

national news organizations, such as Uni ted Press Internat ional,

Associated Press, and National Geographic magazine.

T h e l i b r a r y is also used i n conjunct ion w i th exh ib i ts by o ther

ins t i tu t ions t h a t may bor row materials i n t h e collections f o r exhib i t ion away

f rom Bishop Museum, o r may requ i re Museum s ta f f assistance i n conduct ing

exh ib i t ion- re la ted research. Among t h e major recent exhib i t ions tha t used

l i b r a r y s ta f f assistance and collections i n bo th research and loans were

"Magnif icent Voyagers: The U . S. Exp lor ing Expedit ion o f 1838-1842" a t t h e

Smithsonian Ins t i tu t ion , "Captain George Vancouver--A Voyage of Discovery"

a t t h e Vancouver Museum, and "A More Perfect Union: Japanese-Americans

and t h e U.S. Const i tut ion", on exh ib i t a t t h e Smithsonian's National Museum

of Natura l H i s to ry . ''

Many o f t h e items i n t h e Bishop Museum l i b r a r y collections are not

available elsewhere. Those who are in terested i n these materials must consul t

t h e Bishop Museum collection.

T h e Bishop Museum l i b r a r y i s a par t i c ipant i n i n t e r - l i b r a r y loan. I n

f iscal year 1986, t h e requests t o t h e Bishop Museum l i b r a r y f o r loans and

photocopies o f materials in t h e collections outnumbered materials t h e Bishop

Museum requested f rom o ther l ib rar ies . "

Reference l ibrar ians and s t a f f members a t o the r ins t i tu t ions also

rou t i ne l y r e f e r requests f o r assistance i n specialized areas o f Hawaiian and

Pacific studies t o the Bishop Museum. I n f iscal year 1986, requests f o r

assistance were received f rom ins t i tu t ions inc luding, b u t not l imited to, t h e

Un ive rs i t y o f Hawaii Hawaiian and Pacific Collections, t h e Hawaii State L i b r a r y

System, t h e Hawaii V is i to r ' s Bureau, several chambers of commerce, and o ther

reference services. I n most cases information was requested, b u t sometimes

guidance i n se t t ing u p a collection, specialized cataloguing o r collection care

information, o r o ther types o f requests f o r professional assistance was

needed.

THE B I S H O P MUSEUM

Information Resource f o r t h e Publ ic

T h e Bishop Museum has served as an information resource f o r t h e people

of t h e State, as well as f o r t h e nat ion and cer ta in fo re ign countr ies. Th i s

section offers an i l lus t ra t ion of selected ways tha t t h e Bishop Museum serves

t h i s funct ion, p resent ing stat ist ical information f rom Museum records f o r t h e

1986 f iscal y e a r . 2 '

T h e Museum's Anthropology Department o f f i ce received approximately 375

telephone calls request ing:

( I f Translat ions of Hawaiian words and phrases;

( 2 ) Hawaiian names f o r subdivisions, streets, and bui ld ings; and

(3) Hawaiian phrases f o r media advertisements.

T h e Hawaii V is i to r ' s Bureau i n New York and i t s re fe r ra ls were f requen t

cal lers.

T h e f requency and t y p e o f consultat ions in specif ied subject areas were

as fol lows:

(1) Archaelology and Osteology

(a) 400 calls;

( b ) 100 let ters;

( c f 10 graduate students conducted extended research on

collections;

( d l 80 indiv iduals, such as representat ives of Washington State's

B u r k e Museum, t h e Department of La i and Natura l

Resources, t h e Un ive rs i t y o f Tokyo, t h e Un ive rs i t y o f Hawaii

STATE FUNDING FOR THE BISHOP MUSEUM

a t Manoa, t h e Un i ted States Army, t h e Department of Hawaiian

Home Lands, T r i p l e r Hospital, p r i v a t e contract archaeology

f i rms, t h e Cook Islands, and Tah i t i ; and

(e) 10 tou rs

32) Hawaiian H is to ry and Ethnology

(a) 360 calls;

(b ) 150 le t ters;

(c f 8 graduate students conducted extended research on

collections;

[d) 1 s tudent in tern;

(e) 100 indiv iduals, inc lud ing representat ives of t h e Belau

Museum, Maori elders, c ra f t s specialists, t h e Peabody Museum

of Salem, Massachusetts, t h e Cook Islands, and Tah i t i ; and

(f) 25 tours

( 3 ) T h e Hawaii lmmigrant Her i tage Preservat ion Center

(a) 100 calls;

(b ) 20 le t ters; and

(c) About 2,000 v is i to rs v is i ted t h e Japanese lmmigrant Centennial

Exh ib i t ion i n t h e Hawaiian lmmigrant Heri tage Preservat ion

Center ga l le ry .

(4) Other : 5-10 ar t i fac ts a month, b r o u g h t t o t h e v i s i t o r recept ion

area b y local community members were assessed, ident i f ied, o r

THE BISHOP MUSEUM

re fe r red t o o the r resources b y s ta f f members, as 2 community

service,

There were 59 accessions b y t h e Museum consist ing o f 12,589 items

regis tered by t h e Anthropology Department as fol lows:

Archaeology collections: 12,367 items inc lud ing 316 h is tor ica l

bott les and numerous stone, shell, and o ther a r t i fac ts f rom Hawaiian

sites.

Hawaiian ethnology and h i s to ry collections: 148 items, inc lud ing

Hawaiian feather lei, kapa, canoe breakers, and a Kumalae 'ukulele.

Ethnic immigrant collections: 9 items, inc lud ing Chinese s i lk

c lo th ing and Korean w o r k hats.

Audio-record ing collections: 54 items, i nc lud ing h is tor ica l

record ings of Hawaiian music recorded b y Hawaiians i n England and

an extensive Cook Is land ora l h i s to ry collection.

Anthropology Department also assists government agencies,

developers, and o thers i n meeting t h e requirements of federal and

state legislation re lat ing t o h is to r ic preservat ion, p r imar i l y t h r o u g h i t s

cont rac t archaeology program. Reports a re produced f o r these projects, such

as Moe kau i ka Ho'oilo, Hawaiian Mor tua ry Practices i n Keopu, Kona,

resu l t ing f rom t h e Kuak in i Highway archaeology pro ject . Publ ic archaeology

s t a f f par t i c ipa te in community hear ings and o ther meetings. For example, t h e

Museum's H-3 archaeology work has been presented pub l ic ly f o r t h e Of f i ce o f

Hawaiian Af fa i rs , t h e State Department o f Transportat ion, t h e Society f o r

Hawaiian Archaeology, and t h e House and Senate Transpor ta t ion Committee

hear ings f o r t h e State Legis lature. Records of Hawaiian h i s to ry and

p reh i s to ry may be the reby produced and disseminated.

STATE FUNDING FOR THE BISHOP MUSEUM

Government Fund ing

Cur ren t l y , t h e Bishop Museum, as o ther p r i v a t e organizat ions i n t h e

State who wish t o obta in state moneys, applies f o r state f u n d i n g under

chapter 42, Hawaii Revised Statutes, t h e grants , subsidies, and purchases o f

serv ice law, enacted i n 1981 b y Ac t 207. T h i s law implements t h e "pub l ic

purposes" p rov is ion i n t h e state const i tu t ion which states:z2

APPROPRIATIONS FOR PRIVATE PURPOSES PROHIBITED

Sect ion 4 . No t a x s h a l l be l e v i e d o r appropr ia t ion o f p u b l i c

money o r p rope r t y made, nor s h a l l t h e p u b l i c c r e d i t be used,

d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y , except f o r a p u b l i c purpose. No grant s h a l l

be made i n v i o l a t i o n o f Sect ion 4 o f A r t i c l e I o f t h i s c o n s t i t u t i o n .

No grant of p u b l i c money o r p roper ty s h a l l be made except pursuant

t o standards prov ided by law.

Chapter 42 s t ruc tu res t h e review o f p r i v a t e organizat ion f u n d i n g

requests as p a r t of t h e basic budge t review process o f state government.

Pr ivate organizat ions must meet qua l i f y i ng standards, and requests are

reviewed and analyzed b y appropr ia te state agencies. Those requests

recommended f o r f u n d i n g b y t h e agencies are incorporated i n to departmental

budgets, and ul t imately in to t h e execut ive budget . T h e p r i v a t e organizat ion

may address i t s f u n d i n g request d i rec t l y t o t h e Legislature, b u t where

p r i v a t e requests have no t been reviewed by t h e appropr ia te governmental

agency, t h e concerned legislat ive committee is requ i red t o send t h e request t o

t h e appropr ia te agency f o r review and recommendations.

I n adherence w i t h t h e requirements o f law, t h e Bishop Museum, as a

p r i v a t e nonpro f i t corporat ion, p resent ly submits an application t o t h e State

Foundation on C u l t u r e and t h e A r t s speci fy ing t h e services t h e Museum wi l l

per fo rm f o r t h e State and details t h e amount o f f u n d i n g necessary t o do so.

For t h e 1987-1989 f iscal biennium, t h e Bishop Museum competed f o r f u n d i n g

w i t h a va r ie t y o f organizat ions which are designated as " cu l tu re and

recreation' ' organizations, including, b u t not l imited to, t h e A r t s Counci l o f

THE BISHOP MUSEUM

Hawaii, t h e Honolulu Symphony Society, Lyman House Memorial Museum, t h e

Hawaii In ternat ional Jazz Festival, t h e Hawaii Performing A r t s Council, Hawaii

Theater, t h e Hawaiian Canoe Racing Association, and t h e Waianae Coast

Cu l tu re and A r t s . ' V h e purchase-of-services cont rac t does not p rov ide f o r

general opera t ing and adminis t rat ive costs, one of t h e Museum's greatest

category o f expenses, second on ly t o research.

Exh ib i t 13 describes t h e State's f inancial cont r ibu t ion t o t h e Museum's

operat ing expenditures, a f te r 1970. Exh ib i t 14 presents t h e percentage o f

t h e Museum's income which is p rov ided b y t h e State. Since 1975, t h e State

has never p rov ided t h e Museum w i t h more than 5 p e r cent o f t h e Museum's

opera t ing expendi tures, and no more than 5 p e r cent o f t h e Museum's income

has come f rom t h e State. Pr io r t o 1970, t h e Museum received two legislat ive

appropr iat ions: ''

(1) $25,000 i n 1953; and

Recently, t h e Bishop Museum became a rec ip ien t o f a MacAr thu r

Foundation g r a n t o f $765,513 t o develop an environmental education program

i n Hawaii's schools. T h e g ran ts a re p a r t o f t h e Un i ted States Tropical

In i t ia t i ve t h r o u g h which t h e MacAr thu r Foundation w i l l inves t a to ta l o f $7 .5

mil l ion t h i s year t o encourage t rop ica l f o res t conservat ion i n Puerto Rico, t h e

Flor ida Keys and t h e V i r g i n Islands, as well as i n H a ~ a i i . ' ~

Moreover, Congress appropr ia ted $200,000 f o r a new o f f i ce t o be housed

a t t h e Bishop Museum t o develop plans f o r a Nat ive Hawaiian A r t s and

Cu l tu re Ins t i t u te . The Museum is responsible f o r adminis ter ing t h e program.

Th i s p rogram is expected t o receive $1 mil l ion a year i n federal funds f o r 4

years .26 Such p r i v a t e and federal f u n d i n g appear t o ind icate confidence i n

t h e Museum's programs.

Exh ib i t 13

STATE CONTRIBUTION TO EXPENDITURES OF THE BISHOP MUSEUM

Amount Amount Percentage of Appropriated Released Total State Released by State to for Museum Funds of Xuseum for Expenditure Operating Total Museum

Fiscal Year

1970-1971

1971-1972

1972-1973

1973-1974

1974-1975

1975-1976

1976-1977

1977-1978

1978-1979

1979-1980

1980-1981

1981-1982

1982-1983

1983-1984

1984-1985

1985-1986

General Operations

$200,000

-0-

-0-

-0-

-0-

100,000

100,000

100,000

100,000

-0-

150,000

250,000

250,000

252,788

255,000

255,000

bj, state

$200,000

-0-

-0-

-0-

-0 -

100,000

100,000

70,000

1O0,000

-0-

150,000

250,000

250,000

240,750

242,676

248,115

Expenditures

$1,648,285

1,723,757

1,744,541

1,837,947

1,914,920

2,196,679

2,579,608

3,410,448

3,360,805

3,828,902

4,287,943

4,794,837

5,107,750

4,794,245

5,465,696

4,974,420

Source: Haskins and Sells, Certified Public Accountants, "Auditors' Opinion," June 30, 1971, June 30, 1972, Jnne 30, 1973, Jnne 30, 1974, July 1, 1974 to March 11, 1975, Yarch 12, 1975 to June 30, 1975, June 30, 1976, June 30, 1977, June 30, 1978; Peat, Marvick, %itchell and Go. Certified Public Accountants, "Bishop Xuseum: Financial Statements and Schedules," June 30, 1979, June 30, 1980, June 20, 1981, June 30, 1982, June 30, 1983, June 30, 1984, Jnne 30, 1985, June 30, 1986; isto tor? of State Funding for Bishop Museum" (Bishop Yuseum, February 23, 1987>. (Mimeographed).

Exhibit 14

STATE CONTRIBUTION TO INCOME OF THE BISHOP MUSEUM

Percentage of Museum's

Total Yuseum Total Income Income Contributed

Fiscal Year ioperatgng Funds) to by St&

Source: Haskins and Sells, Certified Public Accountants, $ 1 "Auditors' Opinion, June 30, 1971, June 30, 1972,

June 30, 1973, June 30, 1974, July 1, 1974 to March 11, 1975, March 12, 1975 to June 30, 1975, June 30, 1976, June 30, 1977, June 30, 1978; Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Co. Certified Public Accountants, "Bishop Museum: Financial Statements and Schedules," June 30, 1979, June 30, 1980, June 20, 1981, June 30, 1982, June 30, 1983, June 30, 1984, June 30, 1985, June 30, 1986.

STATE FUNDING FOR THE B I S H O P MUSEUM

Waipi'o Valley

Senate Concur ren t Resolution No. 56 requests tha t t h e Bureau's " s tudy

consider acquisit ion, b y t h e State of Hawaii, of those Bishop Museum real

estate proper t ies tha t a re o f cu l t u ra l and h is tor ica l s ignif icance t o t h e people

o f Hawaii". According t o t h e Museum administratiort, "those real estate

proper t ies" r e f e r t o t h e Island o f Hawaii Waipi'o Val ley Museum holdings,

which were p a r t of Charles Reed Bishop's or ig inal endowment f o r t h e Museum.

T h e val ley had been a good source o f income, b u t ren ts have d r i e d up and

taxes recent ly increased, g i v i n g t h e Museum a new unbudgeted expense."

Therefore, t h e Museum wants t o sell t h e p r o p e r t y and use t h e proceeds o f

t h e sale f o r t h e endowment o f t h e Museum. Accord ing t o t h e Museum, it

could obta in a h igher p r i ce f o r t h e land if sold t o a p r i v a t e inves tor .

However, under these circumstances, t h e land's h is to r ic sites would not be

protected. Were t h e State t o purchase th i s p rope r t y , these h is to r ic sites

would b e able t o b e preserved. T h e Department o f Land and Natura l

Resources, in i t s repo r t t o t h e 1987 Legis lature on Senate Resolution No. 196,

S.D. 1, A p r i l 17, 1986, en t i t led "Explore t h e Feasibi l i ty of State Acquis i t ion

o f Waipi'o Val ley on t h e Island o f Hawaii", discusses t h i s issue, and makes

recommendations.

Chapter 4

PERCEIVED CONTRIBUTION OF THE BISHOP MUSEUM

T O THE STATE OF HAWAII

T h e Bureau surveyed 25 state departments and agencies repor ted b y t h e

Museum as recipients o f services, inc lud ing t h e Un ive rs i t y o f Hawaii,

request ing information about t h e cont r ibu t ion p rov ided b y t h e Bishop Museum

t o t h e i r respect ive departments, f r ee o f charge. Responses were received

f rom t h e Governor 's Office; t h e state departments o f Agr icu l tu re , t h e

A t to rney General, Business and Economic Development, Education, Land and

Natura l Resources, Transportat ion, and t h e State Foundation on C u l t u r e and

t h e A r t s ; t h e Un ive rs i t y o f Hawaii Center f o r Oral His tory; t h e Un ive rs i t y o f

Hawaii departments of Anthropology, Indo-Pacif ic Languages, L inguist ics, and

Music; t h e Un ive rs i t y o f Hawaii Press; t h e Research Corporat ion o f t h e

Un ive rs i t y o f Hawaii; t h e Un ive rs i t y o f Hawaii School o f Hawaiian, Asian, and

Pacif ic Studies; and t h e Un ive rs i t y of Hawaii Social Science Research

Ins t i t u te . One un ident i f ied completed quest ionnaire was also received. T h e

main points o f t h e respondents are set f o r t h below.

Department of Agr i cu l t u re '

T h e Department of A g r i c u l t u r e has benef i ted f rom t h e services p rov ided

b y t h e Museum, especially assistance i n i den t i f y i ng o r conf i rming insect and

p lan t species new t o t h e State o r not p resent i n t h e Department's collection.

Cer ta in new organisms may be potent ia l ly damaging t o Hawaii's ag r i cu l t u re and

ecosystem and prompt ident i f icat ions are essent ial . Also, t h e Museum of fers

assistance in locat ing r a r e endangered p lan t species which may be inhab i t ing

areas under considerat ion f o r noxious weed cont ro l o r eradicat ion pro jects.

T h e Department's insect taxonomist is exposed t o a large number of

insects and related organisms w i th in many d i f f e ren t o rders and does not have

adequate t ime and resources t o develop exper t i se about e v e r y g roup . For

unfamil iar o r uncommon species, t h e exper t ise o f specialists, such as those

STATE FUNDING FOR THE BISHOP MUSEUM

available at t h e Museum, are requ i red . I n Hawaii, t h e r e are many agencies

and indiv iduals invo lved i n pro jects requ i r i ng ident i f icat ion o f insects and t h e

numbers of requests f o r ident i f icat ion f a r exceeds t h e workload o f t h e state

taxonomists.

Each ident i f icat ion would be wor th $500 t o $1,000, b u t i s g iven t o t h e

Department by t h e Museum f r e e o f charge.

Improvements a t t h e Museum could be made b y increasing s ta f f t o inc lude

specialists far orders o f insects f o r which t h e r e are c u r r e n t l y no specialists.

Also, more technicians could be added t o re l ieve t h e specialists o f rou t ine

work, so they may concentrate on research.

Services p rov ided b y t h e Museum have been excel lent and v e r y prompt .

However, t h e terminat ion o f t h e malacologist's posit ion has ser iously cur ta i led

ident i f icat ions o f snails and slugs, which are serious pests o f p lants and are

f requen t l y encountered i n incoming shipments b y p lan t quarant ine inspectors.

T h e Museum is i n a posit ion t o b e a wor ld class au tho r i t y on Pacific

insects. Many Pacific countr ies lack adequate f u n d s and resources f o r p rope r

ident i f icat ions o f insects and must depend on ins t i tu t ions l i ke t h e Museum f o r

t h e i r ident i f icat ions. T h e Museum i n t h i s way can promote in ternat ional

goodwil l and recognit ion f o r t h e State o f Hawaii.

T h e Department i s "exci ted o f t h e poss ib i l i t y " o f designat ing t h e Museum

as Hawaii 's State Museum f o r Natura l and Cu l tu ra l H i s to ry .

Department o f t h e A t t o r n e y Generalz

I n t h e pas t t h e L i t iga t ion Div is ion of t h e Department o f t h e A t to rney

General has sol ic i ted t h e services o f t h e Bishop Museum's planetar ium f o r

lunar information on a few cases where n igh t t ime v i s ib i l i t y was a fac tor .

However, these services were pa id fo r , an estimated $50 t o $100 a case.

CONTRIBUTION OF THE BISHOP MUSEUM

According t o t h e Department, a l though these services were bel ieved t o

be necessary and desirable a t t h e time they were solicited, o thers besides t h e

Bishop Museum could p rov ide similar services.

Department o f Business and Economic Development3

T h e Museum does no t c u r r e n t l y p rov ide t h e Department w i t h any

services f r e e o f charge.

A recent cont rac t between t h e State and t h e Museum, administered b y

t h e Department, p rov ided f o r t h e services o f a "State Geographer", b u t t h i s

work was not f r e e o f charge.

Previously, t h e Department received considerable assistance from t h e

Museum's Geography and Mapping Department. I n 1984, t h e Museum's

Geographer/Cartographer, helped i n t h e preparat ion o f t h e Department map o f

"The New Pacif ic". In 1980 and 1986, t h e Museum's Geographer/Cartographer

p rov ided much o f t h e data needed f o r f o u r tables i n t h e State o f Hawaii Data

Book. -

However, t h e Geography and Mapping Div is ion was abolished by t h e

Museum ove r a year ago, and t h e Department has no t received any f r e e

services since then.

