star wars episodio i la amenaza fantasma 3d - especial cinerama actualizado

5/13/2018 Star Wars Episodio I La Amenaza Fantasma 3D - Especial Cinerama Actualizado - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/star-wars-episodio-i-la-amenaza-fantasma-3d-especial-cinerama-actualizado 1/98



Nbem o}ena plmova mh }hb gbjb~lb o}|* o}| jmkbhb((((

MUPBU LOBGMHMU UAH LJ]UPTBPLSBU* JB BOMHB[B CBHPBUOB HA C]M CLJOB@B MH ELHMTBOB(

Mhptm mjjbu um mheahptbdb mj Elhmtbob* }h vtaemua r}m vmtolpïb pmhmt }hb lobgmh r}m ae}vbdb mj ebova

slu}bj `m jb gmhpm gtbelbu b jb cjobelõh r}m tmr}mtïb `m ptmu eâobtbu `m 5= oljïomptau* r}m j}mga mtbh

eahsmtpl`bu b ptmu lovtmulahmu `m oluoa oljlomptbkm vbtb umt m~nldl`bu mh }hb vbhpbjjb e}tsb r}m

ta`mbdb bj v}djlea( ]hb e}btpb vmjïe}jb obghìpleb eahpmhïb ulmpm vlupbu `m uahlà(

Mj o}hà `mj elhm um sla vtmae}vbà vat jb jjmgb`b `m jb pmjmslulõh* mj om`la `m mhptmpmhlolmhpa r}m

vtaompïb `lsmtulõh ulh hmemul`b` `m ubjlt `m ebub(

Vbtb eahptbttmupbt mupb bomhb{b jau mup}`lau m Najj|waa` vtadbtah h}msau oìpaàu m vtmumhpbelõh m

jbu vmjïe}jbu( Uahlà mupmtmaõhlea* vta|meelõh mh vbhpbjjbu glgbhpmu a vbhpbjjbu bhenbu }mtah bjg}hbu

`m jbu pâeplebu r}m lmtah sl`b bj ElhmobUeavm* SlupbSlulah | sbtlbu pìehlebu m cjobelõh r}m vtaompïbh

}hb m~vmtlmhelb ûhleb(

VMJLE]JB 2 VMJLE]JB 4 VMJLE]JB 5



Tmslupb `m`leb`b bj elhm `m bsmhp}tb* beelõh* elmhelb ceelõh* bhpbuïb | n}oat((((



GMHMULU @M ]HB UBGB (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >Mj @lbtla `m jau Wnljju / Vbtpm L ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((<

Jb Bsmhp}tbu `mj Upbtiljjmt* Mvlua`la L; Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((26

]H EBOLHA @M 22 BÒAU ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((24Mj Lovmtla Eahptbbpbeb ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((20Mj Tmgtmua @mj Km`l ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((27Uaodtbu @mj Lovmtla (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((2>]hb ]jplob Sm{ (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((42M`lelah Muvmelbj (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((42

Mj Eaolmh{a (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((44

UPBT WBTU; MVLUA@LA L / JB BOMHB[B CBHPBUOB ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((43Nbem o}ena plmova* mh }hb gbjb~lb o}|* o}| jmkbhb((( ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((47Atïgmhmu \ @lumòau ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((4>Jau bepatmu | vmtuahbkmu(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((5=Mj Cah`a @lglpbj ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((04Jaebelahmu (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 00

Oûuleb \ Uahl`a ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((03@lumòa `m Smup}btla(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((0>@lumòau `m Smnïe}jau | Hbsmu Muvbelbjmu (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((==Betadbelbu | Beelõh (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((32

TMVMTE]ULAHMU ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((30

JB ULHCAHÏB @M UPBT WBTU ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((3>Jb Bomhb{b Cbhpbuob | ]hb H}msb Muvmtbh{b* nmtobhau jmkbhau (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((3<

LH@LEM



OÛULEB JMGMH@BTLB ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 73

MH SL@MA (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((>6

MSAJ]ELAH @M ]H BOMHB[B (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((>4

MJ JMGB@A @M MVLUA@LA L (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((>=Cah`a @lglpbj ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((>3Bhlobpleu ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((>3M`lelõh @lglpbj ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((>7Eâobtbu @lglpbjmu((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((>>Vtapbgahlupb @lglpbj (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((><Ptljagïbu ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((<6Olpajagïb (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((<6Vtme}mjbu ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((<2

@AH@M JB @LSMTULAH EAOLMH[B (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((<4



Pïp}jau

Jb ebovbòb vtaoaelahbj vbtb jb Ubgb m Upbt Wbtu `}tbhpm mupau 5= bòau hau oauptõ luplhpbu mhaolhbela/hmu vbtb u}u vmjïe}jbu( Vat mua* br}ï }hb jlupb `m jbu `mhaolhbelahmu }ub`bu mh jb tmslupb | u} tmvtmumhpbelõh;

Upbt Wbtu a Ubgb Upbt Wbtu; Obteb r}m tmvtmumhpb pa`bu jbu vmjïe}jbu | vta`}epau`mtlsbàu* }pljl{bà mh Boìtleb Jbplhb `mu`m mj muptmha `m Mvlua`la L Jb Bomhb{bCbhpbuob(

Jb G}mttb m jbu Gbjb~lbu; Plp}ja aelbj jbplha atlglhbj vbtb jb vmjïe}jb Upbt Wbtu m 2<77*mupm pïp}ja c}m }ubà nbupb mj tmjbh{bolmhpa m jb M`lelõh Muvmelbj m jb ptljagïb m Upbt Wbtu mh SNU(

]hb H}msb Muvmtbh{b; mj u}dplp}ja ]hb H}msb Muvmtbh{b c}m bòb`là b jb vtlomtbvmjïe}jb b}h eahael`b eaoa Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu mh }ha `m u}u tmmuptmhau vat

mj plmova `m muptmha u} ume}mjb( Eaomtelbjomhpm* mupm pïp}ja eaomh{õ b }ubtum mhBoìtleb Jbplhb eah mj tmjbh{bolmhpa `m jb M`lelõh Muvmelbj mh SNU(

Mj Lovmtla Eahptbbpbeb; ptb`}eelõh aelbj `mj pïp}ja atlglhbj vbtb jb umg}h`b vmjïe}jb`m Upbt Wbtu( Mupm pïp}ja ulg}m }uâhàum mh jb bep}bjl`b`* b}hr}m bnatb eaoa }h b`l/elahbj(



Mj Tmgtmua `mj Km`l; ptb`}eelõh aelbj `mj pïp}ja atlglhbj vbtb jb pmtemtbvmjïe}jb m Upbt Wbtu( Mupm pïp}ja ulg}m }uâh`aum mh jb bep}bjl`b`* b}h/r}m bnatb eaoa }h b`lelahbj(

Mvlua`la LS* S | SL; `mhaolhbplsa eah mj e}bj um haodtb mh jb bep}bjl/`b` b ]hb H}msb Muvmtbh{b .bhpmu Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu,* Mj Lo/vmtla Eahptbbpbeb | Mj Tmgtmua `mj Km`l tmuvmeplsbomhpm(

Ptljagïb atlglhbj; Um tmmtm b jbu ptmu vtlomtbu vmjïe}jbu mh muptmhbtum* JbG}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu* Mj Lovmtla Eahptbbpbeb | Mj Tmgtmua `mj Km`l;

Vtme}mjb; vbjbdtb r}m `muetldm b }hb vmjïe}jb r}m mu ume}mjb `mj ì~l/pa `m aptb vmta r}m mh u} btg}omhpa e}mhpb ja u}em`l`a bhpmu mh jbnlupatlb(

Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu; Mvlua`la 2 Jb Bomhb{b Cbhpbuob 5@; Plp}jaaelbj mh muvbòaj jbplha vbtb mj tmmuptmha `m Mvlua`la L mh 5@(



Gìhmulu `m }hb Ubgb

Ul dlmh mj g}lah vbtb Mvlua`la L / Jb Bomhb{bCbhpbuob eaomh{õ b umt muetlpa mh haslmo/

dtm `m 2<<0* jbu l`mbu r}m ultslmtah `m dbumvbtb jb h}msb ptljagïb `m vmjïe}jbu `m

Upbt Wbtu m~luplmtah* umgûh u} etmbàtGmatgm J}ebu* `mu`m mj `mubttajja `m jbvtlomtb* jb mh mum mhpahemu eahael`beaoa Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu(

B}hr}m nb| `mdbpm uadtm r}m pbhelmtpa mu mh tmbjl`b` mj nmena `mr}m J}ebu n}dlmtb pmhlà muetlpamj btg}omhpa `m jbu vtme}mjbu`mu`m jau 76°u* a ul }m mh tmbjl`b`}hb nlupatlb eplelb }ub`b eahoaplsau v}djlelpbtlau* sbtlbu `m jbul`mbu dâulebu }ub`bu mh Mvlua`la Lvtaslmhmh `m eahemvpau vmhubàuatlglhbjomhpm vbtb mj vtlomt mvlua/`la jobà(

Eahemvpa `m jaga eah Nbh Uajaeah dbtdb | jb enleb ulh haodtm.J}im eahsmtpl`b mh o}kmt, / 2<7=(

>



]hb jlupb r}m J}ebu muetldlõ mh 2<75* | r}m mupaob`b eaoa ja vtlomta tmjbelahbà b UpbtWbtu* tmsmjb haodtmu vmhubàu vbtb mub vmjï/

e}jb r}m ha }mtah }ubàu ulha nbupb Mvlua`laL( Obem | Sbjat}o paobtah vtmumhelb mh }hbuvâglhbu àh`m eaomh{bdb b k}gbt eah }hlhpmhpa `m btg}omhpa jjbobà Ka}thbj a pnmWnljju .Vbtp L,( Mh mupm muetlpa Obem Wlh`| mumj vtapbgahlupb eaoa Km`l/Dmh`} k}hpa b u}bvtmh`l{ vb`bwbbh E(K( Pnatvm* r}lmh tmjbpb jbnlupatlb(

Mh ob|a `m mum oluoa bòa* J}ebu muetldlõ }hu}obtla mh mj e}bj jb vtapbgahlupb mu }hb vtlh/emub tmdmj`m r}m mu tmug}bt b`b vat mj gmhmtbjJ}im Ui|wbjimt( Bodau uah vmtumg}làu eahu/pbhpmomhpm vat mj Lovmtla( Mh mj ptbhue}tua `mjb bsmhp}tb pmtolhbh mh Br}ljbm* àh`m muvm/tbh eahumg}lt ptbhuvatpm | mhe}mhptb b }hauhlòau r}m jau b|}`bh | um }hmh b u} gt}va(

@m mupm u}obtla Gmatgm J}ebu nl{a }h dattb/

àt `m g}lah àh`m lhpta }eïb b jau Ebdbjjm/tau `m Ulpn* g}mttmtau r}m umtsïbh bj Lovmtla(B}hr}m jb vbjbdtb Ulpn ultslõ vbtb `muetldltb jau umg}làtmu `mj jbà aue}ta `m jb C}mt{b*h}heb }m }pljl{b`b mh jbu vmjïe}jbu* ulha nbupbtmelìh mh Jb Bomhb{b Cbhpbuob(

Mh mupm g}lah }ha `m jau vtapbgahlupbu muBhhlilh Upbtiljjmt* }h o}enbena r}m sm oatltbumulhbà b u} nmtobha `m 26 bòau( Ìj k}hpa bu} vb`tm* vbtelbjomhpm obr}lhb* jagtbh muebvbt(

Mh apta j}gbt `m jb gbjb~lb mj Gmhmtbj J}imUi|wbjimt tmeldm b Bhhlilh eaoa u} bvtmh`l{Vb`bwbh* r}lmh mu j}mga mhslbà b d}uebt b jb

Vtlhemub Jmlb e}bhà mj vmjlgta `mj Lovmtla jaubeaub( Bhhlilh jagtb jjmsbtum b jb vtlhemub vmta`mkb b }hb àhemjjb eaoa umò}mja( E}bhà mj

tm| mu bumulhbà | mj Lovmtla vahm mh vmjlgtab jb vtlhemub | u} vjbhmpb* jb olulõh um s}mjsmjjmsbt b jb vtlhemub vbtb r}m um eahslmtpb mhTmlhb* }hb `m 20 bòau(

Mj hbj ebtgbà `m beelõh o}muptb b jau tmdmj/`mu j}enbhà k}hpa b bjlbàu vtlolplsau jjbob/àu waaimmu* vmj}`bu etlbp}tbu r}m `mo}muptbhu} sbjat j}enbhà eahptb }h mhmolga mh

eaoûh( Ptbu jb slepatlb nb| }hb gtbh emtmoahlb`m slepatlb(

Vat muau plmovau J}ebu pmhïb mh ebtvmpb aptavta|mepa jjbobà Bvaebj|vum Haw* vmjïe}jbr}m plmova `muv}ìu `ltlglõ u} bolga CtbheluCat` Eavvajb( E}bhà sla r}m jbu vauldljl`b/`mu `m nbemt mum vta|mepa mtbh omhau bepl/djmu r}m jbu `m Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu* mj

`ltmepat g}lahlupb eaomh{õ b lhumtpbt l`mbu `mBvaebj|vum Haw `mhpta `m u} g}lah `m bhpb/uïb* bòb`lmhà mjmomhpau uaelbjmu r}m paobdbhtmmtmhelb mh Slmphbo | Hl~ah | mj Lovmtlar}m tmvtmumhpbdb Hatpmboìtleb | u} pmehajagïbeahptb }h vbïu oâu vtlolplsa( Mupm plva `m eah/hapbelahmu uaelbjmu | e}jp}tbjmu mup}sa vtmumhpm`}tbhpm pa`b jb ubgb `m Upbt Wbtu(

Nbupb mupm v}hpa J}ebu um `la e}mhpb r}m jbnlupatlb r}m muetldïb um ptbpbdb `m }h muebvmmh j}gbt `m }hb vmjïe}jb `m tmuebpm* bjga r}mebtbepmtl{õ b Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu(

Mj @lbtla `m jau Wnljju / Vbtpm L

<



Jb Bsmhp}tbu `mj Upbtiljjmt* Mvlua`la L;Mh 2<7= jau g}lahmu vbtb Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu ldbh

paobhà atob* bemteâhàum b ja r}m }m jb smtulõh `m elhm(Pbodlìh }m jb bvta~lobelõh `m Gmatgm J}ebu b pmobu vajï/pleau | eaomtelbjmu mh jau r}m nbdjb `m dbtahmu `m eaomtelar}m vat u} bsbtlelb jjmsbtah bj u}tglolmhpa `m }h Vtlomt Lo/vmtla Gbjâeplea* eaoa elpb mupm tbgomhpa `m `lbjaga r}m J}imtmjbpb; ‚E}bhà jb Tmvûdjleb um muvbtelõ b ptbsìu m jb gbjb~lb*ta`mbhà oljjahmu `m o}hàu* mj GTBH UMHB@A etmelõ b pbjvtavatelõh bdt}obàtb r}m ha tmuvah`lõ oâu b jbu hmemul/

`b`mu `m u}u el}`b`bhau( @muv}ìu `m }hb umtlm `m bumulhbpau |mjbdatb`bu mjmeelahmu bttmgjb`bu* mj Gtbh Umhbà um eahsltplõumetmpbomhpm eahptajb`b vat jau gtmolau `m Va`mt | Ptbhuvat/pm( E}bhà jau Km`l `mue}dtlmtah jb eahuvltbelõh m lhpmhpbtahv}tgbt bj Umhbà* }mtah `mh}helbàu eaoa ptblàtmu‟(

Mupm oluoa tmjbpa `mubttajjb }hb vbtpm `m btg}omhpa ha slupb

mh jbu vmjïe}jbu* paebhà pmobu oâu vajïpleau | meahõoleau* r}mva`tïbh umt oaplsa `m `mubttajja vbtb jb }p}tb umtlm `m beelõhmh slsa r}m J}ebujo vjbhmb `mu`m nbem |b }hau bòau; ‚MjUmhbà umetmpbomhpm lhuplgõ g}mttbu tbelbjmu* | b|}`btah b pm/ttatlupbu bhpl/gadlmtha( @mp}slmtah mj ulupmob `m k}uplelb* ja e}bjeb}uõ mj bj{b mh mj hlsmj `m etlomh bj v}hpa mh r}m }h ulupmob`m vajleïb papbjomhpm eahptajbà | avtmulsa mtb dlmhsmhlàvat jau ulupmobu( Mj Lovmtla hbelõ( Jau ulupmobu }mtah m~vjapb/àu vat }hb h}msb vajïpleb meahõoleb jb e}bj bj{õ jau eaupau`m va`mt | ptbhuvatpm b lhetmïdjmu bjp}tbu( O}enau o}hàu}mtah mupt}làu m mupb atob( O}enb gmhpm nbodtlmhpb‣‟

Mupb smtulõh `mj g}lah pbodlìh nbdjb `m vtameïbu a jm|mh`bu| mj mjmglà a ubjsbàt r}m umtâ eahaelà eaoa Mj Nlka `m jau

J}im mh u} smtulõh momhlhb adumtsbhàmj v}mupa muvbelbj m Oau Mlujm|( Eahemvpa vbt

26



Uajmu( Bj hbj um bhplelvbh h}msbu bsmhp}tbu vat vbtpm `m jb

boljlb Upbtiljjmt mh }hb eahplh}b ubgb r}m tmgtmubtâ eah ‚JbVtlhemub `m Ahàu‟

Jau g}lahmu vaupmtlatmu eahplhûbh mj ebolha `m jb nlupatlb*ebodlbhà b J}im `m naodtm b o}kmt | `m s}mjpb b naodtm(Mu e}bhà Jmlb um s}mjsm jb sleplob ebvp}tb`b vat mj Lovmtlaeaoa sloau mh jbu vmjïe}jbu* | e}bhà J}ebu eaomh{õ b gmupbtjb l`mb `m jau nmtobhau gmomjau( @mu`m mhpahemu Jb G}mttb `mjbu Gbjb~lbu paoõ atob eaoa jb eahaemoau( Ul dlmh ha nb|

}h `bpa tom uadtm jb m~lupmhelb `m muetlp}tb vtmslb uadtm jbuvtme}mjbu r}m `bpm `m bhpmu `m jb tmbjl{belõh `m Jb G}mttb `mjbu Gbjb~lbu* eah pa`bu mupbu l`mbu vjbuob`bu mh jau g}lahmumuetlpau vbtb mj Mvlua`la LS mu bepldjm vmhubt r}m GmatgmJ}ebu vjbhpmõ sbtlbu l`mbu* mh sbtlau ebuau o}| bodlelaubu* r}m

ultslmtah `m dbum vbtb Jb Bomhb{b Cbhpbuob 4= bòau bhpmu `m

r}m mupb }mtb muptmhb`b mh elhmu(

Eah mj ì~lpa `mueao}hbj `m Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu* mj kasmh`ltmepat tmsmjbdb h}msau `mpbjjmu uadtm mj bovjla }hlsmtua r}mnbdïb etmbà* mj e}bj b}h mupbdb vat m~vbh`ltum eah Mj LovmtlaEahptbbpbeb* bhà b eahaemt r}m E/5VA nbdïb ulà eahupt}l/à vat }h hlòa* a r}m @btpn Sb`mt nbdïb u}tlà `m pmttldjmunmtl`bu bj j}enbt mh }h `}mja eahptb Adl/Wbh mh }h vjbhmpbsajeâhlea( Mtb mj vtlomt vbua nbelb }h }hlsmtua oâu gtbh`m*`mj r}m uaja nbdïboau slupa }hb vmr}mòb vbtpm(

Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu

mj tal`m m vtapaeaja E/5VA( Gmatgm J}ebu mh mj mulmtpa m Pûhm{(

22



]H EBOLHA @M 22 BÒAU

Mu e}tlaua vmhubt r}m mh 2<77 vaeau pmhïbh cm mh Jb

G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu | u} etmbàt Gmatgm J}ebu(Eaoa eah u}u bhpmtlatmu àu vmjïe}jbu* J}ebu paobdb

gìhmtau mupbdjmelàu | jau eaodlhbdb vbtb etmbt bjga

`lcmtmhpm ulg}lmhà u}u t}pbu m àe}omhpbjlupb(

B vmubt `m nbdmt muptmhbà mh }h hûomta jlolpbà `m

elhmu* 54 ubjbu mj `ïb `m u} muptmha mj 4= `m ob|a `m2<77( Jb ubjb oâu lovatpbhpm | r}m c}m buaelb`b eah

jb vmjïe}jb `mu`m mhpahemu c}m Mj Pmbpta Enlha* j}gbt r}m* umgûh Enbtjmu Jlvvlheapp* Slemvtmul`mhpm `m v}/djlel`b` | omtebàpmehlb `m J}ebujo mh mum plmova*

24



eahulg}lmtah vatr}m mj jo Uatemtmt r}m `mdïb muptmhbtum mum `ïb ha

v}à e}ovjlt eah jb cmenb(

Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu muptmhõ eah elctbu uajl`bu `m tmeb}`belõh*

jbu e}bjmu ldbh mh b}omhpa eah jb eahe}ttmhelb eb`b sm{ oâu vmtlõ/

`leb `m jau muvmepbàtmu* r}lmhmu sajsïbh b smt jb elhpb sbtlbu smemu(

@mu`m r}m jb Ptljagïb atlglhbj`m Upbt Wbtu }m eaovjmpb`bmh 2<>5 nbupb r}m mj Mvlua`laL }m muptmhbà mh 2<<< vbub/tah 23 bòau( 25



Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu um nbdïb eahsmtplà mh}h msmhpa e}jp}tbj | uaelbj eaoa h}heb bhpmu nb/dïb ae}ttlà( Ha nbdmt slupa jb vmjïe}jb bj omhau}hb sm{ mtb lovmhubdjm( Mh vaea plmova jau vta/`}epau tmjbelahbàu eaomh{btah b buaobt mh jbumupbhpmtïbu(

MJ LOVMTLA EAHPTBBPBEB

O}enau `m jau lhgtmuau r}m um jm etlplebh mh jb be/p}bjl`b` b Gmatgm J}ebu plmhmh atlgmh mh lhpmhula/hmu eahptbtlbu b jbu gbhbhelbu oahmpbtlbu( J}ebuc}h`õ u} vtavlb ebub `m mcmepau slu}bjmu eahcat/ob`b vat kõsmhmu pbjmhpau mh `luplhpbu âtmbu pìe/hlebu vbtb va`mt pmhmt }h omkat eahptaj `m jaumcmepau slu}bjmu pbh hmemubtlau vbtb u}u vmjïe}jbu*b`moâu `m va`mt tm`}elt mj vtmu}v}mupa `muplhb/à b `lenau mcmepau( Eah mj plmova jb eaovbòïb*bva`b`b ‚Mj Ej}d Ebovmuptm‟* bàvpõ mj haodtmcatobj `m Lh`}uptlbj Jlgnp # Obgle a LJO* | c}m etm/elmhà eah eb`b h}msb vmjïe}jb `m Upbt Wbtu |pmhlmhà }h mubttajja pbh gtbh`m r}m v}à lh`m/vmh`l{btum ptbdbkbhà vbtb aptbu elhpbu c}mtb `mjobhpa `m J}ebujo(

Jau mtmenau vbtb eaomtelbjl{belõh m vta`}epau`mtlsbàu `m Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu | jau `mtm/enau vbtb ume}mjbu jau adp}sa J}ebu eaoa catob`m gbtbhpl{bt àu eaubu* jb vtaoaelõh `m jb vmjï/e}jb | r}m umb e}bj c}mum mj tmu}jpbà mh pbr}ljjb*mj va`tïb nbemt u}u `mumb`bu eahplh}belahmu( Mjpmob m jb vtaoaelõh mtb lovatpbhpm vbtb J}ebu*r}lmh bhpmu nbdïb u}ctlà vat jb vadtm ebovbòb

v}djlelpbtlb `m Wbthmt Dtapnmtu vbtb u} avmtb vtl/ob PN^ 225>( Bj oluoa plmova* ]hlsmtubj vjbhmbdb}hb ume}mjb `m jb m~lpaub Bomtlebh Gtbcpl( J}ebu

ha p}sa avelõh eah Gtbcpl oâu r}m vbtplelvbt `m

jb ume}mjb a `mkbt r}m bjg}lmh oâu jb nlelmtb( Eah20



jau `mtmenau mh u} va`mt* mj tmsaj}elahbtla tmbjl{b/àt v}à hmgaelbt }h ptbpa oâu eahsmhlmhpm eahCa~; ìj hbhelbdb jb ume}mjb eah u} vtavla `lhmta| Ca~ va`ïb `luptld}ltjb tmeldlmhà }h tmjbplsbomhpmomhat vatemhpbkm `m jbu gbhbhelbu(

Eah mj eahptaj bduaj}pa* Mj Lovmtla Eahptbbpbebulghlebdb jb avatp}hl`b` `m lh`mvmh`mhelb ua/òb`b( Gmatgm J}ebu vmhubdb bjmkbtum `m jb `ltme/elõh ptbu jb muptmubhpm m~vmtlmhelb r}m c}m `ltlglt JbG}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu( Lg}bjomhpm* r}mtïb bjmkbtum`m u} taj eaoa g}lahlupb* muetldlmhà mj btg}omh/pa dbum vbtb `mkbt u} `mubttajja mh catob `m g}lahb apta vtacmulahbj( Mj jbomhpbdjm cbjjmelolmhpa `mjb g}lahlupb Jmlgn Dtbeimpp adjlgõ b J}ebu b muetldlt

}h dattbàt m g}lah r}m muv}ìu c}m tmslubà vat Jbwtmhem Ibu`bh( Eah jb vauldjm nlupatlb `m boat vtmumhpb`b mh mj Mvlua`la LS mtb hmemubtla }h mub/ttajja* Mj Lovmtla Eahptbbpbeb adp}sa jb lh}mhelb`m Ja r}m mj Slmhpa um Jjmsõ | Nbh Uaja um sajslõ mjTm` D}ppjmt `m jb gbjb~lb o}|* o}| jmkbhb(

Vmta mupb ume}mjb ulghlebdb }h glta lhmuvmtbà mh

jb ubgb* |b r}m um bjmkbdb `m jb cato}jb r}m J}/ebu vtmpmh`ïb etmbt vbtb }hb m~pmhub umtlm `m joumuvbelbjmu( Mh u} j}gbt* um lhlelbdb }h `tbob r}mhbttbdb jb m~pmhub ptbgm`lb | tm`mhelõh m }hb cb/oljlb `muplhb`b b ebodlbt mj `muplha `m jb gbjb~lb(Eah mj g}lah jlupa* J}ebu mueaglõ b Ltslh Imtunhmt* br}lmh eahaeïb `m jb ]hlsmtul`b` `m elhm( Imtunhmt c}m ebvb{ `m bgtmgbt `mpbjjmu r}m eaovjmomhpb/tah o}| dlmh bj g}lah `m Ibu`bh dbubà mh mj bt/g}omhpa atlglhbj `mj vtavla J}ebu* | paoõ jbu tlmh/`bu `m jb vmub`ljjb pmehajõgleb r}m ulghlebdb mjmhpatha m jobelõh m }h jo ebtgbà m mcmepauslu}bjmu(

Aptb lhhasbelõh `m Mj Lovmtla Eahptbbpbeb c}m jblhpta`}eelõh `m }h vmtuahbkm lhmuvmtbà( Eahem/ Mj vaupmt vbtb Mj Lovmtla Eahptbbpbeb pbodlìh

}m lhuvltbà vat Ja R}m mj Slmhpa um Jjmsõ(

2=



dlà eaoa }h lh}u}bj Obmupta Km`l ubdla | va`mtaua bvmubt `m u} catob | pbobòa* \a`b c}m }h tmpa jagïupleamh }hb ìvaeb mh jb r}m jb obglb lglpbj ha m~lupïb( J}ebuobhp}sa eahpbepa eah Klo Nmhuah* etmbàt m jau O}v/vmpu* r}lmh `ltlglõ bj tmbjl{bàt nbelb u} bolga Ctbhi A{(Eah A{ bdatà* jb etlbp}tb etmb`b vat Upmwbtp Ctmmdatheadtõ sl`b oâglebomhpm* ulmhà umhubelõh mh paà mjo}hà vat u} catob `m nbdjbt vme}jlbt | u} eaovatpb/olmhpa pbh dlmhsmhlà vat mj vûdjlea( \a`b c}m }h vtm`m/emuat m Kbt Kbt Dlhiu* }hb etlbp}tb eplelb tmbjlupb etmb`b

ulh mj }ua `m }h bepat mh }h `luctb{ a eah oâuebtb(

B vmubt m jau h}msau tmpau* eaoa jb lhuauvmenb`bu o}j/pbu `m jau gtmolau `m `ltmepatmu | g}lahlupbu* a r}m jbMJ Obmupta \a`b nl{a u} `md}p mh Mj Lovmtla Eahptbbpbeb(

Upmwbtp Ctmmdath lumòbhà b \a`b(

23



vta`}eelõh um nb|b m~em`là `m u} etahagtbob* ulg/hlebhà }h gtbh b}omhpa mh mj vtmu}v}mupa `mj r}m