Department o f Educat ion4

T h e Department c u r r e n t l y p rov ides a fu l l - t ime l iaison teacher t o t h e

Museum, who is also an associate s ta f f member o f t h e Museum. T h e Museum

has th ree educational specialists and a secretary assigned t o i t s educat ion

section who devote a por t ion o f t h e i r t ime p repa r ing exh ib i ts which w i l l b e o f

in te res t t o var ious audiences, inc lud ing ch i ld ren . Services are p rov ided by

Department specialists and Museum s ta f f on a col laborat ive basis.

Publ ic school s tudents pay $1 .OO a ch i l d t o t o u r t h e Museum and v i s i t

exhib i ts . There i s no charge f o r requ i red superv i s ing adul ts . O the r

STATE FUNDING FOR THE BISHOP MUSEUM

accompanying adul ts a re charged $1.00 a person. T h e fee f o r planetar ium

programs is $1.00 a student, w i th a 350.00 minimum.

Specimen samplers ( ind iv idua l teaching works) a re available f o r one week

ren ta l per iods. The cost is $30.00 a sampler. A ther ton Halau has been made

available on a l imited basis f o r meetings and inserv ice t r a i n i n g sessions.

Museum s ta f f o f f e r some inserv ice t r a i n i n g sessions, which t h e Department

s ta f f a re i nv i t ed t o a t tend f ree of charge.

T h e new Museum d i rec to r has increased t h e educational s ta f f and

act iv i t ies. Th i s has resul ted in exh ib i ts which are more care fu l l y geared t o

s tudent in terests and level o f unders tand ing . A teacher adv isory committee

was establ ished t h i s summer, which is scheduled t o meet once a qua r te r .

T h e Museum could improve i ts services by work ing more closely w i t h

Department specialists i n p lann ing f o r inserv ice sessions i n which Department

s taf f w i l l part ic ipate, and also b y not cha rg ing students f o r admission t o t h e

exhib i ts , as i n t h e past .

It is t o t h e advantage o f al l of Hawaii 's ci t izens t h a t Hawaii have a f i r s t

class museum. The Bishop Museum is a qua l i t y museum. I n par t i cu la r , it is

important t h a t t h e Museum has a qua l i t y Pacif ic collection. T h e Bishop

Museum cont r ibu tes t o t h e schools and t h e State, t o t h e ex ten t t o which it

can make i t s collections and exh ib i ts available t o Hawaii's s tudents.

Department o f Land and Natura l Resources Div is ion o f H is to r ic Sitess

T h e Div is ion receives no f r e e services f rom t h e Museum. It does receive

cooperation f rom t h e Museum and i t s s taf f , b u t pays f o r services prov ided.

Department o f Transpor ta t ion6

T h e Department regu lar ly contracts w i t h t h e Museum t o p rov ide

archaeological services f o r capital improvement projects, however t h e Museum

is paid f o r services rendered.

CONTRIBUTION OF THE BISHOP MUSEUM

T h e Department suppor t s t h e Museum's be ing pub l ic ly supported,

because it p lays an important ro le i n p rese rv ing and present ing Hawaii's

h i s to ry .

State Foundation on C u l t u r e and t h e A r t s 7

T h e Foundation does no t receive any services f r e e o f charge f rom t h e

Museum, b u t t h e Foundation has worked i n cooperation w i t h t h e Museum on a

number of pro jects. T h e Foundation also administers state funds t o t h e

Museum, f u n d i n g which has f luc tua ted g rea t l y ove r t h e years.

T h e Foundation has suppor ted t h e c0ncep.t o f regu lar annual

appropr iat ions tha t would enable t h e Museum t o do more ef fect ive long range

p lann ing and budget ing . Funds t o t h e Museum should b e administered b y t h e

Foundation, which could also p rov ide overs igh t and moni tor ing.

T h e Bishop Museum is one of t h e world's foremost scient i f ic museums,

and t h e major ins t i tu t ion on Pacif ic h i s to ry and cu l tu re . It not on l y serves

as a valuable educational resource but is also a major t o u r i s t a t t rac t ion .

Un ive rs i t y o f Hawaii Center f o r Ora l H i s t o r y s

T h e Museum prov ides t h e Center w i th photo collection services, inc lud ing

s ta f f assistance i n searching f o r h is tor ica l photographs and waiver of

reproduct ion fees f o r publ icat ion of photographs. These services are

essential because t h e Museum is t h e on ly repos i to ry f o r many h is tor ica l

photographs, in pa r t i cu la r t h e R.J . Baker Col lect ion. Moreover, t h e

Museum's photo collection i s f u l l y ident i f ied and catalogued, un l i ke o the r

photo archives, and is professional ly s taf fed.

Because of a g r o w t h i n publ icat ion act iv i t ies, t h e Center f o r Oral H i s to ry

has increased i t s use o f t h e Museum's photo collection services in recent

years. The photo collection has recent ly scheduled Saturday hours,

pe rm i t t i ng weekend research. T h e Museum also has plans t o make available a

STATE FUNDING FOR THE BISHOP MUSEUM

data base and re- recorded tapes o f t h e Museum's Hawaiian aud io- record ing

collections, which w i l l be a boon t o researchers.

Because t h e Center considers t h e Museum's services t o be important t o

t h e qua l i t y o f t h e i r publ icat ions and also notes t h e posi t ive impact o f t h e

Museum on o the r state agencies, pa r t i cu la r l y t h e Department o f Education, t h e

Center suppor ts t h e Museum's p u r s u i t of l ine item state fund ing .

U n i v e r s i t y of Hawaii Department o f Anthropo logyg

Anthropology a t t h e Un ive rs i t y and t h e Bishop Museum have had a long

a n d f r u i t f u l association. For example, the f i r s t Anthropo logy course was

taugh t a t t h e Un ive rs i t y i n 1922 by a s ta f f member o f t h e Bishop Museum who

volunteered his services. Now, t h e archaeologists o f t h e Department o f

Anthropology and t h e Bishop Museum of ten work closely together . T h e y

consult w i th one another, and i n general, have a collegial re lat ionship.

Un ive rs i t y anthropologis ts also use ethnological and archaeological a r t i fac ts in

t h e Museum collections. Museum s ta f f teach Anthropology courses, and are

pa id as ind iv idua ls f o r t h i s service. Students use t h e Museum l i b r a r y and

collections f o r research papers and t h e preparat ion o f d isser tat ions. T h e

Museum's research funct ion, which has su f fe red under t h e budge t cr is is ,

should be enhanced.

Un ive rs i t y o f Hawaii Department o f lndo-Pacif ic Languages"

T h e Museum does not p rov ide any consul tant o r exh ib i t services f r e e of

charge t o t h i s Department.

I n t h e past, some o f t h e Hawaiian language facu l t y have worked w i t h

collections o f t h e Museum. B u t c u r r e n t l y , none is do ing so. Because t h e

Museum is Hawaii 's p r imary reposi tory o f a r t i fac ts and information re la t ing t o

t radi t ional Hawaiian cul ture, Hawaiian h is to ry , and Hawaiian f lo ra and fauna,

t h e Museum is an important resource f o r all t h e people o f t h e State, a n d

there fore i t is en t i re l y appropr ia te f o r t h e State t o p rov ide f inancia l suppor t

t o t h e Museum.

CONTRIBUTION OF THE BISHOP MUSEUM

U n i v e r s i t y of Hawaii Department of L inguist ics"

T h e Bishop Museum s ta f f have always been viewed as colleagues ra the r

t han those who pe r fo rm services. In t h e past, d u r i n g t h e sixt ies and

seventies, it was a pleasure t o in te rac t w i t h t h e research staf f , especially

those i n Anthropology, as we worked together on quest ions o f Pacific

p reh i s to ry . T h i s in teract ion was considered t o b e v e r y desirable and

necessary t o a museum tha t advances science (as contrasted w i th one tha t

merely passes it along).

Museum research posit ions should b e restored. Many of t h e scholars t h e

Department used t o in teract w i t h a re not t h e r e any more.

"Having a f i r s t - r a t e museum is so c lear ly in t h e pub l ic in te res t t ha t t h e

State should suppor t t h e Museum l ibera l ly , i n my op in ion . "

Un ive rs i t y of Hawaii Music Department"

T h e Museum's Anthropology staf f , pa r t i cu la r l y those invo lved w i th

Hawaiian music, have a h i s to ry o f f r equen t contact w i th t h e Department.

Museum archives o f recorded music and data related t o music and dance have

been made available f o r t h e music facu l t y and students f o r research. A

Museum s ta f f member, also an a f f i l i a te facu l t y t o t h e Music Department,

occasionally lectures t o Music Department classes.

However, t h e in teract ion between t h e Un ive rs i t y and t h e Museum could

be improved immeasurably w i th a computer ne twork w i t h mutual access t o

archives, collections, and o ther data resources.

T h e changes over t h e years in t h e relat ionship between t h e Department

and t h e Museum is t i e d t o ind iv iduals and t h e i r pa r t i cu la r in terests.

Previously, p r inc ipa l in teract ion w i t h t h e Museum was centered around

Polynesian dance and per fo rming ar ts , whi le c u r r e n t l y i t is more specif ical ly

Hawaii-oriented, due t o t h e specialties o f t h e s ta f f members.

STATE FUNDING FOR THE BISHOP MUSEUM

T h e Museum is an internat ional ly known reposi tory f o r Hawaiian and

Pacific studies, par t icu lar ly i n the area of cu l tu ra l studies. T h e State of

Hawaii must encourage more research and s tudy on i t s own cu l tu res and i t s

own expressive resources, no t on ly t o b r i n g them in to t h e pu rv iew o f t h e

internat ional cu l tu ra l community, b u t also t o preserve and perpetuate them f o r

t h e resident community. The leadership for bu i l d ing such resources must

come f rom wi th in the State ra the r than f rom outs ide scholars.

One o f t he ways o f suppor t ing such a development is t o p rov ide tangib le

suppor t t o the Museum. Al though it is a p r i va te organization, it provides

much inpu t f o r t h e pub l ic sector as well as the p r i va te sector. It would be a

shame and an embarrassment i f t h e Museum became a second-rate ins t i tu t ion

because o f t h e lack o f support .

Un ive rs i t y o f Hawaii P ressx3

T h e Museum provides access t o l i b r a r y and research faci l i t ies f o r many

o f the Un ivers i ty o f Hawaii Press authors. Photographs and o ther i l l us t ra t i ve

materials f rom t h e Museum archives are sometimes used in t h e Press

publ icat ions. The dol lar costs o f t h e services t h a t t h e Museum of fe rs t o t h e

Press are. incalculable, because many authors would b e unable t o pu rsue t h e i r

scholarly research w i thout t h e faci l i t ies o f t h e Museum l i b r a r y and archives.

T h e interest in Hawaii and the Pacific generated by t h e Museum is

ref lected in increased interest i n t h e books publ ished about t h e region.

Un ivers i ty o f Hawaii School of Hawaiian, Asian, and Pacific Studies"

Museum personnel con t r i bu te t o the teaching program in t h e Center f o r

Pacific Islands Studies, and students use t h e Museum l i b r a r y and collections

f o r term papers and theses. Improvements can be made by increasing t h e

ease o f access t o t h e Museum's collections o f a r t i fac ts and h is tor ica l

documents. "The Bishop Museum provides a v e r y important service t o t h e

State and I s t rong ly f a v o r state f inancial assistance t o t h e Museum."

CONTRIBUTION OF THE B I S H O P MUSEUM

U n i v e r s i t y of Hawaii Social Science Research I n ~ t i t u t e ' ~

T h i s Ins t i t u te did not receive any f r e e services f rom t h e Museum. T h e

Museum is a major asset t o t h e State o f Hawaii since i t is the only pub l ic

repos i to ry f o r a r t i fac ts of t h e Hawaiian and o the r Pacific people, and

the re fo re should receive major state fund ing .

T h e Museum s ta f f have served as members o f t h i s state agency's

adv isory committees. Th i s agency's s ta f f use t h e l ib rary - re ferences of t h e

Museum. Entrance fees f o r cu l t u ra l exchange g roups and d igni tar ies have

been waived upon request . Facil i t ies and resources have been used b y t h i s

agency w i th renta l fees waived o r permission granted f o r usage. Th i s agency

does no t have t h e faci l i t ies t o conduct cu l t u ra l act iv i t ies and events a t i t s

p resent location n o r i n an envi ronment as conducive as found at t h e Museum.

Also, t h e l ib rary - re ferences of t h e Museum a r e i n many cases unique,

especially t h e photography and manuscr ipt collections.

A l though t h e resources o f t h e Museum are more accessible t o t h e general

pub l i c than before, cooperation, waiver o f s ta f f time, fees, services,

accessibi l i ty t o collections f o r research, and improved professional s tandards

f o r s ta f f are ye t t o equal those o f comparable ins t i tu t ions i n t h e Un i ted

States, especially those t h a t have Nat ive American collections and resources.

Also, t h e Museum should p r o v i d e services t o t h e neighbor islands, b o t h

community and educational groups, especially in areas w i t h a h igh Hawaiian

populat ion.

Museum services have been made more accessible and available, on t h e

whole. Archaeological information shar ing has become l imited due t o t h e

emphasis on contract archaeological surveys f o r p r i v a t e groups, t he reby

l im i t ing access t o valuable in format ion concerning h is to r ic preservat ion i n t h i s

State because t h e information is l imited by t h e cont rac tor .

Chapter 5

FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

F ind ings

Museums are un ique and important educational ins t i tu t ions . T h e y a r e

t h e t r u s t e d guardians o f t h e objects o f o u r heri tage, and create a permanent

record o f t h e wor ld 's cu l t u ra l and natura l her i tage. Museums preserve and

s t u d y cu l tu ra l and natura l specimens, and share t h e collections and knowledge

w i t h t h e pub l i c .

A broad-based system o f pub l ic suppor t f o r museums has developed w i t h

government, business, foundations, ind iv iduals, and t h e museums themselves

t h r o u g h t h e i r own e f fo r ts and endowments, con t r i bu t i ng t o suppor t museums

i n t h e Un i ted States. T h e most p ress ing f inancia l needs of museums are f o r

general opera t ing costs and t h e development o f t h e i r endowments f o r

opera t ing expenses; t h e care and organizat ion o f collections; and capital

expenses. It is more d i f f i c u l t f o r museums t o obta in f u n d i n g f o r general

opera t ing costs, such as pes t contro l and ut i l i t ies, than f o r h i g h l y v is ib le

pro jects.

State and local governments consider museums t o be cu l tu ra l a n d

educational inst i tu t ions, b u t museums may also con t r i bu te t o t h e economic

development o f t h e i r community. As cu l tu ra l amenities, t h e y en r i ch t h e

qua l i t y of l i f e i n a community, and may there fore help communities t o a t t rac t ,

hold, and stimulate business and tour ism.

It appears t h a t a major i ty o f states d o not g i v e l ine item f u n d i n g t o

p r i v a t e museums, n o r f o r t h a t matter, t o p r i v a t e organizat ions, of ten because

o f state const i tu t ional p roh ib i t ions . Many states, inc lud ing Hawaii, f u n d t h e i r

museums t h r o u g h a state agency b y g ran ts o r purchase o f serv ice contracts.

FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

T h e advantages o f regu lar government suppor t t o museums inciude:

( I ) T h e presentat ion o f a s t rong statement o f commitment b y

government t o t h e museum, which stimulates p r i v a t e g iv ing ;

(2) Al lowing f o r o rde r l y and ef fect ive long- te rm program p lann ing and

implementation b y t h e museum; and

(3) Heip ing t o suppor t t h e museum's endowment.

Problems associated w i th government suppor t t o museums include:

(1) In t h e event o f economic d i f f icu l t ies, museums are o f ten t h e f i r s t t o

feel t h e ef fects o f reduced government suppor t ;

(2) I n spending appropr iated funds, i t is necessary t o app ly

government laws and regulat ions, wh ich l imi t t h e museum as

compared w i t h organizat ions i n t h e p r i v a t e sector; and

(3) T h e museum may b e requ i red t o spend i t s own resources i n o r d e r

t o meet t h e commitments o f government suppor t .

T h e Smithsonian Ins t i tu t ion is an example o f a museum w i t h a pub l ic -

p r i v a t e sector par tnersh ip . T h e Smithsonian a l though pr ivate ly-endowed and

admini3tered by a Board o f Regents independent o f t h e federal government, is

also suppor ted f inancia l ly b y t h e federal government. Congress has

consis tent ly maintained t h e i n t e g r i t y o f t h e Smithsonian Ins t i tu t ion 's t r u s t and

i t s independence f rom t h e administrat ion of c i v i l government.

Congress began t o supplement t h e Smithsonian's t r u s t resources w i th

federal suppor t when t h e federal government 's museum collection was

t r a n s f e r r e d f rom t h e Patent Of f i ce t o t h e Smithsonian, making t h e Smithsonian

t h e c u r a t o r of the national col lect ion. Congress cont inued t h e annual

appropr ia t ion prev iously made t o t h e Commissioner of Patents f o r i t s care and

STATE FUNDING FOR THE BISHOP MUSEUM

exh ib i t ion . T h e federal government c u r r e n t l y cont r ibu tes about half o f t h e

Smithsonian Ins t i tu t ion 's income, under t h e i r pub l i c -p r i va te pa r tne rsh ip .

T h e Bishop Museum was or ig ina l l y founded t o s tore Hawaiian heirlooms.

The Bishop Museum t r u s t is a separate and d i s t i nc t t r u s t f rom t h e Bishop

Estate, and has not been able t o benef i t f r om t h e resources o f t h e Bishop

Estate, as is of ten assumed because o f t h e "Bishop" i n i t s name.

From i t s beginnings, t h e Museum was a repos i to ry f o r t h e Hawaiian

government . museum collection, and f o r f i f t y - f i v e years, beg inn ing i n 1921,

t h e Museum was legal ly t h e on ly deposi tory f o r cu l t u ra l and natura l h i s to ry

specimens i n t h e State. I n 1976, t h e of f ic ia l role o f t h e Bishop Museum as

state deposi tory was extended t o o the r "qual i f ied" museums i n t h e State,

al though t h e Bishop Museum is t h e on ly museum c i ted by name i n t h i s h is to r ic

preservat ion statute.

T h e Bishop Museum has a collection number ing 20,883,300 specimens.

The t ypes o f faci l i t ies, exhib i t ions, and act iv i t ies o f fe red b y t h e Bishop

Museum appear t o be comparable t o those p rov ided a t o the r na tura l h i s to ry

museums i n t h e c o u n t r y . Accord ing to Legislat ive Reference Bureau surveys

o f 1971 a n d 1987, t h e Bishop Museum s ta f f salaries have increased and are

now general ly a t t h e level o f o the r museums surveyed. T h e income of t h e

Museum has expanded so t h a t it is no longer well below al l o f t h e o the r

independent museums surveyed.

T h e Bishop Museum's expendi tures are present ly spent p r imar i l y on

research and adminis t rat ive and operat ing costs, whereas i n 1971, t h e

expendi tures were la rge ly spent on research. T h e Bishop Museum, as well as

t h e American Museum of Natura l H i s to ry a n d t h e Field Museum of Natura l

His tory, has sh i f ted f rom hav ing research as t h e p r imary ac t i v i t y o f t h e

Museum i n 1971, t o hav ing research as one o f several p r imary act iv i t ies. T h e

Bishop Museum is t h e on ly museum surveyed t h a t has less professional staff

i n 1986 than it did i n 1971.

FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

I n 1985, t h e Bishop Museum's research program was c u t Sack severely,

t o stabi l ize t h e budget . Cer ta in ind iv iduals, bo th Museum and non-Museum

employees are concerned t h a t because o f t h e diminished research func t ion

and t h e importance o f research t o exhib i t ion and pub l ic education. t h e

Museum may be becoming more o f a t ou r i s t a t t ract ion, and not a museum of

excellence.

The Museum serves t o educate t h e general pub l ic and students t h r o u g h

i t s many educational act iv i t ies. D u r i n g t h e 1986 f iscal year, 227,240 people

v is i ted t h e Museum, 22,357 of whom were students. The Bishop Museum

l i b ra ry , which has materials unique t o the Museum, assists ind iv iduals

engaged i n research o r developing programs about Hawaii and t h e Pacific,

such as television broadcasts, newspaper and magazine articles, s tudent

projects, and books. Museum departments, such as t h e Anthropo!ogy

Department, serve as information resources on Hawaii's cu l t u re and natura l

h i s to ry f o r t h e community, t h e mainland, and abroad. T h e Museum also helps

w i th exhib i ts a t o the r museums, such as "A More Perfect Union: Japanese-

Americans and t h e U.S. Const i tut ion," c u r r e n t l y on exh ib i t a t t h e Smithsonian

Ins t i tu t ion .

As perceived by cer ta in administrators o f state departments and

agencies, contr ibut ions o f t h e Bishop Museum, f r e e o f charge, t o t h e i r

respect ive department o r agency include:

(1) Assistance in i den t i f y i ng insect and p lan t species;

12) Prov id ing photo collection services;

(3) Making available archives of recorded music;

14) Con t r i bu t i ng t o un i ve rs i t y teaching programs b y s ta f f lectures and

i t s l i b r a r y resources;

( 5 ) Al lowing faci l i t ies t o b e used f o r cu l t u ra l events and act iv i t ies;

STATE FUNDING FOR THE B I S H O P MUSEUM

(6) Waiving entrance fees f o r cu l t u ra l exchange groups and dignitar ies,

upon request; and

(7) Staf f se rv ing on state adv isory committees.

Problem areas ident i f ied by these administrators include:

(1) With t h e terminat ion o f t h e malacologist's posit ion, ident i f icat ion o f

snails and slugs, serious pests o f plants, has been curtai led;

(2) Since t h e geography and mapping d iv is ion was abolished b y t h e

Museum ove r a year ago, no geography and car tography services

have been f ree ly o f fe red t o t h e State;

(3) Public school s tudents who v i s i t t h e Museum th rough Department of

Education programs p a y a $1.00 admission fee;

(4) More services t o neighbor islands, bo th community and school

groups, especially i n areas w i t h a h igh Hawaiian population, should

b e of fered;

(51 Research posit ions should be restored;

16) Ease o f access to collections should be improved;

(7) T h e shar ing o f valuable archaeological f ind ings re la t ing t o h is to r ic

preservat ion i n t h e State has been l imited due t o t h e emphasis on

cont rac t archaeology f o r p r i v a t e groups.

T h e Museum c u r r e n t l y receives state funds t h r o u g h t h e State Foundation

o f Cu l tu re and t h e Ar ts , under chapter 42, t h e grants , subsidies, and

purchases of serv ice law. Under t h i s law the re is no prov is ion f o r t h e

regu lar suppor t o f general opera t ing costs, a p ress ing expense o f t h e Bishop

Museum, as well as o f o ther museums i n t h e nat ion. Since 1975, t h e State

FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

has cont r ibu ted no more than f i ve p e r cent toward t h e Museum's tota l

operat ing e x p e n d ~ t u r e s and toward t h e tota l operat ing income of t h e Museum.

Recommendations

1. Should t h e Legis lature perceive t h a t t h e Bishop Museum is an

important ins t i tu t ion which prov ides a s igni f icant pub l ic serv ice b y p rese rv ing

Hawaii's cu l t u ra l and natura l specimens on a l a rge r scale than o ther

ins t i tu t ions i n t h e State, help ing t o create a permanent record o f t h e cu l tu re

and natura l h i s to ry o f Hawaii f o r t h e present and f u t u r e generat ion t o

unders tand and enjoy, and se rv ing as an educational resource about Hawaii;

tha t the State has a cer ta in responsib i l i ty t o the Museum f o r i t s pub l ic

service; and tha t o the r state f u n d i n g arrangements should be considered f o r

the Bishop Museum because i t s cont r ibu t ion t o t h e State surpasses o the r

p r i va te organizations, t h e Legis lature could do one o r more of t h e fol lowing:

(a) Designate t h e Bishop Museum as t h e state museum of Hawaii;

(b) Amend chapter 42, t h e grants , subsidies, and purchases o f serv ice

law t o enable t h e Bishop Museum t o obtain funds on a regu lar basis

f o r general operat ing costs i n exchange f o r cer ta in guaranteed

services t o be mutual ly negotiated; o r

(c) A d d a new section t o chapter 6E, t h e h is to r ic preservat ion law,

designat ing t h e Bishop Museum as t h e "State Museum f o r Natura l

and Cu l tu ra l H i s to ry " and expressing t h e i n ten t o f t h e State t o

cont r ibu te to t h e suppor t of t h e Museum for i t s serv ice as an

of f ic ia l state reposi tory and i n exchange f o r o ther guaranteed

services t o be mutual ly negotiated. The Museum funds would be

administered b y t h e State Foundation on C u l t u r e and t h e Ar ts , and

be subject t o an annual aud i t . I f t h e Museum were t o become a

quasi-state agency, then i t would be el igible f o r f u n d i n g b y l ine

item appropr iat ion.

STATE FUNDING FOR THE BISHOP MUSEUM

2. A f requen t l y heard concern about t h e Bishop Museum is i t s

diminished research funct ion, a func t ion which is closely l inked t o i t s

exhib i t ion a n d pub l ic education act iv i t ies. I f t h e Bishop Museum is

designated as t h e state museum of Hawaii, and funded under e i ther o f t h e

above arrangements, formal iz ing i t s re lat ionship t o t h e State, then t h i s

concern can be addressed i n t h e "qu id p r o quo" negotiations mentioned i n

item 1 (b ) and ( c ) .

3. Senate Resolution No. 196, S.D. 1, adopted d u r i n g t h e legislat ive

session o f 1986, requests tha t t h e Department o f Land and Natura l Resources,

t h e Department o f Hawaiian Home Lands, and t h e Of f ice o f Hawaiian A f fa i r s

par t ic ipate w i t h t h e County o f Hawaii, Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate, A lu

Like, Inc. , and t h e Bishop Museum t o "explore t h e feasib i l i ty o f state

acquisi t ion o f Waipi'o Val ley on t h e is land o f Hawaii." T h e Department o f

Land and Natura l Resources was designated as t h e lead agency t o coordinate

and submit t h e repo r t o f t h e i r f ind ings and recommendations. T h e

Department's repo r t is t o be submitted f o r t h e 1988 Legislat ive Session.'

According t o t h e Department, t h e Waipi'o lands are an extremely valuable

h is tor ic , cu l tu ra l , a n d na tura l resource tha t should not be lost. "If it is

determined t h a t t h e Museum can and wi l l sell i t s holdings, i t would be

desirable t o acqu i re them as pub l ic lands, p rov ide (sic) f u n d i n g is also

p rov ided t o p r o p e r l y manage these lands." ' T h e repo r t f u r t h e r stated t h a t

al though t h e State's appraisal o f t h e Museum's holdings are not ye t available

f rom t h e Department, t h e Bishop Museum's f i g u r e of $6,000,000 can be

tentat ive ly used as a maximum f i g u r e . '

FOOTNOTES

Chapter 1 21. "The Smithsonian Institution: A Trust Establishment of the United States," p. 3.

1. Samuel B.K. Chang, Jean A . Funatsu, and Kenneth K. Nihata, Feasibility Study: State Acquisition 22. Ibid., p. 9. of Bishop Museum, Legislative Reference Bureau (Honolulu: 1972). 23. &, p. 14.

Jean Funatsu and Carole Ikeda, Financial Vicissitudes of the Bernice P. Bis* Museum, Legislative Reference Bureau (Honolulu: 1973).

Feasibility Study: State Acquisition of Bishop =, pp. 3, 59, and 60.

Chapter 2

Commission on Nusaums for a New Cencury, for s New Century (iiashington, D.C.: American Association of Museums, 1984), p. 74.

Ibid., p. 21.

Ibid., pp. 19 and 111.

Ibid., p. 116.

The Bishop Museum is accredired by the American Association of Nuseums.

Letter from Patricia E. Williams, Director of Accreditation, American Association of Hueeums, September 15, i987.

"Economic Impact Studies: Putting the Facts to Work," Histar? NPWS, 3ay-Jun~ 1987, p. 9.

3nseums for a New Century, p. 20.

Ibid., pp. 17. 20, and 103.

Responses to Legislative Reference Bureau Questionnaire, August 18, 1987.

"The Smithsonian Institution: Fact Sheet" (Office of Public Affairs, October 1985), p. 2. (Mimeographed).

x, p. 3 .

Ibid., pp. 1-3.

"The Smithsonian institution: A Trust Establishment of the hired States" (Smithsonian Institution, 1977). p. 1. (3imeographed).

:bid., p. 13.

9 Stat. 102 1846. The permanent provisions of the Act of 1846 were reenacted in the Revised Statures of 1875, sections 5579-5594, and are found in 20 C.S.C. sections 41-67 (1970).

20 C.S.C. section 41 (1970).

20 G.S.C. section 42 (1970).

20 U.S.C. section 44 (1970).

20 U.S.C. section 46 (1970).

24. "Policy Guidelines for the Use of Funds in Formulation of the Budgetm (Smithsonian Institution, 19861, p. I. (Mimeographed).

26. Response to Legislative Reference Bureau Questionnaire, July 8, 1987.

27. The following museums were surveyed for this Legislative Reference Bureau xeport:

(1) Illinois State kluseum (Springfield);

(2) Indiana State Museum (Indianapolis);

(3) Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History;

(4) Milwaukee Public Museum;

( 5 ) New York State Museum and Science Service (Albany);

( 6 ) Eastern Washington State Historical Society--Cl~eney Cowles Hemorial tluseum (Spokane);

(7 ) Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia;

(8) American Xuseum of Natural History (New York);

(9) Cleveland Yuseum of Yatural Histoty;

(10) Field Museum of ratural History (Chicsgo);

ill) Museum of Science Miami; and

(12) Rochester ?luseum and Science Center.

28. Based on response to Legislative Reference Bureau Questionnaire, July 6, 1987.

3 3 . Based on response to Legislative Reference Bureau Questionnaire. July 8. 1987.

34. Based on response ro Legxsiative Reference Bureau Queszlonnaire, July i , 1987.

Chapter 3

1. Samuel B.K. Chang, Jean A. Funatsu, and Kenneth K. Nihata, Feasibility Study: State Accpisition

-shop Yuseum, Legislative Reference Sureau (Honolulu: 1972), p. 44.

2. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, A Preliminary Catalonue of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Xuseum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History (Honolulu: 1892), preface. The government museum was established on July 29, 1872 by ap- proval of the "King and the Legislative Assembly of the Hawaiian Islands in the Legislature of the Kingdom Assembled" of "An Act To Establish a National Museum of Archaeology, Literature, Botany, Geology and Natural History of the Hawaiian Islands." The law providing for this museum was repealed in section 7 of the Organic Act of 1900.

3. 1976 Haw. Sess. Laws, Act 104

4. Feasibility Stud?: State Acquisition of Bishoe

5. Interview with Dr. Donald Duckworth, Bishop Museum Director; Dr. Duncan Carter, Bishop Xuseum Assistant Director, Finance and Administration; and Hr. James Pavelle, Assistant Director, Membership and Development, July 21, 1987.

21. u, pp. 1. 3, j, 6 .

22. Hawaii Const. art. VII, sec. 4

23. Act 216, 1987 (vetoed).

24. Feasibilitv Study: State Acquisition of Bishop -, p. 16.

25. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, November 17, 1987, p. A- 16; Honolulu Advertiser, Vovember 17, 1987, p. 5.

26. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, November 23, 1987, p. A- 14.

27. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, October 20, 1987, p. 1.

1. Based an xesponse to Legislative Bureau Questionnaire, October 1, 1987.

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid. .~ ~

I. bid. 6. Response to Legislative Reference Bureau

Questionnaire, July 7, 1987. 5. Ibid.

7. A Preiiminar~ Catalogue of the Bernice Pauahi 6. Ibid. Bishop kluseum of Polpesian Ethnology and Natural History, part V. 7 . I&

8. Response to Legislative Reference Bureau 8. Questionnaire, July 7, 1987.

9. Ibid.

10. ibid.

11. Nonolulu Advertiser, June 25, 1985.

12. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, October 19, 1987, p. A- 6; Ka 'Elele Annual Report Issue, Kews of Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, January 1987, pp. 8-9.

A Preliminary Catalogue of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Nuseum of Palvnesian Ethnolog)- and Natural Histoq, preface.

Response to Legislative Reference Bureau Questionnaire, July 7, 1987.

Ibid.

"Addendum to Final Project Report Form" (Bishop ?luscum, July 29, 19861, p 10. (Ximeographed).

a, pp. 13-14

Ibid., pp. 9-10.

W, p. 11; Honolulu Star-Bclletin, September 28, 1987, pp. B-1 and 8 - 3 .

"Addendum to Final Projecr Report Form," pp. 11- 12.

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Reference

1. Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Report to the 1988 Legislature on Senate Resolution No. 196, S.D. 1. April 17, 1986, "Explore the Feasibility of State Acquisition of WsiPizo Valley on the Island of Hawaii" (Horioiulu: 1987).

2. Ibid., p. 24.

3. Ibid.; The Bishop Museum's figure is derived from the report, Hastings, Plartin, Conboy, Braig, b Associates, Ltd., "Appraisal of the Bishop Xuseum Waipio Valley Properties, Waipio Velley, Hamakua, Hawaii, as of ?$arch 1984" (Honolulu: 1984). (Elimeographed).

Appendix A

wbiEFW, theie has beer: past legislatian regarding the feasibility of finsnciai assistance to the Bernice P. Bishop Wuseum; and

WHEREAS, current iegislation, Souse Bill No. 1550, proposes to fcrnlally chhrtfr the Bernice P. Bishop Museum as the Stete E!uscm of Xarural and Cultural Histcry and provide annual apprcrriaticns frcm the general revenues of the State of Hawaii; znd

t,Td-- .;LEAS, purscent to Section 6E-6, Hawaii Revised Statutes, sp?cimerit and objects of natural, botanical, ethnoiocica!, arckitectural, historical, in6 archaeological ve2ue ei ictcrest are ?ransferred to the Bernice P. Bishop Ruseum; and

WHZRZES, the Bernice P. Bishop is a rich reservoir of educational resources for Hawaii's students and is visited by 270,000 children and adults a.w-ually; and

WIiEXEAS, the Eernice P. Bishop Museum conducts research programs in the Pacific region and such studies help preserve arts, artifacts and blolo~ical specixer~s of the Pacific; and

~ ~ P ~ S , the sciestif ic resezrch cmducted by the Bernice P. Bishcp Muse&% on animals, pfants and culturzs of the Pacific is beneficial to research institutions throughout t h ~ world, thus focusing tho atrentioa of international researchers on Havaii; and

WHEX33.S. the Bernice P. Bishop Huseum has for many years been able to operate on private funds and has recently begun depending on public sources of funds in order to meet growing public needs; and

WHEREAS, the world famous Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., is an educational and scientific institution founded a.nd oprated under the concept of public-private partnership and is viewed by all Americans as a national museum complex; and

WHEREAS, the Bernice P. Bishop M ~ s e m would be a more stzble and productive educational and scientific institution if public funds were made available; now, therefore,

BE IT RESOLVED by the Senate of the Fourteenth Legislature of the State of Hawaii, Regular Session of 1987, the House of Representatives concurring, that the Legislative Reference Bureau is hereby requested to conduct a feasibility study on designating the Bernice P. Bishop Museum as the State Museum for Natural and Cultural History with a line item appropriation of an armual public contribution for the operation of the Hawaii State Museum and furt.her, that the study consider acquisition, by the State of Hawaii, of those Bishop Museum real estate properties that are of cultural and historical significance to the people of Hawaii; and

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Legislative Reference Bureau report its findings and recomendations to the Legislature tGenty days prior to the convening of the Regular Session of 1988; and

BE IT FVRTHER RESOLVED that certified copies of this Concurrent Resolution be transmitted to the Legislative Reference Bureau and the Bernice P. Bishop Museum.

Appendix B

Bernice P. Blshop Nuseum

DEED OF TRUST.

THIS INDEI\'TUKZ, Made t h i s Th i r t een rh day of October,

A. D . 1 8 9 6 , by and between CHARLES R . BISHOP, of t h e Cicy and

County of San F ranc i sco , S t a t e of C a l i f o r n i a , and

SAMGEL M. DAMOX, CHARLES M . HYDE , CHARLES M. COOKE and

JOSEPH 0. CARTER, a l l of Honolulu, Republic o f Hawaii, a s T r n s t e e s

under t h e W i l l o f t h e l a t e M r s . Bernice Pauahl Bishop, t h e

p a r t i e s of t h e f i x s t p a r t , and CXRRLES R . BISHOP, SLYUEL K. DxR1:O::,

C-%RLES X. HYDE, CHARLES ?.I. COOKE, JOSEPH 0. CARTER,

SANFORD B. DOLE znd HENRY HOLMES, the p a r t l e s of t h e second p s r t ,

WITNESSETH:

WHEREAS, by an o rde r or dec ree of t h e C i r c u i t Court or' t he

f i r s r ZuZic ia l C l r c u i t o f t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s , made i n t h e s u l t

i n e q u i t y nurrbered 890 , and e n t i r l e d Sgmuel 11. Damon and o t h e r s

vs. Char les R . Bishop and W. 0. Smith, a t t o r n e y g e n e r a l , t h e

p d r t i e s of t h e f i r s t p a r t were d i r e c t e d and ordered t o convey

un to t h e s a i d p a r t i e s o f t h e second p a r t , a s t h e t r u s t e e s of t h e

Bernice P. Bishop Museum, t h e r e a l and pe r sona i p rope r ty he re in -

a f t e r more p a r t i c u l a r l y mentioned and desc r ibed , upon t h e t r u s t s

and s u b j e c t t o t h e powers and c o n d i t i o n s h e r e i n a f t e r mentioned

and d e c l a r e d of and concerning t h e same r e s p e c t i v e l y .

XW, TEIS I::L?EXW?.L WITEESSETX, t h a t t h e s a i d p a r t l e s of

t h e f l r s t p a r t , i n pursuance of t h e s a i d o r d e r , and by v l r t u e

t h e s e c r , and o t eve ry o the r power the% hereunto enabling, and

a l s o 1~ c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e sum of One Dol la r t o them pa ld by

?he said p a r t i e s o f t h e second p a r t , t h e r e c e i p t whereor i s

hereby acknowiedged, do hereby assign, t r a n s f e r , s e t over and

deli-?er unto t h e s a i d p a r t l e s o f t h e second p a r t , t h e i r succes so r s

a2d a s s i g n s , t h e b u i l d i n g , w i th i t s appur tenances , s i t u a t e w i t h i n

t h e grounds of t h e Kamehameha School f o r Boys a t Palama, n e a r

H~ i ;o Iu lu aforesaid, knoxn a s t h e "Bernice P. Bishop fluseum", and

a l s c t he a r t i c l e s and t h i n g s i n t h e s a i d b u i l d i n g belonging o r

6pper tb ln lng t o t h e s a i d Museum, and a l l o t h e r a r t i c l e s and

-F.- ...Aa.gs belonging o r a p p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e s a i d Yuseum, wheresoever

z h r same m y be.

Tc have m d t o ho l6 unto t h e s a i d p a r t l e s of t h e second p a r c ,

r h e u s o c c e s s o r s and a s s i g n s , Gpon t r u s t t o ho id , dse and occupy

t h e s a i d b u i l d i n g , wi th i t s appur tenances , and a l l e x t e n s i o n s

t n e r e o i , as t h e Bernice P. Bishop f4useum o f Polynesian A n t i q u i t i e s ,

Ethnology and Na tu ra l H i s t o r y , and t o hold such of a i l t h e s s i d

a r t l c l e s and t h i n g s , t h e p r o p e r t y i n which was a b s o l u r e l y ves t ed

i n t h e s a i d parties of t h e f i r s t p a r t immediately be fo re t h e

execu t lun of t h e s e p r e s e n t s , f o r t h e purpose c f a 3useum of

Polynesian and KinZred A n t i q u i t i e s , Ethnology and Natura l H i s t o r y ,

&nd i o hold t h e remainder o f such a r t i c l e s and t h i n g s upon t h e

t r u s t s and s u b j e c t to t h e terms and c o n d i t i o n s d e c l a r e d o r

conta ined i n any deed or deeds of t r u s t and in s t rumen t s i n w r i t i n g

r e l a t i n g t o t h e same.

And t h i s Indenture a l s o w i t n e s s e t h , t h a t t h e s a i a parties

of t h e f i r s t p a r t , a l s o i n pursuance of t h e s a i d o r d e r , and

by v i r t u e t h e r e o f , and o f every o t h e r power and a u t h o r i t y t hen

the reun to enab l ing , and i n c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e premises , do

hereby g r a n t and convey un to t h e s a i d p a r t i e s o f t h e second p a r t ,

t h e i r h e i r s , succes so r s and a s s i g n s , a l l t h a t t r a c t o f land

s i t u a t e a t Waipio, i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Hamakua, I s l a n d o f Hawaii,

known a s t h e Ahupuaa of Waipio, and being t h e t r a c t o r p a r c e l

of l and desc r ibed i n Royal P a t e n t 7 5 2 9 , Land Commission

award 4 4 5 2 , t o H . Kalama, except t h a t p o r t i o n the reo f conveyed

by Char les R. Bishop t o Kapiolani by deed da t ed June t h i r t i e t h ,

A . D . 1881, and recorded i n Liber 7 0 , on page 91.

To have and t o ho ld , t o g e t h e r wi th a l l r i g h t s , easements,

p r i v i l e g e s and appurtenances t o t h e same belonging, unto t h e

s a i d p a r t i e s of t h e second p a r t , t h e i r h e i r s , succes so r s and

a s s i g n s fo reve r .