J}ebu p}sa r}m nbemtum tmuvahubdjm ul ha r}mtïb vmt/`mt u} b}pahaoïb* Mj Lovmtla Eahptbbpbeb c}m apta ì~l/pa vbtb J}ebu r}m v}à eahuajl`btja eaoa vta`}epat lh`mvmh`lmhpm* | etmbàt btpïuplea jldtm `mj eahptaj `mjau gtbh`mu mup}`lau m Najj|waa`( Vmta mub jldmtpb` haslha ulh eahume}mhelbu* nbdlmhà ubjlà m u}u gtmolauvat jbu m~lgmhelbu r}m jm lovahïbh* eaoa vat mkmovja

vahmt etì`lpau bj eaolmh{a m jb vmjïe}jb vbtb haodtbt bj ltmepat* b vmubt m r}m mh Jb G}mttb m jbu Gbjb~lbumua ha nbdïb u}em`là( Mupm plva `m eahlepau jjmsbtahplmova `muv}ìu b r}m u} bolga Upmsmh Uvlmjdmtg hav}`lmtb `ltlglt Mj Tmgtmua `mj Km`l(

MJ TMGTMUA @MJ KM@LMj Tmgtmua mj Km`l c}m }hb m jbu vmjïe}jbu oâu muvmtb/`bu `m paàu jau plmovau( Vbtb mupm jo* Gmatgm J}ebu

muetldlõ mj g}lah }ubhà u} mupt}ep}tb o}ulebj mh jb e}bjjau pmobu um tmvlpmh( Jb nlupatlb eaolmh{b mh Pbpaalhm*eah }h vtmâod}ja m~pmhua jjmha `m bsmhp}tb | beelõhr}m um ptbhucatob b jb olpb` `m jb elhpb mh }h glgbhpmhbj pbhpa vbtb jb vmjïe}jb eaoa vbtb jb ubgb(

Ul dlmh Mj Tmgtmua mj Km`l tmgtmubdb bj paha bsmhp}tmta| omhau aue}ta `m Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu* o}enaueaomh{btah b etlplebt bj b}h kasmh elhmbupb( Jbu be}/ubelahmu ulmovtm ldbh `ltlgl`bu nbelb u} ì~lpa eaomt/

Ltslh Imtunmhmt ltlglmhà }h Pb}h Pb}h(

27



elbj* | eõoa etmïbh r}m `bdb vtlatl`b`b jb eaomtelbjl{belõh `m u} adtb r}m bu} eahpmhlà* eahsltplmhà b Mj Tmgtmua`mj Km`l mh }hb vmjïe}jb ltlgl`b bj vûdjl/ea lhcbhplj( Vtlhelvbj oaplsa `m mupb be}/ubelõh mtb jb lhpta`}eelõh `m jau Mwaiu*

vmr}mòbu etlbp}tbu ubjsbkmu vmj}`bu r}mb|}`bh b jau Tmdmj`mu b mhctmhpbtum bjLovmtla( Vmta jb l`mb `m }hb ptld} vtlol/plsb `m umtmu vmj}àu mup}sa vjbhpmb`bmh jau g}lahmu atlglhbjmu vbtb Jb G}m/ttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu* b}hr}m ldbh b umt Waailmm .jb muvmelm `m Enmwdbeeb,(J}ebu m~vjlebdb mh jau <6°u r}m* eaoa

jau Waailmuu |b nbdïbh ulà tmvtmumh/

pbàu vat Enmwdbeeb | ìj mupbdb jmkau`m umt pbh vtlolplsa |b r}m mtb ea/vljapa`m }hb hbsm* `mel`lõ etmbt }hb h}m/sb muvmelm tm`}elmhà mj pbobòa `mjau Waailmmu b jb olpb` |* ebodlbhàmj at`mh `m jbu jmptbu umgûh jb vtah}h/elbelõh* jjmgõ b jb vbjbdtb Mwai( Mupbube}ubelahmu vbtmemh na| smtgah{aubu

ul um paob mh e}mhpb r}m mupbu etlbp}/tbu u}v}mupbomhpm lhcbhpljmu uah umtmur}m vtmpmh`mh eaomhtem b jau nìtamuvtlhelvbjmu e}bhà uah ebvp}tbàu( Hac}m ulha nbupb r}m mj vûdjlea bàvpõ bjau Mwaiu eaoa ulovâpleau vmtuahbkmujmbjmu* r}m J}ebu eahuajl`õ mub lobgmheah àu muvmelbjmu vbtb pmjmslulõh* JbEbtbsbhb `mj Sbjat | Jb Dbpbjjb vat Mh/àt( Mj ì~lpa `m Jb Ebtbsbhb `mj Sbjat `moauptõ r}m jau Mwaiu mtbh vmtuahbkmur}mtlàu vat jb cboljlb | obhp}slmtah mjhaodtm `m Upbt Wbtu slgmhpm(

UAODTBU @MJ LOVMTLA

Jau bòau vbubtah | eah jb ptljagïb pmtol/hb`b ha nbdïb o}ena obpmtlbj r}m nl/elmtb `m Upbt Wbtu }hb vbjbdtb eaoûhmhptm jb vadjbelõh( Jau cbhu uaja va`ïbheajmeelahbt mj obpmtlbj m~lupmhpm | smt jbu vmjïe}jbu( Mh mum oaomhpa um vjbh/pmbdb jb l`mb `m tmpaobt jb ubgb eah

Btpm eahemvp}bj vbtb Mj Tmgtmua `mj Km`l(

2>



Ejâuleb lobgmh mj Vbjbela m Kbddbpnm N}pp eah Jmlb eaoa muejbsb( 2<



Uaodtbu mj Lovmtla }m }h msmhpa o}jplom`lb r}m bebvbtõjb bpmhelõh `m jbu `luplhpbu tbobu `m bhu `m Upbt Wbtu(

B jb mtmenb* btpm m pbvb lhpmthbelahbj m 2<<=vbtb jb Ptljagïb atlglhbj vat }jplob sm{ mh sl`ma(

46



jbu vtme}mjbu* ptmu mvlua`lau r}m eah/pbdbh jau atïgmhmu `m jau vmtuahbkmum nlupatlbu r}m u}em`mh mh jb ptljagïbatlglhbj( Vmta mj vûdjlea umg}ïb lhpmtm/ubà mh Upbt Wbtu1

Ul dlmh ha nbdïbh h}msbu vmjïe}jbu* ulnbdïbh h}msbu nlupatlbu mh catob `mhasmjbu( @mu`m jb jmkbhb Uvjlhpmt ac pnmOlh`* r}m c}m vmhub`b eaoa eahpl/h}belõh b Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu*jau cbhu v}`lmtah pmhmt }hb àulu `mm~vbhulõh gtbelbu b tmslupbu `m nlupa/tlmpbu( Mh 2<<2 J}ebujo vtmumhpõ jbadtb `mj b}pat Ploapn| [bnh jjbob`b

Nmlt pa pnm Movltm( Mj jldta eahpbdb jaumsmhpau u}em`làu = bòau muv}ìu mMj Tmgtmua `mj Km`l* vtmumhpbà h}m/sau vmtuahbkmu k}hpa b jau jmgmh`btlaunìtamu( Mj ì~lpa `m jb hasmjb `la vlm bh}msau vta|mepau oâu bodlelauau(

Uaodtbu `mj Lovmtla c}m }h jldta mu/etlpa vat Upmsm Vmtt|* }h k}mga `m sl/`ma* }hb dbh`b uahatb eaov}mupbvat Kamj OeHmmj| | eahpõ eah }hbb`bvpbelõh b nlupatlmpbu( Jb nlupatlbptbpb ja u}em`là j}mga `mj hbj `mjLovmtla Eahptbbpbeb | bhpmu `m MjTmgtmua `mj Km`l* vtmumhpbhà h}m/sau vmtuahbkmu | ptbobu ha slupbu mhjbu vmjïe}jbu( Eah u}elmhpmu vt}mdbuuadtm jb vmtobhmhelb m Upbt Wbtu mhmj eahulmhpm eajmeplsa* mtb oaomhpa`m emjmdtbt(

Emteb `m jb cmenb `mj bhlsmtubtla `mJb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu* r}m e}o/vjltïb 46 bòau mh 2<<7* sbtlau vjbhmu

c}mtah vmhubàu( @mu`m }h oa`mupa

muvmelbj vbtb pmjmslulõh* nbupb mj tmmu/ptmha mh elhmu `mj bnatb u}dplp}jbàMvlua`la LS ]hb H}msb Muvmtbh{b( Mupmûjploa vjbh um sajslõ oâu eaovjmkae}bhà Gmatgm J}ebu r}lua bvtasm/enbt mj tmgtmua b elhmu `mj jo vbtbnbemt eattmeelahmu b mcmepau eah jaur}m h}heb mup}sa ubplucmena vat jbujlolpbelahmu `m jb ìvaeb(

]HB ]JPLOB SM[

Eah jb eahtobelõh `m ebodlau mh

Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu* um jbh{õ

h}msbomhpm jb ptljagïb mh SNU | Jbumt/`lue eah jb vtaomub m r}m umtïb jb ûj/plob sm{ r}m jb smtulõh atlglhbj m Upbt Wbtu mupbtïb `luvahldjm mh sl`ma( Bh/pmu m eb`b vmjïe}jb nbdïb }hb dtmsmmhptmslupb àh`m J}ebu tmdmjbdb bj/gûh `bpa lhpmtmubhpm uadtm mj `mptâu`m muemhbu `m jb ptljagïb* b`mjbhpbh/à uadtm jb tmbjl{belõh `m Mvlua`la L(

jb eajmeelõh `m jb ptljagïb vat }jplobsm{ mh u} smtulõh atlglhbj c}m }h gtbhì~lpa r}m b}g}tbdb }hb ubplucbepatlbtmeb}`belõh vbtb mj tm/muptmha `m JbG}mttb `m jbu gbjb~lbu mh elhmu(

M@LELAH MUVMELBJ

2<<7 `moauptõ r}m jb C}mt{b mtb va/

`mtaub eah Upbt Wbtu( Jb emjmdtbelõhvat mj bhlsmtubtla `mj Mvlua`la LS c}mm~pmh`là bj tm/muptmha `m pa`b jbubgb eah mj `mhaolhbplsa `m M`lelahMuvmelbj* ulmhà oa`leb`b eb`b vm/

42



jïe}jb eah }h vtaemua `m tmupb}tbelõh omple}jaub r}mlhej}ïb jlovlm{b `mj hmgbplsa* tme}vmtbelõh `mj eajat*| tmeaovaulelõh `m mjmomhpau b`moâu `mj bgtmgbà`m mcmepau slu}bjmu `lglpbjmu( Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbup}sa }h `md}p lhmuvmtbà mj 52 `m mhmta tmeb}`bhà

oâu `m 5= oljjahmu `m `õjbtmu uajbomhpm mh Mupbàu]hlàu( Um obhp}sa mh mj vtlomt v}mupa mh jb pbr}ljjbnbupb r}m c}m `muvjb{b`b vat Mj Lovmtla Eahptbbpbebmj 42 `m cmdtmta `m mum bòa( Jb ebovbòb v}djlelpbtlbeahpõ eah sbtlau b}uvlelbhpmu eaoa Vmvul* r}m `mu`mmhpahemu ulmovtm vbtplelvb `m eb`b h}msa msmhpa el/hmobpagtâea tmjbelahbà(

Vmta mj tm/muptmha ha mup}sa jldtm `m etïplebu( Bjg}hau

cbhu eaomh{btah b `bt u} avlhlõh uadtm jau ebodlau| bjpmtbelahmu r}m u}ctlõ jb ubgb( Mj ebodla r}m lhlelõjb eahptasmtulb c}m mj r}m u}em`m mh jb muemhb e}bh/à Nbh Uaja mu beattbjbà vat Gtmmà( Mj vmtuahbkm`m Nbttluah Cat` vbtmeïb `luvbtbt uatvtmulsbomhpm bj

lheb}pa Eb{b Tmeaovmhubu( Mh jb M`lelõh Muvmelbj umlhej}|õ }hb paob vbtb bejbtbt r}m Gtmmà luvbtb vtl/omta cbjjbhà jbomhpbdjmomhpm bhpmu `m umt bumulhb/à vat Nbh( Vbtb mj vûdjlea mh gmhmtbj mupm ebodla

vbuõ `mubvmteldlà* vmta vbtb jau cbhu mr}lsaebàumtb }h ubetljmgla* bjga r}m bjpmtbdb vbtb ulmovtm jb hb/p}tbjm{b `mj vmtuahbkm .hbp}tbjm{b r}m nbdïbh etmbàmh u} omhpm |b Nbh h}heb `luvbtõ vtlomta,* | c}m mjeaolmh{a `m }hb g}mttb smtdbj eahptb mj `ltmepat(

MJ EAOLMH[A

Ha adupbhpm* jbu eahplh}bu h}msbu haplelbu | t}oatmu ta/

`mbhà jb jobelõh `m Mvlua`la L mtbh eahu}ol`bu eahbhulm`b`( Mj lhpmtìu vat jb h}msb ptljagïb mtb pbh gtbh`mr}m mj muptmha `mj vtlomt bsbhem `m jb vmjïe}jb tao/vlõ tmeatù `m `muebtgbu mh Lhpmthmp e}bhà c}m vtm/umhpbà mj 2> `m haslmodtm `m 2<<> mh mj ulpla aelbj*

Jau ptmu vaupmtu etmbàu vat mj btplupb @tmw Upt}{bh vbtb jb Ptljagïb m Jb G}mttb`m jbu Gbjb~lbu M`lelõh Muvmelbj r}m atob }hb uajb lobgmh(

44



}h omtlpa lovatpbhpm paobhà mh e}mhpbr}m Lhpmthmp mupbdb b}h mh etmelolmhpa vat muau plmovau( Mj bsbhem pbodlìh ultslõ vbtbeahuajl`bt mj ì~lpa `m jou eaoa Eahaem bKam Djbei* jbtgaomptbkm eah mj e}bj muptmhõmj bsbhem `m Mvlua`la L( Ja lh}u}bj mtb r}mjb gmhpm vbgbdb u} mhptb`b uaja vbtb smt mjbsbhem | um tmpltbdb e}bhà mupm pmtolhbdb(Mh jbu ubjbu ebje}jbdbh r}m }h 7=- m jb gmh/pm uaja smïb mj bsbhem | um ldb }hb sm{ pmtol/hbà( Vbtb mslpbt mupa* bjg}hau elhmu vtaom/pïbh tmvmpltja bj hbj `m jb vmjïe}jb(

Jb tmbeelõh bhpm mj vtlomt b`mjbhpa | mj vtl/

omt vaupmt .eah Kbim Jja|` eaoa BhbilhUi|wbjimt vta|mepbhà jb uaodtb `m @btpnSb`mt, c}m lh}u}bj mh jb gmhpm( Jbu m~vmepb/plsbu vbtb Mvlua`la L* b}h ulh pïp}ja aelbj* mtbhpbh gtbh`mu r}m um vtm`meïb r}m mtb lovaul/

Vtlomt vaupmt `m b`mjbhpa vbtb Mvlua`la L r}mubjlõ mh eahk}hpa eah mj vtlomt bsbhem `m elhmmh 2<<>(

Nbh Uaja | Kbddb pnm N}pp tmlheatvatbàu* | Gtmm/à `luvbtõ vtlomta `mu`m jb smtulõh atlglhbj(

@luvbta lovbepbà`m Gtmmà

@luvbta `m Nbhtmelìh ubjlmhà

45



@lumòau | vaupmt chbj vat @tmw Upt}{bhvbtb Mvlua`la L / Jb Bomhb{b Cbhpbuob(

40



djm r}m e}ovjlmtb eah pa`bu mjjbu( Mvlua`la L mtb ulh `}`bu jb vmjïe}jboâu muvmtb`b `m jb nlupatlb(

Mj umg}hà ptâljmt muptmhbà mj 24 m obt{a m 2<<< eahtobdb mj pïp}jaaelbj `m jb vmjïe}jb; Upbt Wbtu; Mvlua`la L ― Jb Bomhb{b Cbhpbuob( O}/enau lheb}pau r}m`btah `mueahemtpbàu eah mj pïp}ja `mj jo* mj e}bj

nbem tmcmtmhelb b jau msmhpau ae}ttlàu mh mj jbtgaomptbkm | b jau r}mmupbdbh vat smhlt mh jau ulg}lmhpmu mvlua`lau( Jb ebovbòb v}djlelpbtlbmtb eahul`mtb`b lhhmemubtlb `mdlà b jbu gtbh`mu m~vmepbplsbu r}mvta`}eïbh eahupbhpmu daodbt`mau mh jau om`lau eah lhcatobelõh* mh/ptmslupbu | muvme}jbelahmu uadtm Mvlua`la L(

Mj vaupmt hbj etmbà vat mj btplupb @tmw Upt}{bh* mj e}bj umg}ïb mj mupljar}m lhlelõ eah jau vaupmtu r}m `lumòõ vbtb jb M`lelõh Muvmelbj `m jb Ptl/jagïb* b}g}tbdb mj gtbh tmgtmua b jb bsmhp}tb bj muplja Upbt Wbtu(

Eah mj jbh{bolmhpa `m jb dbh`b uahatb eaov}mupb h}msbomhpm vat Kanh Wljjlbou paà vbtmeïb mupbt mh j}gbt vbtb tmslslt mu u}emua r}mulghleõ Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu mh 2<77( R}l{âu mj }jploa obpmtlbjv}djlelpbtla mh ubjlt c}m mj sl`ma o}ulebj etmbà vbtb mj pmob @}mj acpnm Cbpmu m Wljjlbou( C}m mj vtlomt sl`ma eah oûuleb ulhcõhleb etmbàvbtb jb ubgb* | mj umg}hà `m Wljjlbou |b r}m mh 2<>5 u} ebhelõh JbvplHmi p}sa }h sl`ma o}ulebj(

Jbu jbu `m cbhu vbtb mj muptmha `m Mvlua`la L* r}m lhlelbtah sbtlau `ïbu

bhpmu `m jb cmenb `m muptmha mj 2< `m ob|a* bhplelvbdbh ja r}m c}m}h o}jplp}`lhbtla muptmha( Sbtlau movjmbàu lhsmhpbtah oaplsau m b}/umhelb vbtb va`mt lt bj muptmha m jb vmjïe}jb( Bjg}hbu aelhbu emttbtahvbtb vmtolplt b paàu u}u movjmbàu vtmumhelbt ja r}m mtb h}msbomh/pm }h msmhpa e}jp}tbj lovmt`ldjm* mj Mvlua`la L |b mupbdb mh jau elhmu( Umebje}jõ }hb b}umhelb b jau ptbdbkau `m oâu `m 4 oljjahmu `m movjmb/àu r}m jjmsõ b ebul 566 oljjahmu mh vìt`l`bu m vta`}eplsl`b`( Hlhgûhmup}`la um bhlobdb b muptmhbt vmjïe}jbu mh jb oluob cmenb* `mkbhàmuvbela vbtb ]h J}gbt Jjbobà Happlhg Nljj* eaom`lb taoâhpleb r}m

c}helahõ eaoa bjpmthbplsb vbtb mj vûdjlea r}m ha mupbdb lhpmtmubàmj Upbt Wbtu( Mj 2< `m ob|a jbu j}emu um bvbgbtah* jb cbhcbttlb `m Ca~uahõ | mj pm~pa oâu omoatbdjm bvbtmelõ }hb sm{ oâu‣(

Vaupmt Pahm Vamo`m @btpn Ob}j(

4=



Dbhhmt `mj vtlomt vaupmt `m bsbhem vbtb Mvlua`la L* mh mupb sbtlbhpm jb uaodtbvta|mepb`b vat Bhbilh Ui|wbjimt tmebm mh jb btmhb mh j}gbt `m }hb vbtm`(

43



Smlhpl`õu bòau bptâu* mupbu vbjbdtbu tmuvjbh`melmtah vat vtlomtb sm{b ptbsìu `m jbu vbhpbjjbu `m ubjbu `m elhmu bjtm`màt `mj o}hà* |}hb jm|mh`b oa`mthb hbelõ( Elmhpau `m oljjahmu `m vmtuahbu umtïbh

lhpta`}elàu b }hb ubgb r}m paebtïb u}u sl`bu mh atobu mhpahemulhlobglhbdjmu( Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu* Mj Lovmtla Eahptbbpbeb| Mj Tmgtmua `mj Km`l* | jbu M`lelahmu Muvmelbjmu `m jau ptmu jou* umsajslmtah msmhpau `mhlpatlau vbtb àu gmhmtbelahmu( Jbu bsmhp}tbu`m beelõh `m tlpoa tâvlà* ulp}b`bu mh }h }hlsmtua h}msa | moaela/hbhpm* vtmumhpbdbh gtbh`lauau `lumòau | `lsmtulõh lhhlpb( Jau joulhuvltbtah b lheahpbdjmu muvmepbàtmu eah pmobu r}m mtbh }hlsmtubjmu| bpmovatbjmu; mj eahclepa mhptm mj dlmh | mj obj | mhptm jb pmehaja/gïb | jb n}obhl`b`* jb emjmdtbelõh `mj nmtaïuoa* | mj vapmhelbj ulhjïolpmu mj lh`lsl`}a(

Jb ubgb `m Upbt Wbtu mu }h e}mhpa `m nb`bu oa`mtha tmcmkbhà jbslulõh `m Gmatgm J}ebu( J}ebu jjmhõ mupm h}msa olpa eah vlm{bu `mjb e}jp}tb vav}jbt bomtlebhb* lhej}|mhà vmjïe}jbu `mj amupm* bsmhp}/tmtau | ― vbtb eah`lomhpbtjb ― eah ìvlebu `m Ubo}tâl Kbvahìu( Upbt

Wbtu }m pbodlìh }hb tmbeelõh mh eahptb `mj Wbpmtgbpm* Slmphbo| aptau vmtlaàu `m bglpbelõh àomupleb r}m vbtmelmtah olhbt mjeahemvpa `mj nìtam vbtb jau `mulj}ulahbàu hatpmbomtlebhau(

Eah jb ubgb `m Upbt Wbtu* J}ebu `mel`lõ ptbmt mupau nljau tmeahaeldjmubep}bjmu dbka mj vbtbg}bu `m jb mupt}ep}tb dâuleb oïpleb ― mj tmeattl/à `mj nìtam ― r}m nb mupbà mh j}gbt vat oljmu `m bòau* mh elmhpau`m elsljl{belahmu( Eah u} om{ejb `m ja ptb`lelahbj | oa`mtha* jb h}m/sb olpajagïb `m Upbt Wbtu moaelahõ b kõsmhmu | b`}jpau vat lg}bj(

Bnatb* eah UPBT WBTU; MVLUA@LA L JB BOMHB[B CBHPBU/OB* J}ebu hau tmgtmub bj eaolmh{a* mh mj e}bj @btpn Sb`mt mu }hvtaompmàt o}enbena `m h}msm bòau jjbobà Bhbilh Ui|wbjimt |Adl/Wbh Imhadl mu }h `mpmtolhbà kasmh ebdbjjmta Km`l( Mj vtlomtebvïp}ja* mj e}bj mu tlea mh btpm* `lumòa* smup}btla* btr}lpmep}tb |pmehajagïb* ulg}m mj tmeattlà `m Bhbilh olmhptbu ulg}m u}u u}mòau |eahtahpb u}u olmàu mh om`la `m }hb gbjb~lb mh `muat`mh(

Nbem o}ena plmova* mh }hb gbjb~lb o}|* o}| jmkbhb(((

Jb ume}mhelb lhlelbj `mu`m mj eahemvpa b u} job/elõh o}muptb jb ebhpl`b` `m ptbdbka tmbjl{bà

47



Atïgmhmu \ @lumòau

Jjmsbt Mvlua`la L b jb vbhpbjjb }m }h slbkm eah bòau mh u}vjbhma | tmbjl{belõh( Eaomh{õ mh haslmodtm `m 2<<0( Gmatgm

J}ebu um umhpõ b muetldlt mj g}lah* b obha* mh }h djaei `m ha/pbu r}m nb }ubà vbtb paàu u}u jou( @muv}ìu `m elhea bòau*ptmu vbïumu* oljmu `m `lumòau* gt}vau `m olmodtau `m mjmhea| mr}lva* | }h h}msa o}hà `m mmepau muvmelbjmu lhhasbà/tmu ― lhej}|mhà mj vtlomt ‚ahà `lglpbj‟ `m jbu vmjïe}jbu ― mjvtlomt h}msa jo `m Upbt Wbtu mh bòau hbjomhpm bttldb b jauelhmu bjtm`màt `mj o}hà(

Jbu umoljjbu `m Mvlua`la L }mtah vjbhpb`bu oâu `m smlhpmbòau bptâu* e}bhà J}ebu mupbdb muetldlmhà jb nlupatlb vbtb jbUpbt Wbtu atlglhbj( @}tbhpm mupm vtaemua* ìj etmõ }hb nlupatlbvbub`b r}m paobdb j}gbt }hb gmhmtbelõh bhpmu `m jau msmhpaur}m mupbdb `tbobpl{bhà( ‚Mtb uaja }h vmr}mòa tmu}omh `mjb nlupatlb eah pta{au | vm`b{au‟* tme}mt`b J}ebu( ‚Vmta pmhïb}hb mupt}ep}tb r}m ha nb ebodlbà `mobulbà mh paàu mupaubòau‟(

K}tbuule Vbti c}m jb vtlomtb vmjïe}jb mh jb r}m gtbeauvat eaov}pbàtb nlvmttmbjlupbu um jagtbtah(

4>



Vat u}v}mupa* mh mum plmova h}heb um jmae}ttlõ r}m mub nlupatlb vbub`b v}`lmtb umt

eahsmtpl b mh }hb vmjïe}jb ― nbupb r}m JbG}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu um sajslõ }h mhõ/omha o}h`lbj( ‚Paàu eaomh{btah mhpah/emu b vtmg}hpbtom* „E}bhpbu sbu b nbemt1“‟eaomhpb J}ebu( ‚Mhpahemu vmhuì r}m va`tïbtmgtmubt | nbemt jbu nlupatlbu `mj vbubà `mjb ptljagïb atlglhbj‣‟

Jau vmtuahbkmu | o}hàu r}m J}ebu nbdïblobglhbà vbtb mj h}msa jo ha va`ïbhnbdmt ulà etmbàu eah mmepau ptb`lelahbjmu(Vmta }hb sm{ r}m sla jau jagtau `lglpbjmumh K}tbuule Vbti `m 2<<5 eahumg}làu vatLh`}uptlbj Jlgnp # Obgle ― }hb eaovbòïbr}m J}ebu etmõ mh jau 76°u vbtb obhmkbt jaummepau `m Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu ― J}ebu

u}va r}m LJO mupbdb bj hlsmj vbtb mj atol/`bdjm `mubïa `m om{ejbt lovmtemvpldjmomhpm

bhlobelõh `lglpbj eah beelõh mh slsa mh jbh}msb vmjïe}jb `m Upbt Wbtu( ‚K}tbuule Vbti}m }h smt`b`mta nlpa‟* tme}mt`b J}ebu( ‚Mua*k}hpa eah mj elmttm `m .jb umtlm `m pmjmslulõhvtmolb`b `m J}ebu, Jbu Etõhlebu `mj KasmhLh`lbhb Kahmu* om jjmsbtah b vtmg}hpbtomr}m mu ja r}m ldb b nbemt `muv}ìu‟( ]hh}msa ebvïp}ja mh jb ubgb `m Upbt Wbtu mtb jbtmuv}mupb(

]h bòa | om`la `muv}ìu `m mupm jagta `mmmepau* J}ebu eaomh{õ b muetldlt mj Mvlua`laL `m u} ubgb tmmtmhpm( Vmta mhtmhpõ bjg}hau`mubïau atol`bdjmu( Jb b}`lmhelb bjtm`màt`mj o}hà |b ubdïb mj h `m jb ubgb9 bnatbJ}ebu pmhïb r}m tmgtmubt | etmbt mj eaolmh{a(

Mupb nlupatlb mdmtïb umt eahulupmhpm eah jbuptmu vmjïe}jbu .Mvlua`la LS/SL, r}m jb vtm/

em`lmtah* b`moâu `m eah jbu àu r}m jm umg}l/tâh .Mvlua`lau LL | LLL,(

Mupau `mubïau pbodlìh bv}hpbtah b }hbptmomh`b avatp}hl`b`; Jb etmbelõh `m }hbubgb b}h oâu tleb( Jb haelõh `m }hb nlupatlbìvleb eahplh}b nb ulà etïpleb `mu`m mj atlgmh`m Upbt Wbtu( ‚Bj hbj* umtâh umlu vmjïe}jbu |emteb `m àem natbu `m }hb nlupatlb‟* umòbjbJ}ebu( ‚B ptbsìu `m jb muetlp}tb | tmbjl{belõh

`m Mvlua`la L* ulmovtm om obhp}sm mhaebàmh `lm{ bòau `mu`m bnatb* e}bhà jb h}msbptljagïb mupm eaovjmpb( Mhpahemu jb gmhpmva`tâ smt jau umlu jou k}hpau eaoa um p}sajb lhpmhulõh r}m umbh slupau‟(

Bjg}hau m jau oa`mjau }ubàu mh K}tbuule Vbti ultslmtah m tmcmtmhelb vbtb etmbt jbu h}msbu etlbp}tbu slupbumh jb M`lelõh Muvmelbj `m Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu mh 2<<7(