I t i s hereby agreed and d e c l a r e d t h a t t h e s a i d p a r t i e s of

t h e second p a r t , and t h e i r succes so r s i n t h e t r u s t h e r e i n

dec l a red o r con ta ined , s h a l l hold t h e s a i d t r a c t of l and , and t h e

t h i r t y Hawaiian Government s i x pe rcen t bonds, o f t h e va lue o f one

thousand d o l l a r s each , t h i s day d e l i v e r e d t o them by t h e s a i d

p a r t i e s of t h e f i r s t p a r t , upon t h e fo l lowing t r u s t s , and s u b j e c t

t o t h e fo l lowing terms and c o n d i t i o n s , t h a t i s t o say:

Upon t r u s t t o r e c e i v e t h e income t h e r e o f , and a f t e r paying

t h e r e o u t a l l c o s t s , charges and expenses , i nc lud ing commissions

i ncu r r ed i n t h e management o f t h e p rope r ty , and i n t h e c o l l e c t i o n

a z t l c l e s and t h l n g s lr. t he saic? ':useu-, o r apper ta i r .12;~ r n + r e t z ,

t h e p r c p e r t y i n which was irrmediately be fo re t h e execu t ion

h e r e o r , ves ted i n t h e s a i d p a r t i e s of t h e f i r s t p a r t , and any

t h a t may h e r e a f t e r be added t h e r e r o , and any a r t l c l e s ox

t h i n p s t h a t may be a c q c i r e d fox t h e s a i d Aquarium and Labora tory ,

and t o hold t h e prozeeds of any s a l e o r exchange upon t h e t r u s t s

h e ~ e i n cieciared and c o n t a m e d of and concerning t h e n e t income

t a be de r ived from t h e s a i d t r a c t of l and and bonds.

That it s h a i l be l a w f n l and competent f o r t h e s a i d p a r t i e s

of t h e second p a r t , and t h e i r s u c c e s s o r s i n t r u s t , wi thout any

f c r t h e r 3r o t h e r a u ~ h o r i t y , t o s e l l t h e s a i d t r a c t of l and and

bonds, and any o t h e r p r o p e r t y of any q u a l i t y o r k ind t h a t may

z t zny t i n e i e conveyed o r ass igned t o o r be he ld by them upon

any of t h e t r u s t s h e r e i n d e c l a r e d , o r t h a t may be acqui red by

t hen however, o; any p a r t t h e r e o f , t h e s a l e of which i s no t

e x p r e s s i y forbidcien by t h e ins t rument conveying t h e sane t o t h e

p a r r i e s cf t h e second p a r t , o r t h e i r succes so r s i n t h e t r u s t ,

eL the r by p r i v a t e o r p u b l l c s a l e , or t o exchange t h e same f o r

any c r h e r prsper ' ty of any q u a l i t y , r e c e i v i n g o r paying money fo r

e q ~ a l i t y of ~ x c h e n g e , and s h a l i i n v e s t t h e procee6s of any

s a l e , and m y unused s u r p l u s o r acc .mu la t ed income, e l t h e r i n t h e

purchase of f r e e h o l d l a n d s i n t h e Hawaiian I s i a n d s , o r i n t h e

S t a t e of C a l i f o r n i a , U. S. A . , G r i n inves tments for t r u s t iunds

a u t h o r i z e d by t h e lews o f t h e Governxent f o r t h e t lmz being of

t h e Hawalian I s l a n e s , or. o f t h e S t a t e of C a l i f c r n i a , U. S. A . ,

and t h e income of such investments s h a l l be h e i d upon t h e t r u s t s

be renove~c? f r o n t h e o f f i c e of t r u s t e e of t h e t r u s t s here in

c o n t a i n e l o r d e c l a r e d , i t 5 h a l l be lawful and competent fo r t he

t r u s t e e s for t h e tune being of t h e s a i d w i l l t o appoin t a new

t r u s t e e i n t h e p l ace or t h e s a i d Sanford B. Doie or Henry Holmes,

or any t r u s t e e i n succession t o him s o dy ing , r e s i g n i n g or

being removed f r o n t h e o i f i c e of t r u s t e e e of t h e t r u s t s herei r .

dec la red or con ta ined , such appointment t o be s u b j e c t t o t h e

appro-,,a1 o f t h e Chief J u s t l c e t o r t h e t ime being o f t h e Supreme

cour t o i t h e Hawalian I s l a n d s .

That i n a l l m a t t e r s r e l a t i n g t o t h e a d m l n i s t r a t l o n of t h e

t l u s t s he re ln d e c l a r e d o r con ta lned t h e a s s e n t of a t l e a s t f o u r

oi t h e p a r t i e s of t h e second p a r t , o r t h e i r succes so r s i n t h e

t r u s t , s h a l l be necessary t o any a c t i o n , and a m a j o r i t y o f them

m y a c t i n a i l c a s e s , and may convey r e a l e s t a t e o r persona l

p r o p e r t i , and perform a l l of t h e d u t i e s , and execute a l l t h e

pbwexs, con fe r r ed hereunto upon t h e s a l d p a r t l e s of t h e second

parc ; P r o v ~ d e d , a lways, t h a t a t l e a s t four t r u s t e e s must j o i n i?

any a c t .

That t h e s a l d p a r t l e s o t t h e second p a r t , and t h e i r succes so r s

An t h e t r u s t s h a l l have t h e power t o employ any necessary h e l p i n

C b ~ ~ y i n g o u t t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h e t r u s t s h e r e i n d e c l a r e d o r

con ta ined , and s h a l l a l s o be e n t i t l e d t o such compensatlon o u t of

t h e t r u s t funds a s s h a l l from t ime t o time be f i x e d by t h e c o u r t

having jurisdiction i n t h e Hawallan I s l a n d s over t r u s t e s t a t e s .

That t h e s a i d p a r t i e s of t h e second p a r t , and t h e i r succes so r s

In t r u s t , s h a l l n o t be r e q u i r e d t o g i v e bonds a s t r u s t e e s o f t h e

t r u s t s h e r e m d e c l a r e d .

That from tlme t o time a s o f t e n a s t h e Court ha.ln3

e q n i t a b i e j u r i s d r c t r o n r n Honoluiu s h a l l d i r e c t , and a t l e a s t

once i n each y e a r , t h e s a i d p a r t r e s of t h e second p a ~ t and t h e i r

succes so r s i n t h e t r u s t s , s h a l l make a r e p o r t t o s a i d c o u r t of

t h e x admrn i s t r a t i on o f t h e a f f a l r s of t h e t r u s t s h e r e i n dec l a red

ox con ta ined , showing t h e way i n which t h e t s u s t funds a r e

m v e s t e d , and of t h e d i s p o s r t r o n of t h e funds t h a t have come i n t o

t h e i r hands s i n c e r ende r ing t h e i r l a s t r e p o r t , and a gene ra l

s ta tement of t h e c o n d i t i o n o f s a i d t r u s t .

I n w i tnes s whereof t h e s a i d p a r t l e s have hereunto s e t t h e i r

hands and s e a l s t h e day and year f i r s t above w r r t t e n .

CHkS. R . BISHOP CHARLES ?I. HYDE S . 1 . DAWN -

CHARLES Y . COOKE J . 0. CARTER

Trus t ee s under t h e W i l l c f B. P . Bishop

We t h e undersigned hereby accep t t h e T r u s t c r e a t e d and

dec le red by t h i s ins t rument and agree t o a b i d e by t h e terms and

condr t ions hereof

In w l tnes s whereof w e have hereunto se t o u r hands and s e a l s

t h i s 20th day of October 1896

SANFORD B. DOLE CHARLES M . COOKE HENRY HOLMES

Trus t ee CHARLES ?4. HYDE J . 0. CARTER S . M . DAMON CHAS. R . BISHOP

Trus t ee .

Appendix C

BISHOP MUSEUM CHARTER OF INCORPORATION

STATE OF HAWAII

In the >latter of the Incorporation )

1 0 f )

) BISHOP $ZSELX )

)

CHARTER OF ISCORPORATION

1, the undersigned DIRECTOR OF REGULATORY

AGENCIES of THE STATE OF HAWAII, send greeting:

XHEREAS, JOHN D. BELLINGER, RICHARD LWAN, JR.

and JOHN T. WATERHOUSE, all residents of the State of

Hawaii, have filed, with the Director of Regulatory

Agencies, a verified petition to grant them a charter

of incorporation as a nonprofit corporation, in accordance

with 6 6 416-19 and 416-20 of the Hawaii Revised Statutes.

XOh', THEREFORE, tbe undersigned, pursuant to

these statutes, hereby constitutes the petitioners and

their associates a nonprofit corporation under the laws

of the State of Hawaii for the purposes and in the forn

herein set forth:

ARTICLE 1

Name and Address

The name of the corporatior is

BISEOP ?ESELY

Its princinal office shall be in Honolulu,

State of Hawaii. The address of the cornoration's office

shall be 1355 Kalihi Street. Honolulu, Hawaii 96817 [P. 0.

Box 6037, Honolulu. Hawaii 968181.

ARTICLE 2

Purposes

The purposes of the cor~oration shall be to own,

operate and further develop the museum known since its

founding in 1889 as the "Bernice P. Bishop Xuseum" as a

scientific institution for research and education in

cultural and natural history including the subjects of

anthropology, (archaeology, ethnology and related fields),

history, botany, entomology, geology and zoology with

particular reference to Hawaii and the Pacific world, and:

1. To collect, Dreserve, store and exhibit in

one or more places physical specimens of such subjects;

2 . To prepare and to publish books, pictures,

and other works on such subjects;

3. To solicit, receive and hold gifts of

every nature in furtherance of the objects and purposes

on the terms and conditions approved by the trustees;

4 , To enEage in any other lawfcl activitv

calculated to acquire, preserve, increase or disseminate

knovlelge of such subjects;

5 To erect, furnish, equip and conduct a

marine aquarium and biological laboratory,

6. To loan articles and things ic the 3dsew

or pertaining thereto only for scientific investigation

or examination, and

7. To hold, invest and reinvest, sell, lease

or otherwise dispose of lands and investnent properties

belonging to or owned by the corporation

ARTICLE 3

Membership

1. Regular Members. The rec~lar members of the

corporation shall be the trustees named in Article 4, their

successors and any other trustees from time to time elected

as herein provided, such election to constitute the terms

of admission to membership. Onlv such members shall be

entitled to vote.

2. Additional classes of members. The corpora-

tion may have additional classes of nonvoting members to

be known as association members, life members and honorary

members, as provided in the bylaws.

ARTICLE 4

Trustees - "Jmber & Tern

There shall be a board of trustees consisting

of not less than 1G persons who shall be elected by the

merrbers at each annual meeting or any soecia: meeting. No

salaried employee of the corporation shall be a trustee

The number and term (not exceeding three years) of the

trustees shall be fixed and as nearly as nay be, one-third

of the total of the board shall be elected annually. The

board shall have full control and management of the affairs,

business and property of the corporation

The names and residence addresses of the initial

officers and trustees shall be:

JOHN D. EELLINGER . . . . . . . . . . . President and Trustee (1974-5) 1057 Gaiholo Honolulu, Hawaii 96821

RICHARD LWAI, JR . . . . Vice President and Trustee (1974-5) 3742 Old Pali Road Honolulu, Hawaii 96817

JOHN T. WATERIIOUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Secretary-Treasurer and 3850 Round top Drive Trustee (1974-5) Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

MR. EDWIN L. CARTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trustee (1974-6) P. 0. Box 3468 Honolulu, Hawaii 96801

MR. HOWARD HIROKI . . . . . P. 0. Box 4530 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813

MISS POOMAI~KLLAITI iCAW.4iUiU&OA.. . . . . . . . . . .Trustee (1971-5) 699 Hahaione Street Honolulu, Hawaii 96825

. . . . . . . . . ?IR. >?IL?ER C. XORRIS.. 626 Kainalino Scree: Kailua, Hawaii 96734

. E3iJARD H. NAU!!WI 63 Merchant Street Honolulu, Hawaii 96813

MR. JOHN F. XIELSEN.,. 1450 Ala Soana Blvd. Honolulu, Hawaii 96814

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XRS. RUTH M. ON0 1301 Punchbowl Street Honolulu, Hawaii 96813

3. LAWRENCE S. PRICHER 3065 La Pietra Circle Honolulu, Hawaii 96815

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . MR. JOHN A. SCOTT P. 0. Box 3080 Honolulu, Hawaii 96802

. . . . . . . . . . . . MR. JOHN G. SI?PSON 2270 Kalakaua Ave. , Suite 801 Honolulu, Hawaii 96815

XR. 1IL'RRA.Y E. STEWART. P. 0. Box 3470 Honolulu, Hawaii 96801

?fRS. ARTHUR D. STUBENBERG . . . . 69 Akilolo Street Honolulu, Hawaii 96821

. . . . . . MRS. RICHARD L. S L m R S . . 2979 Kalakaua Ave., PH 5 Honolulu, Hawaii 96815

?IR. CLAVDIO SUYAT. . . . 45-386 Kaneohe Bay Dr Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MR. TED YAP House of Representatives State Capitol, Room 313 Honolulu. Hawaii 96813

. . . .Trustee (1974-5)

. . . . Trustee (1974-6)

. . . . Trustee (1974-6)

. . . .Trustee (1974-7)

. . . . Trustee (1974-7)

. . . Trustee (1974-7)

. . .Trustee (1974-6)

. . .Trustee (1974-7)

. . .Trustee (1974-7)

. . . Trustee (1974-7)

. . .Trustee (197G-6 )

. . .Trustee (1974-6)

ARTICLE 5

Officers

The Officers of the corporation shall be a

president, one or more vice presidents, a secrerary and

a treasurer, who shall be elected by the board of trustees

as prescribed by the bylaws. There may also be such assis-

tant secretaries, assistant treasurers and other officers

as the board of trustees determines. Immediately following

each annual meeting, the board of trustees shall meet and

elect from among their number, except as herein provided,

a president, one or more vice presidents and a secretary

and a treasurer who shall hold office for one year and until

their successors are elected. The treasurer may be a cor-

poration.

ARTICLE 6

Director of the Fuseum

The board of trustees shall appoint a director

of the museum as the Museum's chief executive and adminis-

trative officer who shall be responsible for carrying out

the policies of the Museum and its administration. The

director of the museum shall remain in office until his

successor is appointed by the board of trustees. He shall

have imediate supervision of the operations of the Museun,

subject to the authority of the board of trustees. The

director of the museum shall be the official medium of

comunication between the board of trustees and the muse;un

staff. He shall also be responsible for implementation of

museum policy, making proposals and suggestions for better-

ment of the muse,m, supervising the activiries of the staff

and the appointment and removal of members of the staff,

subject to such review as the board of trustees determines.

The director of the museum shall prepare and administer the

museum's budget and shall prepare and supervise such re-

ports, including annual reports, as may be appropriate or

necessary, and shall file a copy of each annual report with

the Attorney General of the State of Rawaii. The director

of the museum shall attend all meetings of the board of

trustees unless otherwise instructed.

ARTICLE 7

Nonliability of Members

The property of the corporation alone shall

be liable for its debts and the members, officers and

trusrees shall incur no personal liability for corporate

debts by reason of their membership or position.

ARTICLE 8

Powers of the Corporation

The corporation shall be vested with all

powers, rights, benefits, privileges and imuniries

which now or hereafter may be secured by law to corpora-

tions of this character, and this corporation shall be

subjec t t o a l l the laws now or h e r e i n a f t e r enacted

appl icable t o such corpora t ions .

ARTICLE 9

Limitat ions on A c t i v i t i e s

The corporation s h a l l continue i n pe rpe tu i ty

and i s organized exclus ively f o r s c i e n t i f i c , educational

and c h a r i t a b l e purposes and n o t f o r p r o f i t . It w i l l not

i s sue any stock o r o the r evidence of ownership. No p a r t

of i t s a s s e t s , income o r earnings s h a l l inure t o the bene-

f i t of o r be d i s t r i b u t a b l e t o i t s members, t r u s t e e s ,

o f f i c e r s o r o the r p r i v a t e persons, except t h a t the cor-

pora t ion i s authorized and empowered to Day reasonable

compensation f o r se rv ices a c t u a l l y rendered and t o make

payments i n fur therance of the purposes s e t f o r t h i n

A r t i c l e 2 . No s u b s t a n t i a l p a r t of the co rpora t ion ' s

a c t i v i t i e s s h a l l be the carry ing on of propaganda o r o ther-

wise at tempting t o inf luence l e g i s l a t i o n . The corpora t ion

s h a l l not p a r t i c i p a t e i n o r intervene i n ( inc luding the

publishing or d i s t r i b u t i o n of statements) any p o l i t i c a l

campaign f o r pub l i c o f f i c e . Notwithstanding arty o ther

provisions of t h i s c h a r t e r , the corporation s h a l l not

ca r ry on any other a c t i v i t i e s not permitted t o be c a r r i e d

on by a corpora t ion exempt from fede ra l income tax under

I n t e r n a l Revenue Code, J501(c)(3) o r a co rpora t ion ,

c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o which a r e d e d u c t i b l e under I n t e r n a l

Revenue Code, §l7O(c) ( 2 ) [ o r t h e corresponding p r o v i s i o n s

o f any f u t u r e United S t a t e s I n t e r n a l Revenue laws]

ARTICLE 10

D i s t r i b u t i o n i n even t o f D i s s o l u t i o n

I n t h e event o f d i s s o l u t i o n of t h e c o r p o r a t i o n ,

t he board o f t r u s t e e s s h a l l , a f t e r paying o r making pro-

v i s i o n f o r payment of a l l l i a b i l i t i e s of t h e c o r p o r a t i o n ,

d i spose of t h e a s s e t s of t h e co rpo ra t i on e x c l u s i v e l y f o r

t he purposes of t h e c o r p o r a t i o n i n such manner, o r t o

such o r g a n i z a t i o n s organ ized and opera ted e x c l u s i v e l y

f o r s c i e n t i f i c , e d u c a t i o n a l o r c h a r i t a b l e purposes a s a t

t h e time q u a l i f y a s exempt o r g a n i z a t i o n s under I n t e r n a l

Revenue Code, §501(c) (3) [ o r t h e cor responding p r o v i s i o n s

of any f u t u r e United S t a t e s I n t e r n a l Revenue laws!. Any

of such a s s e t s n o t s o d i sposed o f s h a l l be d i s t r i b u t e d

by t he F i r s t C i r c u i t Court of t h e S t a t e of Hawaii exc lu -

s i v e l y f o r such purposes o r t o such o r g a n i z a t i o n s which

a r e o rgan ized and ope ra t ed f o r such purposes a s t he c o u r t

determines

ARTICLE 11

B y l a w s

The p e t i t i o n e r s s h a l l adopt bylaws which

t h e r e a f t e r may be amended o r r e p e a l e d i n accordance wi th

the then existing statutory requirements. Certified

copies of the corporation's bylaws and all amendments and

additions thereto shall be filed with the Director of

Regulatory Agencies and the Attorney General of the State

of Hawaii within 30 days after adoption.

ARTICLE 12

Amendments

The corporation shall be subject to all general

laws now in "orce or hereafter enacted with regard to such

corporations. This corporation may amend this charter

from time to tine in accordance with law.

I N WITNESS WHEREOF I have hereunto set ny hand

and the seal of the Department of Regulatory Agencies of

the State of Hawaii this ;)hay of /?%u*~~ /f77-

DIRECTOR OF REGULATORY AGENCIES

Appendix D

BISHOP MUSEUM AMENDED CHARTER OF INCORPORATION

SPECIAL HANDLING

STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF COEMERCE AN3 C0h'SU"IER AFFAIRS

Business Registration Division ,

Honolulu. Hawaii . 2 : . .. , ..' , - ,%

-- In the Vatter of the Incorporation ) D E P m E N T OF WMMERCL

1 AND COWUPlEU AWURS of 1 STATE OF n*wu

1 BISHOP MUSEUM )

-- 1

CERTIFICATE OF AMENDESENT

The undersigned, ROBERT E. BLACK and ARTHUR 5.

REINWALD, president and secretary, respectively, of BISHOP

MUSEUK, hereby certify that a special meeting of the members

of BISHOP MUSEUM was duly called and held at the office of the

corporation. 1355 Kalihi Street. Honolulu, Hawai:, on

November 19. 1986, for the purpose of amending the Charter of

Incorporation of BISHOP MUSEUES: there were present in person

or by proxy 13 members of the corporation, a duly constituted

quorum: and it was resolved by the unanimous vote of the

members present to amend the Charter of Incorporation to read

as set forth in Exhibit A attached hereto.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF. the undersigned have executed

this certificate this &day of November. 1986.

STATE OF HAWAII ) ) ss.

CiTY AND COUNTY OF HONOLULU )

ROBERT E. BLACK and ARTHUR B. REIIWALD being first

duly sworn on oath depose and say that they are the presidect

and secretary, respectively, of BISHOP MUSEUM: that as such

officers they are duly authorized to sign the foregoing

Certificate of Amendment: and that they have read the

Certificate, know the contents thereof, and that the same are

true.

Subscribed and sworn to before me this day of November 1986.

/ '2' . . . - . . L , . . .

Notary Psblic, First Judicial Circuit, State of Hawaii

* 8 Ky ccmmission expires: , ,

The fsregoing amendment is hereby allowed this day of L; i;,Jx*\ , 1986. ,

Director of Commercq and Consumer Affairs

./

BY A-hd Corpo+ati and Securities Administr for

AMENDED CHARTER OF INCORPORATION

I, the undersigned DIRECTOR OF REGULATORY AGENCIES

of THE STATE OF HAWAII, send greeting:

WHEREAS, JOHN D. BELLINGER. RICHARD LYMaN, JR. and

JOHX T. WATERHOUSE, all residents of the State of Hawaii, have

filed, with the Director of Regulatory Agencies, a verified

petition to grant them a charter of incorporation as a non-

profit corporation, in accordance with Sections 416-19 and

416-20 of the Hawaii Revised Statutes;

NOW, THEREFORE, the undersigned, pursuant to these

statutes, hereby constitutes the petitioners and their

associates a nonprofit corporation under the laws of the State

of Hawaii for the purposes and in the form herein set forth:

ARTICLE 1

Name and Address

The name of the oorporation is BISHOP MUSEUM.

Its principal office shall be in Honolulu, State of

Hawaii. The initial address of the corporation's office shall

be 1355 Kalihi Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817.

ARTICLE 2

Purposes

The purposes of the oorporation shall be to own,

operate, and further develop the museum known since its

founding in 1889 as the "Bernice P. Bishop Museum'' as a

scientific institution for research and education in cultural

and natural history, with particular reference to Hawaii and

the Pacific, and:

1. To collect, preserve, store, and exhibit in one

or more places physical specimens of such subjects:

2 . TO prepare and publish books, visual

representations, and other works on such subjects:

3. To solicit, receive, and hold gifts of every

nature in furtherance of the purposes of the corporation;

4. To engage in any other lawful activity

calculated to acquire, preserve, increase, or disseminate

knowledge of such subjects:

5. To erect, furnish, equip, and conduct a marine

aquarium and biological laboratory;

6. To loan, borrow, or exchange articles and

things in and for the Museum or pertaining thereto for

scientific investigation, examination, or exhibition, and

otherwise to further the purposes of the corporation;

7. TO dispose of such articles and things owned by

the Museum as the Museum may determine to be surplus or

unsuitable: and

8. To hold, invest and reinvest, sell, lease, or

otherwise dispose of lands and investment properties belonging

to or owned by the corporation.

ARTICLE 3

Membership

Section 1. Voting Members. The voting members of

the corporation shall be the directors, their successors, and

any other person elected a director pursuant to Article 4.

Only such members shall be entitled to receive notices of

meetings and to vote.

Section 2. Additional Classes of Members. The

corporation may have additional, nonvoting classes of members

to be known as association members, life members, and honorary

members, as provided in the bylaws.

ARTICLE 4

Board of Directors

Section 1. ComPosition and Duties. There shall be

a board of directors consisting of not fewer than 10 persons,

who shall be elected as provided by the bylaws and who shall

serve for the terms specified by the bylaws. No salaried

employee of the corporation shall be a member of the board.

The board shall be responsible for control and management of

the affairs, business, and property of the corporation.

Section 2. Officers of the Board. The officers of

the board shall be a chairman, one or more vice-chairmen, and

a secretary. The manner of their election, their terms of

service, and their duties shall be specified in the bylaws.

Section 3. Executive Committee of the Board. There

shall be an executive committee of the board, consisting of

the elected officers of the board and 5 additional directors

who shall be elected to the executive committee in the manner

and for the terms provided by the bylaws. The executive

committee shall act for the board in the interim between

meetings of the board.

ARTICLE 5

Officers of the Corporation

The principal officers of the corporation shall be a

president, who shall be the Director of the Museum and its

chief executive and administrative officer, one or more vica-

presidents, a secretary, and a treasurer. There may be such

other officers, including assistant secretaries and assistant

treasurers, as the board of directors determines. The manner

of election, terms of service, and duties of these officers

shall be prescribed by the bylaws.

ARTICLE 6

Nonliability of Members

The property of the corporation alone shall be

liable for its debts, and the members, officers and directors

shall incur no personal liability for Corporate debts by

reason of their membership or position.

ARTICLE 7

Powers of the Corporation

The corporation shall be vested with all powers,

rights, benefits, privileges, and immunities which now or

hereafter may be secured by law to corporations of this

character, and this corporation shall be subject to all the

laws now or hereafter enacted and applicable to such

corporations.

ARTICLE 8

Limitations on Activities

The corporation shall continue in perpetuity and is

organized exclusively for scientific, educational, and

charitable purposes and not for profit. It will not issue any

stock or other evidence of ownership. No part of its assets,

income. or earnings shall inure to the benefit of or be

distributable to its members, directors, officers, of other

private persons, except that the corporation is authorized and

empowered to pay reasonable compensation for services actually

rendered and to make payments in furtherance of the purposes

set forth in Article 2. No substantial part of the

corporation's activities shall be the carrying on of

propaganda or otherwise attempting to influence legislation.

The corporation shall not participate in or intervene in

(including the publishing or distribution of statements) any

political campaign for public office. Nowithstanding any

other provision of this charter, the corporation shall not

carry on any other activity not permitted to be carried on by

a corporation exempt from federal income tax under Internal

Revenue Code section 501(c)(3), or by a corporation.

contributions to which are deductible under Internal Revenue

Code section 170(c)(2) [or the corresponding provisions of any

future Internal Revenue laws of the United States].

ARTICLE 9

Distribution in Event of Dissolution

In the event of dissolution of the corporation, the

board of directors shall, after paying or making provision for

payment of all liabilities of the corporation, dispose of the

assets of the corporation exclusively for the purposes of the

corporation in such manner, or to such organizations organized

and operated exclusively for scientific, educational, or

charitable purposes as at the time qualify as exempt

organizations under Internal Revenue Code section 501(c)(3)

[or the corresponding provisions of any future Internal

Revenue laws of the United States]. Any of such assets not so

disposed of shall be distributed by the First Circuit Court of

the State of Hawaii exclusively for such purposes or to such

organizations, as the court determines.

ARTICLE 10

Bylaws

The petitioners shall adopt bylaws which thereafter

may be amended or repealed in accordance with the then

existing statutory requirements.

ARTICLE 11

Bishop Museum Association

To assist the corporation, association members shall

be organized as a division of the corporation to be known as

the Bishop Museum Association. The purpose of this

association shall be to provide voluntary services, promote

projects, and solicit donations and funds for the benefit of

the corporation. The association may make and adopt and from

time to time amend or repeal bylaws, subject to approval by

the board of directors of the corporation, and therein provide

for its governance.

ARTICLE 12

Amendments

The corporation may amend this charter from time to

time in accordance with law: provided, at least 20 calendar

days' written notice of any proposed amendment shall be given

to the voting members.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF I have hereunto set my hand and

the seal of the Department of Regulatory Agencies of tne state

of Hawaii this 7th day of February, 1975.

/s/ Wayne Minami DIRECTOR OF REGULATORY AGENCIES

By /s/ James K. Williams Corporation & Securities Administrator

Appendix E

BISHOP MUSEUM PRESS: ANNOTATED CATALOG OF BOOKS AND SERIES IN PRINT. 1988

NATL'RAL SCIENCE

NATURAL SCIENCE @ -

Hawai'i-A Calendar of Natural Events 1988 Nelson Foster. Barbara Pope. Wayne Gegn6. and Andiew Thomas

natural events through the changing seasons in Hawai'i-fmm the flowering and fruiting of native planis to the courtship, nestins. and mimuon of Hawai'i's indieenour animals. ". " Weelrly entries are beautifully illusmted with historic lilhogiaphs, engravings, watercolors. and oil paintings. supplemented with newly commissioned works by conampo- rary miss. The concise, infornative ten, mrnbines r-1 scientific findings with traditional Hawaiian wisdom. includ- inn many ciations fmm Maw Kawena Pukui's 'dielo No'eau.

natural hislay

wanen L. ~ a g n e r "

'Ibis comprehensive bibliography consists of more than 3250 literalure cialions dealins wiih over 1.m ~Lmies af native . ~ ~ . ~~

and nrruril~ud f l~uenng plmb I" l i ~ u u ' t H'orlrrig from a ion8pu:rrmd d~uh?ie . lhc a~thu:, knr aIlrmp1:j ul in:liJr i l l rr.!e>m publ..l:!.,n,. I r m ihe 1%: bxourt a Cdpum Cmk's voyage up to and including references appezing through the end of 1986. Enuies are crowindexed according Lo Dlant names. dace names. and subiecl areas. This bibliae-

Y W . ISBN 0-930897-31-51 SPS2 Hardcover Winttr 1988

M a m m a l s in Hana i ' i A Synopsir ondNoio~io~lBibl iograpky P. Ouentin Tomich

A full) revlied, uptalcd. and grwlly expandrd edmon of the IS69 ;llu~ b) Oic same a~tb,,: Elmul ly v d n k ~ n ! 10 I!II>

m u ed~ion c\ a fd!l Umtmect of rmmnc m m m d ~ , m:lu.lr, p.

all species of whales, dolphins, and porpoires found in Hawaiian waleis. Tomich's knowledge ofmammak in Hawai'i is unsurpassed and is reflected in the &!ailcd and fawinaunr accounts of each -its and in the exhauslive bibliogra~hy, This second edition wi!! umloubledly be the sandard reference on the subject for many years lo come.

1969: 1986 revised ed./ 375 p., 80 illus. ISBN 0-930897-10-21 SP761 hardcover 542.95

I n G a r d e n s of Hawai i Marie C. Neal

Now in i s 5th printing, this volume remains a classic refer- once on tropical ornamenlals. A must for anyone inkrested in mamenial plans, not only of Hawai'i, but of the vopics in general 1948: 1965 revised ed.: 1984 Sih printingi944 p.. illus., indexed ISBN 0-910240-33-71 SPSOI hardcover S35

Charles H. Edmondran. 19771 290 p., 248 illus., 7 in color. indexed ISBN 0-910240-22-11 SPM(I)/ softcover $22.50

Hawai ian M a r i n e Shel l s Reefand Shore Fnuno of Hainwoii Section 4 . Mollurca E. Alison Kay

pofessional marine rwlogisct and amateur malacologisis interested in Hawaiian mollusks. 19191671 p.. 195 illus.. 11 in color. indexed ISBN 0-910240-26-41 SPM(4)l haidcover $29.50

Reef a n d S h o r e F a u n a o f Hawaii : Sec t ions 2 a n d 3 D.M. Devaney and L.G. Eldredge, editors

me third volume of the multivolume revision of Charles Howard Edmondson's Reef ond Shore Foum of Hnwaii presens up-twdale chaptcn on marine worms: Plaly- hclminthes. Xemeninea. Aschelminthes, Eclo-Entopmla, Biachiopoda, and Phoronida (Scction 2); and Sipumula, Eichura. and Annelida (Section 3).

19871468 p., 352 illus., many in color ISBN 0.930897-11-01 SP61(2 & 3)l hardcover S 58.50

NATURAL SCiEUCW GEOGRAPHY & MAPS GEOGRAPHY & MAPSi ART, WUSlC & DAVCE

A n a t o m y o f a n l s l a n d A Geologicd ilistop qiOnhu Gordon A. Macdonald and Will Kyselka A popular guide lo the volcanic features of Hawai'i's most populated island, Includes inrerpietive and anatomical drawings of O'ahu's most sinking geological features.

1967; 1986 6th prinun@;48 p.. illus. ISBNO-910240-14-01 SP551 softcover55

A G u i d e to T e r r e s t r i a l P l a n t s o f E n e w e t a k A t o i l 1.0. Lambenson

19761238 p. ISBN 0-930897-13-71 ESP11 softcover $12

E c t o p a r a s i l e s o f H a w a i i a n R o d e n t s JoAnn M. Tenario and M. Lee Goff

Summary accounts, including host and disutbutianal inioima- tion. are provided for the fleas, lice. and mites found on iodcnu in Hawai'i. 19801 32 p. ISBS 0.930897-14-51 E S W softcover $4

Fie ld G u i d e t o t h e B i r d s o f F r e n c h Po lynes ia Phillip L. Bmnei. Illustralcd with 15 plates by O.G. Dykes 19721 135 piPSlCI1 softcover $5

G u i d e t o t h e B i r d s o f S a m o a Myrtle J. Ashmole

Preliminary lisr of species in both American and Western Samoa.

1963121 p.lPSIC21 softcover $2.95

GEOGRAPHY & MAPS

Pac i f i c l s l a n d N a m e s : A M a p a n d N a m e G u i d e t o t h e N e w P a c i f i c Lee S, hkxtcler

A complete revisionof the laleE.H. Bryan, Jr.3, Guide to lsionds in the Tropical Paci/ic (Bishop Muscum 1972), this gnide includes maps and a comprehensive gazetteer listing oificiallv acceoted inland names. cm.-referenced to all . , rn. u n tirr$.t nuno m j , ~ I ! . ? ; s PIL: lrI3nd q r i ~ p . sire

ATJ,.<:J b! ~ u n c n t p.L:,.dl ,L!& An ~ r n > ! u ~ ' ~ ! : rcl:,mcc !r:: :li'j\s u ilh an mtacil in thr Pdc i l i i R & m

19861 92 p., numerous maps ISBN 0-930897-12-91 MP341 soitcover $9.50

G u i d e t o P l a c e N a m e s in t h e T r u s t T e r r i t o r y of t h e P a c i f i c I s l a n d s E.H. Bryan. Jr

Geographic names and variants in the Miliianas, Carolines, and Marshalis. Includes 114 mans of atolls and islands, wiih

19711406p.. 114 maps PSIC3f wlicover $10

ART. MUSIC & DANCE

S t r a i n s o f C h a n g e The Impoct of Touriim on tlowniion Music Elizabeth T a w Musical fads and fancies biought by visitors to these islands have profoundly affected ihe composition and performance of traditional Hawaiian music and dance. A long-time student of Hawaiian chant and hulo, Talar advances new ideas on lhe evolution of music in 19th and 20th century Hawai'i and traces the impact of mainiandTin Pan Alley. jau, and blues, ar well a~ Tahitian and Samoan music. Liberally illustrated in color with sheetmusic covers that themselves tell a stom. this . ~

publication will appeal u performen, collocrms, composen. and all those interested in mdilimal and contemporary Hawaiian music. 1987129 p., illus., many caior ISBN 0.930897-2341 SP781 sofxovu $9.95

C a l l o f t h e h l o r n i n g B i r d Chonrs and Songs ofPolau, Yap, ond Pompe. CollWled by lwakichi Muranushi, 1936 Elizabeth Tam, compiler and editor. Translations by Maria lkclau Olio and Vincent Ansein P a n .

eraohs from pal&. Yao. and P o n m . the bmk accamoanvmz

1985170 p., illus.i70 mi". cassette ISBN 0-930897-05-6 1 ARCS21 mftcover $18.501

P o l y n e s i a n D a n c e wirh o Seleciionfor Conremporop Performonccs Adnenne L. KaeOplcr

Poi).neiinn D o n e sew the dances of Huwai'i and cenml and west Polvnesia in historical and cultural cers~ecuve. Includes . . usrJi, i r .m~!~~o*i . 31d u,) . ~ ~ - i ~ l ! i u rl!~sL.xd &n;r r u ~ ~ i u n i lor cqhc mC:t~ond dircc, irom Hd~31 'c . L h Y

Irom Fr~m.4 Pol!nrs!a, unc fmm the Cwk I h n l i . m e truin

RT. hlCSIC & DWCEI HAWRnk\l HISTORY &CRAFTS HAWAIIA~ HISTORY &-

Tonga. and one from Niue). An audio cassette of the eight T h e Royal Lineages dances is also availahlc. Anne Narthng Spoehr

N5 L e o H a w a i ' i K a h i k o voices of Old iinwoii

A two-record album of chants and songs originally rewrded between 1923 and 1950. N z k o Hawoi'i Kohiko features mekoii , mele huio, and Hawaiian folk music. Notes. chant texts, and song IHcs are included in a ten-page illusmted album insen. Winner of the 1982 Na H6ka Hanohano ( S m of Distinction) Award, Hawaiian Academy of Recording Anr.

19811ARCSIl2-recalbumS20

ing Ckptdn Cook'sarrival inthe Hawailan Islawls. impormi daws. miationships, and offices held are given for each 3n31- %dual. Includes a color reproduction oia mural in Bishop Museum's collections depicting the major chiefly iamilics and lines of descent. This is the handiest, most complete guide to hequenily asked questions about Hawaiian royalty. Useful io anyone interested in Hawaiian history and an indispcnsablc reference for schwls and libraries. ISBN 0-930897-33-1 ISPR? Sofrcovcr Winler 1988

HAWAIIAN H!STORY & CRAFTS H a w a i i a n P e t r o g l v p h s I. Halley Cox, with Edward Stavck

The Hawaiian Grass House This visually stunning volume combines extensive photo- in Bishop M u s e u m graphs and iliusuatians with a listing of pcuogiyph siles and Catherine C. Summers discussions of peuoglyphs from the poinls of view of arcbae- This is the story of the last authentic Hawaiian Bars house in ology, ethnography, and an. Howniian Pelroglyplu was existence. Reconstructed from an Bbandoned house at the turn named one of Fifts Boob of the Y w 0970) bv the American ofthe ceniwy in Bishop Museum's Hawaiian Hall, it stands today as a monument toa vanished era. Summers has d ~ u - mcnted the history of this house, from w l p plans for its reconinuction and the s w h for materials to its completion in 1902 and subsequent repairs and maintenance, lncludcd are sketches shwing larhing and thatching techniques, together wiih revealing photogqhs !&en dwing various smges of conswctih?. A

ISBN 0-930897-27.71 SP80 Sofmver Spring 1988

Margaret of Ka taupapa Me1 White Mo'i-ho'oka'owa 'olwm is a Hawaiian name for leprosy, "the di~ease that tears families am" In 1934, twclve-year- old k g a r c t Kaupuni war sen from hm family and confined to the Kaiihi Receiving Sution Hospiml fnr the ueatmcnt of leprosy. Almost three years later she was sent to the Kaiaupapa Leprosanum on the island of Moicka'i, whcre she would remain for 33 years. There she would many three times. losing a11 three of her husbands to the disease. Her fow children were taken from her at birth. Margore1 of Kainupap is the moving story of [his indomimble woman's snuggle to overcome few, pain, and lonelmcss, and of her abiding faiih that enabled her to devote the lart years of her life to cheer- fully hclping others.

ISBN 0-930897-32-3 1 SF'83 Soficovcr Spring 1988

Institute of Graphic Ans. 1970; 1985 4th piintingi 108 p.. duotonc illus. ISBN 910240-0941 SP601 softcover $12

' t j l e l o No 'eau : H a w a i i a n P r o v e r b s & Poe t ica l S a y i n g s Collected. Translaled & Annotated by Mar) Kawcna Pukui Illusuated b) D ~ u s c h V m r '8lelo No'eail is a colicction of almost 3WO Hawaiian- language piovcrbs and poetical sayings icpiescnting over so Yeas o f ~ ~ l l e ~ l i n g . uansiaiing. and research by Mary Kawena Pukui. The book addresses the full scalc of human erpciiencc and provides new insight into the beliefs, language. and Practices oiancientand modem Hawaiians. 'Ole10 No'enu is thoroughly indexed and printed on quality. acid-free paper and bound in sewn signallires to ensure the took's Lasting beauty Twenty four original prints by noted Big Island artist Dieuich Varu illurvate the book in a second color.

19831 372 p.. illus.. 6 indexes ISBN 0910240-91-21 SP?l(l)/ hardcover $35 ISBN 0-910240-9111 SP71(2)lslipcased Anniversaiy Edition m60s

F r a g m e n t s of H a v a i i a n H i s t o r y lohn Papali. Transiated by Mary Kawena Pukui: edited by Dorothy B. B a d r e John Papa 'i'i(1800-1870) was hioughr up fiom earliest childhmd for a life of service to the high chiefs and was

PACfFlC FOLKLORE( PACtFlC CULTURAL %ISTORY WAWAlJANI(ISTURY B CRAFTS

personal attendant to Liholiho (Kamehameha 11). From 1846 to 1864 he served as s rmia ie justice of the Supreme Coun of the Kingdom. These "fragmenu" are his account of the Kingdom under the Kamehamehas, 1959; 1983 revised e d i 212 p., illus.. indexed ISBN 0-910240-31 -01 SP701softcovei $12

I ( 3 u a i i l n Ant iqu i l i es I h 1 VJ,O ' I r d ~ , . ~ t e J b? Y.i!n&w.,I k4 Em:r,.,n

!1.d;1, h rn in 1 . V and r a w ? ,he .. :i f r r b ,,!:nl:i,. :>I? m d d u . w ~ U A ; ow a f the I iw t l ~ < \ ~ .m,! \:.,I!

r : -2 '?ddV A W E & % ~ ! h ( 5 c m . , ~ m > ! # ~ ; H! I\.:Y b:, 5 . d written this accwnt of Hawaiian cul~urc and society in prc Christian times. 1903: 1951 revised ed.: 1987 Sih printingi 302 p., illus.. indexed 1SBS 0-910240-15-91 SPUhardcover S18.50

K a Po'e Kahiko : T h e P e o p l e o f O l d 1965; 1987 5th pnnungi 174 p., glossary, indcned, illus. by Joseph Fchcr

ISBN 0-910240-32-9i SP5ll hxdcover 516.50

T h e W o r k s of t h e P e o p l e o f Old : Na H a n a a k a Po'e K a h i k o 1976: 1987 2nd PrintinU 178 p., illur., glosrary, ~ndexed ISBN 0-910240-18-3iSP611 hardcover $16.50

In 1868 and 1870, Samuel M. Kamakau wrote a series of anicles for the Hawaiian-language newspaper Ke Au 'Oko'o that were designed w preserve in print aspmu of Hawaiian cultilie that were f a t d a a p w i n g . KO Po'e Kohrko.. and The W o r k of the People of Old ... a x tianslated by Mary Kawena Pukui and arranged and edited hy Dorothy B. Bankre.