4<



J}ebu eaovbtb jb mupt}ep}tb | jau pmobu `m jb ubgb eah}hb vlm{b o}ulebj( ‚Jb ubgb `m Upbt Wbtu mu* mh elmtpbatob* ulhõhleb mh hbp}tbjm{b‟* m~vjleb ìj( ‚Pmhga elmt/pau muptldljjau o}ulebjmu r}m tmvlpa bvtavõulpa ― mh }hbeat`m `lmtmhpm* vmta b}h buï ja tmvlpa‟(

Mupbu tmvmplelahmu pmoâplebu mobhbh m jau vbtbjmjau

mhptm jb nlupatlb `m Bhbilh Ui|wbjimt mh Mvlua`la L* |`mj }p}ta nlka `m Bhbilh* J}im* mh jb ptljagïb atlglhbj(‚Mh jau vtlomtau ptmu jou* e}mhpa }hb nlupatlb muvmel/eb‟* eahplhûb J}ebu( ‚Eah jb h}msb ptljagïb* e}mhpa ebuljb oluob nlupatlb* eah o}enau oaomhpau moaelahbjmu*vuleajõgleau | `m paob `m `melulahmu uloljbtmu‟( ]hpmob muvmeïea tme}ttmhpm mu mj `mj sbjat ― `mkbt mjnagbt* bdbhàhbt ja r}m mu eõoaà* umg}lt mj u}mòavmtuahbj | paobt }h tlmuga( Mh jb ubgb `m Upbt Wbtu*Bhbilh | J}im m~nldmh mupm eatbkm* vmta jau jjmsb mh

o}| `lmtmhpmu `ltmeelahmu(

Jb mupt}ep}tb ulhõhleb `m Mvlua`la L tmcmkb m lheatvatbaptau pmobu ejbsm* lhej}|mhà mj dbjbhem mhptm mj dlmh |mj obj* mj `mue}dtlolmhpa* | ja r}m J}ebu jjbob ‚tmjb/elahmu ulodlõplebu‟( Mua mu* r}m jau vmtuahbkmu ptbdbkbhk}hpau | `mvmh`mh mj }ha `mj apta vbtb bjebh{bt u}uompbu ― | vbtb uadtmslslt( Buï r}m nb| sbtlau aptau vmt/uahbkmu | jïhmbu btg}omhpbjmu ejbsm `m uloljbt lovat/pbhelb* pa`bu jbu e}bjmu uah e}l`bàubomhpm mhptmpmkl`bu

| mhjb{b`bu vbtb eahpbt jb nlupatlb(

Jb buelhbelõh `m J}ebu eah jb mupt}ep}tb `m btg}omhpalhptlhebà | pmkl`b `bpb `m u} ptbdbka lhhasb at eahoûjplvjmu jïhmbu btg}omhpbjmu eahume}plsbu mh BomtlebhGtbpl* }hb l`mb bnatb tme}mhpmomhpm }ub`b vat jautmbjl{bàtmu bjtm`màt `mj o}hà( Mh Mvlua`la L* J}ebueahplhûb m~vmtlomhpbh a eah jb mupt}ep}tb m jb nlupa/tlb* mhtlr}melmhà mj btg}omhpa bj v}hpa `m r}m nb|elhea nlupatlbu eahume}plsbu paobhà j}gbt }tbhpm mj

jo(Jb jïhmb btg}omhpbj mhobtebh a Mvlua`la L lhsaj}etbbj Umhbàt Vbjvbplhm* }h vajïplea lhc}|mhpm nbelmh/à ptbhr}ljau oaslolmhpau vbtb eahuajl`bt u} va`mtmh }h plmova `m lhr}lmp}` b ptbsìu `m jb Tmvûdjleb*

B vaea `m eaomh{b`b jb vmjïe}jb* jau Km`l`mo}muptbh u}u nbdljl`b`mu mh u} vjmhlp}`(

56



`}tbhpm mj e}bj mj gadlmtha nb ulà `mdljlpbà | s}mjpa }hbpajjb`mta d}taetâplea(

]h lhel`mhpm muvmelea `mhpta `m mupm obtea vahm bVbjvbplhm mh mj emhpta `m }h eahclepa mhptm jb glgbhpmCm`mtbelõh `m Eaomtela | mj vmr}mòa vjbhmpb vbeleaHbdaa( Hbdaa mu bomhb{bà vat mj va`mtïa `mj jau tleau

va`mtmu eatvatbplsau* jau e}bjmu eaolmh{bh b ha pmhmt mhe}mhpb jbu tmuptleelahmu mj ìdlj gadlmtha gbjâeplea(

Jb kasmh tmlhb `m Hbdaa um mhe}mhptb mhtmhpb`b b `mel/ulahmu `lïeljmu( Eaovtaompl`b eah jb vb{* `mdm mjmglt ulubetlebt u}u l`mbjmu e}bhà jb g}mttb `muelmh`m nbelb u}gmhpm(

Mhslbàu b mupb etlulu vbtb hmgaelbt }h be}mtà mupâh àuEbdbjjmtau Km`l* jau g}bt`lbhmu `m jb vb{ | jb k}uplelb mhjb gbjb~lb( Vtmvbtbàu vbtb }hb `luv}pb vajïpleb* mj Obmu/pta Km`l R}l/Gah Klhh | u} bvtmh`l{ Adl/Wbh Imhadl`mue}dtmh r}m jb Cm`mtbelõh `m Eaomtela mupâ b v}hpa `m`mubpbt u}u }mt{bu va`mtaubu mh eaodbpm bdlmtpa eahptbHbdaa( B omhau r}m jau àu Km`l v}m`bh pmhmt ì~lpa* mj`muplha `mj vjbhmpb mu `muajbàt(

Mh mj e}tua `m u} bsmhp}tb* R}l/Gah `mue}dtm b }h kasmho}enbena* Bhbilh* r}lmh mu }h muejbsa mh mj vjbhmpb`muìtplea Pbpaalhm( R}l/Gah ulmhpm r}m Bhbilh mu mj lh`l/sl`}a `muplhbà b ptbmt dbjbhem b jb C}mt{b* | paob }hb

`melulõh ulghlebplsb m mhptmhbt b Bhbilh eaoa Ebdbjjm/ta Km`l( Bj oluoa plmova* Bhbilh eaolmh{b }hb bolupbèah jb Tmlhb `m Hbdaa(

Vbttb jjmsbt b mupbu nlupatlbu | vmtuahbkmu b jb sl`b* J}ebu`mel`m tmgtmubt b jb uljjb `m `ltmepat* ulg}lmhà }h jbvua `moâu `m smlhpm bòau r}m eaomh{õ `muv}ìu `m pmtolhbt jbUpbt Wbtu atlglhbj* Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu( ‚Vmhuì r}mvtadbdjmomhpm ldb `ltlglt Mvlua`la L `mu`m mj eaolmh{a‟*`lem ìj* ‚vatr}m mj jo lhsaj}etb o}enbu l`mbu m~vmtlomh/

pbjmu‟( J}ebu vmhuõ pbodlìh r}m bnattbtïb o}ena plmova| mu}mt{a ul jb `ltlgïb ìj oluoa( ‚Ha pmh`tïb r}m `lue}plta m~vjlebtjm eaubu bj `ltmepat‟* bòb`m eah }hb tlub(

]hb g}tb emhptbj vbtb b|}`bt b J}ebu b ptbmt u} slulõhb jb vbhpbjjb mu mj vta`}epat Tlei OeEbjj}o* r}lmh }m

Bomtlebh Gtbcpl eahpbdb oûjplvjmu nlupatlbu ulo}jpbhmbu*}hb pìehleb r}m Gmatgm J}ebu eahuajl`õ(

52



vta`}epat `m Jbu Etõhlebu `mj Kasmh Lh`lbhb Kahmu eaoa pbodlìh `mJb Ptljagïb `m jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu M`lelõh Muvmelbj( Jau mu}mt{au| nbdljl`b`mu `m OeEbjj}o }mtah etïpleau vbtb jb gmuplõh ulgljaub `m jbvta`}eelõh* | paob bpmhelõh bj plmova e}bhà jau vta`}epatmu ptbdb/kbdbh mh }hb ebvbel`b` etmbplsb( ‚Jb eahptld}elõh `m Tlei vbtb mj jomu lhomhu}tbdjm‟* `lem J}ebu `m u} lhebhubdjm eajmgb( ‚\ u}u nbdljl`b`muetmbplsbu | atgbhl{bplsbu uah `mupbebdjmu‟(

OeEbjj}o sm u} o}| eaovjmka ptbdbka mh pìtolhau ulovjmu( ‚Mu ol ptbdb/ka b|}`bt b r}m jb slulõh `m Gmatgm umb tmbjl`b`‟* m~vjleb ìj( ‚Pmhïb r}mmupbt vat mhelob `m paà | nbemt r}m jbu eaubu ae}ttltâh vbtb ìj‟(

Mj ptbdbka `m OeEbjj}o eaomh{õ o}| pmovtbha ― e}bhà J}ebu vahïbmj jâvl{ mh mj vbvmj( Vtlomta* mj vta`}epat tmeattlõ mj o}hà* d}uebhà

jaebelahmu( Pbodlìh ejbsm mhptm u}u o}enbu tmuvahubdljl`b`mu pmovtbhbumupbdb mheahptbt | eahptbpbt btplupbu eahemvp}bjmu vbtb }h vmr}mòa `m/vbtpbomhpa `m btpm* }ha r}m msmhp}bjomhpm mhptmgbtïb oljmu `m `lumòauvbtb smup}btla* etlbp}tbu* smnïe}jau | muemhbtlau vbtb Mvlua`la L(

Mupm `mvbtpbomhpa `m btpm k}gbtïb }h taj etïplea mh mj jo( Jb nlupatlb`m J}ebu* jb e}bj lhej}|m sbtlbu e}jp}tbu* vjbhmpbu | mupljau* hmemulpbdb `m}h `lumòa tlea | sbtlbà( ‚Lhpmhpì lobglhbt eõoa mtb eb`b e}jp}tb‟* `lemJ}ebu* ‚| r}ì ejbum `m `lumòa mhebkbtïb mh eb`b }ha‟( Mj `mubïa lhsaj}etõ}h hûomta muebjahbà `m `lumòau vbtb paà `mu`m }hb el}`b` u}dobtl/hb Btp Ha}smb} b dtaenmu vbtb }hb tmlhb* k}hpa eah àemhbu `m hbsmumuvbelbjmu* elmhpau `m smup}btlau | oljmu `m }pljmtïb `m apta o}hà( Jbbtr}lpmep}tb uajbomhpm lhsaj}etbdb paà `mu`m bàdm Ldb`lpm `m Pûhm{| mupljau `m dbtta `m Objlbh b tbuebelmjau `m oljjbu `m bjpa }p}tlupbu*vbjbelau `mj Tmhbelolmhpa Lpbjlbha* m lhpmtlatmu `m atob jldtm o}| bjlmhï/gmhau(

MJ Umhbàt Vbjvbplhm | jb Tmlhb Bol`bjb* àu

vmtuahbkmu ejbsm mh Jb Bomhb{b Cbhpbuob(

Mj btplupb @a}g Enlbhg(

54



@a}g Enlbhg* }h `ltmepat `m btpm mh LJO* slha b datà `m Mvlua`la Lmh 2<<0 vbtb u}vmtslubt u} `lumòa( Mhptm mj gt}va pbjmhpaua `m btplupbueahemvp}bjmu ptbdbkbhà eah Enlbhg mupbdbh Pmtt|j Wnlpjbpen* e}|avbubà mh {aajagïb jb nl{a l`mbj vbtb mj `lumòa `m jbu elmhpau `m etlbp}tbu`m jb nlupatlb m Lbh OeEblg* e}|a ptbdbka lhej}|õ mj lhptlhebà `lumòa `msmup}btla(

Lhpmtvtmpbhà jb slulõh `m J}ebu* Enlbhg ptbka }h h}msa buvmepa b jb ìvl/eb ubgb( Lhlelbjomhpm* Enlbhg mup}`lõ e}l`bàubomhpm mj muplja Upbt Wbtu(Vmta J}ebu pmhïb bjga o}| `lmtmhpm mh omhpm; Mh j}gbt `m ulovjmomhpm`}vjlebt jau buvmepau `m jb ptljagïb atlglhbj* ìj r}lua etmbt j}gbtmu | o}h/àu eaovjmpbomhpm h}msau( Jb lovatpbhelb r}m J}ebu v}ua mh mj `lumòa`mj jo }m msl`mhelb`b vat mj nmena `m r}m eaomh{õ jbu tm}hlahmu eahEnlbhg | mj `mvbtpbomhpa `m btpm mh jb bum oâu pmovtbhb `m vtm/vta/`}eelõh( ‚Mh h}mupta vtlomt mhe}mhpta* Gmatgm om `lka r}m r}mtïb bjgah}msa | `lmtmhpm‟* tme}mt`b Enlbhg( ‚Mupbdb eaovjbelà e}bhà Gmatgm`lka* „Sm oâu bjjâ9 nb{ bjg}hau h}msau `mue}dtlolmhpau‟(

Mupm lt oâu bjjâ b|}`õ b `mhlt mj buvmepa `m Mvlua`la L* lhej}|mhà u}tleb oa`b | `lumòa m smup}btla( Olmhptbu r}m mj btplupb eahemvp}bj LbhOeEblg* | jb `lumòbàtb `m smup}btla Ptlunb Dlggbt }mtah mheaomh`bàueah eahul`mtbdjm jldmtpb`* J}ebu mupbdb ulh modbtga o}| lhsaj}etbà mh`btjm atob b jau o}hàu `m jb oa`b `mj jo(

Mh omhau `m }h bòa* Dlggbt | u} vmtuahbj `lumòbtah | }hlmtah om/ple}jaubomhpm oâu `m olj bp}mhàu* `mu`m tavb mjbdatb`b mh tmjlmsmatobj b ulovjm* b}hr}m e}l`bàubomhpm `mpbjjb`b* tavb `m muejbsa( Mj`mvbtpbomhpa m smup}btla | }pljmtïb lhej}ua bdtleõ paàu jau beemuatlau*lhej}|mhà ebueau* uaodtmtau | nmdljjbu `m elhp}tõh(

Bhbilh Ui|wbjimt* gtbh vtapbgahlupb `m jbubgb* mu oauptbà mh u} lhcbhelb mh Mvlua`la L(

Tlei OeEbjj}o `b lhlela b jb jobelõh `m Mvlua`la L eah jb mu /emhb mhptm @btpn Ob}j | @btpn Ul`la}u mj 43 `m k}hla `m 2<<7(

55



Vbtb jau smnïe}jau `m Mvlua`la L ― lhej}/|mhà jau eb{bu mupmjbtmu* jb hbsm `m jbTmlhb* Vaù `m ebttmtbu* ptbhuvatpmu `m pta/vbu* pbhr}mu `m bpbr}m | hbsmu `m dbpbjjb― jb }helõh b omh}à paobtïb mj bulmhpaptbumta vbtb umt atobà( @m be}mtà bEnlbhg* bjg}ha va`tïb lhej}ua umt eahul/`mtbà ptbdbka `m btpm* m~vtmubhà ja r}mEnlbhg jjbob ‚v}ta aela | mupìpleb‟( Vbtbobhpmhmt u}u `lumòau ûhleau* Enlbhg mslpõmupìpleb eahpmovatâhmb* mh u} j}gbt av/pbhà vat bhejbt jau `lumòau mh jb nlupatlb`mj o}hà(

@muv}ìu `m r}m Enlbhg | u} mr}lva `mbtplupbu eaovjmpõ mj ptbdbka mh jau mjbda/tbàu `lumòau btr}lpmepõhleau* tmeb|õ mh mj`lumòbàt `m vta`}eelõh Gbslh Daer}mpjjmsbtjau b jb sl`b( Daer}mp* r}lmh eaomh{õb ptbdbkbt mh 2<<3 ― ebul àu bòau `mu/v}ìu `m r}m Enlbhg nbdïb eaomh{bà bptbdbkbt mh jau `lumòau eahemvp}bjmu ― }mtmuvahubdjm vat u}vmtslubt jb eahupt}eelõh`m jau oâu `m umumhpb umpu mh Lhgjbpmttb*Lpbjlb | Pûhm{* nbelmhà }hb gtbh eahptl/d}elõh b jbu `muj}odtbhpmu loâgmhmu `m

Mvlua`la L(

Jlbo Hmmuah* Hbpbjlm Vatpobh | Kbim Jja|` vaubheaoa R}l/Gah Klhh* Vbòì Bol`bjb | BhbilhUi|wbjimt `}tbhpm }hb vb}ub mh jb jobelõh `mJb Bomhb{b Cbhpbuob(

50



Eah paàu u}u jou* J}ebu um nb mhaebà mh umjmeelahbt mjpbjmhpa r}m sm omkat mhebthbhà b jau vmtuahbkmu( ‚Jb vbtpmoâu lovatpbhpm `m `ltlglt mu umjmeelahbt b jau bepatmu‟* `lem

ìj( ‚Nm ulà o}| batp}hbà `}tbhpm jau bòau mh mheahptbtgmhpm r}m vbtmelõ nbdmt hbelà vbtb lhpmtvtmpbt u}u tajmu(Nbh ulà m~bepbomhpm eaoa nbdïb lobglhbà b jau vmtuahbkmue}bhà jau muetldïb‟(

‚Mupa| lhpmtmubà mh mj gt}va‟* bòb`m J}ebu* ‚| mh eõoa jauvmtuahbkmu lhpmtvtmpbh }ha eah mj apta‟(

Vbtb Mvlua`la L* J}ebu* OeEbjj}o | jb `ltmepatb `m ebuplhg Ta/dlh G}tjbh` tm}hlõ }h lovtmulahbhpm gt}va r}m e}ovjlõ jbulovmtbplsbu `m ebuplhg `m J}ebu( Vmta vtlomta mj ptïa mhtmhpõbjg}hau lhpmtmubhpmu `mubïau( Ha uaja mupbdbh eahupt}|mhà}h gt}va `m mjmhea r}m p}slmtb r}m bk}upbtum* ulha r}m sbtlauvmtuahbkmu mdïbh pbodlìh pmhmt sïhe}ja ïulea eah mhebthb/elahmu vaupmtlatmu `m mjjau oluoau* a mh bjg}hau ebuau* eahu}u nlkau( ‚Vbtb Bhbilh | jb Tmlhb* p}sloau r}m m~ptbvajbt mhtmsmtub‟* m~vjleb G}tjbh`( ‚Ubdïboau eaoa um smh u}u nlkau*J}im | Jmlb* buï r}m p}sloau r}m vahmt mua mh mj ebuplhg `mjau vb`tmu( \ vat u}v}mupa* mj bepat mjmglà eaoa Adl/Wbhpmhïb r}m pmhmt vbtmelà eah jb smtulõh ob|at `mj vmtuahbkm‟(

Jlbo Hmmuah lhpmtvtmpb b R}l/Gah* }hb h}msb b`lelõh b jbboljlb `m vmtuahbkmu `m Upbt Wbtu( Jb lhpmtvtmpbelõh haolhb/`b bj Auebt mh Jb Jlupb `m Uenlh`jmt mu r}l{âu mj `mupbr}m `m}hb `luplhg}l`b ebttmtb r}m pbodlìh lhej}|m tajmu mh jau jouOlenbmj Eajjlhu* Tad Ta| | Jau olumtbdjmu* | }hb bejbob`blhpmtvtmpbelõh mh jb adtb `m Dtab`wb| mh Bhhb Entluplm(

J}ebu lobglhõ atlglhbjomhpm b }h hatpmbomtlebha mh mj taj*vmta Hmmuah* r}lmh mu ltjbh`ìu* lovtmulahõ bj elhmbupb eahu}u nbdljl`b`mu | vtmumhelb; ‚Mu gtbh`laua umjmeelahbt b }h

bepat r}m mu eahul`mtbà }h bepat obmupta* b r}lmh jau aptaubepatmu bòltbtâh* r}m nb adpmhlà jbu e}bjl`b`mu `m atpbjm{br}m mj vmtuahbkm mobh`b‟(

Hmmuah sm b R}l/Gah eaoa bpmovatbj* }h bjob ubdlb eah}hb jauaïb `mj plva atlmhpbj( Eaoa Km`l* mj vmtuahbkm mu

pbodlìh nâdlj mh jbu btpmu obtelbjmu( ‚Etma r}m mupâ pbh emt/ebha eaoa va`tïbu mupbtja b jb ejbum `m g}mttmta ubdla `m jbbhplgúm`b` r}m plmhm eahbh{b u}vtmob‟* `lem Hmmuah( ‚R}l/

Gah mu eaoa }h g}mttmta ubo}tâl r}m plmhm gtbh`mu va`mtmu| n}olj`b`‟(

Hmmuah pbodlìh bvtmelõ jau gtbh`mu pmobu | m~pmhulahmu `mjb ubgb( ‚Mupau jou m~vjatbh mh }h sbela‟* btob ìj( ‚Nmoauvmt`là jb ptb`lelõh atbj `m jb hbttbelõh* `m jau olpau |jm|mh`bu* | Upbt Wbtu b|}`b b jjmhbt mum sbeïa‟(

Mj bepat mueaeìu Mwbh OeGtmgat paob mj taj `m Adl/WbhImhadl* lhpmtvtmpbà vat Bjme G}lhhmuu mh jb ptljagïb atlglhbj(Mh Mvlua`la L* Adl/Wbh mu }h kasmh bvtmh`l{ Km`l* r}m bjg}hbusmemu enaeb eah u} tmdmj`m omhpat* R}l/Gah Klhh( Adl/Wbhvtmmtm ha ubjpbt bhpm mj Eahemka Km`l | `mumb r}m R}l/Gahk}gbtb umgûh jbu tmgjbu(

]ha `m jau oâu smtuâpljmu kõsmhmu bepatmu | mjaglbà vatjb etïpleb mh jb bep}bjl`b`* OeGtmgat nb nmena bvbtlelahmuomoatbdjmu mh jou pbjmu eaoa Ptblhuvapplhg* Moob | jbtmelmhpm Smjsmp Gajòlhm | Jlppjm Salem( J}ebu* r}lmh jjbob bOeGtmgat mj ‚kasmh p}tea `m jb eao}hl`b` ïjoleb m}tavmb‟*bvtmelõ jbu o}enbu bempbu `mj bepat; ‚Mwbh plmhm jb mhmtgïb*

gtbelb | mhp}ulbuoa vbtb umt }h kasmh Adl/Wbh‟(

G}tjbh` mup}sa lovtmulahb`b vat jbu uloljlp}`mu `m OeGtm/gat eah G}lhmuu* jbu e}bjmu m~em`lmtah br}mjjbu `mj ulovjmvbtmelà ïulea( ‚Bjme ptbka }h umhplà `m `lsmtulõh b o}enau`m u}u tajmu‟* m~vjleb mjjb( ‚Lhej}ua b}hr}m Adl/Wbh mu }hvmtuahbkm umtla | }mtpm* b}h plmhm mupm `mupmjja | dtljja mh u}uakau( \ Mwbh pbodlìh plmhm mua‟(

Vbtb vtmvbtbtum vbtb Mvlua`la L* OeGtmgat mup}`lõ sbtlbulhpmtvtmpbelahmu `m G}lhmuu* pbhpa `m u}u vtlomtau ptbdbkaueaoa mh jbu vmjïe}jbu `m Upbt Wbtu( ‚Mtb lovatpbhpm r}m olbep}belõh ealhel`lmtb eah jb `m G}lhhmuu mh bjg}hbu âtmbu lo/vatpbhpmu‟* umòbjb OeGtmgat( ‚Ptbdbkì muvmelbjomhpm `}ta mheahumg}lt jb sa{* lobglhbhà eõoa uahbtïb Adl/Wbh ulmhàkasmh‟(

Jau bepatmu | vmtuahbkmu

5=



Jb `melulõh vbtb paobt mj r}mtlà taj }m umheljjbvbtb OeGtmgat( ‚Adslbomhpm ha va`ïb `melt r}m hae}bhà mj taj om }m atmelà‟* `lem ìj( ‚Mu tmbjomhpm}h nahat umt vbtpm `m mupb jm|mh`b | olpa oa`mt/ha‟( OeGtmgat pbodlìh plmhm jb{au boljlbtmu eahmj }hlsmtua `m Upbt Wbtu ― u} pïa mu @mhlu Jbwuah*r}lmh lhpmtvtmpõ bj vljapa Tmdmj`m Wm`gm mh jau jouatlglhbjmu( Clhbjomhpm* jb avatp}hl`b` `m djbh`lt mjbtob Km`l `m mjmeelõh vtadõ umt lttmulupldjm( ‚Oasmt}h ubdjm `m j}{ | `luvbtbtja‣ hb`lm v}m`m lobglhbtja r}m mua um ulmhpm"‟

Adl/Wbh ultsm eaoa bvtmh`l{* a Bvtmh`l{ Vb`bwbh*vbtb mj smhmtbdjm Ebdbjjmta Km`l R}l/Gah Klhh( Bvmubt `m u} emtebhïb* Adl/Wbh | R}l/Gah plmhmh`lmtmhpmu l`mbu uadtm bu}hpau ejbsm r}m `mpmtolhbtbhu}u `muplhau( Vat mkmovja* eb`b }ha plmhm v}hpau `m

slupb `lmtmhpmu uadtm Bhbilh( R}l/Gah paob bj kasmho}enbena muejbsa* b r}lmh etmm r}m ptbmtâ dbjbhem bjb C}mt{b* dbka u} obhpa b vmubt `mj tmemja `m Adl/Wbh | jau olmodtau `mj Eahemka Km`l(

Adl/Wbh | R}l/Gah slmhmh vbtb b|}`bt b }hb nmt/oaub kasmh tmlhb e}|a vjbhmpb nb mupbà dbka bpbr}mvat jb Cm`mtbelõh `m Eaomtela( Mj taj tmr}ltlõ `m }hbkasmh o}kmt r}m v}`lmtb umt etmïdjm eaoa gadmthbhpm`m mum vjbhmpb* vmta bj oluoa plmova umb s}jhmtbdjm

| bdlmtpb( Hbpbjlm Vatpobh* e}|au etì`lpau ïjoleaulhej}|mh Jmõh ― Mj Vmtmepa Bumulha | Dmbpl}j Gltju*| r}lmh bvbtmelõ mh Dtab`wb| mh Mj @lbtla `m BhbCtbhi* paob mj taj `m jb Tmlhb( ‚D}uebdb b bjg}lmh r}m}mtb kasmh* }mtpm* mhptm jbu jïhmbu `m Jmlb‟* m~vjlebJ}ebu( ‚Hbpbjlm vmtuahlebdb muau tbugau | oâu‟(

Vatpobh bàvpõ mj taj* oauptbhà }h tâvlà bvtmela| mhpmh`lolmhpa `m r}m mj vmtuahbkm mtb }h oa`mja bumg}lt( ‚C}m obtbsljjaua lhpmtvtmpbt b }hb kasmh tmlhb

eah pbhpa va`mt‟* `lem mhp}ulbupb( ‚Etma r}m umtâ d}m/ha vbtb jbu kasmhelpbu smt }hb o}kmt }mtpm `m beelõhr}m mu pbodlìh lhpmjlgmhpm | jï`mt‟(

B `lmtmhelb `m jb ob|atïb `m u}u ea/muptmjjbu* Vatp/obh ha mupbdb boljlbtl{b`b eah mj mhõomha Upbt

Mwbh OeGtmgat mhebthb jb smtulõh kasmh `mj Km`l Adl/Wbh Imhadl(

53



Wbtu e}bhà slha b datà `m Mvlua`la L( Vmta bjg}hauvbtlmhpmu tâvl bomhpm jm lmtah jb vlupb nbelb jb moaelõh(‚Olu vtloau ulmovtm nbh mupbà adumulahbàu eah jaujou‟* tme}mt`b mjjb* ‚b}h buï hl ulr}lmtb ja nbdïb slupabhpmu `m eahumg}lt mj taj( E}bhà paà om ae}ttlõ* oluvtloau m~ejbobdbh* „An @lau oïa* mupâu mh Upbt Wbtu"“‟(

Jb dûur}m`b vat Bhbilh* mj muejbsa `m < bòau mh Pbpaalhm*vtmumhpõ mj `mubïa oâu `mubjmhpbàt `m jb umjmeelõh( Jbunbdljl`b`mu muvmelbjmu mj o}enbena* bjg}hbu m jbu e}bjmuuah `moauptb`bu `}tbhpm }hb mjmeptlebtpm ebttmtb `mVaù* bptbmh jb bpmhelõh `m R}l/Gah | Adl/Wbh* r}lmhmuum mhe}mhptbh bptbvbàu mh mj vjbhmpb nagbt mj o}enbena(

@}tbhpm }h vmtlaà `m àu bòau G}tjbh` sla b elmhpau `mkasmhelpau lhpmtvtmpbt bj lhgmhlaua | vtaompmàt o}/enbena* r}m ha mupâ eahuelmhpm `mj `muplha | jau `mubïau

bpmoatl{bhpmu r}m jm muvmtbh( J}ebu r}lua r}m Bhbilh umbo}| m~ptasmtplà* lhp}lplsa* lhsmhplsa | b}pa/`mvmh`lmhpm(Pmhïb r}m umt bptbeplsa pbhpa vbtb jb gmhpm kasmh eaoavbtb u}u vb`tmu(