A r t s a n d C r a f t s of H a w a i i Te Rangi Hkoa (Sk Peter H. Buck) higindly published in 1957 in one macsive volume, Buck's exhaustive study of Hawaiian culmre, profusely iilmtiated, hai been reprinied in 14 separate wctions as follows (dl raftcover):

Food. ISBN 0-910240-34-51 83 p.1 SP45(l)B6.95 Houses. ISBN 0-910240-35-31 52 p i SP45(2)M.95 Plaiting. ISBSO-910240-36-1/39 p./SP45(3)!$4.95 Twined Baskets. ISBN 0-910240-37-Xi33 pJ

SP45(4)1$4.95 Clothing. ISBN0-91M40-38-Sl97p.lSP45(5)i

S695 ~ ~ . . .

Canoes. ISBN 0-910240-39-6141 p i SP45(6)i S6.95 Fishing. ISBN 0-91024040-XI 78 ~ J S P 4 5 U l S 6 . 9 5 Games and Recreation. ISBN 0 - $ 1 0 ~ 0 d i - 8 / 32

p J SP45(8)i 94.95

Musical Instruments. lSUN0-9102-10-JZ-(339 p.1 SP45(9)i 94.95

War and Weapons. lSBN0-91024043-4157 p i SP45!10!154,95

Religion. ISBN 0-91024041-2/77 p/SP45(11)1 S6.95

Ornamrnt r and Personal Adornment. ISBN 0- 91024045-0140 p i SP45(I?)/ 54.95

Death and Burial. ISBN 0-91024046-9126 p./ SP45(13)/ 5495

Index. lSUN0-910240-47-71 19 o.!SP45(1?)154.95

Available as u set far 560 1957: 1964 2nd prinung (in 14 sections): various dates Please desi@iatc individual cawlog numben when oidcring.

PACIFIC FOLKLORE

Pele a n d H i ' i a k a I'isit the Siler oi KZ'C, lld'eno, Island ofKaw' i Nuion Kelly. lllus~ated by Wayne Mmmoto

This boak, wriiten for intcmediatc and high schwl riudcnrr. discusses major archaeologsal sites known lo have been arsxiaied with hula and ielales these sites to the exciting adventures of Pele, the volcano goddess, and Hi'iaka, her youngest sister and palroness of the hula. Liberally illustrated, the b ~ k c o o u i n s a list oichzacters, a Hawsiian word glossary, and suggestions for class discussions.

19841 36 p.. illur. ISBN 0-930897-01-31 PEl! scftcovei $450

Voices o n t h e W i n d Pnlynexiiron Myihi and Chonrr Katharine Luomda

A lively inmductim to the h e r m and herwnes of Poiynesia and the storytelling iiadilion that has kept them alive. In- cluded are chapten on Maui, Tinirau, Tahaki, and the Me- nchunes, all reeining Joseph Feher's arresung illuswtions.

1955: 1986 revised edJ209 p.. illus. ISBN 0-930897-15-3i SP751 hardcover S18.95

PACIFIC CULTURAL HISTORY I\

O u t r i g g e r C a n o e s of Ball a n d h l a d u r a , I n d o n e s i a Adrian Homdee "

The definitive modem work on Indonesian outrigger canoes. Richly illustnied with ~hotonnnhs and detailed Iinc draw-

Included is a concisc hirtwy of cnnm rigs and new instghts into thcir evolution in the Pac~Tic. Excellent reading for those interested in Pacific maritime culture and sailing.

l'AClFIC CCLTCRAL HISTORY HISTORY & LITERATURO SPECIAL LVTEREST

19871 178 p.. 94 illus.. Some in color ISBN 0-930897-2QX: SP77/ hwdcoun $29.50

C a n o e s of O c e a n i a A.C. Haddun and lames Iiurnei!

Gmerni Survey, and Conciusiom-into one har,dromc arid exhaustive study. The authoriLl!ive work on the canxr, iargf and smal1,of ihe Pacific. 193638 (3 val.): 1975 2nd pnniing (I voi.)/897 p., illus..

indexed ISBN 0-910240-19-11 SP27-291 soitcover 521

S i t e s of Oahu Elspeth P. Sterling and Catherine C. Summers

This compiehcnsive collection of lnformauon on wchaeologi. cat and hisloriial siies on O'ahu includes maieiial reprinted from McAilistzr's and Thmm'spubliealions of the 1920s and 1933s. myths and legends associaled wirh natural landmarks and wditional sitzr. exuacls from a l l y newspaper aniclcs, and previously unpublished iniormauon collected from inleiviews with infoman&. Organized geographically, the volume contains nine fold-out maps of O'ahu. 19181372 p.. 9 maps, indexed ISBN 0-910240-73-61 ASPllcomb bound 525

Explores early Polynesian migration and methods of naviga- tion by the sms .

1969 reprint edition1 16 p., illus.1 MP17I softcover $1.95

Dog a n d M a n in t h e A n c i e n t P a c i f i c with Specid Ancnnon to Howoii Margaret Titcomb, with Mary Kawena W u i

Emphasizing Polynesia, especially Hawai'i, this baok takes us back t a time when the dog was imponant but not noble. Dogs rc re esteemed highly as i d , being carefully fed on POI, yams, and breadfruit. Dogs were rarely kept as pe&, yet they were gcneially we11 mated Theii hair and m t h were used foi mamen&, their bones for fishhooks and tools. Titcomband W u i provide a fascinating glimpse of the ancient dog as a different creature from the pet we h o w 'Oday. 1%91 IOOp., illus. ISBN 910240-10-8ISP59lsoftcovei $3.95

HISTORY & LITERATURE

A P i c t o r i a l H i s t o r y o f t h e J a p a n e s e in H a u a i ' i 1 8 8 5 - 1 9 2 4 F i & h Odo and K z u k Sumo This volume conirnernoiaics the crnrennrai of he .?mi31 oi government contract Japanese iahorrir m Hawar'i. ia; ,si; ; ilin~iiaied with photographs. h e book d e ~ i i s the expmcnm, of the Jqmneie people who cainc undn a throc-year c o r r x r to uoik on lhc sugx pim';ilions of Hawai'i. This visual hlstow tclls the siwv of the chslienees thew monk f a d an2 " . .~ emphasizes the impact of the immipnw on the fvrmauon of modcrn Hawziim ssa'iery.

ISBN 0.930897-02-1 IASP4(1)! hardcover S49.95y(E&sh:

I n d e x t o t h e P a c i f i c I s l a n d A r t i c l e s in t h e D e u t s c h e K o l o n i a l i c i t u n g , 1886-191s Hans Ballin and Patricia LehuaTJn3ka

Deursche Koloninlzeirung was ihc orfieiai publicauon o i ihc German Kolonial S ~ i c i y . This selective index covers aiuclcr concerning Pacific region hirioiy. plilicr. and governnicnl from 1886 to 1915.

1Y8W30 p. ISBN 0-930897-16-11 IIP361 solicover S4.95

A h l u s e u m to I n s t r u c l a n d Del igh t U'illiom T. Brishorn ondihe Founding of #he Bernice Powhi Birhop Mueum Roger G. Rose

An intimate look into the very early years of the Museum. with emphasis on the virionsof ihc man r h o shaped I!.

1980185 p., illus. ISBN 0-910240-28-01 SP681 sofreovei $6.50

SPECIAL INTEREST

h l a u n a K e a H e r e We C o m e The lnstde Sioq o/o Scientific Erpediiior. E.H. Bryan. Jr., edilor Campiled from logs a i ihe 1935 expedition la Mama Kea sponsored by ihe Hawaiian Academy of Science. 19791 78 p.. illus.lPSIC6Isoltcover S4.95

P a n a l a ' a u M e m o i r s E.H. Bryan, Jr.

Historical account of Amencan colonization of quaiwml Pacific islands, 1935-41. 19741 294 p.1 PSIC71 softcover $495

Bishop Museum Resr 7

SPECIAL IPITEREST1 CATALOGS

C h r i s t m a s a t S e a Capoin Fred K, K1ebii;g;it. il!uru3lcd with photographs coilecled and edited by Robcit A. Weinsiein

Sir !ales of Christmases spent at sea, as told by a veteran seafarer. 1974! 105 p., iiius./hlPlS/softcoverS7.95

CATALOGS

Art i f i c ia l C u r i o s i t i e s Being an E~poi i r ion of Nulive Monufociurei Col!eacd on :he Three Pocl/ic T'ogages of Cnpr Jnmei Cook. R I ; . Adrienne L. Kacpplei me most cornplac camlog ofmifacrs collcctcd during !he Cook voyages, this volume descnbcs 2.0% objects fmm 47 museums and rcpiesencl a decade of research by one of lhc worWs leading Cook scholars.

19781 310 p., 626 ilius.. 225 in color ISBN 0-910210-24-81 SP65/ soitcover 510.50

C o o k V o y a g e A r t i f a c t s in Leningrad, Berne, ond Florence M u s e u m AdrienneL. Kaeppier, cditor

~ ~

19781 196 p.. 260 iilus.. 9 in coloi ISBN 0-910240-23-Xi S P W soitcovcr 510.50

Na P a ' i K i a i The Photoeranheis in the Hawaim Islands 1845-1900 L y n n ~ a v i ' Cataioe of an exhibit of historical ohoromanhv at Bishoo " . Muscum in 1981. Ananged and written by !he Museum's curator of photography.

1980118 p., iilus., indexed ISBN 0-910240-29-91SP691 softcover S5.50

P a h u a n d Piiniu An Exhibition ofHnwniion Drums Adrienne L. Kacpplcr

1980140 p., i1lur.i MPZU soflcicover S2.95

E leven G o d s A s s e m b l e d An Exhibition of lloraiion 1";ouden lmoqes Adrienne L. Kacpplei

1979120 p., ilius.1 hP211 softcover 52.95

SYMPOSIA

SYMPOSIA

F o r u m o n S ? s t e m a t i c s R e s o u r c e s in t h e P a c i f i c S.H. Sohmei, editor

Pup" from lhc 1 0 ~ b Annwl Zlecung of ihe Asswiai~on of Systematics Coliecrioni hcld at B~chcp Muscum in May !%2. The F o r m pmvid~s an ovcrvlw of iJe sotus of, and r;rr:ccs provided by, systemaiics coliectionr in the Pacific.

19851 83 p. ISBNO-910240-98.1' SP74!sof!covci 58.50

R i o g e o g r a p h y o f t h e Trop ica l P a c i f i c Frank J. Radovrky. Pciei H. Raven, and S.H. Sohmei, editors

Proceedings of a symposium organized by the laic Dr. I. Linsley Gressitt and held a! Bishop Muscum in May 1982. Eighl iliuruated papers provide ihc first comprehensive review of uopicd PaciFic biogeography, including !he dis!riburion ofplantr. bu!!cfl,es. amphipcds, moiiusks. 2nd birds. A joint publicalion of ihc A s s o c i a h of Sysicmalics Colicctions md Bishop Moscum.

19831 228 p.. ilius.. indexcd ISBN 0-942924-08.81 SPI?(I j! hardcover Y 5 s ISBN 0.942924-09-61 SP72(2)1 softcovci 535s

P a c i f i c B a s i n R i o g e o g r a p h y 3. Linslcy Giessit!, editor

A Sympasium of h e l0lh Pacific Scicncc Congccss. Hon oluiu, 1961

19631 564 p.1 hP26i softcover S7

M a n ' s P l a c e in t h e I s l a n d E c o s y s t e m F.R. Fosbeig, fdiior

A Sympasium of !hc l0lh Paeilic Science Congress, Honolulu, 1961.

1963; 1970 3rd pcintingl264 p.. map1 MP29i soflcovcr 57

T h e I m p a c t o f U r b a n C e n t e r s i n t h e Pacif ic Roland W. Force and Brenda Bishop. editors

A Sympasium of ihe 2nd lnterrangress. Guam.

19751 3M p.lPSA31 soflcover S5

P e r s i s t e n c e a n d E x c h a n g e Roland W. Force and Bicnda Bishop. editon A Sympa~ium on Ecological problems of ihc Traditional Sociciies of lhe Pacific Region (14th Pacific Science Con- gress. USSR).

19811 164 p./PSA4isdtcovciSl0

WCASIONAL PAPERS; BCLLETIYS BCLLE71NS

BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS R012BM. The Island or ~ m d : A Survey "r ~ e t i b s

ISSNW67-61M Culture. Emory 19241 129p.l 125 B014BM. The Ch$%rarlers and Probable History of lhe

Begun in 1898. the Occ(iiiomi Popen present conuibutioas in Hawaiian Rat hlilln: and Ec topn ra r i i~ r of Some anthropology, history. and ihe natuiai sciences of I i a ~ a i ' ~ and Polyorslan and Malaysian Rats of the genus Rar lur .

the Pacific. The series emphasizes, bul i s nor iesuicied lo, Ermg. 1924' 11 p i $12 B015K. Snrnoan House Buildinp, Cookine, and Tattooing.

research mind coliiection sa iv ioes cmi-d our a1 or under the Handy & Hanly. 19241 2 6 p $12 auspices of B i s h ~ p h M m m From volume 1-25, individwl n o I 6 ~ lvan F~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i l : A phytogPographjcnl uiicr have been issued separaldy. Beginnins with volume 26, Discussion. S L ~ : ~ ~ ~ ~ . 19251 47 p.1 512 O c c m i o ~ i P o p e r s h a s a p p a d as an annual, mul"disciplin. B017K. Murli. In the Marquesnr Irlandr. Handy & Wmne.

'aq volume of collccied papers. 19251 51 p.! $12 B018K String Figurer from the Marquesas and Soclef)

A camlog of over 350 titles pubitshed through volume 25 is Irisndr. Handy. 19251 92p.i $15.80 available from Bishop Museum Press; each number is B019K. Hsvai lan Fungi. Stevens. IYZSI 189p.l $31 individually priced and bound. Beginning with volume 26, B020K. Tropical Cyeioner or the Pacific. VLIher. 19251

the series is available by rubscription. 163 p i $27.50 BOZIBM. Report of the Director fo r 1924. Gregory. 1925i

BISHOP MUSEUM BULLETINS 55p.i $12

B022K. Firher of Guam, Hawaii, Samoa, and Tnhlll. ISSN 0005-9439 Fowler. 19251 38 p.1 $14.50

B023K. Archasology of the Marquesas Irlandr. Linton. TheBulienn series war begun in 1922 ro presn t the m u l l s of 192Sl 187 p.l J33,50 intensive research in many scientific Gelds ihroughout the ~ 0 2 4 ~ . r h n G ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 . Wentroith. 1925! 72 Pacific. 514.50

All titles in rhisseriesareinpnnt,eiikinonginaiB,shop B025K. Revired List of H a r d I a n Pteridophytn. Ctins. trnrcn. I9251 30p.1 112

Mmeum Presseditions (camlog number with sufix -BM) or B026K, Fishes or Hlwall , snd Kraus Reprint ediuonr (camlog number with suffix -K). l i l m d . Fou ln& Bal l 19251 31 o.! $12 Bishop Muscum Ress handlesonly individual ordcrs for Kraus R e p k t editions. lnslimuans and booksellen should place orders diiecGy wiih the Kraus Rcprim Co. An addiess and ordering information app i l i on page 23. Buileiini sumxed with -BM must k ordered from Bishop Museum Press. Prices bdov for Kiaus Reprint editions include a ?09 m i c e charge to cover fuifillmcnt costs.

BffiiK. Tattooing in the Marquesas. Handy. 1922i 32p.i <IS<" "

BW?K. Early Rdr rence r to Hawaiian Enlomologr. Illingronh. 19231 63 p.! $12

BW3K Hnw*iisn Legends. Rice. 19231 137 p i 527.50 BWBM. Repart of the Dlrector for 1922. Gregory. 19231

380.1 512 , . ~~~

BLnSBM. Crur ts r rn from Pnlmyra s n d Fnnnlng li lnndr. Edmondwrn& Rslhbun. 19231 43 p.1 112

BW6K. Tongnn Place Samcs. Gifford. 19231 258p.1 $41 Bffi7K. Polwesian Decorsllrc Derlpnr. Ominn. 1923)

I05 p i ~33.50 BW8K. Tongnn Myths and Taler. Giffoid. 19241 207pJ

133 50 ...-. BOWK. The h ' s t lw Cvltvre in the M.rqwsrs. Hsndy.

19231 358 0.1 W

B027K. h l r r ine zoology or the Troplcal Centml Psrillc. Edmon&w ei a1 19251 148 p i 525

B028Bhl. Report or the Director for 1925. Grcpoiy. 1926) 42 P.I $12

B029K. Ancient Hawnilan Music. Robcnr. 19261 401 p i 567 B030K. Ptruclastlr Geology or Oahu. Weniwonh. 19261

54 1 B033BM. The Products and Sl rur turr of Kilsuea. Stone.

19261 59 p.1 $14.50 8034%. Polynerlan Religion. Handy. 19271 342p.I 567 B035RM. Geology or Keula, Nihoa, Necker, and G w d n c i

Irlaodr and French Frlgates Shoal. P ~ C I 19Zli 35 p i s i 2

B036BM. Geology of Wangala. Marshail. 19271 A8p.l $12 B037K. Food Vnlutr or Poi, Tnra , and Llmu. Millw. 19211

ZSp.1 512 B038Bhi. Firher of the T roo lml Centra l Pnrlrlr. Furl=.

19271 3 2 p i $12 B039K. Strlnp F t ~ u r e $ rrom FIJI .od Western Polysrrla.

BIOXK. Jungle Fowls from Pacific Irlsndr. Ball 19331 121 0.1 $2750

BlWK Kntire Musir of the Tuamotur. Burmws 19331 107 p.1 524

BilOK. Gaoiagy of the Gninpagor, Coror, and Esrror l6isnd6. Chubb: and Petrology of Galapagos Islsndr. Richdron. 19331 67 p! 514.50

Bl l iK. Cult ofKIna.lumu. Sumson 1933) 63p.i 51! Bll2K. Revision of the Hawaiian Species of P ~ p w o m i a .

Yvncker. 1933i 131 n.! $24 B113K. Society Islands Insectr. Pacific Entomological Survey.

1935: lS6p.i $25. B114K. Mnrqursan Insects. Vol. 11. Pacific Eniomoiogicai

Survey. 19351 378 1.1 560 BIISK. Archsooiogy of Kahoolawe. McAilirier. 19331 61 p.,

$15.50 Bll6K. Stone Remnlns In the Society I r lmdr . Emay.

19331 182p.1 $33.50 BI17K. Allelin and Piprurur of Hawaii. Skiubkp, 1934:

77p.1 519 BIIXK. Tuamotuan Stone Structures. Emory. 19341 78p.1

$19 BIIPBM. Geology of Vltiirvu. Fiji. Ladd. 19311 263pJ 513 B120BM. Fiorn orMakates . Wildn. 1934) 49p.i S12 BIZIBM. Some Hawaiian Orihntoidea (Acarina). Jaco:.

19341 99 p.1 518 B122K. Mangnlan Society. Buck. 19341 207p.l 533.50 Bl23K. Archaeology of the Pacific Equatorial Irlandr.