Ulg}lmhà mupb m~nb}uplsb dûur}m`b* jau tmbjl{bàtmu hbj/omhpm um `mel`lmtah vat Kbim Jja|`( ‚D}uebdb b bjg}lmhr}m }mtb d}mh bepat* mhp}ulbupb | o}| mhìtglea( Kbim muhbp}tbj‟* `lem J}ebu( Tlei OeEbjj}o ja tmvlpm; ‚Kbim pmhïbpa`bu jbu e}bjl`b`mu eattmepbu r}m Gmatgm mupbdb d}uebhà

vbtb Bhbilh( Mu lhpmjlgmhpm* ptbslmua | bàtb e}bjr}lmteaub omeâhleb ― k}upa eaoa Bhbilh‟(

Kbim `muetldm b Bhbilh eaoa ‚ulmovtm omplìhàum mhvtadjmobu | ptbsmu}tbu‟( Vmta* ìj bòb`m* ‚Bhbilh mu o}|lhpmjlgmhpm | }hb o}| d}mhb vmtuahb* r}m um vtmae}vboâu vat aptb gmhpm r}m vat uï oluoa‟( Jb mhebthbelõh}p}tb `m Bhbilh }m* hb`b uatvtmh`mhpm* }h bptbeplsalovatpbhpm vbtb Kbim( ‚Ulghleõ o}ena vbtb oï lhpmtvtm/pbt b Bhbilh vatr}m @btpn Sb`mt mu ol vmtuahbkm bsatlpa`m Upbt Wbtu‟(

Jb om{ejb `m n}oat* `lsmtulõh | nbdljl`b` `m Kbim tâvl`b/omhpm um gbhõ b u}u eaovbòmtau `m mjmhea( Mwbh OeGtm/gat `mejbtb* ‚H}heb ptbdbkì eah }h hlòa bepat pbh d}mhaeaoa Kbim( Ìj vbtmem ulmovtm nbdmt r}mtlà umt bepat* |

Hbpbjlm Vatpobh bàvpb jb vaup}tb`m }hb Tmlhb bàjmuemhpm(

57



ulmovtm }m vtamulahbj ― lhej}ua ul bàtbdb nbemt dtaobu `m sm{ mhe}bhà‟(

Eaoa jb o}jplp}` `m bhu `m jb vtlomtb ptljagïb ubdm* mj `muplha `mBhbilh ebmtâ `muv}ìu mh jbu obhau `mj Movmtbàt Vbjvbplhm( Mhjb vtlomtb ptljagïb* mj Umhbàt Vbjvbplhm mu }h aelbj va`mtaua r}meaolmh{b b oasmtum vbtb eahuajl`bt u} va`mt( Lbh Oe@lbtol` tmvlpmu} taj eaoa Vbjvbplhm ― ulh mj obr}ljjbkm r}m mhsmkmelõ bj bepat mh MjTmgtmua `mj Km`l(

Jb m~vmtlmhelb }m omoatbdjm vbtb Oe@lbtol`( ‚@bt }h vbua `mhpta`mj ump `m Mvlua`la L vat vtlomtb sm{ }m eaoa sajsmt mh mj plmo/va* `mdlà b ol m~vmtlmhelb mh Km`l‟* ìj tme}mt`b( ‚Vbjvbplhm mu }hvmtuahbkm lhpmtmubhpm9 mu eahsmhelahbj vat }mtb* vmta `moahlbea vat`mhpta ― mupâ bj dat`m* lhpmhpbhà lt oâu bjjâ `m ja r}m mu vauldjm‟(

Apta vmtuahbkm mh mj dat`m mu mj Jat` Ulpn @btpn Ob}j* r}lmh k}hpaeah u} omhpat* eaolmh{b }hb dt}pbj g}mttb eahptb jau Ebdbjjmtau Km`l(Mj ebovmõh `m jbu btpmu obtelbjmu | eahu}obà muvb`benïh | glohbu/pb Tb| Vbti paob mj taj( Vbti }m atlglhbjomhpm ptbïà b datà vbtbptbdbkbt eah mj eaat`lhbàt `m betadbelbu Hlei Gljjbt`* vmta lovtm/ulahõ o}ena b J}ebu* OeEbjj}o | G}tjbh` r}m }m vtmolbà eah mjbvtmelbà taj* mj e}bj tmvtmumhpb u} `md}p bepatbj mh elhm(

K}hpa eah u}u avahmhpmu mh vbhpbjjb* Jlbo Hmmuah | Mwbh OeGtmgat*Vbti ptbdbkõ emtebhbomhpm eah Gljjbt` mh muemhbu `m eaodbpm r}mptbmh }h h}msa bpjmpluoa | muplja `m vmjmb b jb ubgb `m Upbt Wbtu( Gl/jjbt`* `m nmena* etma }h h}msa btpm obtelbj bj }ulahbt sbtlbu pìehlebu`m j}enbu `m muvb`b ― eah bjga `m pbjb `m âtdaj | oaslolmhpau `mpmhlu mh d}mhb om`l`b( Mj `}mja ejloâplea `m ubdjmu `m j}{ Km`l eah

Lbh Oe@lbtol` tmgtmub bj taj r}m lhpmtvtmpõ 23 bòau bptâu* olmhptbu r}m Bhpnah| @bhlmju jm vtmupb u} sa{ b }hb smtulõh lheaovjmpb`m u} E/5VA* mh pbhpa r}m Ubo}mj J( Kbeiuah jagtb eahetmpbt u} u}mòa `m bep}bt mh Upbt Wbtu eah mj vmtuahbkm Obem Wlh`}(

5>



@btpn Ob}j vtmumhpb lhptlheb`bu betadbelbu omple}jaubomhpm vjbhmb/`bu | paoõ umobhbu jobt(

Tmgtmubhà bj }hlsmtua `m Upbt Wbtu* b}hr}m mh atobu jmsmomhpm`lmtmhpmu* mupâh jau r}mtlàu `tal`mu T4/@4 | E/5VA( Imhh| Dbimtnbdlpb h}msbomhpm mj ompâjlea e}mtva `m Btpaa* | Bhpnah| @bhlmjuum tmûhm eah jb ubgb eaoa mj `tal`m `m vtapaeaja* Pntmmvla* r}lmh mhMvlua`la L mu }h ptbdbka mh vtagtmua ulmhà eahupt}là vat Bhbilh(\b r}m Pntmmvla bûh mupâ ulh u} ‚vlmj‟* @bhlmj ha v}m`m ptbdbkbt mhmj ptbkm eaoa ja nbdïb nmena mh jb ptljagïb atlglhbj9 mh u} j}gbt ìjvtasm|õ jb sa{ }mtb `m eâobtb olmhptbu }h plpltlpmta obhlv}jõ bj`tal`m(

Pbodlìh nbelmhà }h tmgtmua dlmhsmhlà mupâ mj Obmupta Km`l \a`b*mupb sm{* vat u}v}mupa* mh }hb mhebthbelõh jmsmomhpm oâu kasmh(

Ctbhi A{ }hb sm{ oâu lhpmtvtmpb b \a`b `mu`m }h pïpmtm eahupt}làvat mj mr}lva `mj u}vmtsluat `m etlbp}tbu Hlei @}òbh* mj e}bj mheahk}hpa tmu}jpõ mh 206 vmtuahbkmu(

Mh Mvlua`la L* \a`b mu }h olmodta `mj Eahemka Km`l* eaoa ja mu }hbh}msb g}tb vbtb jb ubgb `m Upbt Wbtu* Obem Wlh`}* lhpmtvtmpbàvat Ubo}mj J( Kbeiuah( Bhpmu `m jb vta`}eelõh* b Kbeiuah* }h bh `mo}ena plmova `m Upbt Wbtu* um jm vtmg}hpõ `}tbhpm }hb mhptmslupbeah r}m `ltmepatmu jm g}upbtïb ptbdbkbt( Lhom`lbpbomhpm tmuvah`lõ;Gmatgm J}ebu* bòb`lmhà r}m jm g}upbtïb ptbdbkbt mh mj h}msa jo `mUpbt Wbtu( G}tjbh` u}va `mj lhpmtìu `m Kbeiuah | um bemteõ b ìj vbtblhpmtvtmpbt b Obem Wlh`}( Vtadõ umt }hb m~vmtlmhelb omoatbdjmvbtb mj smpmtbha bepat( ‚Bnï mupbdb* eah \a`b* bep}bhà mh Mvlua`la L‟*tme}mt`b ìj eah }hb uahtlub( ‚C}m }ha `m olu u}mòau nmenau tmbjl`b`‟(

5<



Mj ulovâplea Kbt Kbt Dlhiu mu eadtb sl`b gtbelbu bj bvatpm cïulea | saebj m Bnom` Dmup* olmhptbur}m Vmthljjb B}g}up `b sl`b b jb lhobe}jb`b ob`tm `mj mjmgl`a Bhbilh Ui|wbjimt(

06



Mj obh`bpa `m Gmatgm J}ebu vbtb mheahptbt bj omkat bepat vbtbeb`b taj mu pbodlìh msl`mhpm mh jb umjmeelõh `m jb beptl{ u}mebVmthljjb B}g}up* r}m lhpmtvtmpb b jb ob`tm `m Bhbilh* UnolUi|wbjimt( Jbu muemhbu eah ob`tm m nlka ptbmh oaomhpau eah/oasmàtmu b jb nlupatlb( ]hb smpmtbhb `m sbtlau jou `m LhgobtDmtgobh* B}g}up* `lem Tlei OeEbjj}o* ‚plmhmh pa`b jb `lghl`b`| va`mt r}m va`tïbu r}mtmt vbtb mj taj `m jb ob`tm `m Bhbilh‟(

Pbodlìh h}msa vbtb jb boljlb Upbt Wbtu mupâ Kbt Kbt Dlhiu* }hbpatvm etlbp}tb bhlòb`b r}m nbdjb mh }h jmhg}bkm vtavla( Kbt Kbtum }hm b R}l/Gah* Adl/Wbh* jb Tmlhb | Bhbilh mh u}u bsmhp}tbu(Mh vbhpbjjb Kbt Kbt umtâ }h vmtuahbkm gmhmtbà vat eaov}pb/àtb r}m lhpmtbepûb eah jau vmtuahbkmu `m beelõh mh slsa( Gtbhe}l`bà }m paobà mh umjmeelahbt b }h bepat r}m v}`lmtbvmtuahlebt bj vmtuahbkm ïuleb | saebjomhpm* | `m r}lmh msaj}/elahbtïb jb g}tb EGL( Mj lhpìtvtmpm `m pmbpta Bnom` Dmup* r}lmh}m slupa vat G}tjbh` `}tbhpm }hb vtmumhpbelõh `m Upaov mh

Ubh Ctbheluea* lhpmtvtmpb b Kbt Kbt(‚Bnom` mu Kbt Kbt‟* ejbob Tadlh G}tjbh`( ‚U} ptbdbka nl{a bjvmtuahbkm vauldjm‟( Jlbo Hmmuah bòb`m; ‚Bnom` mu }h lhpìtvtmpmo}| `lsmtplà | àpbà r}m tmbjomhpm jjmsb b jb sl`b b Kbt Kbt‟(Bjg}hbu smemu jau eaovatpbolmhpau pmbptbjmu bgbttbtïbh b u}uea/muptmjjbu }mtb `m g}bt`lb( ‚N}dlmtah o}enbu paobu àh`m}m `lïelj obhpmhmt mj taupta umtla‟* tme}mt`b Hmmuah* ‚vatr}mmtb nljbtbhpm m lhsmhplsa eah u}u oaslolmhpau | m~ptbòau h}msauuahlàu‟(

Vbtb nbemt b Kbt Kbt pbh eõolea | `lsmtplà eaoa }mtb vauldjm*Dmup jm `la bj vmtuahbkm }h gt}va `m oaslolmhpau lh}u}bjmu r}m}u}bjomhpm tmu}jpbh mh vahmt b jb etlbp}tb mh vtadjmobu( ‚KbtKbt `mumuvmtb`bomhpm r}lmtm eaovjbemt b paàu | nbemt paàdlmh‟* `lem Dmup( ‚Vmta ulh lovatpbt e}bhpa ja lhpmhpb* ulmovtm umjbu bttmgjb vbtb taovmt bjga | ptavm{bt eah bjg}lmh‟(

Pbodlìh nbelmhà bvbtlelahmu ejbsm mh Mvlua`la L mupâh mjhapbdjm bepat Pmtmhem Upbov eaoa mj Ebheljjmt Sbjat}o* r}lmhsm u} va`mt eaoa ebdm{b `mj Umhbà bomhb{bà vat mj Umhbàt

Vbjvbplhm9 Tbjvn Dtawh eaoa mj vljapa Hbdaa Tle Ajlì9 | N}gnR}btunlm eaoa mj sbjlmhpm g}bt`lâh `m jb Tmlhb* mj EbvlpâhVbhbib(

02



Vat oâu `m smlhpm bòau* Gmatgm J}ebu nb ulà eaha/elà eaoa vlahmta mh mj âtmb `m jau mmepau slu}bjmu(Jb ptljagïb atlglhbj `m Upbt Wbtu p}sa }h lovbepa

ob|at mh jb atob mh r}m jau mmepau slu}bjmu uahetmbàu* eaoa pbodlìh mh mj vtaemua `m vaup/vta`}e/elõh | mh jb vtmumhpbelõh `m jbu vmjïe}jbu(

Eah mj h `m tmbjl{bt u}u l`mbu `m mmepau slu}bjmuvbtb Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu* J}ebu etmõ jb ebub`m mmepau* Lh`}uptlbj Jlgnp # Obgle* jb e}bj lhpta/`}ka jb pmehajagïb `m eaov}pbàtbu b jb lh`}uptlb`mj elhm | tmsaj}elahõ jau mmepau muvmelbjmu( LJO* jbe}bj eaomh{õ eaoa ja r}m J}ebu jjbob }hb ‚}hl`b`

eaobhà‟ `m 0= r}m bnatb e}mhpb eah oâu `m 2*666movjmbàu* nb ulà u}dume}mhpmomhpm nahtbà eah20 Vtmolau `m jb Beb`molb vat Omkatmu Mmepau Sl/u}bjmu | 20 Vtmolau vat Jagtau Elmhpïeau | Pìehleauvat u} ptbdbka lhhasbàt mh mmepau muvmelbjmu mhoâu `m 246 jou(

Mub ptb`lelõh `m ptbdbka `m mmepau tmsaj}elahbtlaueahplh}õ mh Mvlua`la L* mj e}bj um eahupt}|m mh mjptbdbka lhhasbàt `m LJO mh Pmtolhbpat 4; Mj K}lela

Clhbj* K}tbuule Vbti* Cattmup G}ov | Pwlupmt( Mh Mvlua/`la L* jb pmehajagïb `lglpbj k}mgb }h taj oâu vtaol/hmhpm r}m mh e}bjr}lmt jo mh jb nlupatlb(

Vbtb mupm ‚ahà `lglpbj‟* LJO }m `mubbà eahjagtbt o}hàu `m m~ptbat`lhbtlb bhpbuïb olmhptbuobhpmhïbh }h buvmepa tmbjlupb | beaoa`bdbh loâ/gmhmu `m beelõh mh slsa `m jau bepatmu( Ha uaja mjahà `m bhpbuïb* ulha o}enau `m jau umpu* smnïe}jaum lhej}ua vmtuahbkmu uah gmhmtbàu vat eaov}pbà/

tb( @m nmena <= vat elmhpa `m jau e}b`tau mh mj jo*tah`bhà emteb `m 4*66 paobu* movjmbtah ptbdbka`lglpbj ― oâu `mj ptlvjm r}m mj hûomta oâu gtbh`m `mpaobu gmhmtb`bu vat eaov}pbàtb kboâu gmhmtb`buvbtb }hb vmjïe}jb(

Mj Cahà @lglpbj

Gmatgm J}ebu* T4/@4 | Kbim Jja|`mh mj ump `m Mvlua`la L(

04



B vmubt `m jb lhplol`bhpm pbtmb r}m J}ebu v}ua `mjbhpm `m LJO*h}heb `}`õ r}m jb eaovbòïb mupbdb b jb bjp}tb `mj `mubïa( ‚@muv}ìu`m ptbdbkbt eah mjjau vat oâu `m àu `ìeb`bu‟* `lem ìj* ‚Ubdïb r}m

va`tïbh nbemtja‟(

Mj mr}lva `m LJO vbtb Mvlua`la L* mj lhej}|õ b 4=6 btplupbu `m jbeaov}pbàtb* ptbdbkõ vat àu bòau mh mupm }hlsmtua `lglpbj( Jbu pbtmbu`m mmepau slu}bjmu `mj jo }mtah pbh lhomhubu r}m ha uaja }ha ulhaptmu `m jau omkatmu u}vmtsluatmu `m LJO }mtah tmr}mtlàu vbtb eao/vbtplt jb ebtgb* eb`b }ha paobhà tmuvahubdljl`b` vtlobtlb `m }hb aoâu ume}mhelbu `m beelõh vtlhelvbjmu eaoa pbodlìh `m plvau muvmeï/eau `m mmepau r}m ae}ttmh b ptbsìu `m jau jou* pbjmu eaoa jau jaudtljjbhpmu `m jau ubdjmu `m j}{( Mj gbhbàt `mj Auebt @mhhlu O}tmh* }h

smpmtbha `mj ptbdbka vlahmta atlglhbj `m Upbt Wbtu* u}vmtsluõ jau mme/pau `m jbu mhatomu dbpbjjbu mh plmttb | dbka mj bg}b( Kanh Ihajj* }hb}pat atlglhbj `mj vtagtbob bovjlbomhpm }ubà Vnapaunav* u}vmtsluõjbu ume}mhelbu `m hbsm muvbelbj | ebttmtb `m Vaù* | Ueapp Ur}lmtuu}vmtsluõ jb etmbelõh `m jbu moaelahbhpmu ume}mhelbu `m jb El}`b` `mPnmm`* eaoa pbodlìh jau mmepau `m ubdjmu `m j}{( K}hpau mupau boau`m jau mmepau etmbtah jlpmtbjomhpm o}hàu mhpmtau mh jbu eaov}pb/àtbu `m LJO ― }h jagta r}m ptbm buaodta b jb vbhpbjjb* vmta `mkb bjau bepatmu b omh}à vbtbàu mh mup}`lau sbelau eah ‚vbhpbjjb b{}j‟jb e}bj umtâ `muv}ìu tmmovjb{b`b vat ahàu `lglpbjmu(

Bep}bt mhptm }h o}hà `m vbhpbjjb b{}j | mjmomhpau Gmhmtbàuvat Eaov}pbàt .EG, }m }h `mubïa ejbsm vbtb jau bepatmu* r}m bomh}à mheahptbtah u} mhpatha mhpmta `mkbà b u} lobglhbelõh* eahuaja u} smup}btla a }h u}uplp}pa aebulahbj vbtb b|}`btjau b slu}bjl{btmj }hlsmtua r}m msmhp}bjomhpm jau ta`mbtïb mh mj jo( Uatvtmh`mh/pmomhpm* hb`lm `m jau bepatmu nbdïb pmhlà bjg}hb m~vmtlmhelb vtmslbptbdbkbhà eah vbhpbjjb b{}j9 vmta paàu ha uaja vbtmelmtah va`mteah mj vtaemua * ulha r}m ja bemvpbtah( Jlbo Hmmuah `lem* r}m eaovb/tb jb m~vmtlmhelb b mupbt mh muemhb* ‚Plmhmu r}m }ubt p} lobglhbelõh(

Ja bdat`boau mh }hb atob o}| lhp}lplsb( Vat ol vbtpm* r}lum bumg}/tbtom `m r}m vbtmelmtb r}m etmïb r}m paà mtb tmbj‟(

Jb obghlp}` `lglpbj pbodlìh um m~pmh`lõ b jb etmbelõh `m bjg}hau`m jau vmtuahbkmu `m Mvlua`la L* lhej}|mhà }hb g}tb boljlbt `mjTmgtmua `mj Km`l | Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu M`lelõh Muvmelbj ― Kbddb

mj N}pp( Mhptm jbu oâu `m 36 h}msbu etmbelahmu EG* u}vmtslub`bu vatmj u}vmtsluat `m bhlobelõh* Tad Eajmobh* Kbt Kbt Dlhiu9 Umd}jdb* mjebovmõh `m ebttmtbu `m Va` `mubbà vat Bhbilh9 | Wbppa* }hb etlb/p}tb `m nbdjb umeb vat r}lmh Bhbilh um mu}mt{b mh muejbslp}`( Eb`betlbp}tb EG `b u} vtavlb lhpmtvtmpbelõh slsl`b b ptbsìu `m u} tauptam~vtmulsa | jmhg}bkm eatvatbj `luplhplsa* etmbà vat jau obgau `m jaummepau `mj jo( Lhej}ua u}u tavbu ah`mbh | um o}msmh eaoa br}mjjbu`m u}u eahptbvbtpmu `m ebthm | n}mua(

Va`tïb nbdmt ulà }h o}hà `lglpbj* vmta pbodlìh }m hmemubtla r}moìpaàu oâu ptb`lelahbjmu }helahbtbh nbtoahlaubomhpm eah jaummepau tmsaj}elahbtlau( Mj oa`mjbà* u}vmtslubà vat Upmsm Gbwjm|

mh mj pbjjmt `m oa`mja `m LJO* eahplh}õ k}gbhà }h }mtpm taj mh mj}hlsmtua `m Upbt Wbtu* ptbdbkbhà mh eahk}hpa eah mj obpmtlbj EG(

Mj ptbdbka `lglpbj k}mgb }h taj ejbsm mh jb etmbelõh `m jau o}hàum~õpleau | `luvbtmu `m Mvlua`la L* ptmu `m jau e}bjmu ultsmh eaoa jaeb/elahmu vtlhelvbjmu `m jb nlupatlb( Mj vjbhmpb `mulmtpa `m Pbpaalhm* |bboljlbt vbtb jau bhu `m jb ptljagïb atlglhbj* mu nagbt `m o}enbu muvm/elmu bjlmhïgmhbu r}m slbkbh b ptbsìu m u}u tmoapau v}mtpau muvbelbjmu(Mupm o}hà tahpmtb |bem oâu bjjâ `m jbu lhc}mhelbu `m jb elsljl{b/elõh `m jb tmvûdjleb gbjâepleb* `mkbhà b Pbpaalhm eaoa }h vjbhmpb

muebdtaua tmglà vat gâhupmt* àh`m mj omtebà hmgta `m eaomtela |bv}mupb obhmkb jb meahaoïb* | àh`m jau muejbsau uah vaumïàu vatjau tleau(

Hbdaa mu }h vbtbïua vbelea* l`ïjlea `m vblubkmu smt`mu | vaebu el}`b/`mu* mheahptb`bu vat bttldb | `mdbka `mj bg}b( Mupm o}hà vtaslhelbjmu jb muemhb `m eahclepa r}m lhlelb jb eb`mhb mhpmtb `m msmhpau r}mvahm b jb ubgb `m Upbt Wbtu mh oaslolmhpa(

Eat}uebhp mu }h o}hà el}`b` àh`m jb m~vbhulõh }tdbhb nb

e}dlmtpa mj vjbhmpb mhpmta mh tbuebelmjau eajaubjmu* | mu mj emhpta `mj}hlsmtua `m Upbt Wbtu( Br}ï* jau Km`l plmhmh u}u e}btpmjmu mh mj va`m/taua Pmovja Km`l* | `mu`m br}ï mj Umhbà Gbjâeplea tlgm jb Tmvûdjleb(

05



Jaebelahmu

B`lelahbjomhpm bj ptbdbka `lglpbj nmena mhLJO jbu jaebelahmu tmoapbu `m Mvlua`la L tmr}l/tlmtah `m umpu muvmelbjmu | emhptau `m avmtbelõh

vbtb jb vta`}eelõh( Vbtb mupm h* jau tmbjl{b/àtmu paobtah Jmbsmu`mh Up}`lau mh mj Tmlha]hlà* etmbhà }hb âdtleb `m vmjïe}jb slu}bjdbka u} m~vbhulsa pmena( Jau 4=<*666 omptaue}b`tbàu m jb lhupbjbelõh }mtah e}dlmtpauvat `lm{ muemhbtlau | 36 umpu* b`moâu `m m~pmh/ubu âtmbu vbtb mmepau `m vlua* mmepau muvmelbjmu`m etlbp}tbu | eahmeelõh `m smup}btla( Lhej}uap}sa u} vtavla `mvbtpbomhpa `m ebdjmbà |daodmtau(

Jmbsmu`mh* jb e}bj }m }hb sm{ }hb âdtleb `moapatmu `m bmtahbsmu `m Tajju Ta|em | pmhïbmj japm oâu gtbh`m r}m e}bjr}lmt apta mup}`lamh mj o}hà* mtb smt`b`mtbomhpm jb mjmeelõhl`mbj vbtb jb muebjb | tlgatmu `m o}ena `m jbjobelõh `mj Mvlua`la L( ‚Mu vtadbdjmomhpm mjomkat j}gbt mh mj r}m nm nmena }hb vmjïe}jb‟*e}mhpb Tlei OeEbjj}o( ‚C}loau ebvbemu `m ta/`bt | eahupt}lt bj oluoa plmova* ulh mu}mt{au

m lovmtemvpldjmomhpm‟(Jb jobelõh m Mvlua`la L eaomh{õ mh Jmbsmu/`mh mh mj smtbha `m 2<<7* ebul ptmu bòau `muv}ìu`m r}m J}ebu eaomh{btb b muetldlt | r}m mjmr}lva `m `lumòa eaomh{btb b tm}hlt jau `ld}/kau eahemvp}bjmu lhïelbjmu ― | }h bòa `mu`m r}mjb eahupt}eelõh nbdïb eaomh{bà mh jau umpu( Jbvta }eelõh um oaslõ mhpahemu bj Vbjbela Tmbj`m Ebumtpb emteb `m Hâvajmu* Lpbjlb* vbtb muemhbuulp}b`bu mh mj vbjbela `m jb Tmlhb mh Hbdaa(

Sbtlbu jaebelahmu nbdïbh ulà m~vjatb`bu* vmtajau tmbjl{bàtmu eaheat`btah r}m mj Vbjbela tmbj`m Ebumtpb* }hb `m jbu mupt}ep}tbu oâu nmtoa/ubu | mjmgbhpmu `m M}tavb* vtmupbtïb }h tmbjluoa| b}pmhplel`b` lovatpbhpm b jbu ume}mhelbu(

Mh mj ebjat `mj smtbha* mj mr}lva `m Mvlua`laL nl{a ja r}m OeEbjj}o jjbob }h oaslolmhpa‚uïuolea‟ bj dat`m `mj Hatpm `mj Ubnbtb btleb/

ha ― Pûhm{* nagbt `m jbu muemhbu mh Pbpaalhm(Jb btr}lpmep}tb ptb`lelahbj `luplhplsb `m Pûhm{}hb sm{ oâu bòb`lõ m~õpleb tlr}m{b bj pbvl{ e}j/p}tbj `mj jo* eaoa ja nl{a nbem oâu `m smlhpmbòau bptâu vbtb Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu(Mj mr}lva nl{a ebodlau omhatmu mh bjg}hbujaebelahmu* eah uaja }h vaea `m tm/smupl`}tbhmemubtlb vbtb eaovjmpbt jb lj}ulõh `m Pbpaalhmmh mupbu mupt}ep}tbu Dmtmdmt `m apta o}hà(

Vat tb{ahmu jagïuplebu* mupb o}`bh{b | u}dum/e}mhpm jobelõh p}sa r}m umt nmenb mh k}jla| bgaupa* jau omumu oâu ebjlmhpmu `mj bòa mh mj`mulmtpa eaelà vat mj uaj( Dbka pmovmtbp}tbuvtaom`la `m 256 gtbàu Cbntmhnmlp .}hau =0gtbàu emhpïgtbàu,* mj mr}lva eahupt}|õ }hbsljjb r}m umtsltïb b 466 olmodtau `mj mjmhea |mr}lva(

]h olmodta `m jb vta`}eelõh ha uaja pajmtõmj ebjat* bvbtmhpmomhpm vtauvmtõ mh ìj( ‚Boa u}lhpmhul`b`‟* m~ejbob Mwbh OeGtmgat( ‚Smupïb/oau eaoa aena ebvbu `m vtmh`bu* vbpmbhàbjtm`màt `mj `mulmtpa( C}m m~ptmoa* vmta ja`lut}pì‟(

Mj ebjat lhpmhua tmu}jpõ umt uaja mj vtlomta`m jau `mubïau ompmatajõgleau mhtmhpbhà bjmr}lva `m Mvlua`la L mh Pûhm{( ]hb pbt`m bhmu `m k}jla* mj mr}lva | mjmhea sla eah buel/hbelõh | mhpahemu bjbtob jau tmjâovbgau `mu/

pmjjbhà uadtm mj elmja `mj `mulmtpa* umg}là vat}hb vbtm` `m btmhb r}m eattlõ nbelb mjjau( Vbtbmj plmova mh r}m mj mr}lva nbdïb bjebh{bà u}unapmjmu* vmub`bu ubdbhbu `m jj}slb eaomh{btahb `lj}slbt mh jau umpu(

@mptâu `m T4/@4* a omkat `lena`mhpta m ìj* um ae}jpb mj pbjmhpa`m Imhh| Dbimt(00



Jb tmvmte}ulõh `m mub patomhpb haep}thb jm`la bj ump `m Pbpaalhm mj umhplolmhpa `m }hvbtr}m `m ebtbsbhb vaup/pathbà; Elmhpau

`m tavbu nbdïbh ulà muvbtel`bu b ptbsìu `mj`mulmtpa* | sbtlbu mupt}ep}tbu }mtah tmpatel`bua lhej}ua tbugb`bu mh vm`b{au( Lhej}ua bjg}hau`tal`mu }mtah pltbàu vat paàu jbàu* tapau| muvbtelàu eaoa uaj`bàu ebïàu mh }hebova `m dbpbjjb(

Pmovtbha mh jb obòbhb `muv}ìu `m jb pat/omhpb* mj vta`}epat Tlei OeEbjj}o bttldõbj emhpta `mj jbu t}lhbu m lhom`lbpbomhpmeaomh{õ b mheahptbt atobu `m vahmt `m

h}msa b jb vta`}eelõh mh at`mh( Mh j}gbt `mjbomhpbt mj `bòa eahul`mtbdjm* mj mjmhea | mjmr}lva }mtah u}omtglàu mh mhìtgleb beelõhdbka jb g}ïb `m OeEbjj}o | tmvmhplhbomh/pm jb tme}vmtbelõh lovauldjm eaomh{õ b umtvauldjm( Gmatgm J}ebu paoõ jb }hl`b` vtlhel/vbj vbtb mheahptbt }h âtmb tmjbplsbomhpm ulh`bòau àh`m v}`lmtb jobt( Jau smup}btlau}mtah `mumhpmttbàu `mj `mulmtpa | jlovlbàuolmhptbu m`lelau | smnïe}jau }mtah tmvbtb/

àu( Paàu b|}`btah e}bhà }mtb hmemubtla|* oljbgtaubomhpm* jb jobelõh vmtobhmelõ mhetahagtbob( J}ebu oluoa vtasm|õ `m r}l{âujb msbj}belõh oâu ûplj `m ja r}m nbdïb ulàvmteldlà eaoa }hb ulp}belõh `msbupbàtb

e}bhà umòbja r}m ja oluoa nbdïb vbubàoâu `m smlhpm bòau bptâu mh mj ump `m Jb G}m/ttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu( R}l{âu* tb{ahõ ìj* mj nmena

`m r}m u}em`b aptb sm{ }m }h d}mh vtmubgla(Jb vta`}eelõh tmgtmuõ mhpahemu b Jmbsmu`mh*àh`m jb apagtbïb vtlhelvbj }m eaovjmpb`bb vtlhelvlau `m apaòa( Omumu `muv}ìu* | dlmh`mhpta `mj vtaemua `m m`lelõh* mj mhatommup}`la ultslõ h}msbomhpm m um`m e}bhà jautmbjl{bàtmu sajslmtah vbtb umulahmu `m àdjbkm`m `lbjaga | paobu b`lelahbjmu* e}|b hmem/ul`b` mtb l`mhpleb`b vat mj msaj}plsa eatpm

dattbàt `m J}ebu(

Mh mmepa* jb m`lelõh* jb e}bj mu jb vbtpm bsatl/pb `m J}ebu mh jb tmbjl{belõh* paoõ }hb `lomh/ulõh b}h oâu moaelahbhpm* eatpmuïb `m jbpmehajagïb `lglpbj `m LJO( J}ebu | u}u m`lpatmu*Obtplh Uolpn | Dmh D}tpp* bnatb `lut}pbtah`m ptmomh`b cm~ldljl`b`; Va`ïbh mh smt`bètmbt paobu mh jb ubjb `m m`lelõh bj eatpbt`lglpbjomhpm b jb gmhpm m lhej}ua jaebelahmu

}mtb `m }hb paob | oasmtjau b aptb( ‚Va`ïbtmeahupt}lt eaovjmpbomhpm | tmmuetldlt jbnlupatlb mh mj vtaemua `m m`lelõh‟* `lem J}ebu(

Gmatgm J}ebu `ltlglmhà | Kbim Jja|` `luct}pbhà `m jb jobelõh(

0=



Eah jau jou `m Upbt Wbtu* Gmatgm J}ebu ulmovtm nb lhpmhpbà}ubt uahlà `m ûjplob gmhmtbelõh( ‚Mupa| omplà mh mj uahlà |jb dbh`b Uahatb‟* eaomhpb ìj* hapbhà r}m jau àu }helahbh

k}hpau bj eahpbt u}u nlupatlbu(

Jb vtlomtb Upbt Wbtu }m lhupt}omhpbj mh vav}jbtl{bt mj ulupmob`m uahlà `m tm`}eelõh `m t}là `m @ajd|* eaoa ja nlelmtah jauàu u}dume}mhpmu mvlua`lau mh jb ptljagïb atlglhbj(

Jb pmehajagïb `m b}`la `m elhm nb nmena `mu`m mhpahemuulghlebplsbu omkatbu eah jb lhpta`}eelõh mj uahlà lglpbj |mj vtagtbob PN^ `m J}ebujo( Mhpahemu* vbtb Jb Ptljagïb `m jbG}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu M`lelõh Muvmelbj* J}ebu etmõ }hb dbh`b

uahatb `lglpbjomhpm om{ejb`b* jb e}bj u}vmtbdb lhej}ua b jbu lo/vtmulahmu `m o}muptb mh 76oo `mjb atlglhbj r}m }ubtah vlupbuobghìplebu(

@b`bu jbu vmtuvmeplsbu `m J}ebu uadtm mj bu}hpa* slha ulh uatvtm/ub* mhpahemu* r}m Mvlua`la L taovmtïb h}msau pmttmhau mh uahlà`m vmjïe}jbu* eaoa ja nbem eah mmepau `lglpbjmu | m`lelõh( Mj jomu mj vtlomta mh vtmumhpbt @ajd| @lglpbj U}tta}h` M^* mj e}bjmovjmb 3(2 ebhbjmu `m uahlà* bòb`lmhà }h ebhbj b`lelahbj bjatobpa bep}bjomhpm mh }ua mh ubjbu( PN^ `m J}ebujo | @ajd|Jbdatbpatlmu k}hpau `mubttajjbtah mj h}msa ulupmob `m uahlàmhsajsmhpm `m elhm* mj e}bj }m u}vmtslubà vat mj `lumòbàt `muahlà gbhbàt `mj Auebt Gbt| T|ùptao* `ltmepat `m avmtbela/hmu etmbplsbu mh Ui|wbjimt Ua}h`(

Mj h}msa ulupmob `m uahlà o}muptb jau pbjmhpau `m àu btplupbue}|a ptbdbka nb ulà bejbobà o}h`lbjomhpm( ]hb sm{ oâunbelmhà u} eahptld}elõh ûhleb bj }hlsmtua `m Upbt Wbtu mupâ mjelhea smemu gbhbàt `mj Vtmola `m jb Beb`molb* mj eaovaulpatKanh Wljjlbou | mj lumòbàt m uahlà Dmh D}tpp(

Jb lovatpbhelb `m jbu eahptld}elahmu `m Kanh Wljjlbou b jb Ubgb`m Upbt Wbtu ha v}m`m umt m~bgmtb`b( U} oûuleb mhbpl{b b jauvmtuahbkmu* moaelahmu | beelõh mh jau jou( ‚Ulmovtm `lkm r}mmupbu uah eaoa vmjïe}jbu o}`bu‟* `lem J}ebu* ‚| ua| o}| batp}/hbà `m r}m Kanh mhplmh`b mua‟(

Oûuleb \ Uahlà

03



Vbtb Mvlua`la L* Wljjlbou eaov}ua emteb `m àu natbu `m oûuleb*etmbhà obpmtlbj r}m mu tmuea | h}msa* vmta pbodlìh plmhm ea/hm~lõh mh pm~p}tb | pmoâpleb eah jb oûuleb `m jb ptljagïb atlglhbj(Buï* olmhptbu ebul pa`b jb oûuleb mh Mvlua`la L mu h}msb* nb| bj/g}hau pmobu | elpbu o}ulebjmu boljlbtmu `m jau ptmu vtlomtau jou(Eah mj pmob `m Bhbilh* vat mkmovja* jb b}`lmhelb altâ lh`lelau`m ja r}m um sajsmtâ mh u} mhebthbelõh vaupmtlat(

‚Ulh modbtga* ol avatp}hl`b` | `mubïa vtlhelvbj‟* `lem Wljjlbou*‚}m etmbt h}msa obpmtlbj r}m atmelmtb l`mhplebelõh omjõ`lebvbtb jau h}msau vmtuahbkmu* eaoa nbdïboau nmena eah jau joubhpmtlatmu‟( Buï r}m nb| obpmtlbj eaovjmpbomhpm h}msa vbtb KbtKbt* @btpn Ob}j* | jb Tmlhb* mhptm aptau( ‚Mupb ejbum `m jldta `mpmob o}ulebj `m Upbt Wbtu vbtmem etmemt olmhptbu Gmatgm eahpl/hûb lhpta`}elmhà h}msbu etlbp}tbu bj eahk}hpa‟* bòb`m Wljjlbou(

D}tpp* e}|au `lumòau `m uahlà lhgmhlauau k}gbtah }h taj ejbsmmh jau jou `m Upbt Wbtu | u}u M`lelahmu Muvmelbjmu* etmõ oâu `m2*666 h}msau uahlàu vbtb Mvlua`la L( Tmeajmepõ mupau uahlàu`mu`m bjmkb`bu plmttbu* m lhej}ua u} vtavla vbpla( Jb tmsaj}elõh`lglpbj pbodlìh k}gõ }hb vbtpm lovatpbhpm mh mj ptbdbka `m D}tpp*nbelmhà jb obhlv}jbelõh `m om{ejbu `m uahlà oâu umheljjb `mja r}m }m nbem smlhpm bòau bptâu(

Olmhptbu etmbdb jbu bpoaumtbu b}tbjmu lhhasbàtbu* D}tpp paoõgtbh e}l`bà `m obhpmhmtum mj bj bodlmhpm b}tbj `m jb UpbtWbtu atlglhbj( ‚Pmhmoau pbhpau mmepau ebtbepmtïupleau r}m tm/ae}ttmh mh Mvlua`la L r}m etma r}m mu bvtavlbà paebtjau vatr}m

uah boljlbtmu vbtb jau bhu‟* m~vjleb D}tpp( Eah bjg}hau uahlàu`m ubdjmu `m j}{* ja slmka }m om{ejbà eah ja h}msa* eah D}tpp tm/ptbdbkâhàjau vbtb bk}upbtum b jbu ume}mhelbu m vmjmb obu tâvl`bur}m paobh j}gbt mh jb h}msb vmjïe}jb(

Jb tleb | sbtlb`b vlupb uahatb | mmepau lhhasbàtmu `mj jovtasm|mtah jau par}mu hbjmu mh ja r}m eaomh{õ eaoa }h u}mòavbtb Gmatgm J}ebu( Bnatb* gtbelbu bj ptbdbka lhhasbàt | `}ta`m oljmu `m vmtuahbu ptbdbkbhà k}hpbu* mj u}mòa mu }hb tmbjl/`b`( ]h bhpâuplea o}hà h}msa r}m bûh vmtobhmem mj b u}u

r}mtl`bu vtm`memuatbu mupâ jlupa vbtb jau oljjahmu `m bhu r}m nbhmuvmtbà bòau vat u} bttlda(

Mj eaolmh{a mupâ br}ï(

Kanh Wljjlbou ltlglmhà b jb Atr}mupb Cljbtoõhleb`m Jah`tmu `}tbhpm jb umulõh `m gtbdbelõh vbtbJb Bomhb{b Cbhpbuob(

07



@lumòa `m Smup}btla

Jb nlupatlb `m Gmatgm J}ebu vbtb Mvlua`la L* jb e}bjhau jjmsb bj emhpta `m jb gbjb~lb* | b vjbhmpbu uaupl/ebàu e}|au nbdlpbhpmu vaummh tlr}m{b obkmup}aub*

va`mt* lhc}mhelb vajïpleb | muplja* hmemulpbtah `m }hboa`b | `lumòa `m smup}btla tlea m lhptlhebà( Jb `lum/òbàtb `m smup}btla Ptlunb Dlggbt | mj btplupb eahemv/p}bj Lbh OeEblg ptbkmtah b jb sl`b jb slulõh `m J}ebu`mj o}hà `m jb oa`b | smup}btla `m Mvlua`la L(

Jau `mubïau vtlhelvbjmu }mtah mj gtbh saj}omh `msmup}btla tmr}mtlà vat jb nlupatlb | mj eatpa vjb{a`m plmova mh mj e}bj pa`bu jbu l`mbu `m J}ebu `mdïbhsajsmtum }hb tmbjl`b` ïuleb( Mh omhau `m }h bòa*

Dlggbt | u} vmtuahbj `m 06 vmtuahbu `lumòõ omple}/jaubomhpm | tm}hlõ oâu `m olj ptbkmu ― bdbtebhàmjbdatb`bu tavbu tlebu | tmv}kb`bu b ulovjmu* obu b}he}l`bàubomhpm `mpbjjb`bu tavbu `m muejbsa( ‚H}mupta`mvbtpbomhpa `m }pljmtïb | smup}btla bdtleõ paàujau beemuatlau lhej}|mhà ebueau* uaodtmtau | nmdljjbu`m elhp}tõh‟* `lem Dlggbt r}m u}vmtsluõ mj vtaemua(‚Nlelmtah }h ptbdbka lhetmïdjm‟(

O}enbu `m jbu l`mbu `m J}ebu vbtb mj smup}btla }mtahdbub`bu mh jb oa`b | bvbtlmhelb `m sbtlau vbïumu avmtlaàu `m jb nlupatlb | mur}mobu `m eajat mh jaue}bjmu mupbdb vbtple}jbtomhpm lhpmtmubà( Kbvahìu*Oahgaj* Enlha* Btlebha `mj hatpm m lhc}mhelbuM}tavmbu v}m`mh umt slupbu mh jb h}omtaub oa`b `mMvlua`la L( b}h buï eb`b smuplomhpb plmhmh }h buvme/pa | muplja ûhlea( Dlggbt m~vjleb; ‚Eb`b `lumòau `mg}bt`bttavb mh Mvlua`la L plmhm }hb dbum nlupõtleb*vmta ja ebodlboau | k}gboau eah mj smup}btla vbtbbjmkbtja `m vbtmemt tmeahaeldjmomhpm ìphlea‟(

OeEblg eaomh{õ b etmbt eahemvpau `m smup}btla mh}hb mpbvb o}| pmovtbhb `m vtm/vta`}eelõh( ‚Hanbdïb ulr}lmtb g}lah b}h‟* tme}mt`b ìj( ‚Gmatgm smhïb`m slulpb | `muetldïb muemhbu | vmtuahbkmu vbtb r}mv}`lìtboau eaomh{bt b ptbdbkbt mh bjg}hau lumòau‟(

Olmhptbu jm `bdb eahul`mtbdjm jldmtpb` b OeEblg | Dl/ggbt vbtb jagtbt u}u `lumòau | smup}btla* J}ebu mupbdbulh modbtga o}| lhsaj}etbà mh `btjm atob b mupau

o}hàu `m jb oa`b( ‚Gmatgm mu mj `lumòbàt `mhlpl/sa `m smup}btla‟* `lem OeEblg( ‚Paoõ ja r}m r}lua |hau g}lõ nbelb àh`m r}mtïb‟(

Dlggbt mupâ `m be}mtà; ‚Gmatgm mup}sa o}| lhsa/j}etbà b ptbsìu `mj vtaemua mhpmta( Tmg}jbtomhpmuajlelpbdb mhe}mhptau vbtb lue}plt paàu jau buvmepau`m jbu pmjbu* eajatmu | atobu‟(

@muv}ìu r}m OeEblg eaovjmpõ u}u `lumòau | daempau*Dlggbt paoõ u} ptbdbka | ja eahsltplõ mh tmbjl`bòlmhptbu bòb`ïb u}u vtavlbu l`mbu | `lumòau(

Jb tlr}m{b* sbtlm`b` | eaovjmkl`b` `mj smup}btla `mMvlua`la L v}m`m umt slupa mh o}enau `m jau vmtua/hbkmu `m jb nlupatlb* vmta hlhg}ha oâu r}m jb TmlhbBol`bjb* lhpmtvtmpb`b vat Hbpbjlm Vatpobh(

B}hr}m sbeljb mh bòlplt }h bp}mhà a vmtuahbkm b/satlpa* Dlggbt eahem`m mheahptbt o}enbu avatp}hl`b/`mu mh `lumòa | etmbelõh `m jau ptbkmu vbtb jb Tmlhb |

jbu àhemjjbu( ‚Mj smup}btla vbtb mj vjbhmpb `m jb Tmlhb}m o}| lhpmtmubhpm `m nbemt vatr}m lovtloloau`lumòau `luplhplsau mh jbu pmjbu‟* m~vjleb mjjb( ‚Pbodlìh}uboau sbtlbu pìehlebu `m pmòlà r}m hau vmtolplmtahlheatvatbt pmjbu o}| oa`mthbu eah vlm{bu bhplg}bu‟(

Jb Tmlhb slupm aena smuplomhpbu( O}enbu omhau }m/tah vjbhmb`bu atlglhbjomhpm* vmta mj `muma `m J}ebu`m m~vbh`lt mj }hlsmtua `m jb oa`b `m Upbt Wbtu jjmsõb }h lhetmomhpa `m ebul ptmu `muvjlmg}mu( ‚Gmatgmr}lua r}m jb Tmlhb pmhgb }h ptbkm `lmtmhpm eb`b sm{r}m jb smoau‟* `lem Dlggbt(

Eb`b }ha `m jau ptbkmu `m jb Tmlhb plmhm u} buvmepa| `lumòa muvmelbj vtavla( R}l{âu mj oâu eaovjmka mumj smuplà `m jb Ubjb `m Ptaha `m jb Tmlhb* mj e}bj mu

0>



Vb`oì Bol`bjb mh u} bp}mh`a `m dbpbjjb `}tbhpm mj hbj `m jb vmjïe}jb(

0<



lj}olhbà vat }hb umtlm `m j}emu bjtm`màt `m ìj( Mj ptbdbka mhmj smuplà* r}m paoõ aena umobhbu mh eaovjmpbt* eaomh{õ eahjb bdtlebelõh `m }h ptbkm lhpmtha* `lumòbà ebul eaoa }h eaha`m nmjbà `m ebdm{b9 mua beljlpb }h bk}upm vmtmepa vbtb Hbpb/jlm Vatpobh( Mj ptbkm lhpmtha }m nmena eah h}omtauau vbhmjmuvmr}mòau `m jlmh{a tmat{bà bjtm`màt `m jb vbtpm lhmtlat vbtbobhpmhmt jb atob m ebovbhb(

Mj smuplà plmhm sbtlbu ebvbu vbtb jjmsbt mj vmua `m u}u j}emu | eb/djmu r}m sbh b jbu dbpmtïbu r}m `bh mhmtgïb b jbu j}emu( Olmhptbupmtelavmja }m eahul`mtbà atlglhbjomhpm* jau tmr}mtlolmhpau `mlj}olhbelõh `m eâobtb hmemulpbtah }h ebodla b um`b( Bj obh/pmhmtum eah jb dbum e}jp}tbj!nlupõtleb `m o}ena `mj smup}btla*mj smuplà plmhm ja r}m Dlggbt jjbob ‚}hb ejbum m umhplolmhpaEnlha Lovmtlbj‟ b ptbsìu `m u} muebjb | ulj}mpb(

Mj smup}btla `m jb Tmlhb lhuvltõ b Dlggbt | u} mr}lva b tbuptmbtpmjbu `m paà mj o}hà( Lhej}ua etmbtah bjg}hbu vtavlbu( ‚Pm/hïboau pmjbu pmkl`bu* vlhpb`bu* pmòl`bu ― nleloau paà ja r}mv}`lmtbu nbemt b }h vm`b{a `m pmjb‟* tme}mt`b Dlggbt(

Mj vtlomt smuplà `m slbkm `m jb Tmlhb }m eaovjmpbomhpm nmenab obha | }pljl{b }hb pmjb `m plva `m btbòb r}m jm paoõ b }hbvmtuahb* ptbdbkbhà elhea `ïbu b jb umobhb vat `lm{ natbu eb`b`ïb* oâu `m }h omu nbemtja( Mj smuplà }m mhpahemu eaulà mh}h bva|a `m pmjb o}| `mjgbà muvmelbj( Mupb pmjb mtb mhpahemuv}mupb mh bg}b* eb}ubhà r}m mj ahà um `mttlplmtb vat eao/vjmpa* `mkbhà jbu eaup}tbu r}m nbdïbh mupbà mhelob( Eb`b

vbhmj `mj smuplà }m eaulà mh apta vbhmj ulh hlhg}hb eaup}tb(Mj tmu}jpbà; }hb lhptlheb`b | `mjleb`b b`lelõh bj }hlsmtua `m jboa`b `m Mvlua`la L(

Dlggbt | u} mr}lva pbodlìh }ubtah sbtlbu vlm{bu bhplg}bu(Vbtb jb umg}h`b dbpb `m tmul`mhelb m~pmtlat `m jb Tmlhb* Dlggbtmheahptõ }h vm`b{a `m bjtm`màt `m 2<26* vmta `m e}|a atlgmhmupâ lhumg}tb( ‚Etmmoau r}m mtb }h smuplà‟* eaomhpb mjjb* ‚vmtamupbdb mh o}enau vm`b{au buï r}m ha mup}sloau umg}tau `m jar}m mtb‟( Dlggbt ptbhuatoõ jau oaplsau `m jb vlm{b mh dat`bà

lhptlhebà(Mj ptbkm `m dbpbjjb `m jb Tmlhb }m pbodlìh lhpmhua mh plmova |ptbdbka ― jm paoõ b }hb vmtuahb oâu `m }h omu eaovjmpbtja( Mjsmup}btla }m nmena `m sblhbu `m um`b `m at}gb `m jb lh`lb r}m

=6



}mtah pmkl`bu mh }hb tm` `m um`b( Jbu sblhbu }mtah tmoasl`bu`m jb vbtpm u}vmtlat `mj ptbkm* mhpahemu eaulàu lh`lsl`}bjomhpm`m s}mjpb vbtb etmbt jb atob bvtavlb`b `mj naodta(

Jb dbpb `m bvbtlelõh mh mj Umhbà `m jb Tmlhb* eah ptmu ebvbu*mu lhej}ua oâu lhptlheb`b( Mj smuplà lhpmtha* mj e}bj mu `m um`beatpb hbtbhkb eah }h pmklà smt m ― }hb pmjb `m umpmhpb bòau `m

slmka ― mu pbdjmbà9 mupm pbdjmbà paob jb j}{ `m jau eajatmu `mjptbkm bàh`m mj vmtuahbkm um o}msb(

]hb sbtlm`b` `m vlm{bu bhplg}bu `m mhebkmu `m e}mhpbu `meatbhmj smuplà lhpmtha( Jb dbpb emhptbj `mj smup}btla mupâ nmenb `mpmtelavmja eatpa taka | smt`m* dat`bà mh dtahem( ]hb pìehlebmuvmelbj bòb`lõ pm~p}tb | vta}h`l`b` bj obpmtlbj( Mj e}mjja |jau v}òau `m jb dbpb uah `meatbàu eah ptmh{bàu ompâjleauàtbàu* }ubhà }h oìpaà `m eaup}tb jjbobà ptbv}hpa* mh mje}bj p}dau vmr}mòau uah eaelàu mh }h `lumòa mh mj e}bj nljamu lh|mepbà vbtb `bt }h mmepa vmr}mòa `m bjoanb`ljjb( Mupa*pbodlìh* }m }h vtaemua r}m eahu}olõ plmova* paoâhàjm b}hb vmtuahb }hb umobhb nbemt mj dat`bà | ptbv}hpa( Uadtm jbdbpb mupâ }hb ebvb `m vlmj `m lolpbelõh eah naodtmtbu mh v}h/pb }mtpmomhpm beajenb`bu r}m }mtah eahupt}l`bu mh jb atob`m }hb vltâol`m( Jb ebvb }m mhpahemu bjlhmb`b eah um`b takb(

Mupm smup}btla* eaoa jau aptau* plmhm }h eaovjmomhpa `m ebdm{bmjbdatbà( Mj eaovjmomhpa `m bvbtlelõh mh mj Umhbà `m jbTmlhb* mj e}bj plmhm }h umhplolmhpa Oahgaj* mtb mj oâu vmubà(Jb vlm{b }m mhenbvb`b mh ata vbtb adpmhmt jb e}bjl`b` `m ea/

jat eattmepb* mhpahemu `meatb`b eah vmr}mòbu ka|bu( ‚Umhploaur}m u}u eaovjmomhpa sbjïb mj mu}mt{a* vmua | gbupa bj pmhmtata tmbj‟* `lem Dlggbt(

Apta eaovjmomhpa vbtb jb ebdm{b }m nmena `m }hb vlm{bbhplg}b `m e}mhpb `m }hb bj`b `m dbljbtlhb m~õpleb* bjtm`màt`m 2<46( Vbtpm `mj bvjlr}m slmhm nbelb jb tmhpm `m Vatpobh9 jbue}mhpbu uah mhpahemu e}dlmtpbu vat mj tmupa mj eaovjmomhpa*mj e}bj tmu}jpb mh }h buvmepa plva dajub( Mj ptbkm beaovbòâh/àja }m dbubà mh }h buvmepa `m iloaha Kbvahìu* eah Dlggbt

bòb`lmhà `lumòau ûhleau vtavlau( Mjjb bemhp}õ jbu obhgbu}h pbhpa* jjboâhàjbu ‚obhgbu `m vlhgúlha‟ vatr}m mtbhpbh tmàh`bu r}m j}eïbh `m bjg}hb atob eaoa }h vlhgúlha(Dat`bà b oâr}lhb | b obha }mtah }ubàu vbtb mupb etmbelõheaovjmkb(Bjg}hau `m jau sbtlau ptbkmu }ubàu vat jb

Tmlhb Bol`bjb `}tbhpm u} bsmhp}tb(=2



Jau smup}btlau vtmumhpbtah sbtlau `mubïau ûhleau ha uajavbtb Dlggbt | u} mr}lva* ulha pbodlìh vbtb Hbpbjlm Vatpobh(Vbtb eb`b eaovjmomhpa `m ebdm{b* }h oaj`m `m jb ebdm{b `mVatpobh }m paobà* `mj e}bj mupm | paàu jau eaovjmomhpau}mtah eahupt}làu(

B`lelahbjomhpm* vahmtum mh jau mjbdatbàu | vmubàu ptbkmu `m

jb Tmlhb tmr}ltlõ `m vmhubolmhpa etmbplsa | vtbeplea( Mhpahemujau tmbjl{bàtmu mheahptbtah jb atob lhgmhlaub `m vtmvbtbt bjb beptl{ eah plmova | mu}mt{a oïhloa; jb sluplmtah mh ‚vlm/{bu‟( Jbu vtmh`bu lhpmtlatmu }mtah v}mupbu mh jb ubjb `m smu/p}btla9 Vatpobh mhpahemu slbkbdb bj mup}`la m uahlà ah`mum smupltïb eah mj tmupa `mj smup}btla( Mh b`lelõh b nbemt âeljvbtb Vatpobh mj oaslolmhpa mhptm paobu* mupm vtaemua b|}`õ bvtmsmhlt mj `mugbupm | tap}tb `mj bp}mhà(

Jbu beaovbòbhpmu àhemjjbu r}m ulg}mh b jb Tmlhb mh u}u bsmh/

p}tbu pbodlìh p}slmtah r}m pmhmt `lmtmhpmu ptbkmu vbtb bpmh`mtb u} jï`mt( U}u smuplomhpbu }mtah ulmovtm `lumòb`bu eah mjbp}mhà `m jb Tmlhb mh omhpm* tmeldlmhà jb oluob bpmhelõh bj`mpbjjm | muplja( ‚Lhpmhpboau‟* `lem Dlggbt* ‚obhpmhmt b jbu àh/emjjbu mh smuplomhpb smtplebj* eah jb Tmlhb sluplmhà pa`b ejbum`m `lbgahbjmu | tavbkm gtbh`mu vbtb nbemtjb smt lovahmhpm ― |u}u ahemjjbu vmr}mòbu | omh}`bu‟(

Mj smup}btla `m Slbkm `m @ahemjjbu }m nmena mh vbtpm vat }hbpìehleb muvmelbj `m pmòlà( Jb vbjmpb `m eajat `mj smup}btlaebodlb `m bobtljjb vâjlà mh jb vbtpm dbkb b }h }mtpm hbtbh/kb mh jb vbtpm u}vmtlat( Eah mj h `m bumg}tbt r}m mj smuplàpmhgb mj oluoa hlsmj `m pmòlà mh paà u} muvbela* }m pmòlàmh vmr}mòbu vlm{bu(