Emory 19341 4 3 p i 512 BI24BM. Report of the Director for 1933. Gagay. 19311

44 p.1 512 B125RM. Hawaiian Heiirinidae. Ned. 1934! 102p.1 515.50 B126K. Outlint of Hawaiian Physical Therepeutlcr. H a d y

erst. 19341 51 p.1 524 Bi27K. Legends of Maul and Tnhskl. Scimron. 19341 1Wp.1

$18 BI28K. Fiowerlng Plnntr of Ssmos. ChLwpherren. 19351

ZZI n.1 341 ~ 1 2 9 ~ ~ : Polychnetn from Hnwsli. Holly. 19351 33p.i 512 B13OK. Flora of Southenstern Palynerla. Vol. I l l : Diroty-

ledonr. Bmm. 19351 386 p.1 SM) 8131BM. Recent and Fossil Msi lno Molluscs of Tonga-

tabu. OrmgMni. 19351 59p.i 512 B132K. The Genus Coproma . Ohvex 19351 207pi 541 B133BM. Report of the Director far 1934. Gregory. 19351

71 p.1 $12 B134K Clrrdcl l ldsr of Hswsli. Orbom. 19351 62p.1 512 B13SK. Rerlsion of Terrornolopiurn, Lipochnrra,

Dubourio. and R d l i m d i = . S h a R 19351 136p.1 $25 B136BM. Revision of Hoplorrarhyr, Phyllorrrgia, and

Srmogynr . S M . 19351 101 p.1 515.50 Bi37K. Dlnofingellates of the Constst Waters of the

Werfr ro Parlflr. BOhm 19361 54p.1 $11 B138K. Elhnology d Futunn. Burrows. 193W 239 p.1 541 BI39BM. Msrqurrsn I~SLF~S : Enrlronment. A d m a n

19361 73 p i 518 BIIKIBM. Report of the Dlreetor for 1935. Gregory. 19361

52p.I $12

B141K. Fijian Pinnt Studies. Smi* i9361 166p.l 529 Bl42BM. >fsrquemn Inrects. Val. I l l . PacsficEntomo:agical

Survey. 1939! 2 2 0 d 538.50 R!43BM. Rwlr lan of the Polyotrlnn Species of Peprro-

mi.. Yunckei. 1937) 73 114.50 BIUAM. Poi)nerian Bolanicd BlhIiogmphy-1773-

1935. Meni!l. 19371 19Jp: 531 B145K Ethnology of Uvea (Wsllls lslnndi. Bunorr 19371

176 0.1 $33.50 B146K Ethnology of Tokelav Islands. Macgicgor 19371

183 p.1 533.50 Bl47Bhi. The Genvr Gouldin iRuhlnrent), Foibeig 1937:

82 p.1 S:8 B118K. Tusmotuan Legends (lrlsnd of Anna). Par t I. The

Demigods. S!unron. 1937) 147p i $21.50 B:49BM. Report or the Director for 1936. Buck. 19371

33 0.1 512 BISOK. Ethnology of Puknpuka. Buglehole & Besgichole.

19381 419p.l $67. BISIBM. Cryptorhynrhlnae o lRapa . Zimmennan. 193Y!

75 p.! 518 B152K. Distribution and Varistlon of Arhafinrlla n u r r l -

l ine Mighelr in the Waianas Mountsins, Onhu. Welch. 19381 I M p i 529

B153K. A Manual of the Recent and Fossil Marine Pelecypod hlollurks of the Hawaiian Irllnds. Dal la a 1 19381 233 p i W.50

B154K. Fiorer ing Plants of Samoa. Par t 11. Chiiiiophcmn. 19381 77p.1 $19.

BISSBM. Report of the Director for 1937. Buck. 19381 w p i $12

B156K. Hawaiian Shore Fisher. Pieiwhmann. 19381 55p.1 515.50

B157K. Ethnology of Mangareva . Buck. 19381 519p.1 579 BI58BM. Zonitid Snails from Pnclflc I r lmdr . Pnr t 1:

Southern Genera of Mirrocystinae. BaLer. 19381 102 p i $25

B159K. R w i e r of the Fauna of the \ larques l r Islands and Dlrcvrslon of I t s Origin. Adunion. 19391 9 3 p i $15.50

BlhOBhl. Ethnologv of Easter Island. Mcuaux. 19401 .. 447 p i 542

B161K. The Hawsllan Planter: His Plants, Methods, and Areas of Cultivation. Handy. 19401 2?7 p l 544.50

B162K. Southern Lau, FIJI: An Ethnography. Thompson. 19401 228p.1 341

B163K. Arrhacology of Mnngerers and Nelghborlne AIoilr. Emory. 19391 76pJ 518

BIMBM. Report of the Director f e r 1938. Buck. 19391 3 z p i s ~ i

Bl65BM. Zonltld Snnlis from Parlflr Iriaodr. Par t 2: Hewsllsn Genera of Microcystlose. Baker. 1940186p.1 $18

~ 1 6 6 ~ . zonltld sonllr from Pscirir Irlnrtdr. Pa r t 3: Genrrs Other than '\lleroryatinar and Par t 4: Dlrtri- b ~ t l o n and Indexer. B&er. 19411 16SpJ 528

B167K. Report o r t h e Director for 1939. Buck 19401 42p.i $12

Bishop Mvreum Ress 1 I

SZS i d PLZ I2961 Pa"""S .8$61-$$61 ' S P V B I ~ 1uaJelpv pus adauod ua spell:

Lpnrs s 10 xrodan :i9oloJ3 Zen PUelsl J!IIJ=~ WESZZE LIE i d 6V 12961 'oPYoX

' ( s a p l ~ ~ a u i m q w ) sla"oWlnd :s!onpnz snoa3 'WePZZe 81% i 'd t6 11961 '"'YeB T S a U

- o q ~ pus s~rau i lod ut ern11nw3v avmlr!sqns 'WEZZB 81% l d SL 11961 'V 10 k"lJ, ' lY+YYW("U3

1wr.iqd :IIWV XWII P i * o t s i ~ l e m w 'w6ZZZe

21s id0E !w61 '*Jw ' c w a01 m = ~ ~ a aut 10 i m d a a mszne

OZMS i d 66C I S P ~ I ' = i s ! a w w PPPT '11!d 'w JO i a o i o w W ~ I S I E

7 i C i d i b

B226HM. N o l a on Ralstrian Flowering Pivntr with Descriptions a< s e w species and varieties. ~ m i c . 19631 36 p.! 51.5'

BZZ7Bhf Survey o l fhe Blrdr or Knual. Hawall. Richudioi 6: Bowlca. 1960: 5 : p.1 51:

B228K. Kspingamsrangi: Social end Rdiglous Lire or n Poiynerlao Atoll. Emoiy. 19651 367 p.: S72

B229HM. Cyrrmdra IGesneiiaceaeI on Onhu, Hswliian Irlnods. SI. l o b . 1966; 464 p.1 536

BUOBM. The A r r h n e a i o ~ r of the Palau Islands: Ao *. Intenrive Surrey. Orbome. 1966; 497p.1 0 0

BUIHM The Geology of Pitcairn Island, South Pacific Oresn. Can= 19671 44p.I 58.50

B232H.M Fijinn Material Culture: A Stud) or Cvltvrnl Contrl-1. Function, end Change. Tippert. 19681 193p.l P7" "-.

B233Bhf. Sat lve Planters in Old Hswaii: Their Lire, Lore and Environment. Handy & Handy. 197Y MI p i $42

B234HM. Taps in Polynesia. Kooijman. 197U 498pi 529 B235BM. Just One House: A Description and A n a l p i s of

Kinship in the Paiav Islands. Foice&Forsc. 1973 143 p i $14.50

BZ6BM. T h e Sweet Potato and Oreanla: A n Essay lo Ethnobotan). Ym. 1974; 390p.l 530

BU7BM. Quaternrry Shoretines in tho Hnwniinn Islands. S t e m . 19781 M p i SI4..M

BU8BM. Tikopin: The Prehistory and Ecology o f n Polynesian Outlier. K k h & Yol. 198U 416p.l 1638.50

BISHOP MUSEUM BULLETINS- NEW SERIES

Beeinninn in 1987. lhe Bulfelinr continued wilh a rlighUy - - . . modified tide a3 four new series: Bishop Mureurn Bullerini in Anrhropoiogy (ISSN 00893-31 1 I), Bishop Mureurn Bulle- 6nr in Botany (ISSN 0893-3138). Bishop Museum Bullelins in Enlomiogy (ISSN 0893.3146). and Bishop Mrlseum Bul- leiinsin &oloav OSSN 08933-312x3. Each series is muen- .. tially numbered, beginning with number 1. Bulleiins are issued irregularly.

Bulletins in Anthropology B A l T ~ n d l t l ~ n s l Tuns Fishing: A Stvdy nl Sntawd,

Cenrrsl C.rolior lalsndr. Gilleli 19871 48 p.lS16

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BISHOP MUSEUM MEMOIRS

The M~rnnirs series war begun in 1899 and ceased in 1949. TiUcs in this series are availab!~ only in Kiaus Reprini editions.

Bishop Muscum Press handler only indiuidud orders for Mernoirr. lnsututions and bmkse1:ers should piace aden directly wilh the Kraus Reprint Co. An addnss and ordering

information appear on past 23. Prices below include a 209c service charge lo cover fulfillment cosrs.

MOI(0IjK. Hawaiian Feather Work. Brigham. 18WI 8! p! 524

MOi(02)K. An Index to the l r l sndr of the Pnelfic Ocean. Brigham. 19W! 172p.! $43

MOl(O3)K. Key to the BIrdr o r t h r Hnwniian Group. Bryan. lYOi1 76p.i 531

MO!(MjK. Stone Implements and Stone Work or the Ancient Hawniinns. Bngham. 18021 l W p J 1631

MOI(O5)K. Additional Nates on Hawaiian Feather Work. aiigham, 19031 19 p i $12

MOZ(0I)K Mat nod Basket Weaving of the Ancient Hawaiians. Bnghm: and Hewniim Nets nnd Setting. Smker. 19061 1 6 2 d $43

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M02(03jK.The Ancient Hsweilan Hoore. Brigham. 19081 194 p.1 $43

MO?(MjK. The Volrsnocs or Kilnuea and Msuns Loil ao the Island of Hnwlii.B~igham. IYW 212W S 4

MO3K Kn Hann Kaps: The Making of BnrL-Cloth In Hawaii. Brigham. 19111 276p.I SYb

MM(O1)K. fornander Cotleetion af Hawaiian AntiqUilips end FOIL-LOW The H~we i i aa ' r Account of the Formation af Their Islands and Origin or Their Rare. with the Tradtfions of Thelr M i ~ r l t i o n s , Erc., as Gntherrd rrom O r i ~ i n a l Sourcrr. (Bilingual text.) f i rs t sprier. pa r t I. hciuder iegend;uy acrnuni~f formaria, of Lhe Hawaiian Islands; k~egend of Aukelmuiak, histon. of hlohhs; ieaend of Kila. Thrum. ui 19161 173 P.! 543.

M04102)K. Fornandcr Collection. Flrsl Series. Par t 11. Includes story of Umi: KWapiiiani, s t a y of LonoikmakahiLi: hisurry of Kualii. Thrum. d. 19171 256 p i $54

MM(O3)K. Fornsnder Collection. First Serlrl . Pa r t 111. lndudcs Kana and Niheu. PkoiaLaalala. d oLhn iegmds: index to Fim SC~~EI. h m , Ed. 19171 173 p i $43.

MOSfOljK. Fernandor Collection. Second Ser1.s. P a r t I. Includes Kawrlo. ?&a. Kuapeksa. end oLhcr l ege~ds lhnvh Ed. 19181 215 p.1 $43

MM(02)K. Farnsnder Collretioo. Second Sslles. Part 11. Includer Ha:cmano. Namskaokapao. Iwa. Pun& d oWa legends h . d . 19191 275 p.1 5%

MtIsIO3)K. F o r n n n d ~ r Colicrlion. Second Series. Par t

MEMOIRS! DEPARTMEhTAL REMRT SERIES

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M06102iK. Fornandrr Collection. Third Series. Part I1 hcivdca m u m d migration of Polynesian raco: legmdr, ~mcaiogica, and nureilaneous no- Thrum d. 19141 136p.i $31.

M06(03jK. Fornander Collectton. Third Series. P m 2% Includu ~hanrr song%, lameniaoonr, andpiayaa: index ro Third Snies: Thrum. d. 19201 186g.l 543.

M07(OIiK. Additionst Notes on Hawatinn Feather Work. Bngham. lq18i 69 p.1 $24

h f 7 W j K . A Monogrnphic Study of the Hawaiian Species of tho Tr ibe Labriiodeae, Famil? Campanulacear. Raek. IYl91394pi 5153.50

hZOS(O1)K. 4 Monographif Study of the Genus f i i rrhor din. Beccs l& Rak . 19211 77p.i S24

hlG8(OZ)K. A Contribution to 51moaQ Somatalcx?. ~~

Sullivan. 19211 20p.i $12 M08(03)K. Tha Grssres of Hauaii . Hiichcirk. 19221 1 3 2 ~ 1

$31 M08iMX. A Coofributlon t o Tongan Sonatology. Sdli-

van. l92V 3 0 p i 512 h108(05)K. The Material Culture of the Marquernr Iriandr.

L'mtnm. 19231 211 P.! 554 MWIOIIK. The Mor lon r of C n a t h ~ m irlnndr. S k ' i a .

19231 1 4 0 ~ . 1 543 MW02)K. Xarqursao Somatology -4th Compnmtlut

Notea on Samoa and Tongs. Sullivan. 19231 IIOp! 524 M09(03)K.J*wr and Teeth of Ancient Hawaiians. Chappeil.

19271 18 p i $24 MW(MiK. Ohrcrvationr on Hlwniiaq Somstoiogy.

Sullivan. 19271 76 p i 524 M09(05lK. The Morloris. Skim~i&Baucke. 19281 44p.I Sl2 Ml0K. Fl rhrs of Oceanic. Fovlci 192w IlOp.1 $129.50 MII(0I)K. Des reod~o tn of the Mutlnrers or she Bounty.

Shapira. 19291 106 p.1 $24 MII(0ZJK. Orawrh o f Children lo Hrwali Basrd on

Ohrer*atianr by Lovis R. Suilivan. Wvilcr. 19301 2 9 p.1 %4

MIl(03)K. D8st.l Morphology nod Psthology of Pcchls- tori= Guam. Leigh I9291 I9 p.1 $12

.MII(MIK. Thr Physicst Charse ter r of the Societ). i r i n n d ~ t s Shapim. 19301 39 PJ $12

MII(0S)K. Fishes of Ormnia , Suppl. I. Fowlu. 19311 71 p i 3% ..

MlllD6)K. Fishes of Ocesnis, Suppl. XI. Fowls. I9341 84 p/ 524

Ml2(OIlK The Physics1 Chnrscters of the Cook I~ l andc r r . S h W o & Buck. 1936135 p.: $43

M12(02)K. Fisher of Ocasnia, Suppl. 111. Fowioi 19191 152 p.1 $43

DEPARTMENTAL REPORT SERIES

DEPARTME~TAL REPORT SERIES

DRS7G-9. Pi i lanlhde Hei lu Project. Phase I. Sltc Report. Cody. 1970: 1987 rev. d.i 36p.1 S6

DRS?!.?. Human Skeletal Remains sr Anaehoomalu. Pic0urewr);y. 19711 78 ~ 1 1 2 . 5 0

DRS7I-8. Human Skeletsi Remains in the B.P. Blshsp Museum. P;eaweuiky. 19711 36 9.1 52.50

DRS71.0. Arrhseoloylrnl lnvertlgationr in South Halara Val i e~ . Oehu: Phnre 11. Demwn& Forman. i971;64p: $3

DRSlI-11. Arrhaeoiogieai Excavations a t Ksmehameh. If1 Road, S o r l h Kona, l r land of Hawaii: Phase 11. Crozier. 19711 30 p.1 $2

DRS72-3. Archaeological Reconnaissance of Proposed Kapoho-Kaiapann Highway, Dirtrlcr of Puna, lriand of Hawaii. Bevscqua4 Dye. 1972146piS2

DRS72d. Archseoiogicd Surrey of Portions uf Waikolor, soltth Kohsia District, l r land of Hawaii. Xevacqua ed. 19721 21 0.1 92 . , .

DR$74.?. Arch~wOIgy of Tet(aroa Atoll, Society k t r n d r : Interim Reporl No. 1. Show & hfcCoy. 1974132p! 13.25 ~~ ~

DRS79.1. Arrhseologirai Exrsvatlonr at Seven Sites, Sollthlast Xaui, Hawaiian Ihiands. Chapman & Kiich. 1979140 p i 55

DRs79.2. Late Prehirtarle and Early Historic Settlement. S ~ o ~ i ~ L ~ n c e Systems in the Anshuiv VaIIe?, Oahu. Rish. 19791 84 p . lU

DRs80.1. The Wilins Psli Pstroglyph CWP, Hawsli lrlsnd: A R e ~ o r t on Preliminarv Archledogira l Investigations. Cleghhm 19801 22 p/ 54

DRS80.2. Malestlr Kau: Ma'oicio of Sine Ahupusn K& 19801 116 p i ss

DRS80.3. Kavainul Mzrrtl, o ~ h u : Hlrtoricai and Ar- rhseologicnl Studies. Keiiy &Claxk. 1980182p.l $7

DRS83.1. Archneoioglral tnvssrigatluns of the Mucilane- Waimea Knwaihae R%d Corridor. Island of Hawsil. C l ~ k & Kirch, edr. 198315W p., 2 minofichciSi5

DRSW-I. Subsirtence end Conflict In Konn, Hnwsil. A n A r ~ h s e o l o g l r ~ i Sfvdy or the Kvskinl Highway: The Alignment Corridor. schik 19841427pJS12

DRs86-I. Moe g n u a Hooiio: H ~ w a i i n n Mortuery Prsc- flczr st XeBpG, Xonn, Hawnil.

Han er al. 19861418 pJS?3 DRS86.3. T h r Sa tu r s i and Cultural Hictory of Hirneuoau,

Ken*. Hawail. Bryan& Emory. 19861 277 p i $20 DRS87-1. Five Upland 'Ili: ~ ~ ~ h ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ i ~ ~ l and Historical

Inveitigatlonr in the K s n d o h e Interchange. Inter- stare Highway H-3. Inland of Ocahu. Alien ed- 19871 315 P I 523

DRS87.Z. Arrhaeoiogic~l 9od Snivapr Excavations a t P ~ ~ h ~ n m a e HGnaunau Sstlonal Hirtortc*i Perk, HZeaunalr, Konn, H s u n i ~ . soehren &Tuohy. 19871 in

P== DRS88-I. Land Crt and Lnndmrm Change in Kawal SUi

Marsh, O'ahu: Gtoarrhaeologirnl Investigations . Aiim 19881 =a. 1ZOp.l lnpress

PACIFlC .4WROPOLOGICAL RECORDS

PACIFIC ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS ISSN 0078-740X

PocGc AnlhroplogicolRecords (PAR) cover aspects of Pacific Anlhrnpology, including archaeology, elhnoiogy.

linguistics, social and physical anthmpology, ethnohillory, and clhnornusicolopy. AII xities are s o f ~ o v e r unless olhei-

wlw indicated. The PARS will be dnconlinued iollowing number 39.

PAR3. The Kumuhonun Lcgendr: A Study or Late 19th Cenlvry Hawniien Stories of Creation and Origins. Brmeie. 1969147p.1S2.50

PARI3. Studies lo Oceanic Culture History: Volume 3. Green & Kelly. eds. 197U 168 P.! S1

PAR16-17. Excswrlan or s Hahilation Cave, Hanspcteo Valley, Hir. On, Mnrquernr tslandr. Skpbo!d. A Settlemmt Pattern Survey, Hnnatekua Vnllry, Hlvs On, Mnrqutsar Islands. Beilvood. 1972, 90pJ U.50

PARIS. Mskaha Valley Hlrtorlcai Project: I n t ~ r l m Rept. No. 3. Laiid Bi Yen, di. 1972i 113 p.116.50

PARl9. Mnkshn Valley Hlstarlrnl Project: Interim Rept. No. 4. Ladd, 4. 1973164 p i s 5

PAR20 The Mlsslonnry Censuses or Hawall. Schmiir. 19731 50 p l $3

PAR2I. Anuts: A Polynesian Outlier in the Solamon Islands. Y o i & Goidon. cdr. 19731155 p i 1 6

PAR22 Material Cvifure or the Tusmotv Arrhlp~lago. Emory. 19751253 p./ hrudu?vciS16.50

PAR23 Kamthnmchs in Kona: Two Oorumentsry Studies. "Kmakahonu: Kemahamchn'r Lari Reridace" and " The Morning Srai Aims Know..': A Documentary Seaich for ihe Boner of Kamehameha." Badre. 19751 108 p.1S6

PARZ5. Exeavstlons on Opolu, Western Snman. Jmings ei d. Append* by Dickimon. 19761 I I5 p.1 S6

PAR26 Hawnll in 1819: A Narrative Account by Louis Claude de Saulses de Freycinef. Notes andcomcnir by Kelly. Wirweil. mnrlafor. 19781 138 p i 1 6

PAR27 Arrharologiral Rerearch in the Cook Islands. Beliwood. 19781214 p.1 S10

PAR23 Symbols or Sovereignty: Feather Girdles of Tnhlll s o d Hswnll. Rore. 1978169pJs4

PAR29. Msr inr Exploi l~t ioo io P r ~ h i r l o r l c Hsvall: Archaeological I nv~s i lg s t i an r at K ~ l i h u l p u a a , Hnwnll Irlend. K k h . 19791235 p.;Sil

PAR30 Hula: Hlr to i l ra l P e r r p ~ c t i v ~ s . Bm&ieet ai. 1980! 16O~.!Sl0

PAR31. Mikahn before 1880 A.D. Makshn V.lley Hlrtarlrnl Project- Summary. Report No. 3. Grcen. 19801 W p l $7

PAR32. Archneologicnl Excavations In Western Samoa. hmhgs & Holma 19801 155 p.158

PAR33. Nlnt lmntb Centur). Hswsiisn Chant. Taw. 19821 Iwp. . vilh p!wagnphs a( chenfas. spccmgiams. and rmmdrhecli Sf5

PAR%. T h t Prthlstorlc Arrhaeolag). or Norfolk Island.