Mj smup}btla `mj Umhbà `m jb @ahemjjbu mu nmena `m sbtlauvbhmjmu9 ul mj smuplà p}slmtb r}m ubebtum* mj hûomta `m vbhmjmun}dlmtb pmhlà r}m umt bjpmtbà( Mj smuplà lhpmtlat `mj smuplàmupâ nmena `m }h obpmtlbj eaoa jlmh{a | bemta* nbelìhàjatïglà | `lïelj vbtb ebolhbt( Jb atob mupâ atob`b vbtb r}mha nb|b oaslolmhpa mh jb pmjb m~pmtlat( Mj smup}btla plmhm }hbebv}enb eah vbhmjmu r}m }mtah eatpbàu vbtb bk}upbtum b jbubeptlemu lh`lsl`}bjmu r}m jau sluplmtah(

Aptb avatp}hl`b` `m oa`b muvmelbj slha `mj smup}btla r}m}m lhpmhelahbà vbtb vmtuahbkmu ha n}obhau( Br}ï* pbodlìh*

Dlggbt | u} mr}lva vbubtah eahul`mtbdjm plmova `lumòbhà |bdtlebhà jau smup}btlau( Vbtb }h smup}btla mh vbtple}jbt* Dlg/gbt | eaovbòïb v}ulmtah omple}jaubomhpm smt`b`mtbu vlm`tbu*tmeajmepb`bu `m }hb vjb|b* `mhpta `mj e}mtva `m gaob `mj ptbkm(Vmta mj ebjat `mj `mulmtpa `m Pûhm{ eb}uõ r}m jb gaob um m~vbh/`lmtb ― | r}m jbu vlm`tbu eaomh{btbh b ubjlt( O}ena plmova }m}ubà vbtb tmlhumtpbt mj beemuatla etïplea(

@lumòbt mj smup}btla `m jau Ebdbjjmtau Km`l atmelõ `mubïau`lmtmhpmu vbtb OeEblg | Dlggbt( Mj ‚jaai‟ Km`l mtb |b boljlbtb lheahpbdjmu bhu `m Upbt Wbtu( B`lelahbjomhpm* }hb jaebelõhvtlhelvbj mh mj h}msa jo mu mj vjbhmpb `mulmtpa Pbpaalhm* r}m}m slupa vat ûjplob sm{ mh Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu( Mupauvmtuahbkmu | jaebelahmu boljlbtmu vtasm|mtah b OeEblg | Dlg/gbt eah jb avatp}hl`b` `m obhpmhmt eahplh}l`b` mh jb oa`b`m jau vtlomtau ptmu jou* olmhptbu bòb`ïbh bjga `m u} vtavlapar}m muvmelbj(

Vbtb slhe}jbt mupau buvmepau vtmslau b ptbsìu `m Mvlua`la L*Dlggbt slulpõ jau btenlsau `m J}ebujo* àh`m mup}`lõ bjga `mjsmup}btla vbubà mh `mpbjjm( Ha adupbhpm* jb nlupatlb `m Mvlua/`la L tmr}ltlõ `m h}msbu pmjbu a oa`lebelahmu b jau `lumòau( Mh}hb vbtpl`b `m jau jou vtmslau* paà mj smup}btla Km`l mu nmena`m um`b* jlha a jbhb o}| hbj( Bjg}hau ebodlau }mtah nmenaupbodlìh mh jb tavb lhpmtlat `m jau smup}btlau atlglhbjmu9 mtbhbnatb oâu bvtavlbàu | bolupauau vbtb u} }ua mh jbu j}enbubetadâplebu | muemhbu `m àdjmu | dbpbjjbu `m ubdjmu `m j}{ `mj

h}msa jo

Olmhptbu mj kasmh Bhbilh Ui|wbjimt mu }h vmtuahbkm eaovjmka*u} smuplomhpb }m }hb `m jbu oâu ulovjmu( OeEblg | Dlggbt jjm/gbtah b }h smup}btla `m muejbsa r}m mtb sltp}bjomhpm l`ìhpleabj smuplà vat mj }p}ta nlka `m Bhbilh* J}im Ui|wbjimt* mh jbmuemhb `mj vtlomt jo mh Pbpaalhm( Vbtb jb smja{ ebttmtb `mVaù* Bhbilh um vahm }h ebuea muvmelbj | gbbu `m muplja `m jbVtlomtb G}mttb O}h`lbj( Jb e}dlmtpb `m ebdm{b `m jb ebttmtb`m Va` }m dbub`b mh }hb }mhpm uatvtmh`mhpmomhpm pmttmuptm

| eapl`lbhb ― mj ebuea `m dlelejmpb `m }h hlòa( Vat u}v}mupa*bjg}hau h}msau beemuatlau }mtah elpbàu mh ja bjpa `mj ebueavbtb `btjm }h jaai muvmelbj(

=4



Pa`au jau vmtuahbkmu* umbh nìtamu a sljjbhau* hmemulpbdbh `m u} vtavla smup}btla Tmvtmumhpbplsa(=5



Smnïe}jau eah lh}mhelbu sbtlbu b`athbhmj }hlsmtua `m Upbt Wbtu mh Mvlua`la L(

=0



@lumòau `m Smnïe}jau | Hbsmu Muvbelbjmu

Mj kmm `m btplupbu `m Mvlua`la L* @a}g Enlbhg*nb ptbïà }h h}msa buvmepa b jb ubgb ìvleb `mGmatgm J}ebu( Lhpmtvtmpbhà jb slulõh `m J}ebu*

Enlbhg | u} mr}lva `m btplupbu nbh etmbà oljmu`m vlm{bu `m btpm vbtb Mvlua`la L ― lhej}|mhàdaempau* mue}jp}tbu* `lumòa `m smup}btla* oa`mjau`m etlbp}tbu | vlhp}tbu `m vta`}eelõh b paàeajat(

]h bh `m jb ptljagïb atlglhbj* Enlbhg e}l`bà/ubomhpm mup}`lõ mj muplja `m Upbt Wbtu bhpmu `meaomh{bt b ptbdbkbt mh Mvlua`la L( Vmta J}ebupmhïb bjga o}| `lmtmhpm mh omhpm; ìj r}mtïb

etmbt h}msau `lumòau* o}hàu* el}`b`mu* smup}btla*etlbp}tbu | smnïe}jau(

‚Nmoau mupbà ubp}tbàu eah `lumòau `mtlsbàu`mj buvmepa `m Upbt Wbtu vat mupau smlhpm bòau‟*umòbjb Enlbhg( ‚Buï r}m mup}sm eaovjbelà e}bh/à Gmatgm vl`lõ bjga h}msa* eaoa mj etaoa* ajbu atobu u}bsmu* Btp Ha}smb} | Btp Oa`mthm(Mu e}bhà om `l e}mhpb `m r}m Mvlua`la L ldb bumt bjga h}msa | ha uaja }h tmvjbhpmbolmhpa `m}h obpmtlbj bhpmtlat‟(

J}ebu* Enlbhg | mj `mvbtpbomhpa `m btpm `m Mvl/ua`la L eaomh{btah jbu tm}hlahmu mh }hb mpbvbo}| pmovtbhb `m vtm/vta`}eelõh( @}tbhpm mupbu`lue}ulahmu lhïelbjmu* jbu e}bjmu }mtah eah`}el`buolmhptbu J}ebu b}h mupbdb muetldlmhà mj g}lah*ìj `muetldlõ u} jauaïb mh eõoa mj buvmepa `mjh}msa jo ― vbjmpbu `m eajat* atobu | `lumòa― `lmtltïbh `m jb ptljagïb atlglhbj( Mh jau joubhpmtlatmu* mtb o}| âelj `m `mpmtolhbt* b ptbsìu

`m jb adumtsbelõh `m jau eajatmu | atobu* r}msmnïe}jau | vmtuahbkmu mtbh vbtpm `m jb nmtalebTmdmjlõh | e}bjmu tmvtmumhpbtah bj Lovmtla/ mjûjploa mtb obtebà vat mj hmgta* djbhea | taka*| u}u hbsmu mtbh jlovlbu* bhg}jbtmu | bjb`bu( Mh

eahptbupm* jau tmdmj`mu pmh`ïbh b pmhmt smnïe}jaur}m pmhïbh }h buvmepa oâu `bòbà(

Vbtb jau `lumòau `m Mvlua`la L* J}ebu }m mh }hb`ltmeelõh eaovjmpbomhpm `lmtmhpm( ‚Gmatgm r}luadattbt jbu jïhmbu‟* m~vjleb Enlbhg* ‚buï e}bhà mjmuvmepbàt sm }hb hbsm* ha tmeahaemtâ pbh âelj/omhpm b r}ì jbà tmvtmumhpb mj smnïe}ja‟(

O}enbu `m jbu `lmtmhelbu mhptm jau smnïe}jau `mMvlua`la L | u}u vtm`memuatbu uah }h tmu}jpbà`m jbu mtbu `luplhplsbu mh jbu e}bjmu }mtah vta/`}el`bu( @m be}mtà b Enlbhg* jau `lumòau `m jbptljagïb atlglhbj pmhïbh }h umhplt eaoa `m eb`mhb`m oahpbkm* eah mupìpleb vta`}el`b mh obub*âhg}jau `}tau | }h buvmepa ‚obr}lhbà‟( Vmtamh mj h}msa jo* ulp}bà }hb gmhmtbelõh bhpmu`m jau msmhpau `m Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu* jausmnïe}jau | hbsmu uah ptbpbàu dbupbhpm `lmtmhpm*tmcmkbhà jbu vtlatl`b`mu | sbjatmu `m }h plmova`lmtmhpm( ‚Jb mtb `m Mvlua`la L mu v}jl`b* lh`lsl/`}bjl{b`b | tmhb`b ― r}l{âu lhej}ua uadtm/`lum/òb`b‚* `lem Enlbhg( ‚Va`tïb umt jjbob`b }hb mtb

`m „btpmubha“( Gtbh e}l`bà jm mu `bà b lhej}uamj oâu vmr}mòa `mpbjjm‟(

Mh mupm vmtlaà* jb }helahbjl`b`* b}hr}m lovat/pbhpm* paob mj bulmhpa ptbumta b bsat `m jb atob(‚O}enau `m jau smnïe}jau uah dbupbhpm mjmgbh/pmu | plmhmh }h umhplolmhpa taoâhplea‟* umòbjbEnlbhg( ‚Bjg}ha va`tïb lhej}ua eahul`mtbtjbuadtbu `m btpm( Nb| sbjatmu btpïupleau m~vtmubàumh mupau smnïe}jau r}m uah v}tbomhpm btpmubhïb| mupìpleb( Sbtlau mjmomhpau nbemh v}tbomhpm`mejbtbelahmu slu}bjmu‟(

Vmta Enlbhg }m o}| e}l`bàua `m ha jjmsbt mupmumhplt btpïuplea `mobulbà jmkau( ‚Nb| }hb `mjgb`bjïhmb mhptm }h buvmepa btpmubhbj | }h `lumòa r}m

==



mu `mobulbà `m „elmhelb eelõh“ a `mobulb/à „`lumòbà“‟* `lem ìj( Vbtb obhpmhmt u}u`lumòau `m buvmepau ûhleau* ìj mslpõ vta|me/pbt mupìplebu eahpmovatâhmbu `mhpta `mj}hlsmtua `m Upbt Wbtu* mh u} j}gbt avpbhàvat bhejbt jau `lumòau mh }h }mtpm elolmh/pa mh jb nlupatlb `mj o}hà( Msmhp}bjomhpm

ptbka* eaoa v}hpa `m vbtpl`b* paà `mu`m mj`lumòa b}paoaptl{ m Hatpmboìtleb m jaubòau =6°u nbupb mj btpm ptb`lelahbj btlebha(Pbodlìh lhsltplõ bjga `m jau smnïe}jau eahlh`lelau `m atobu bhlobjmu( ‚Mupa om b|}`õmh mj mu}mt{a `m `btjm b jau `lumòau bjga `mvmtuahbjl`b`‟* `lem Enlbhg* ‚jb e}bj mu }hb`m jbu eaubu oâu `lïeljmu `m nbemt‟(

Mupau h}msau `lumòau b omh}à tmu}jpbtah

`m jb eaodlhbelõh `m atobu r}m* bj vtlh/elvla* ha vbtmeïbh mhebkbt( ‚Vmta mu àh`mmj gmhla `m `lumòa `m Gmatgm |bem‟* `lemEnlbhg* ‚mh jb tbtb |}~pbvaulelõh `m loâgm/hmu ha tmjbelahb`bu( Pmtolhboau eah bjg}/hau `m h}muptau omkatmu `lumòau bj j}enbteah jb `ltmeelõh r}m vbtmelõ lovauldjm‟(

Mj vtaemua }u}bj vbtb `lumòbt }hb hbsmpaoõ emteb `m ptmu umobhbu( Mj eb{b mupmjbt

Hbdaa* vljapbà vat sbtlau `m jau vmtua/hbkmu nmtaleau `m Mvlua`la L* paoõ bjgaoâu vbtb umt eaovjmpbà* |b r}m mj `lumòaebodlõ tb`lebjomhpm( Enlbhg | u} mr}lval`mbtah oâu `m ptmu àemhbu `m `ld}kauvbtb jb hbsm muvbelbj( Msmhp}bjomhpm* àu`lumòau `m eb{b mupmjbt msaj}elahbtah `m jaumhe}mhptau etmbplsau mhptm J}ebu* Enlbhg |mj `mvbtpbomhpa `m btpm( Jau eb{b mupmjbtmuhbjmu plmhmh }hb atob u}bsm | ulgljaub

.eah }hb ebsl`b` vbtb u} `tal`m, r}m jaub|}`b b bemjmtbt nbelb jb dbpbjjb* | e}l`b/àubomhpm tmcmkb mj btpm | e}jp}tb `mj e}bjmsaj}elahb( Mj `lumòa `m jb hbsm }hm btpïupl/ebomhpm vtavõulpa | atob( ‚Mu eaoa }hb

vlm{b eaovjmpbomhpm }helahbj `m ka|mtïb‟*`lem Enlbhg(

Jb hbsm `m jb Tmlhb pbodlìh hmemulpõ umto}| u}bsm( Vbtb mum h* Enlbhg paoõ }h`lumòa eahsmhelahbj | jm r}lpõ jbu bjmpbu*u}bsl{õ jb ebdlhb* m nl{a jb hbsm `m etaoa(

U} b}`b{ muplja slu}bj mu o}| `lmtmhpm`m e}bjr}lmt eaub vtmslbomhpm slupb mh mj}hlsmtua `m Upbt Wbtu* vmta um bk}upb dlmh bjb mjmgbhelb | muplja `mj vjbhpmb nagbt `m jbTmlhb* Hbdaa(

]hb `m jbu gtbh`mu muemhbu `m beelõh mhmj jo mu }hb ebttmtb `m Vaù r}m paobj}gbt mh mj vjbhmpb `mulmtpa Pbpaalhm( Mjeahemvpa lhlelbj `m J}ebu `m jau Vaù `m

ebttmtbu ― àu jbtgau oapatmu `m kmp bpbàub }hb ebdlhb mh jb vbtpm `m bptâu ― haebodlõ ulghlebplsbomhpm e}bhà mj lumòa}m hbjl{bà( ‚Lhpmhpboau lt mh `ltmeelahmu`lmtmhpmu‟* tme}mt`b Enlbhg* ‚vmta ulmovtmpmtolhâdboau eah mj eahemvpa atlglhbj(Ubebt jau oapatmu `mj eahpm~pa `m }h kmp |vahmtjau mh jau `mulmtpau `m Pbpaalhm tmu}j/põ }hb lobgmh ûhleb‟(

Eb`b oapat `m va` }m pbodlìh nmena b

om`l`b `m u} vljapa | tmuvmeplsb e}jp}tb( Mjebovmõh* Umd}jdb* plmhm mj vtmu}v}mupa oâubjpa* buï r}m u} smnïe}ja mu mj oâu u}bsm*oâu tmhbà | }h vaea oâu bomhb{bhpm9aptau vljapau pmhïbh vaù oâu paueau a oâumjmgbhpmu( Jau oapatmu `mj Va` `m ebttmtb`m Bhbilh Ui|wbjimt pmhïbh }h `lumòa ulo/vjm* bumomkbhà àu vmr}mòau oapatmu `mbmtahbsm eah ptmu uajbvbu mh mj tmhpm(

Bj l`mbt jb sbtlm`b` `m `lumòau `m smnïe}jau`m Va` `m ebttmtbu* Enlbhg | u} mr}lvaulmovtm mup}slmtah eahulmhpmu `m r}m jauVa` `m ebttmtbu mupbdbh eattlmhà b smja/el`b`mu o}| bjpbu | pmhïbh r}m umt l`mhpl/

@au hbsmu tmvtmumhpbplsbu `mj `lumòamupljl{bà Hbdaa(

=3



ebàu o}| tâvl`b | âeljomhpm( ‚Mu àh`mbòb`loau jbu atobu b}`bemu | jbu bjmpbu `tb/oâplebu | mj `mpbjjm tmbjomhpm b|}`õ‟* hapbEnlbhg( ‚Nl{a b eb`b }ha o}| `luplhplsa‟(

Aptb ìvleb ume}mhelb `m beelõh mu jb dbpbjjbhbj* jb e}bj uajlelpbdb }hb capb `m smnïe}jau

omeâhleau vljapbàu vat }h mkìtelpa tadap(Jau `tal`mu pmhïbh tbugau bhlobjmu* jau e}bjmumtbh tmcmkbàu mh u}u smnïe}jau( J}ebu nbdïb`muetlpa mj ptbhuvatpm `m ptavbu* mj OPP*eaoa bumomkâhàum b }hb gtbh jaeaoapatbr}m um bdtm vbua b ptbsìu `m jau btdajmu( Muajjmsõ b lt oâu bjjâ eah jau eahemvpau etmbplsau(‚Jb lobgmh r}m sl `m lhom`lbpa }m }h mjm/bhpm `m ebtgb‟* `lem Enlbhg( Mhpahemu b`bvpõmuau tbugau b }h `lumòa m lhpmtvtmpbelõh

omeâhlea `m jb dmuplb `m ebttmtb( ‚]uì }hbvtavatelõh `m mjmbhpm mh mj `lumòa `mj smnï/e}ja; jb ebdlhb bumomkb b jb ebdm{b `mj bhlobj*mj e}mtva `mj OPP mu u} ptaovb* | jau dtb{au`mj smnïe}ja r}m e}jolhbh mh vmr}mòau ebòa/hmu uah u}u eajoljjau‟(

Jau pbhr}mu m bpbr}m msaj}elahbtah m jboluob atob( ‚Om g}upõ jb atob `m }hb vbjba muvâp}jb9 umhpï r}m u}gmtïb bjga vmjlgtaua| oatpbj‟* eaomhpb Enlbhg( ‚Mhpahemu bòb`ï}hb jbtgb pattmpb* nbelìhàjb vbtmemt }hbvjbhenb sajbàtb* b`moâu `m e}bjl`b`mubhlobjmu mh pìtolhau `m jbu jïhmbu* u}vmtelm| atob gmhmtbj‟(

Vbtb jau UPBVU* smnïe}jau oâu vmr}mòau}ubàu vat jau `tal`mu `m dbpbjjb* J}ebu r}lua}hb sbtlbelõh mh jau uvmm`mt dlimu slupau mhMj Tmgtmua `mj Km`l( Enlbhg k}gõ eah sbtlaueahemvpau bhpmu `m mupbdjmemtum mh `lumòa

eah mj eah`}epat mh }hb vaulelõh `mtmenb( @mh}msa tmgtmuõ b jb hbp}tbjm{b* mupb sm{ }ubhà}h vlebcat eaoa lhuvltbelõh vtlhelvbj( ‚Jauvm`bjmu `mj smnïe}ja bumomkbh b jbu vmr}mòbubjbu `mj vlebcat‟* m~vjleb Enlbhg( ‚Jb „ebdm/

{b“ u}bsm `mj smnïe}ja pbodlìh bumomkb bjvlebcat‟(

Enlbhg m~vjatõ pbhpa lumòau ptb`lelahbjmueaoa m~õpleau vbtb }h u}dobtlha r}m umvtmumhpb vtaolhmhpmomhpm mh aptb ume}mhelb`m gtbh muebjb( Mj u}d plmhm }hb d}td}kb mh

jb e}bj mj vljapa um ulmhpb( Jau vtav}juatmuuah `m ebjbobt / a obhpb tb|b* atobhà}hb mjmgbhpm eajb( ]hb sm{ r}m J}ebu nbdïbbvtadbà u} l`mb lhlelbj* mj `lumòa mtb tm/hbà sbtlbu smemu( Mj `lumòa atlglhbj `mj u}dmtb muìtlea* vmta J}ebu r}lua bjga oâu vjbha*r}m vmtolplmtb }hb omkat slupb `mj smnïe}ja*bòb`lìhàum b u} buvmepa `m obhpb tb|b(

Olmhptbu jb ob|atïb `m mupau smnïe}jau

| hbsmu tmvtmumhpbh }hb h}msb `ltmeelõhetmbplsb vbtb jb ubgb `m Upbt Wbtu* bjg}hautmr}mtlolmhpau `m jb nlupatlb | jaebelahmu `mMvlua`la L uajlelpbtah smnïe}jau |b boljlbtmuvbtb jau bhu( Jb hbsm `m dbpbjjb `m jb Cm`m/tbelõh lheatvatõ pm~p}tbu `m u}vmtelm `mjau @mupt}epatmu Mupmjbtmu slupau mh jb ptljagïbatlglhbj( J}ebu nbdïb eahul`mtbà }hb atob`m vjbpljja sajbàt* bhpmu `m `mel`ltum vatbjga omhau eahsmhelahbj ― jb atob `m }hb

taur}ljjb( ]hb dajb }m mhpahemu v}mupb mh mjemhpta(

Jb hbsm mupmjbt `m }ha `m jau vtlhelvbjmusljjbhau `mj jo }m pbodlìh eahemdl`beaoa vtm`memuatmu b hbsmu `m jau vtmslaujou( ‚Paoì vm`b{au | vlm{bu `m jau `lumòauatlglhbjmu | jau }ulahì‟* m~ejbob Enlbhg(‚Mj buvmepa tmu}jpõ eaoa }h eb{b PLM* vmtaplmhm âhg}jau | atobu tmolhluemhpmu `m jauptbhudat`bàtmu Lovmtlbjmu‟(

Nb| sbtlbu smtulahmu `m jbhùvmm`mtu mhMvlua`la L( ]ha mu }hb smtulõh oâu tmuvjbh`m/elmhpm `mj jbhùvmm`mt `m J}im Ui|wbjimt `mjvtlomt jo( Apta }m dbubà mh `lumòau `m

=7



b}paoõsljmu tmbjmu* mh jau e}bjmu Enlbhg v}ua oapatmu `m kmp muvmelbjomhpm`lumòbàu(

Paà mupm ptbdbka nmena vat Enlbhg | mj `mvbtpbomhpa `m btpm `m Mvlua`laL* umb jagtbhà `ltmeelahmu aub`bu `m h}msa `lumòa a tmomoatbhà etmbela/hmu bhpmtlatmu* ultsm bj tmjbpa ìvlea eahpbà mh mupm h}msa ebvïp}ja `m jb ubgb`m Upbt Wbtu(

‚Pbh obtbsljjaua eaoa mu paà mupm ptbdbka `m `lumòa‟* `lem mj vta`}epatTlei OeEbjj}o* ‚}hb eaub mu smt }hb nmtoaub vlhp}tb a }hb lobgmh lovbe/pbhpm mh }hb vâglhb | aptb etmbtja eaoa }hb tmbjl`b` ïuleb( Vbtb mua hmemul/pboau }h `lumòbàt `m vta`}eelõh r}m v}`lmtb smt paà | `melt* „Ul* v}màeahupt}lt mua“( Gbslh Daer}mp mtb h}mupta naodtm‚( Daer}mp* }h smpmtbha `mjb vta`}eelõh ptapbo}hàu `mj Kasmh Lh`lbhb Kahmu* um }hlõ b jb vta`}eelõh`m Mvlua`la L vtmvbtb`b vbtb vtasmmt jau vjbhau vbtb jbu j}enbu oâu m~õplebu`m lobglhbelõh( Pbdjb vat pbdjb* Daer}mp | u} mr}lva eahupt}|mtah }hb gb/jb~lb m bhpbuïb* omple}jaubomhpm nbelmhà }h v}mhpm mh mj n}mea mhptm }hblobgmh btpïupleb | }hb tmbjl b` mh jb e}bj J}ebu v}`lmtb vahmt u}u eâobtbu(

Mj pbobòa | eaovjmkl`b` `m Mvlua`la L* eah u}u o}enau bodlmhpmu `m aptao}hà* vtmumhpõ b Daer}mp | u} mr}lva eah bjg}hau `mubïau m~ptbat`lhbtlau― lhej}|mhà mj nmena `m r}m }h h}omta `m jau bodlmhpmu umtïbh eahupt}l/àu vbtelbjomhpm a mhpmtbomhpm mh jbu eaov}pbàtbu mh Lh`}uptlbj Jlgnp #Obgle* `muv}ìu r}m jb apagtbïb vtlhelvbj }m eaovjmpb`b(

Jau eaovahmhpmu `lglpbjmu ha ebodlbtah mj taj dâulea `m Daer}mp eaoa @l/umòbàt `m Vta`}eelõh; ‚Gmhmtbjomhpm mu vta`}elt e}bjr}lmt ahà r}m smu`mptâu `m jau bepatmu* umb }h mup}`la lhpmtlat a mh jaebelõh* lhej}|mhà }pljm/

tïb | tme}dtlolmhpa `m ump( Ptbpboau eah e}bjr}lmt adkmpa lhbhlobà‟* `lemDaer}mp( Vat eaovjmpa* ìj | jau `lumòbàtmu | btpmubhau r}m ptbdbkbtah eahìj eahupt}|mtah bjtm`màt `m umumhpb umpu( ‚]hau 06 `m mjjau }mtah eahupt}l/àu mh jau mup}`lau mh Jmbsmu`mh | mj tmupa }mtah mh jaebelõh‟* bòb`m ìj(

Mj `lumòbàt umòbjb r}m lhej}ua eah bodlmhpmu lh}u}bjomhpm moaelahbh/pmu* b J}ebu jm g}upb tmjbelahbtjau eah bodlmhpmu r}m uah boljlbtmu vbtb jbb}`lmhelb( ‚Buï r}m jjmgboau b eaubu gmagtâebu a bodlmhpbjmu eaoa daur}mua `mulmtpau* a mupljau btr}lpmepõhleau r}m uah eahaelàu eaoa ejâuleau a btpha}smb} ― eaubu r}m jm `bh b jb b}`lmhelb bjg}hb ejbum `m ejbsm( Ul lhpmhpbu`lumòbt bjga eaovjmpbomhpm mh ja bduptbepa* bjga ha `m mupm o}hà* nb|

omhat enbhem `m r}m jb b}`lmhelb ja etmb( Hmemulpbh pmhmt bjga mh r}m u}km/pbtum* lhej}ua ul mu u}deahuelmhpm‟(

Sbtlau mkmovjau `m jau smnïe}jau etmbàuvbtb Mvlua`la L(

=>



=<



36

õ



Betadbelbu | Beelõh

Mvlua`la L ptbm }hb h}msb mupìpleb | muplja `mj}enb b jb ubgb `m Upbt Wbtu( Hlei Gljjbt`* mj tm/haodtbà eaat`lhbàt `m àdjmu `mj jo* etmõ

| u}vmtsluõ jbu ume}mhelbu `m beelõh `mj jo(

@mu`m r}m Gmatgm J}ebu v}ua b Mvlua`la Lmh }h plmova mh mj e}bj jau Ebdbjjmtau Km`lmupbdbh mh jb eûuvl`m `m u}u va`mtmu* Gljjbt`lhetmomhpõ jb beelõh* mj ptbdbka `m betadbelbu |*vat u}v}mupa* jau `}mjau `m ubdjmu `m j}{ vbtb mjh}msa jo(

Vtlomta* vbtb k}uplebt mh u} vtavlb omhpm mjvat r}ì jau Km`l movjmbh }h oìpaà `m vmjmbbhplg}a eahptb mhmolgau r}m bjg}hbu smemu}ubh btobu oâu bsbh{b`bu* Gljjbt` etmõ }h btpmobtelbj eplela(

‚Lobglhì r}m |b r}m jau Km`l nbdïbh mjmglà }hubdjm `m j}{* pmhïbh r}m umt tmbjomhpm d}mhaueah mua‟* `lem Gljjbt`( ‚Buï r}m paoì jb mumhelb`m pa`bu jbu gtbh`mu pìehlebu `m muvb`b* `mu`mmj imhà bptbsmubhà ubdjm* ìvìm* | muvb`b `mmugtlob* | ja nlem c}lt k}hpa‟(