SUPPLTO 1 MED EL;IOMOLiINSECTS OF MICROh%SJA -

Spc i t 19841 76 p i56 PAR35 C n r o l i n ~ Islands Archaaalogy: Investigations on

Feran, Fsrauirp, Woieai, end Lametrek. S1.nrc.d. l 9Ui 16OpiS14

PAR36 Socisl Relstionr lo Anrleot Tongarem. Cmpk l l . 19851 122p.!S14

PAR??. Tmdilionai F i s h l n ~ In the Pacific: Ethnographl- m l and Arrhntaiogicnl Pspcrr rrom the 15th Pacirir Science Congress. Andeiiond. 1987! 213 p i $:I

PAR38 Marshall lriands Archaeology. Dye.cd. 1987: ca. 400 0.1 due e t o b s r

PAR39. Hawaiian Cordage. Summcn. 19571 m. 1Wp.l due November

SUPPLEMENTS TO THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY

This series, published from 1976 to 1983, ha been diuontin- ucd The following lillcs are available.

SJMEl A Review or the Genus Trourrrurt io. Sanlana 19761 128pJS9

SJMEl The G e n u r l r o d r r In the Unlled Sts ter ; A Scaanlne Electron Wrroscooe Srvdv and Ker to the Adults. Kekaru & Clifford. 19781 Id9p.1Si2

SJMU. Annotated Blbllogr&phy a t Tuiorhynchircr (Diptern: Cullcldatl. Srcflaneisl. 19801 140pJS13

S J M U Annotated Bibliography or the Face Fly, Musro autumnrlir (Diplara: hluscidae]. Moiganeid. 19831 25 p i S8

INSECTS OF MICRONESIA ISSN W73-8115

An irrenuiarseries Tist a ~ m a r i n e in 1953 and coverim the

IM2. Bibliography. Erairi e i a l 19551 68p.155 1M3(1). Pr~udorrorpionlda . Beic. 19571 M p i $5 1M3(21. ScorpionIda. Chaph. Opiiioner. Goodnight&

Coodmghi. 19571 iBp.1 52.50 IM30). Ixodoidea. Kohls. 19571 2Op.l $2.50 lM3141. Araneina: Orthognatha, Lahidognatha. Roewer.

19631 28 p i $350 IM3(5). Acarlna: Mesostigmala: Dermanyrsldar, Laelapi-

dae, Spinrurnicidae Parasitic on Verlebrates. Wilson. Mariorholidae. Kianil. 19671 22p.1 S2.50

IM4(1). Pauropoda. Remy. 1957: 12p.i 52.50 IM4(Z). Crusmrea: Amphipod. (Stmnd end Terrastrisl

TnlltrldaO. Bamard. 19601 iBp.1S2.M IMS(1). Odaneta. Licfiinck. 19621 95 p i 51-50 IMS(2). Dermlpterr. Brindle. Manmdeu. Beia. 197U i9p. i

57

Lh16(1). Aleymdidse. Takahark. 19561 13p.l $2.50 M6(2i. Aphididss. E~rig. 39561 2 3 p i 52.50 I.W6(3). Fulgoroides. Fernah. 19561 171p.1 $9.50 U16l4). Corropidac. Synsvs. 19571 18p.1 52.50 LM6W Cicadsilidae. l,imauu&. I l tmbracldar . Kaio.

19601 121 p i 58.50 M6(6). Psyliidat. TiiihiU 19M1 24p.1S2.50 LW6(7j. Coecolden. Beardriel. 19661 186pi 59.50 LU6(8j. Hornoptera: Fulgorddes , Suppi. Fernah. 1971i

47 p i %.SO Lrl6i9f. Cleadaliidsr. Suooi. Llnnavoun. Clrsdidae. &aki

LU7(2j. Tlngidsc. bake . 19561 i6p: $2.50 IM7(3). Aradidac. Mabuda & Uringer. 19571 56 p.! 54 M714i. Lv-aeidac. B a r k 19581 46 n I ?4 . , ," ..~ ~. ~ = , . LW7(5i. Enlrocephsiid8e. Uringer & Wygodrinsky. Re.

duvildst. Wwodtinrh & Uimno. Cimiridac. Usinper

N8l4). Psocoptem. Thorntoner ai. Anopturn, Suppl. Wikan. 19721 104p.1 59

LW90j. Slirroiepldopters: Tortrleoidea. Clarke. 19761 144 nl I12 r . -

IM9l2). Microiepidoptera: Geiechioidrn. Clarke. 19841 11 0.1 53.50

~ ~ 1 4 1 ) Cullridm. Bohan. 19571 85p.l $7 LUIZ(2). Bihionidne nnd Scafopridae. Haidy. 19571 15 p i

$7 <"

~ 1 2 ( 6 ) . ' ~ y c s t o p h i i i d a p . Collcrs. 19661 31 p.1 53.50 IM1'47). Scizridnt. Stsffan. 19691 64p.l 56 IMIZl8i. T i p ~ l l d a e . Aiexmdm. 19721 i l l p.1 510 LWll(ii. Dorillldae. H s d y 19551 9 p i 52.50 LWIIIZ). Omphrslidae. Haidy. Sarcophagidae. SowaLopes.

19581 37 p i 83.50 U113ll). Tabsnidne. Sione. Empididae. Qurue. 19601 23p.l

~17 <n --.A"

Mll(4) . Strntlomyidae, Caliipharidae. lames. 19621 52 p.1 54.50

IMIl(5). Syrphidac. SMmki. Sarcophsgldae, Suppl. Sour* Lopes. 19631 62pJ $5

LUI3(6). Murcldse. Snyder. 19651 136p.i 18.50 LWW7i. Phorldae. Beya. 19671 31 p i $3.50 M14(1). Tephritidle. Hady & Adachr. 1956128 p i 53.50 LMid(2). Artelidac. Sabmsb. Coeiopldne. Hardy. 19571

27 p.1 $2.50

ih114(3j. Serlidae m d >lilirroprtldne. Aczei. 1959' 43 p! 53.50

Ml4(4!. Siphonnptera. Hopk'im 19611 16p.i 52.50 LUi4(5j. Sphaerorcridse (Borboridaai. Rzchaids. Agro-

myzidar. SF"=. 19631 5Zpi 34.50 M14(6). Drorophilidar. WheelerBTakada. 1964 80p.1 57 M14(7). Clusiidae. Sreyskd&Sarakara. Hlppoborcidae:

Streblldse. Maa. X~cter lb l idae . Tneodor. lU661 3 5 p i n so .~ ~ ~

&115(1). C o k o p m n : Carahidre Including Cicindslinae. Dailingron. 197W 49p.i 35.50

LW15121. Rhvrodldse. Bdl &Bell. Scsphidildae. b b i :%!I 27 p.1 s j

iMl6li). Elateridac. VmZwduwcnbmg. 19571 %p.! 55 &ti6(2). Lamp)ridae, Canfharidae, Mdachiidae and

Prionorsrldae. Witvner Anobildar. Ford. 6ostr)chi. dre. Chii,d. Endomychidae. Snohccker. 19581 42p.l 53.50

IMi6(3). Dermerfidat. B e d i9bll 22p.1 52.50 M16(4j. Sitidulldse. Giilugiy. 19621 55p.1 Y.50 L\116(5). Coccineilidat. Chapin. Anthlrldsc. Werner. 19651

85 p i 57 Udl6(6i. Cryptophrgidae and Myretophagldee. Chi*.

Maiachiidae, SuprA. Wiamcr. 19701 10p.i 5250 L\i16(7i. C ~ b u c ~ p h u l i d a e . Endrody-Younga. Propalticidae.

lohn. Elaferldae, Suppl. (ihi-a. 197i1 i9p.1 52.50 1M17(11. Chrysomelidae. Gre;sitt. 195Y 60p.i 54.50 LW17(3i. Tenebri~nldal?. Kulrei. 19571 72p.1 55 LW17l4). Scarabsridar. Caiiwiisht& Cordon. 19711 40p.i 54 iMl8(1). Plnlypodidae and Sco1:lidae. Ward. lU6O1 73 p.1

S i

M19(2). Eucharldne. Waiansbe. Ichneumonidae, Slopha- n1d.e and Evaniidae. Tower. 19581 68 p i 55

IM19(3j. Eurollinae (Cynipoideai. Yoihmoto. 19621 1 9 p 1 S2.50

lM19(4). Chslcldoidea: Euiophidat, Enryrfldae (part) , Pteromalldat. Yorhunoto&iihii. 19651 70pJ $5

PACIFIC INSECTS MONOGRAPHS ISSN W78-7575

?his series uwting monographic works was pubiished

irregularly fmm 1961 10 1986. Fo1iowin.q ~ubiication of . . number42, Poc$c Inrecis Monograph was discontinued. A complete list of avajlabic rilles iollows.

PM?. Problernr in the Zoogroeraphy of Pacific and Antarefir Insects. Gierrtit. Appendices by Maa (Ma- chaootidaei. Mackerrar (Trbmdael. Nakara (Phamrro~deaj. wdpuaro :Prychodidae). 19611 127 p.1 paps 56

PLM3 The S l p h o n a p t ~ m or Japan. Sakqun Blameran. 19621 169 p i papnSI0

PLW4 Tsronomy, Zoogeography, s a d Evolution of tndo- Aurrralian Thrrania (Hymenoptem: I r h n ~ u m o n l d ~ e j . Gupa 19621 142pJ papa510

P!M A R e u l e ~ o f t h e Marhaerotldae (Hemlptrra: Cerropoidea). Maa 1963; 166 p.1 cloth $15: papei$:O

PIM6 Genera and Specter a f the Hippoboscidar (Dipfcra): Their Types, S?non)my, Habi ls f r and Xalurai Groupingr. Msa. 19631 lR6pl p q x i % l 0

PIM7 Insects of Cemphrll Island, Gierrii:andColiabbnia!sr 1964 663 D./ oaps 521

1cnp./ papersio PIMI:. Lepideptera of American Samos with Psrticuiar

p a p 57 PIMI3. A Monographic Revision of the Genus Ponrra

Lslrslile (H?menoptere: Formicidat). Taylor. 19671 112 p.1 cloth $10: paper $7

PihZl4. The Ants of Polynesia (Hymenoptera: Formi. ridaei. Wiiron & Taylor. 19671 109 p,/cioih 510; p a p i 57

PIhli5. A Zlonogiaph of Papuan Pryrhodidae, Including P h l r b o r o m u ~ (Diptern). Qwe & Quaie. 19671 2i6p.l clcih 515: papa 510

PIMI6 The Family Preudoraeciiiidae (Procoptola)--A Respprsiral Based on the Discovery of N e w Oriental and Pacific Swcler. LEe&Thornron. 19611 I l 6 ~ 1 c i o i h $10: pap=, 57

PIMI7 S e w Guinea hiosquiloer, I. Aedrr (Verrol l inn) of the Papvan Subregion (Dirtera: Cuiiridaei. Huang~ The C d r r Subgenus Lophorrrsom+o in X P W Guinea and Bismarck ArchIpeiago (Dlptera: Culicidre). SkirmaLam. 19681 186p.l papaS15

PIMI8 Bibliography of Xew Guinea Entomology. Cierrin & Szeni-lvany. 19681 674p.l cloth $25; paper $15

PIMI9 The Perloroeid Fsuna 1PsocooteraI of the Orienfai . . Region s n d ;he Pacific. ?hornton& Wmg. 19681 I58p.l cloi"il5: paper $10

PIhl2O. Studies in Hippobosrldae (Dipfeir): Par t 2. Maa. 19691 312 p.1 cIolh520: paper Sl5

PIM21. Fulgoroides (Hornoptera) from S e w Calrdooia and the Loyalt) Irlandr. Fernah. 19691 l l6p . l ciolh $10: papas7

PIM22. Die A t t i e lna~ des Indischen Suhkontinenler (Coleoplera-Chrysornelidael. Scherer. 19691 251 p! cloth Sl5: o a m 110 . .

Pihn23. Suhsntarclir Enlomoiog), Particulariy of South Ceorela and Heard Island. Gisrria. d. 19701 374.1 ciofh i25; paper 520

PlM25 Advancer in Antarctic and Far Southern Entomol- ogy. Gressm & Snandmann edr. 19711 226 p l clolh $20: pa^ SIS

PlM26. Merirlnae of the Oriental Region and South Pacific (Hemiprtrs-lieteraptpra: Aradidae). K m i l e r . 19711 165p.l doihSlS: papers10

PIM?? Entomology of the Avrklands and Other Islands South or 5 e w Zeaisnd. Cressxi& ed 197!1 34!ip.J dos' $25: p a p 524

PIM28. Studies in Batflies (Diptrrs: S~ ieb i id se , S W e r . lblideel P a i l 1. M7a 19711 247p.1 c lo ihS20 :p~e~S15

PIM29. A Review of the World Gencrs of Siydseinae, wllh n Revirion of Spe&s of Xeu Guinea sod Oceanfa (Dlptera: Muicldatl . Vockemh, 197% 134p.: clorh 515; paper 5:O

PLM30. Allicinac of Oceania (Coieopteis: Chryylmti i - dm) . Smvrlron 19731 165p ' c:o*$15; ~ a p a S l 0

PIM3i. The Frull flier lTcnhrlfidne.Diotem1 of Thaliand

525: p a w 520 - PIM32. The Frvit flier of the Phiiipplner (Diptern:

Tephrilidae). Hardy. 19741 266 p.1 eloih 520: papei $15 PIM33. Die Tenehrlnnidon der Pnpvsnischen Gebietcr. I.

Strongyllni (Cokoptem: Tenehriooidsr). h z a b . 19771 2190.1 osociS15 . - . . .

Plh134. A Rrvlrion of the Suhfarnliy Coelidltnac (Hornop- tern: Clradellidae). 11. Tribe Thngriini. N~eison. 19771 218 p i clolh S2e paper Sl5

PlM35. A Reuislon of the Suhlnmlly Cnrlldilosr (Homop. tom: Cicsd4lidae). I l l . Tr ibe Teruliioi. Ntebon. 19791 329pi papa 525

PlM36. Comparative Studies of the Covrtship nod Mating Behavior of Tropical Ar sndd Spiders. Rohinmn& Robinson. 19801 218 p/ paper $25

PlM37. Psoeapttra of the Fiji Isisnds. Tlarntm. Psocop. t e rn of the Tongan Archipelago. Thmlon. P~ocop te r r from Central and Sourbern Chile. N c r &lhomton. Procootera from Roblnsoo Cruroe Island. Jvnn

. - paper $20

PIM38. A Rovlsion or the Subfamily Coelldllnne (Homop- tera: Ciradellidae). I V . Tribe Coelidilni. Nieison. 19821 318p.1 papa533

PlM39. Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Biogeogrephy of the ( ; m u r i ocmopiol ,rw r i l h K e r n ~ r h ~ o n ihs Ii~.turw i l m y r l l ~ r l p h ! af the iubl i th . Cu5nuyrailrlsrlr ~ l lwnup tc ra : CiraJidael. i . 9 :?!p PI" S ' i

PIh140. A Reririan of the Subfamily Coelidiinae (Homop. #ern: Cicsdrilidae). V. New tribes Hikanglini, Younealidiini, and Gebritinl. Nieiion 19831 7 8 p i

i16 PIM4I. Systematics and Biogeoeraphy of the Longicorn

D e ~ t l e Tribe Tmesisternini. Crersitr, 19841 263 p.1 paper $25

P1M42. ~ r v i f Flies or the Subtrlbe Acsnthonerrlnn of Indonesia, N e w C Y ~ W B , end the Blrmsrrk and Solomon Irlsodr (Diptern: Tcphritldne: Tryprtlnne: Arnnthonevrlni). Hzudy. 19861 191 p.1 ~ ~ $ 3 5

Bishop Murem Rers 17

WW-PACIFIC FISHES WAU ECOLOGY WSTCI'UTE

INDO-PACIFIC FISHES ISSN 0736-M60

.. of fishes within the indo-West Pacik region. Color illusm-

tions are included fm p o w p with wbrfwl species. The

PF1 Revlsioo of the Indo-Pacific Gablid Firh Genus Sfonogobrop$. H a r e & Randail 198Zi 1 8 p l 5690

IPF2 Revision of the Indo-Pacific Labrid Firh Genus Sur i i rh lkys , with Doreriptionr of Fovr New Species. Piirsrii 14115171 i ((l li . . --. . , ., -. r. * . .-

IPF?. A Review or the Pomacentrid Firhen of the Gee". Slrgarrn from the Indo-Pacific, with Descriptions of Two New Soecier. Ailen &Em-. 1985131 n.lS8.75

iPF4 Revision of the Gohiid Firh Genus Istrrobrur Lluidy & Hoere. 1985141 p.1511

IPFS. A Rerislon or the Indo-Wosr Pacific Parrotfish Genera Calorornur and L~prosrnrus (Scaridae: Spariramstinae). B m f & Randall. 198513ZpJS9

IPF6 Revlrion a! tbe Indo-Paeific Apoganld Firh Genus P S . ~ ~ . ~ ~ O , ~ 8 t h ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ t i ~ ~ ~ or T ~ ~ ~ D sew species. Rands11 at d. 1985123 p 1 S7.25

IPR. Revlrion or the Indo-Pocifle Dsrtfirher, Genus P t ~ d e o f r i r (PerrBormes: Gohioidei). Randail & H o w . 1985/36p.1$11.75

IPF8 A Reviiiaa of the Odoridne, n Temperate A u s t m lian.Naw Zealand Lsbroid Fish Family. Gemon & Pmon. 19861 57p.lS14.50

IPF9 Revirion and Vicwlnnre Uiogeogmphy of the Subfamily Congrogedinae (Pisma: Pwciformer: P r e u d ~ ~ h r o m i d a l ) . Winlerbnom. 19861 34p.I $8.80

IPFIO. A Review of the Gohiid Firh Generp Ezyrier and Ma~rsdontogobius , with Description of r New Species of Exyriar. Murdy. 19851 14 pi $6

P F I l . Review or the Snappers of the GeovsLu+mur (Pisces: LutJanidne) from the Indo-Psciflr, with the Descriptian of n New Species. A l l cn&Tdbr 19851 87 oJ$l9.50

LPF12. Review of the Monncsnthid Fish Genus Pcrvngor, with D ~ r c r i p t i o n r of Two New Spreies. Hurchmr. 39861 35 p i 59.80

IPFI3. Revision ol the G r o u p e ~ r of the Indo-Pariric Genus Pircrropornv, (Perciformen: Scrrsnidnt). Rendail& Has.. 1986131 pJ612

IPFI4 Revision or the Indo-Pacific LutJrnid Genus Piniulo. with Dcrt'riotion of n New Soeries. Rwdalier

PUBLICATIONS OF THE WAU ECOLOGY INSTITUTE

tiandhmkr on the biota of New Guinea and neighboring w a s and the resuliF of research in i q i c a l ecology. Bishop Mmeum Press is the main disuibutor of there ~ubiialions for Eumpe and the Americas Others should place w d e n dircLrli wtth the Institute at Box 77, Wau. Papua New Guinea All

tilies are softcover unless otherwise indicaled

WEIHI. Hsndbook of Common New Gulnen Frogs. Mmzicn. 19761 83 p./M color i1iur.l hsdcavn $9

WEIHZ. Handbook of Common Kew Guinsn Beetier. Grerriit & Homabmok 1977195 p.146 illur.. 4 in color1 S7.50

WEIH3. Guidc t o Bioiogicai Terms in Msiansrian Pidgin. slllion. 19n1118 p., i i i ~ i 57

WEIH4. Upland Birds of Northeastern Vow Guinea. Bcehln. 19781 116 p., 26 iliur..4 incoiodS10

WEIH5. Guide t o Mt. Katndi: Background to Monlme New Guinea Ecology. Giesrirr & N&aM. 19781 139 p i 50 illus., 2 in coiorl 58

WIH6 . Haodbook 01 New Guinea Rodents. Memkr & b V . 19791 73 p., 24 color illuri $8

WIH7. Reptiles of the Solomon Isiaodn. MGoy. 1980186 p.. 20color iliirr.lS8

W H 8 . Uirdr of the North Soiomonr. Haddm. 19811 118 p.. 81 c o i n i l l ~ J $ 1 i

WEIPI. Guide to Nntivt Land Mammals of Northcart N e r v Guinea. Ziegla. 1972 [preliminmy veriionV 28 p i unhund 52

WWP2. Ecology and Conservntion in Papus Sew Guinea. Lamb & Grerritr. edr. 19761 133 p i 53

WEILi. Yvmi Oigeta L l ik lm Diaa i (We Ail Need Trees) . mdarciV 8 p J S.40

WEIU. Lukautim Samting Long Pspua New Guinea (Conservation in P s m n Sew Guinea). Gresiiiieid. 19781 12 p.1550

WElU. Diwai Bilong Wiolm G r i s (Nitrogen-fixing Trees). Swill & Nalu. 19811 12 p/ 5.50