Mj ptbdbka `m Gljjbt`* mj e}bj lhej}|õ omumu`m mup}`la m sltp}bjomhpm paàu jau gtbh`mumupljau `m j}enb `mj o}hà* p}sa lovjlebelahmuoâu bjjâ `m vtasmmt moaelõh `m vmjïe}jb( Bjetmbt }hb h}msb atob `m j}enb vbtb Mvlua`laL* Gljjbt` bsbh{õ mj ebova `m j}enb `m muvb`b(Olmhptbu jb vav}jbt j}enb `m muvb`bu ìvìm .}hpìtolha Ctbheìu vbtb }h `}mja `m muvb`bu‟ mo/vjmb }hb eaodlhbelõh m umlu oaslolmhpau* Gl/

jjbt` ebul àdjb mum hûomta vbtb mj h}msa btpmobtelbj `m Mvlua`la L( ‚Pmhïboau r}m eahumg}lt}h h}msa jmhg}bkm mh jb j}enb `m muvb`b | }hbh}msb atob `m nbemt mua‟* m~vjleb ìj( ‚mupboauo}ena oâu bjjâ `mj ìvìm bnatb‟(

Vbtb etmbt eatmagtbïb `m j}enb r}m `moauptb/tb ha uaja nbdljl`b` `m j}enb `m muvb`bu ulhapbodlìh mj ebtâepmt lh`lsl`}bj `m jau j}enb/

àtmu* Gljjbt` mup}`lõ mj g}lah | upat|dabtù`m Mvlua`la L e}l`bàubomhpm( Hlhg}hau àuobmuptau `m jb muvb`b plmhmh m~bepbomhpm mjoluoa muplja* | Gljjbt` pmklõ jbu u}pljm{bu `ml`mhpl`b`mu `luplhplsbu mh jb eatmagtbïb `m jbudbpbjjbu `m ubdjmu `m j}{( ‚Mtb lovatpbhpm r}meb`b vmtuahbkm mh Mvlua`la L pmhgb }h muplja `mvmjmb `luplhplsa‟* `lem ìj(

B}hr}m mupau mupljau `m vmjmb uah h}msau vbtb

Mvlua`la L* vmtobhmemh mjmu b jau mupljau `m ub/djmu `m j}{ `m jb ptljagïb atlglhbj( Vbtb Adl/Wbh*Gljjbt` paoõ mh e}mhpb jau mupljau `m j}enb`m ubdjmu `m j}{ }ubàu mh Upbt Wbtu* vatr}mAdl/Wbh mhptmhõ pbhpa b Bhbilh eaoa b J}imUi|wbjimt( Bjg}hau `m u}u oìpaàu }mtah tm/cmkbàu mh mj muplja r}m smoau }ubt b Adl/Wbhe}bhà mtb kasmh* `lem ìj(

Gljjbt` }m batp}hbà `m ptbdbkbt eah jaubepatmu Jlbo Hmmuah | Mwbh OeGtmgat* bodaulovtmulahbtah bj eaat`lhbàt `m àdjmu eahu} nbdljl`b` vbtb àolhbt jb pìehleb `m j}enbeah vaea plmova vbtb vtmvbtbelõh( ‚Ha va`tïbnbdmt r}mtlà oâu `m hlhg}ha `m mjjau‟* `lemGljjbt`( ‚Bjg}hbu smemu bvtmh`lmtah `lm{ olh}/pau bhpmu `m r}m ta`boau }hb muemhb9 mtbh buï`m d}mhau‟(

Mj tâvlà mhptmhbolmhpa `m jau bepatmu }mbeljlpbà vat jbu umulahmu `m vtâepleb `m Gljjbt`

eah mj àdjm `m betadbelbu Bh`tmbu Vmptl`mu |mj m~vmtpa mh btpmu obtelbjmu Tb| Vbti( Eaoa@btpn Ob}j* Vbti nbem u} `md}p bepatbj mhvmjïe}jb mh Mvlua`la L( Gljjbt`* Vmptl`mu | Vbtivtbeplebdbh jbu muemhbu `m j}enb | betadbelb

Tb| Vbti | Jlbo Hmmuah mh vjmhbjobelõh `mj `}mja `m ubdjmu mhjaebelõh mh Pûhm{(

32

n ` j l l ì jl ` j d k



vat natbu vbtb r}m paàu jau oaslolmhpau mupìh jlupau bhpmu `m eaomh{bt mj ptbdbkaeah OeGtmgat | Hmmuah( ‚Vbtb mj oaomhpa mh r}m pmhïboau b Jlbo | Mwbh* nbdïb/oau bptbsmubà jb eatmagtbïb bj omhau =66 smemu hauaptau oluoau‟* `lem ìj(

Tb| Vbti* r}lmh lhlelbjomhpm }m eahptbpbà vbtb ptbdbkbt eah Gljjbt` mh jbu beta/dbelbu* gbhõ mj taj `m @btpn Ob}j e}bhà Gljjbt` jmu oauptõ b J}ebu | bj vta`}epatTlei OeEbjj}o }hb elhpb `m Vbti mhub|bhà }hb muemhb `m j}enb eah Gljjbt`( B

jb sljjbhïb eahpmhl`b vat Ob}j um jm `la }h buvmepa buaodtaua `lumòbà vat LbhOeEblg | mkme}pbà vat mj kmm btplupb `m obr}ljjbkm Vb}j Mhgmjmh( Pbodlìh bòb/`lìhàum b ja oatpïmta `mj vmtuahbkm mup}sa }h h}msa ubdjm `m j}{ `m àdjm jar}m Vbti djbh`lõ eah oâ~loa mmepa* vtasm|mhà oaslolmhpau r}m uatvtmh`lmtahlhej}ua b Gljjbt`(

]hb j}enb eaovjleb`b r}m lhsaj}etbdb b Vbti* Hmmuah | OeGtmgat paoõ ebul }homu mh umt job`b* eah jau eaodbplmhpmu mh mta{ `}mja* nbelmhà ubjpau oatpbjmu |`luvbtâhàum b ptbsìu `m ptmu umpu( Hmmuah | OeGtmgat lhpmtvtmpbtah o}enbu `m u}uvtavlbu betadbelbu .Vbti* }h ebovmõh | glohbupb eahu}obà* lhpmtvtmpõ pa`bu u}ubetadbelbu,( B}hr}m OeGtmgat p}sa bjga `m m~vmtlmhelb vtmslb mh mugtlob* mheah/

ptõ b jbu muemhbu `m Mvlua`la L eaoa }hb bsmhp}tb ûhleb( ‚]uboau }h muplja vtavla‟*umòbjb ìj( ‚Mu bgtmulsa* mta{ | tâvlà( C}m ptbdbka `}ta ― | o}| `lsmtplà‟(

Nbdlmhà bvbtmelà mh jou pbjmu eaoa M~ebjld}t | Tad Ta|* Hmmuah pbovaea mtbbkmha b jb j}enb `m muvb`bu elhmobpagtâeb( Vmta tâvl`bomhpm }m bptbvbà mh jblhpmhul`b` | moaelõh `m jb beelõh `m Mvlua`la L( ‚E}bhà Mwbh | |a eaomh{boaub mhub|bt }h `}mja mh mj e}bj ìtboau v}mupau eahptb bjg}hau mhmolgau atol`bdjmu*eaomh{boau b nbemt mmepau `m uahlà `m ubdjmu `m j}{‟* `lem Hmmuah tlìhàum(

B`lelahbjomhpm b vmtmeelahbt jau oaslolmhpau `m }h h}msa btpm obtelbj* Hmmuah*

OeGtmgat* Vbti | Gljjbt` mhtmhpbtah mj `mubïa b`lelahbj `m* eaoa ja vahm Gljjbt`*‚J}enbt eahptb eaubu r}m ha mupâh bnï* mua sb b umt v}mupa `muv}ìu vat jau m~vmtpau`m mmepau muvmelbjmu mh Lh`}uptlbj Jlgnp # Obgle‟(

‚Pmhïboau r}m smt* mhpahemu eatpbt9 smt | mhpahemu eatpbt* | buï ― eah hb`b vbtbsmt‟* bòb`m OeGtmgat( ‚Mtb bjga eaovjmpbomhpm h}msa‟( Vbtb Hmmuah* }m }hb m~vm/tlmhelb jldmtbàtb( ‚Om tmeat`õ b jau k}mgau `m „sbr}mtau m lh`lau“ `m h}muptb lhbh/elb‟* `lem ìj( ‚Paobdb v}tb lobglhbelõh* buï r}m va`ïboau umt tmbjomhpm lhsmhplsau‟(

Mupb ejbum `m lobglhbelõh obteb ja ûhlea `m jb beelõh `m Mvlua`la L( ‚Mu Upbt Wbtu*`muv}ìu `m paà* | jb beelõh ha `mdmtïb hmemulpbt j}elt eaoa bjga oâu‟* eahej}|m

Gljjbt`( ‚@mdmtïb taovmt h}msau pmttmhau‣ `m jb oluob atob eaoa ja nl{a jbvtlomtb sm{‟(

34



Mwbh OeGtmgat | Tb| Vbti mh jobelõh `mj `}mja hbj `ah`m Vbti j}emu}u oaslolmhpau `m btpmu obtelbjmu r}m ja nlelmtah cboaua(

35



Jb pmehajagïb | jau om`lau `m eao}hlebelõh lhom/`lbpau `m vtlhelvlau `mj h}msa ulgja `bdbh j}gbt br}m bhu jjbobàu ‚oâu mjmu‟* eaomh{btbh b btu}u eaomhpbtlau hmgbplsau( Jb vtlomtb sïeplob }mKbt Kbt Dlhiu( Vat bòau jau bhu* r}lmhmu `mkbtahu} lhbhelb a k}smhp}` bptâu `mu`m nbeïb }h d}mhplmova* uaòbdbh eah }h Upbt Wbtu oâu `tboâplea*

eah ptbgm`lbu | g}mttbu `muebthb`bu r}m mupbdbh}mtb `mj olpa `mj Upbt Wbtu `m Gmatgm J}ebu( MjLovmtla Eahptbbpbeb mtb }h v}mhpm mh jb gtbhulhahïb r}m mtb jb ptljagïb* mupbdb vmhub`b vbtbumt `lmtmhpm `m jbu àu vmjïe}jbu r}m jb vtmem/

`ïbh* vmta o}enau bhu obj mhpmh`lmtah mua |eaomh{btah b uaòbt eah nlupatlbu aue}tbu* | b}hoâu `tboâplebu( Vmta Upbt Wbtu mtb }hb ubgb eahbsmhp}tmtb | `lsmtpl`b mh om`la `m }hb bhpbuïbeah nlupatlbu n}obhbu r}m o}muptb mj gtbh `tbob`m }hb boljlb ta`mbà vat msmhpau lovatpbhpmur}m sbh oâu bjjâ `m muau vmtuahbkmu(

Kbt Kbt Dlhiu }m `muvtmelbà vat u} paha oâulhaemhpm* eah ptbsmu}tbu r}m ldbh oâu jmkau r}mbr}mjjbu `m E/5VA a Enmwdbeeb* vmtuahbkmu eahelmtpau par}mu eõoleau mh jb Ptljagïb Atlglhbj( Ulh

Va`tïboau bhbjl{bt `m o}enbu atobu jb tmbeelõh `mj vûdjlea( Va`tïboau paobt mh e}mhpb jb jau ebodlaur}m u}em`lmtah mhptm 2<77 | 2<<< mh jb pmehajagïb* e}jp}tb | eao}hlebelõh( Jb tmbjl`b` mu r}m mj vûdjleamh gmhmtbj ubjïb eahpmhpa `m jau elhmu* nbdlmhà `lut}pbà `m }hb `lsmtpl`b m~vmtlmhelb( O}enau om`laumhptmslupbdbh b jb b}`lmhelb d}uebhà tmbeelahmu bhpm jb vmjïe}jb* r}lmhmu tmuvah`ïbh r}m mtb pbh d}mhbeaoa jb atlglhbj( Eaoa mtb `m muvmtbt* r}lmhmu oâu `lut}pbtah `m Jb Bomhb{b Cbhpbuob }mtah jauhlòau r}m um `lsmtpïbh eah jbu patvm{bu `m Kbt Kbt Dlhiu dbub`bu mh emjmdtmu eaom`lbhpmu `mj elhm o}àeaoa D}upmt Imbpah | Enbtjmu Enbvjlh9 aptau bòltbdbh bj `lbdõjlea @btpn Ob}j* mj pbp}bà vmtuahbkmr}m vahïb mh bvtlmpau b jau nìtamu Km`l( Umb e}bj }mum jb tb{õh* }hb h}msb gmhmtbelõh `m bòltbàtmuhbeïb(

Smt`b`mtau Cbhu1

T M V M T E ] U L

A H M U

K b t K b t D l hi u * m j vm t u ahb k m ` m j b ` l u

e at l b (

3=



modbtga Kbt Kbt Dlhiu ha mupbdb bjmkb`a `m jau pmobu r}m mj ûhlea adkmpa r}m muau ‚bhu mjmu‟ m~lglmtah jb33



modbtga* Kbt Kbt Dlhiu ha mupbdb bjmkbà `m jau pmobur}m lhuvltbtah b Gmatgm J}ebu bj nbemt jb ubgb; jauslmkau umtlbjmu* jbu vmjïe}jbu `m vltbpbu* `m sbr}mtau*paàu `m jb oluob ìvaeb r}m jbu ejâulebu eaom`lbuïulebu(

Aptau bpbr}mu r}m tmeldlõ Kbt Kbt Dlhiu }mtah jbube}ubelahmu `m umt }h vmtuahbkm r}m paobdb mupmtma/plvau tbelbjmu .ja oluoa ae}ttlõ eah Wbppa* mj smh`m/àt `}mòa `m Bhbilh Ui|wbjimt,( Mupbu be}ubelahmu*r}m lhej}|mtah jb nlvapìpleb naoaum~}bjl`b` `mjg}hgbh* jjmgbtah pbh jmkau r}m mj bepat Bnom` Dmup`la u} avlhlõh mh mj vtagtbob Unawdl{ Pa`b| `mEHH* àh`m bejbtõ r}m Kbt Kbt ha mu gb| | r}m ‚Mumupûvlà r}m e}bjr}lmtb sbeïm u}u vtavlau vtmk}lelau| naoaadlbu mh }hb vmjïe}jb `m bhpbuïb‟(

B}h buï* muau bhu eaomh{btah b etmbt vâglhbu àh`m`moauptbdbh u} `muvtmela vat mj vmtuahbkm* jau oâuetmbplsau vat om`la m sl`mau a ebhelahmu eaoa ‚KbtKbt Dlhiu O}up @lm‟ .Kbt Kbt Dlhiu @mdm Oatlt, `m‚@boh Hbplah‟(

Vmta jau bpbr}mu ha ldbh uajbomhpm `ltlglàu b jbuetlbp}tbu `lglpbjmu( Kbim Jja|`* mj hlòa bepat r}m

lhpmtvtmpõ b Bhbilh Ui|wbjimt* }m etlplebà `m }hbobhmtb pbh vaea oa`mtb`b r}m nbeïb smt b br}mjjaubhu a etïpleau oâu lhbhpljmu `m ja r}m vtaejbobdbhmtb jb vmjïe}jb(

Vat u}v}mupa* jb m~vtmulsl`b` `m jau bhu mh jb wmd}m bvtasmenb`b vat jau om`lau* r}lmhmu jau lh`}eïbhb etlplebt paà obpmtlbj tmjbelahbà eah Upbt Wbtu |Gmatgm J}ebu* umb r}m n}dlmumh tb{ahmu a ha( @mu`mmhpahemu jb tmjbelõh mhptm mupau ‚bhu mjmu‟ | GmatgmJ}ebu }m pmhub* vtlhelvbjomhpm vat jau eaomhpb/tlau pbh bgtmulsau `m r}lmhmu um u}vahm uah gmhpmr}m bòltb jb ubgb( B}h buï* jbu smhpbu `m vta`}epautmjbelahbàu eah Upbt Wbtu ha `meb|mtah* olmhptbu

r}m mj ûhlea adkmpa r}m muau bhu mjmu m~lglmtah* jbPtljagïb Ejâuleb mh u} smtulõh atlglhbj mh @S@* }m jbtm/m`lelõh mh sl`ma `m omhat smhpb mh mum atobpa(

Eaoa ulmovtm* jbu tmbeelahmu etmbplsbu uah jbu oâuhapbdjmu( Eah jb ubjl`b `m Mvlua`la L mh SNU mh mjbòa 4666* }h bh v}à btobt u} vtavlb smtulõh `mjb vmjïe}jb mjlolhbhà jbu ptbsmu}tbu `m Kbt Kbt |oa`lebhà `lâjagau | muemhbu( Mupb smtulõh `m bh}m `mhaolhb`b Pnm Vnbhpao M`lp .Jb M`lelõh Cbh/pbuob,* nbelmhà bj}ulõh b u} atlgmh `mueahaelà( Jbeavlb }m sajslìhàum vav}jbt mh }h elte}ja ejbh`mu/plha | vtahpa n}dlmtah aptbu m`lelahmu r}m atmeïbhoâu smtulahmu bjpmthbplsbu( Eavlbu eah omkat ebjl`bèlte}jbtah mhptm bhu `mptbepatmu e}bhà eahulg}lmtahmj Jbumt`lue `mj omtebà bulâplea(

B}h eah pa`b mupb m~vtmulõh `m `mueahpmhpa* jbuvtme}mjbu ulg}mh ulmhà bemvpb`bu vat mj vûdjlea mhgmhmtbj( Vt}mdb `m mjjau mu mj tmeat` mh smhpbu `mjb ubgb eaovjmpb mh Dj}/tb|* jb e}bj um vtahauplebdbeaoa }h tbebua vat eahpmhmt jb h}msb ptljagïb `mJ}ebu( ]h ulhg}jbt daleap `m jau ‚bhu mjmu‟ vbptael/hbà ha aelbjomhpm vat elmtpau om`lau mh jb wmdha p}sa mmepa bjg}ha* ubjsa vat }h sl`ma r}m }m

adkmpa `m d}tjbu àh`m }h bh r}moõ mj da~ ump* |ha v}à `moauptbt r}m u} eb}ub mtb tmbj(

@}tbhpm mj bhlsmtubtla `m 26 bòau `m Jb Bomhb{bCbhpbuob mh 466<* sbtlau btpïe}jau lhpmhpbtah `muel/tbt mj mhõomha `m jb vmjïe}jb( O}enbu pmatïbu d}u/ebtah k}uplebt jb tmbeelõh `mj vûdjlea* `mu`m jbu bjpbum~vmepbplsbu* nbupb jb ìvaeb mh jb r}m }m muptmhb`b*| mj ebodla mh jbu tm`mu eao}hlebelahbjmu( Ja r}m muelmtpa mu r}m }h h}msa bvtmela nbelb mj jo eaomh/{õ b bcatbt | vaea b vaea mj tmuvmpa nbelb ja r}mlhpmhpbdb ptbhuolplt Gmatgm J}ebu eah u} nlupatlboâu bodlelaub | eaovjmkb tmgtmuõ vat vbtpm `m jaumuvmelbjlupbu(

J b s l u l õ h` m J }e b u vb t b Bhb i l hh ae al he l ` ï b e ahj b `

m b j g }h a u c b h u oâ u m ~ vt m u l s a u m hj b wm d (

37



U



J B U

L H C A H Ï B

@ M U P B T

W B T U

Eah jb avatp}hl`b` bnatb `m smt jb ubgb eaovjmpb mu vauldjm `mu/



Eah jb avatp}hl`b` bnatb `m smt jb ubgb eaovjmpb mu vauldjm `mue}dtlt r}m nb| sbtlbu tmcmtmhelbu b oaomhpau* beelahmu | ctbumu bptbsìu `m jbu umlu vmjïe}jbu( Mupa um `mdm b ja r}m Gmatgm J}ebu `m/hm eaoa }hb vlm{b o}ulebj* àh`m nb| muptacbu* muptldljjau | v}mhpm(Nb| muptldljjau r}m uah tmvmplàu eahupbhpmomhpm* bj lg}bj r}m nb|v}mhpmu mh eb`b }hb `m jbu ptljagïbu(

Jau muptldljjau oâu câeljmu m tmeahaemt uah jbu vmr}mòbu tmvmplelahmur}m u}em`mh mh pa`bu jbu vmjïe}jbu* vbtplmhà vat jbu ctbumu ‚Pmhga}h obj vtmumhplolmhpa uadtm mupa‟ .ha ulmovtm ptb`}elà eahulupmh/pmomhpm, a jau hûomtau 225> .tmcmtmhelb bj vtlomt jo `m J}ebu* PN^225>,* a mj ptb`lelahbj eaolmh{a eah jbu adjlgb`bu hbsmu muvbelbjmu`ltlglìhàum nbelb }h j}gbt | mh mj hbj ulh `lâjagau( Vmta jbu tmcmtmh/elbu sbh oâu bjjâ `m ctbumu* haodtmu a ptb`lelahmu(

Jb Bomhb{b Cbhpbuob | ]hb H}msb Muvmtbh{b* nmtobhau jmkbhauE}bhà J}ebu muetldïb jb vtlomtb vmjïe}jb `m jb ubgb b om`lbàu`m jau 76°u* jb nlupatlb r}m `mubttajjbdb mtb o}| uloljbt b mum Mvlua/`la LS | bj Mvlua`la L r}m b}h ha mupbdb vjbhlebà( U}u vtlomtaubemtebolmhpau oauptbdbh }hb nlupatlb `m muebvm* jb e}bj GmatgmJ}ebu r}lua ebodlbt nbelb }hb nlupatlb m tmuebpm( Jb Bomhb{b Cbh/ J

b u n l u p a t l b u ` m B h b i l h | J } i m u a h } h t m m k a v t a v l a e a h

t m u } j p b ` a u ` l c m t m h p m u (

3 <

pbuob mu k}upbomhpm mub nlupatlb `m vauldjm( Mh bodau tmebm mj `mupl/



pbuob mu k}upbomhpm mub nlupatlb mmuebvm r}m ìj l`mbdb nbem ebul 5=bòau bptâu(

Mh ]hb H}msb Muvmtbh{b smoaueaoa }hb vtlhemub mu ume}muptb/`b | eõoa jbu s}mjpbu `mj `muplha

tmûhmh b jau nìtamu vbtb b|}`bt bjb vtlhemub mh vmjlgta* eaoa ae}/ttm eah Jb Bomhb{b Cbhpbuob( Mhbodbu vmjïe}jbu nb| }h kasmh o}/enbena eah nbdljl`b`mu muvmelb/jmu* eah }h vbubà olupmtlaua* `lu/v}mupa b eaomh{bt }h slbkm k}hpab u} omhpat* }h ubdla | lmupta g}m/ttmta* `mkbhà bptâu u} nagbt mh mj

vjbhmpb muìtplea( Mj hbj hau o}mu/ptb eõoa jb saj}hpb` v}m`m uadtmjb pmehajagïb | r}m mj dlmh ptl}hcbuadtm mj obj( Jau àu kõsmhmu vta/pbgahlupbu uah jau tmuvahubdjmu `m`mupt}lt jb gtbh mupbelõh muvbelbj*oaplsa `mj r}m `mvmh`m jb slepa/tlb `m jau tmdmj`mu( ]hb emtmoahlb`m ptl}hca paob j}gbt eah paàu jau

vtapbgahlupbu vtlhelvbjmu tm}hlàu.m~emvp}bhà bj gtbh obmupta r}mc}m sïeplob `m jbu elte}hupbhelbu,(

Vmta* b vmubt `m jbu uloljlp}`mu gm/hmtbjmu mhptm }hb | aptb nlupatlb*bodbu e}mhpbh jbu eahume}mhelbu`m jbu `melulahmu r}m paobh u}uvmtuahbkmu vtlhelvbjmu* jbu e}bjmuplmhmh tmu}jpbàu `lcmtmhpmu( J}im| Bhbilh eaolmh{bh eaoa kõsmhmu`m d}mhbu lhpmhelahmu r}m `muea/haemh mj obj* r}m uah bttbuptbàub }hb bsmhp}tb r}m ha vmhubdbh

vauldjm( Mh bodau tmebm mj `muplha `m jb gbjb~lb* | vbtb bodau u}ubcmepau k}mgbh }hb ebtgb e}bhà`mdmh `mel`lt tmuebpbt b u}u umtmur}mtlàu a ubetlebtjau vat }h dlmhob|at( Mj mttat m bodau plmhm gtb/

smu lovjlebhelbu* vmta bj hbj mjeahctahpbt u}u mttatmu mu ja r}m jau`mhm* e}bhà `mel`mh mjmglt mjebolha câelj a mj eattmepa(

Jb mupt}ep}tb mu pbodlìh msl`mhpm(B hmu m jau umpmhpbu* jau bolgau mJ}ebu jm tmeaomh`bdbh lhpta`}elt b u} vtapbgahlupb .J}im Ui|wbjimt,bj eaolmh{a m jb vmjïe}jb( B}hr}m

J}ebu joõ muemhbu eah J}im slmh/à mj bpbr}m b jb Vtlhemub `mu`mu} vjbhmpb `muìtplea* `}tbhpm jbm`lelõh mel`lõ bvmgbtum b u} vjbhatlglhbj `m lhpta`}elt b eb`b vmt/uahbkm `}tbhpm mj slbkm( Vat mua jau`tal`mu T4/@4 | E/5VA hau jjmsbh beahaemt b @btpn Sb`mt* jb VtlhemubJmlb | j}mga m vbubt vat u}u bsmh/

p}tbu mh Pbpaalhm eah jau Kbwbu haueah`}emh b jb gtbhkb m n}om`b``mj Pïa Awmh àh`m slsm J}im* sb/tlau olh}pau `muv}ìu `m lhlelb`b jbvmjïe}jb( Eah J}im eaolmh{bh }hbbsmhp}tb r}m hau `ltlgm bhpm Adl/Wbh Imhadl | `muv}ìu b Nbh Uaja| Enmwdbeeb(

Mh Mvlua`la L jau Km`l hau jjmsbh bjdjar}ma eah`}elà vat jau Hmloa/`lbhau* r}lmhmu um eao}hlebh eahjb Tmlhb Bol`bjb vbtb bh}helbt u} lhsbulõh( Jau Km`l uah adjlgbàu

V bt bj mj a

u ` m

}h b gt bh

u b g b r } m mhp t mp m

k mh

` l u p l hp b

u n l u p at l b

u | v mt u ah

b k m u

7 6



7 2

b `muemh`mt bj vjbhmpb `ah`m tleb eah u} `lueïv}ja @btpn Ob}j*



vum pavbh eah Kbt Kbt Dlhiu* r}lmhjau jjmsb vtlomta eah u} v}mdja |`muv}ìu eah jau Hbdaa | u} Tml/hb( K}hpau movtmh`mh }h slbkm mmuebvm r}m jau jjmsb b Pbpaalhm*àh`m eahaemh b Wbppa | b u}muejbsa Bhbilh Ui|wbjimt* }ha `mjau vtlhelvbjmu vtapbgahlupb r}mbvbtmem dlmh bsbh{b`b jb vmjï/e}jb(

Mh jau àu vtlomtau ebvïp}jau `mPtljagïb* uah àu jau vmtuahbkmu bjau r}m beaovbòboau bj eaomh/{bt u} slbkm* jau Km`l | jau @tal`mu(

Mh jau àu `ûau nb| }ha b ebtga| apta r}m ja ulg}m* o}enbu smemuha mupbhà `m be}mtà mj }haeah mj apta( Uah mheaomh`bàu b}hb olulõh r}m ha vmhubdbh mkmt/emt | bj jjmgbt b plmttb um umvbtbhvat jau bsbpbtmu `m jb bsmhp}tbvbtb j}mga tm}hltum h}msbomhpmmh vjmha vmjlgta .ume}muptbàu

vat jau Kbwbu a bpbebàu vat jau`tal`mu `m dbpbjjb,(

Mh Mvlua`la L mj bjlbà `mj obj bebtga mu }hb g}tb cbhpbuobgõ/

r}lmh plmhm jb ûhleb olulõh olmh/ptbu r}m u} Obmupta mupâ b ebtga`m obhmkbt jbu e}mt`bu `mj vjbhob|at* bj lg}bj r}m u}em`ïb eahOacc Pbtilh | @btpn Sb`mt mh Mvl/ua`la LS a mj Movmtbàt | @btpnSb`mt mh Mvlua`lau S | SL(

Bhbilh | J}im uah mhctmhpbàubhpm jb vauldljl`b` `m `mkbt u} na/gbt vbtb umg}lt u}u u}mòau( Vmtamj eaupa `m nbemtja mu `mkbt b u}cboljlb( J}im um ulmhpm adjlgbà br}m`btum k}hpa b u}u pïau* | mu jldm/tbà `m jb tmuvahubdljl`b` e}bh/

à mjjau uah sïeplobu `mj Lovmtla(Bhbilh v}m`m ltum e}bhà mu jldm/tbà vat R}l/Gah Klhh* vmta mu u}ob`tm r}lmh ja bjlmhpb b umg}lt u}`muplha* b}h ul ulghleb bdbhà/hbtjb vbtb ulmovtm( Jb `lcmtmhelb`m m`b` `m jau àu vmtuahbkmuplmhm gtbh tmjmsbhelb mh eõoa jaubcmepb mh u} vbtpl`b(

B}hr}m u} vtlomt omhpat mu }h ub/dla Obmupta* R}l/Gah vbtb Bhb/ilh | Adl/Wbh vbtb J}im* mu \a`br}lmh `mdm `mel`lt u} smt`b`mta

7 4

eaolmh{a m mhptmhbolmhpa( Mh jau au



ebuau \a`b omhelahb r}m mj mjmglàmupâ o}| slmka vbtb eaomh{bt* ulmhàmum }h v}hpa ejbsm vbtb jau msmhpau c}/p}tau( Mh mj ebua `m Bhbilh vatr}m nbobhpmhlà }hb tmjbelõh o}| muptmenbeah u} ob`tm* eaub r}m umgûh jbu eau/p}odtmu Km`l ha `mdlmtb nbdmt ae}ttl/à( Mh e}bhpa b J}im* ha p}sa jb g}ïbbvtavlb`b vbtb bemvpbt jau ubetlelaur}m lovjlebh umt }h Km`l(

Mj lh`lela r}m bhplelvb jbu nbdljl`b`mumuvmelbjmu `m Bhbilh | J}im uah u}u pb/jmhpau eaoa vljapa | u} d}mhb v}hpmtïb(Bodau vmtuahbkmu catobh }hb bolupb`

muvmelbj eah }h vmtuahbkm eah enbjm/ea* Kbt Kbt Dlhiu | Nbh Uaja* r}m b vm/ubt m umt ebtbepmtl{bàu m }hb catobeahptbtlb* pmtolhbh ulmhà nìtamu vat `mtmena vtavla(

Pbodlìh* nb| }hb lhsmtulõh mh jau ta/jmu e}bhà Bhbilh eahaemu b jb Tml/hb Bol`bjb* ìj mu }h muejbsa* olmhptbu

r}m e}bhà J}im eahaem b jb Vtlhem/ub Jmlb mjjb mu jb vtlulahmtb* ja r}m pbo/dlìh um tmvlpm mh u} vtlomt mhe}mhptamh Mj Tmgtmua `mj Km`l* àh`m mjjb mumuejbsb mh Pbpaalhm(

M s

mhp a

u u l ol j bt m

u b e ao

v bò

bhj b

u bs

mhp

}t b u ` mj n

mt a

m ` m e b ` bp t l j a

gl b

(7

5

@}tbhpm jb ûjplob olpb` m jb vmjïe}jb Jb dbpbjjb oâu vmtuahbj eah jau dbh/



vmj ubdla obmupta o}muptb }hb om`l/pbelõh muvmelbj bhpmu `m eahctahpbt/um b u} `muplha( Jau Obmuptau plmhmhgtbh lh}mhelb mh u}u `lueïv}jau* pbh/pa mh sl`b eaoa `muv}ìu `m u} `mu/

bvbtlelõh( U} g}ïb b|}`b b jau nìtamub smhemt b jbu c}mt{bu mj obj( Bodauuah omhpatmu `m Bhbilh Ui|wbjimt(

Mj hbj eah }hb gtbh dbpbjjb oûjplvjmmu mea `mj hbj `m jb ubgb( Mu jb tm/gtmulõh b jb vtlomtb muptacb( Mh Mvlua/`la L jb muvmelm vtlolplsb um mhctmhpbeah sbjat | btobu ha pbh uaupleb`bubhpmu }h mkìtelpa `m gtbh h}omta mh

mj âtmb hbp}tbj `mj vjbhmpb( Olmhptbupbhpa nb| }hb j}enb muvbelbj àh`mjb mupt}eelõh m }hb mupbelõh muvb/elbj mu `m u}ob lovatpbhelb( Bj olu/oa plmova }hb dbpbjjb oâu tm`}el/`b ae}ttm eah jb Tmlhb Bol`bjb | u}unaodtmu lhpmhpbhà ebvp}tbt bj Sl/ttm| m jb Cm`mtbelõh m eaomtela* bjb sm{ r}m }hb dbpbjjb oâu vmtuahbj

r}m lovjleb b }h Obmupta | }h bvtmh/`l{ eahptb mj kasmh `lueïv}ja `mj obj*u}em`m mh }h bodlmhpm blujbà(

Mupm eaovjmka `mumhjbem `m sbtlbunlupatlbu vbtbjmjbu mu }h tmmka `m jau}em`là mh Mvlua`la SL* àh`m jauMwaiu uah jb muvmelm vtlolplsb eahptbjau Upatoptaavmtu9 jb j}enb muvbelbjmu jjmsb`b b ebda vat jau Tmdmj`muvbtb mupt}lt jb Umg}h`b Muptmjjb m jbO}mtpm* e}bhà Nbh Uaja | jb Vtlhem/ub Jmlb lhpmhpbh mubeplsbt mj mue}àr}m vtapmgm b jb mupbelõh muvbelbj(

vàu lhsmtplàu* mj `lueïv}ja lhm~vmtpamu J}im | mj Obmupta | bvtmh`l{ `mjobj uah @btpn Sb`mt | mj Movmtbàt(

Mh jbu àu eahctahpbelahmu uaja nb|}h uadtmslslmhpm eah jb uloljlp}` `m

r}m um ptbpb `mj dlmh gbhbhà uadtmmj obj( @}tbhpm mupb dbpbjjb }ha `m

jau vmtuahbkmu mu jbh{bà b }h vtmel/vlela( Mupm mu }h vbtbjmja pbodlìh tm/vmplà mh Mvlua`la LLL* àh`m mj Ebh/eljjmt Vbjvbplhm um ubjsb bj eajgbtum`m jb vlmthb m Bhbilh e}bhà ebmhvat mj `}epa `m mjmsbàtmu* r}m mu}hb tmcmtmhelb ejbtb bj hbj `m Mvlua/`la SL | u} hbj* bj lg}bj r}m mh Mvlua/`la S e}bhà J}im ebm vat }h vtmel/vlela mh u} `}mja eahptb Sb`mt(

Apta tmmka b jb lhsmtub `mj hbj `mMvlua`la L | Mvlua`la SL mu r}m nb|}h }hb emjmdtbelõh hbj eah jau nb/dlpbhpmu bcmepbàu }hlìhàum mh mjcmupmka( Vmta* olmhptbu r}m mh Mvlua/

`la SL um cmupmkb mj h `mj Lovmtla* mhMvlua`la L mu mj eaolmh{a `mj Lovmtla*| ha vat hb`b jb oûuleb r}m lhpmt/vtmpbh jau G}hgbhu mu }hb smtulõhbjmgtm | tâvl`b `mj jûg}dtm pmob `mjMovmtbàt(

O}enbu tmjbelahmu | vbtbjmjau ae}/ttmh b jau jbtga `m jb ubgb* `moau/ptbhà jb eaovjmkb jbdat `m J}ebuvbtb mupb r}mtl`b umtlm `m jou r}mulg}mh ulmhà `mue}dlmtpau vat cbhur}m nbh slupa jbu vmjïe}jbu }hb | oljmu`m smemu(

M h

vt a

vl b

u v bj b d t b

u ` mJ }

e b u *j bn

l u p at l b

` m U p bt W

bt u

m u u

l o vj m

| e ao

vj m

k b bj bs

m{ (

7 0



7 =

Nbupb Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu* jbu vmjïe}/ Jb gtbh ptb`lelõh `m Kanh Wljjlbou mub



jbu `m Gmatgm J}ebu }mtah atlglhb`bu vatmj bva|a | `mubïa `m u} bolga mj `ltmepatCtbhelu Cat` Eavvajb* r}lmh tmpbdb bj kasmh`ltmepat b m~vbh`lt u}u pbjmhpau elhmobpa/gtâeau(

E}bhà J}ebu vtmvbtbdb paà vbtb jbvta`}eelõh `m Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu*| mh }hb beelõh lh}u}bj vbtb mupb mpbvb `mjb tmbjl{belõh* um vjbhpmõ jb vauldljl`b` m}h eaovaulpat vbtb jb oûuleb lhel`mhpbj(]hb `m jbu ebtbepmtïuplebu r}m `mupbebdbmj plva `m oûuleb r}m J}ebu bodlelahbdbvbtb u} bsmhp}tb muvbelbj mtb r}m mh j}gbt`m tme}ttlt b uahlàu mjmeptõhleau eaoa umbeaup}odtbdb vat mum plmova* um lobglhbdboûuleb ejâuleb ulhõhleb r}m bòb`lmtb bjbuvmepa taoâhplea `m u} avmtb ìvleb(

Upmsmh Uvlmjdmtg* emtebha bolga eah }hbslulõh uloljbt b jb `m J}ebu* nbdïb ptbdbkbàmh u} avmtb vtlob U}gbtjbh` M~vtmuu eah mjeaovaulpat Kanh Wljjlbou( Jb eajbdatbelõh}m u}elmhpmomhpm ubplubepatlb eaoa vbtb

tmvmplt jb m~vmtlmhelb mh mj ulg}lmhpm jo*Pld}tõh( Jb eaovaulelõh vbtb Pld}tõh hauaja }m mmeplsb* ulha r}m mtb pbh vmt`}tb/djm mh mj vûdjlea eaoa jb vmjïe}jb oluob(C}m Uvlmjdmtg r}lmh tmeaomh`õ b KanhWljjlbou* b r}lmh etmïb l`mbj vbtb jb pmoâ/pleb o}ulebj r}m vmhubdb J}ebu( Nbdlmhàmue}enbà jb oûuleb eaovjmpb bhpmu `mjmuptmha `mj jo* J}ebu um tm}hlõ eah Kanh

Wljjlbou eah oltbu b jb vauldljl`b` `m r}mìj eaov}ulmtb jb oûuleb( Oâu `m }h bòa`muv}ìu Wljjlbou eaomh{õ b ptbdbkbt mh jboûuleb(

mslpbt jmmt mj g}lah `m jb vmjïe}jb mh jb r}mptbdbkb( ‚Hatobjomhpm* ptbpa `m ha jmmt jaug}lahmu* vatr}m }ha plmh`m b atobtum u}uvtavlbu loâgmhmu `m jau vmtuahbkmu | jaumuemhbtlau‟* eaomhpbdb ìj `}tbhpm mj plmo/va `m muptmha `m Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu(Vbtb Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu* | vat jaeaovjmka `m jau tmr}mtlolmhpau `m J}ebu*Wljjlbou adslõ mupb ptb`lelõh* jm|mhà mjg}lah eaovjmpa r}m tmeldlõ mh `lelmodtm`m 2<7=(

Jb vbtplp}tb vbtb Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbumupbdb lhuvltb`b mh mj }ua `mj jmlpoapls aoaplsa eah`}epat r}m mj bjmoâh Tlenbt`

Wbghmt nbdïb vav}jbtl{bà eah Mj Bhl/jja mj Hldmj}hga( Mj jmlpoapls eahupbdb`m jb tmvmplelõh `m `mpmtolhb`b omja`ïbr}m tmvtmumhpbdb b }h vmtuahbkm* beelõha pmob( Mh Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu mjpmob vtlhelvbj mu mj `m J}im Ui|wbjimt* mje}bj e}mhpb eah }h vmr}mòa naomhbkm mhu} bhbttlb b Mtlen Iathgaj` | u} pmobvbtb jb vmjle}jb Bdluoa `m Vbulõh .Ilhgu

Taw,* | r}m um tmvlpm mh pa`b ulp}belõhnmtaleb | mu lhpta`}eelõh | elmttm `m pa`bvmjïe}jb mh jb ubgb9 mj pmob `m jb C}mt{b mupbodlìh tmmtmhpm b Adl/Wbh Imhadl* vmtamupâ vtmumhpm mh paà oaomhpa mh mj e}bjum }pljl{b jb C}mt{b9 mj Pmob `m jb Vtlhemubmu }hb omja`ïb lhaemhpm | omjbheõjleb r}mtmvtmumhpb b jb nmtaïhb | u} atpbjm{b9 | mjpmob `mj lovmtla mu tmvtmumhpbà vat }hb

bhbttlb r}m `mo}muptb u} va`mtïa mh jbgbjb~lb(

B om`l`b r}m jb ptljagïb ldb `mubttajjâhà/um* lg}bj ja nbeïbh jau pmobu r}m Wljjlbou

O û u l e b j m g m h

` b t l b

ldb bòb`lmhà b u} tmvmtpatla( Eah Mj



Lovmtla Eahptbbpbeb jjmgbtah jau omoatb/djmu pmobu `m \a`b | jb Obtenb Lovmtlbj*pbodlìh eahael`b vat Pmob `m @btpn Sb`mt*r}m tmvtmumhpb bj sljjbha oâu tmeahaelà mhmj o}hà( Mj Tmgtmua `mj Km`l p}sa u}u àu

eahptld}elahmu eah mj @mujm `m jau Mwaiu |mj Pmob `mj Movmtbàt* mj e}bj }m tmu}elpb/à mh jbu vtme}mjbu(

Mj ì~lpa lhom`lbpa `m Jb G}mttb `m jbuGbjb~lbu | u} oûuleb p}slmtah eaoa eah/ume}mhelb lheahpbdjmu smtulahmu mh mupljavav}jbt vat btplupbu pbh `luplhpau eaoa u}ugìhmtau `m vtmmtmhelb( Mj oâu m~lpaua `mmjjau }m Omea* r}lmh eah u} }ulõh `m jb

adtb `m Wljjlbou eah jb oûuleb `luea `m jbìvaeb* jagtõ jjmgbt b jau vtlomta v}mupau `msmhpbu( Jb oûuleb `m Kanh Wljjlbou }m ha/olhb`b b sbtlau vtmolau* gbhbhà mj Auebt`m mum bòa b`moâu `m jagtbt dbplt tmeatù`m smhpbu mh mj gìhmta `m dbh`bu uahatbub}h ulh eahpbt eah }hb ebhelõh r}m bptblgbb jbu obubu(

Eah pbhpau jagtau* mtb lovauldjm vmhubtmh }hb h}msb vmjïe}jb `m Upbt Wbtu ulh jbvbtplelvbelõh m Kanh Wljjlbou( Mu vat muar}m Wljjlbou tmgtmuõ b jb gbjb~lb etmb`b vatJ}ebu vbtb eaovahmt pmobu atlglhbj* b jbsm{ r}m tmslulpbdb ejâuleau lhoatpbjmu(

Mj pmob oâu `l}h`là vtmsla bj muptmha `mMvlua`la L* }m @}mj a Pnm Cbpmu( Mh vbtpmvatr}m adp}sa }h sl`maejlv r}m }m oau/ptbà lhej}ua mh mj ebhbj `m ebdjm OPS `m/`lebà b oûuleb eahpmovatâhmb b`moâu `mumt `l}h`là mh jbu tb`lau* @}mj a pnm Cbpmumtb }hb va`mtaub omja`ïb r}m tmvtmumhpb/

2<7> | 2<<<* àu umulahmu `m gtbdbelõh eah mj Obmupta Kanh Wljjlbou* eaovaulpat*

`ltmepat | vta`}epat `m jb oûuleb vbtb Upbt Wbtu vat 4> bòau

7 7

db jb j}enb mhptm mj dlmh | mj obj* `m Wljjlbou* eb`b vlupb mtb }hb om{/



}ubhà eatau mhìtgleau r}m* plmova`muv}ìu* }mtah bvtasmenbàu eattme/pbomhpm vbtb jou ìvleau eaoa MjUmòat m jau Bhljjau( Mj tlpoa bemjm/tbà `m @}mj a pnm Cbpmu tmcmkbdb mj

ebodla r}m oauptbdb jb vmjïe}jb* eahj}enbu slajmhpbu mh }h plmova mh r}mjau Km`l | Ulpn mupbdb mh u} vjmhlp}`(

Pmobu vbtb jau Umvbtbplupbu* jb TmlhbBol`bjb* Kbt Kbt Dlhiu | jb emtmoa/hlb `m }hmtbj eaovjmpbdbh jb h}msbgbjmtïb `m oûuleb h}msb `m Mvlua`laL( Mj pmob `m Bhbilh Ui|wbjimt* vatapta jbà* mtb }hb sbtlbelõh `mj b/

oaua Pmob `m @btpn Sb`mt eaov}mu/pa vat Wljjlbou ebul 46 bòau bptâu(Olmhptbu r}m jb omja`ïb `mj Pmob `m@btpn Sb`mt mtb }pljl{b`b vbtb Bhb/ilh Ui|wbjimt* mj tlpoa `m jb obtenblovmtlbj mtb }ubà vbtb jb dbpbjjbhbj eahptb jau Umvbtbplupbu(

R}l{âu jb tmmtmhelb o}ulebj oâu ulo/

dõjleb* j}mga `mj Pmob `m Bhbilh* mujb bvbtlelõh `mj Pmob `mj Movmtbàt`}tbhpm jb emjmdtbelõh hbj lhpmtvtm/pbà vat jau G}hgbhu( ]hb ompâatbr}m b}g}tbdb mj }p}ta `m jb Gbjb~lbm lh`lebdb bj smt`b mta smhemàt `mjjo(

Jb Dbh`b Uahatb Atlglhbj r}m ubjlõmh ob|a `m 2<<< k}hpa bj muptmha `mJb Bomhb{b Cbhpbuob eahupbdb m27 vlupbu eah emteb `m 76 olh}pau `moûuleb( Ptb`lelahbj bj muplja beaup}o/dtbà mh mum plmova | ebtbepmtïuplea

ejb `m pmobu r}m bvbtmeïbh mh `lu/plhpau oaomhpau `m jb vmjïe}jb a umptbpbdb `m smtulahmu `m eahelmtpa r}mha bvbtmemh eaoa pbj mh jb vmjïe}jb(@m mupau ûjploau `mupbebh @}mj a pnm

Cbpm | mj Pmob `m Bhbilh* r}m uah}ulahbàu vbtb jau pïp}jau hbjmu(

Mj u}emua `m Mvlua`la L | jb m~lgmhelb`m jau bhu vat jb oûuleb eaovjmpbp}slmtah eaoa eahume}mhelb }hb M`l/elõh @mhlplsb `m jb Dbh`b Uahatb `mMvlua`la L( Vmta mupb m`lelõh }m o}|etlpleb`b vat ptbpbtum }hb tmvtmumh/pbelõh pbj e}bj b eaoa bvbtmem mh jbvmjïe}jb* r}m ubdm mu }hb m`lelõh `m`luplhpau tbgomhpau mh j}gbt `m jboûuleb lhpmgtb eaoa }m eaov}mupb| `ltlgl`b vat Wljjlbou( Jbu smhpbu `mmupb M`lelõh @mhlplsb ha bjebh{btahjbu m~vmepbplsbu `mj umjja `lueagtâea| hlhg}hb aptb m`lelõh `mhlplsb `mjbu vtme}mjbu }m eaomtelbjl{b`b( C}mjb ûjplob sm{ r}m jb dbh`b uahatb}m eaomtelbjl{b`b(

Eah mj muptmha `m Upbt Wbtu; Mvlua`laL ― Jb Bomhb{b Cbhpbuob* jjmgb jbvtlomtb tm/m`lelõh `m jb Dbh`b `mUahlà atlglhbj jbh{b`b mh 2<<<* mupbsm{ eah }hb ebtbp}jb r}m o}muptb mjh}msa vaupmt `m elhm( Mu }hb h}msbavatp}hl`b` vbtb `mue}dtlt mj pb/

jmhpa `m }hb `m jbu ûjplobu jm|mh`buslslmhpmu `mj btpm `m jb eaovaulelõhulhõhleb vbtb vmjïe}jbu* Kanh Wl/jjlbou(

7 >



7 <

Mh Sl`ma



Mh plmovau oâu elsljl{bàu* e}bhà jb vltbpmtïb b}h mu/pbdb mh m~vbhulõh* Jb Bomhb{b Cbhpbuob um la mj j}ka`m ubjlt mh sl`ma ebul }h bòa `muv}ìu `m u} muptmha mhelhmu( Mh bdtlj `mj 4666 àu m`lelahmu c}mtah jbh{b`bu

mh Mupbàu ]hlàu* jb vtlomtb }hb smtulõh eaoûh mhelhpb `m sl`ma SNU eah jb vmjïe}jb oa`leb`b vbtb pm/jmsluatmu* ja e}bj ulghlebdb r}m vatelahmu `m bodaujbàu `m jb vbhpbjjb mtbh eatpbàu vbtb j jmhbt mj pbob/òa `mj pmjmsluat( Jb umg}h`b smtulõh mtb }hb m`lelõhvbtb eajmeelahlupbu eah jb vmjïe}jb mh elhpb SNU mhvtmumhpbelõh m vbhpbjjb bhenb* a umb pa`b jb lobgmheaovjmpb r}m um sla mh elhmu eah dbttbu hmgtbu mh jbvbtpm u}vmtlat m lhcmtlat `m jb vbhpbjjb vbtb eaovjmpbt u} pbobòa( Mh jb elhpb um lhej}ïb }h vmr}mòa ae}omh/pbj `mptâu `m muemhbu* olmhptbu r}m jb ebkb eahpmhïb}h jldta `m eajmeelõh r}m mtb }h ctbgomhpa `mj btpm`m Mvlua`la L | }h ctbgomhpa `m jo b}pmhplea `m 5=oljïomptau( Ûhlebomhpm jb smtulõh tmg}jbt p}sa jb avelõhvbtb mj omtebà jbplha mh Hatpmboìtleb* eahpbhàeah mj b}`la àdjbà bj muvbòaj hm}pta(

B vmubt `m r}m mj ulupmob @S@ nbdïb ubjlà ptmu bòaubptâu* jb eahbh{b mh mupm catobpa m sl`ma b}h ha mtb

eaovbtpl`b vat paàu jau mup}`lau( J}ebujo btg}omh/pbdb r}m Gmatgm J}ebu mupbdb ae}vbà mh jb tmbjl/{belõh `m Mvlua`la LL | jm tmu}jpbdb lovauldjm `m`lebtjmmj plmova r}m um omtmeïb }hb m`lelõh muvmelbj vbtbJb Bomhb{b Cbhpbuob mh }h catobpa `m eajmeelõh mh@S@(

Jbu lhemubhpmu vmplelahmu vat vbtpm `m jau cbhu | mh/p}ulbupbu `mj catobpa tlh`lmtah ct}pau e}bhà bj bòa ul/g}lmhpm c}m bh}helbà mj jbh{bolmhpa `m Mvlua`la L mh@S@ eah mj ujagbh ‚Jb Muvmtb Pmtolhõ‟( @m be}mtà bjau muvmelbjlupbu* mupm ebodla `m avlhlõh c}m mh vbtpmeahume}mhelb m jbu smtulahmu vltbpb m jb vmjïe}jb r}mmtbh nmenbu }ubhà jb m`lelõh mh Jbumt`lue r}m uaja

ubjlõ b jb smhpb mh Kbvõh( Jbu muvme}jbelahmu jjmsbdbhb vmhubt mh }hb m`lelõh pbh eaovjmkb r}m vtmumhpbdbptmu smtulahmu `m jb vmjïe}jb* jb `m elhm* }hb m`lelõh m~/pmh`l`b* | }hb smtulõh `m ptbdbka oauptbhà }hb `mu/

eahupt}eelõh `m jau mcmepau slu}bjmu( Jb smtulõh aelbj*mh ebodla* eahupõ `m àu `lueau; mj `luea 2 eahpmhïb jb

vmjïe}jb mh smtulõh m~pmh`l`b eah }hb vlupb m eaomh/pbtla | beemua b obpmtlbj m~ej}ulsa mh jïhmb9 mj luea aumtb `m`lebà bj obpmtlbj b`lelahbj r}m eahupbdb `mobpmtlbj v}djlelpbtla* muemhbu eatpb`bu eaovjmpb`bueah mcmepau slu}bjmu vbtb mj @S@ | mj obtbsljjaua àe}/omhpbj muvmelbj Pnm Dmglhhlhg r}m oauptbdb mj `mptâu`m muemhb `m jb tmbjl{belõh `m Mvlua`la L `mu`m r}m

J}ebu eaomh{õ b muetldlt mj g}lah nbupb mj muptmha `mjb vmjïe}jb( Mj àe}omhpbj c}m mjaglbà | mu nbupb jbcmenb }ha `m jau tmcmtmhpmu vbtb mj catobpa(

Mvlua`la L obteõ jb vb}pb vbtb jau ulg}lmhpmu @S@°u `m

jbu vtme}mjbu* eahpbhà eah ptmu smtulahmu `mj omhû(Ul um tmvta`}eïb mj `luea `m jb vmjïe}jb* mj omhû oau/ptbdb u} eahpmhlà eah `luplhpbu muemhbu ulp}b`bu mh}h vjbhmpb* ul um sajsïb b tmvta`}elt mj `luea* mj vjbhmpb

r}m bvbtmeïb mh mj omhû ebodlbdb( Jbu ptmu avela/hmu `m omhû mh mj @S@ mtbh Hbdaa* Pbpaalhm* | Eat}u/ebhp( Pbodlìh }h n}msa `m vbue}b mupbdb ae}jpa mhmj omhû `m l`laobu* vtmulahbhà jau hûomtau 22/5/>*

r}m mtbh tmcmtmhelb `ltmepb bj vtlomt jo `m J}ebu* um

beem`ïb b }h oahpbkm `m mttatmu `m jobelõh eah jau

etì`lpau `mj @S@( Aptau n}msau `m vbue}b mh mj umg}h/à `luea mtbh jau tmejboau `m @btpn Ul`la}u | Wbppa ul

ha um mjmgïb bjgûh eahpmhlà mh `mpmtolhbà plmova(

B hmu `m 4664* | k}hpa bj @S@ `m Mj Bpbr}m `m jau Eja/hmu* Mvlua`la L c}m tm/m`lpb`b* mupb sm{ mh catobpa oa/`lebà vbtb vbhpbjjb `m pmjmsluatmu* mj eahpmhlà mtb

mj oluoa `m u} vtlomtb m`lelõh(>6



Mh 4667 Mvlua`la L c}m movbr}mpbà k}hpa b Mvlua`la LL

| LLL mh }hb ebkb `m Ptljagïb `m vtme}mjbu( C}m jb ûjplobsm{ r}m jbu vtme}mjbu ubjlmtah mh @S@(

Mh 4622* | eah gtbh bhplelvbelõh* jb ubgb eaovjmpb

c}m jbh{b`b mh mj catobpa `m sl`ma `m Bjpb @mhlelõhDj}/tb| @lue( Mupb m`lelõh ha uaja bhplelvbdb }hb omkat

vtmumhpbelõh `m jb vmjïe}jb* ptbhucmtïb jb lobgmh `ltme/pbomhpm `mj btenlsa `lglpbj atlglhbj }ubà vat J}ebujomh 2<<<( Jau eajatmu tme}vmtbdbh u}u ebtbepmtïuplebuatlglhbjmu* `muvjb{bhà mj paha taub r}m lhsb`ïb jbusmtulahmu vtmslbu mh SNU | @S@( B`moâu* jb pmehajagïboa`mthb vmtolpïb r}m um tme}vmtbtb }h vatemhpbkm mlobgmh mh paàu jau jbàu `m jb vbhpbjjb( H}msau ebo/

dlau mtbh muvmtbàu mh mupb m`lelõh* ulmhà mj oâu bhpl/elvbà mj tmmovjb{a `mj pïpmtm `m \a`b vat u} u}vjmhpm`lglpbj( Mupm ebodla c}m bh}helbà ha aelbjomhpm mh}ha m jau ae}omhpbjmu mj @S@ m Mvlua`la LLL* ah`m

um oauptbdb r}m mtb }hb vtâepleb r}m nl{a mj mr}lva`m LJO eah oltbu bj ptbdbka r}m bctahpbtïbh mh Jb Smh/gbh{b `m jau Ulpn(

Jb Bomhb{b Cbhpbuob catob vbtpm `m mupm da~ ump `m

jb ubgb eaovjmpb bj lg}bj r}m }h da~ ump uajbomhpm eahjb Ptljagïb `m vtme}mjbu( Jb eajmeelõh b}h um mhe}mhptbb jb smhpb | nb ulà gbjbtàhbà vat u} vtmumhpbelõh(

>2

Mj jagaplva `m 46pn Emhp}t|Ca~ }ubà `mu`m jb M`lelõh b t m

/m

ha

u (p m

/



Ca~ }ubà `mu`m jb M`lelõhMuvmelbj `m 2<<7 c}m tmmo/vjb{bà mh jb smtulõh 5@ vat mj jagaplva bep}bj oâu dtl/jjbhpm | eajatlà(

MJ jagaplva vjbha `m J}ebu/

jo r}m oauptbdb }hb pm~/p}tb ompâjleb eah ulj}mpb dtl/jjbhpm smt`m mu tmmovjb{bàvat mj h}msa jagaplva uloljbt mh catob vmta eah saj}omhr}m um j}em mh jb smtulõh 5@`m Jb Bomhb{b Cbhpbuob(

MJ pm~pa buemh`mhpm atlglhbj*r}m c}m tmbjl{bà eaoa mhjb ptljagïb ejâuleb* c}m tmcat/obpmbà vbtb b`bvpbtumb jbu `moâu vtme}mjbu( Mupmpm~pa c}m pbodlìh eahsmtpl/à vbtb jb smtulah 5@(

M s a j } e l a h

` m } h B o

m h b {b

J b

B o m h

b { b

C b h

p b u o b *

b j l g } b

j r } m m

j t m u p a

` m

j b u v m j

ï e }

j b u

` m

J b

G } m t t b

` m

j b u

G b

j b ~

l b u * t

e l d l õ } h b

b e p } b j l { b e l õ h e a h e b `

b m ` l e l õ h m h } h c a t o b

p a h } m s a ` m s l ` m a (

@ m u ` m r } m u b j l õ m

s l ` m a * j b

v m j ï e } j b u m m ~ p m h ` l õ 5 o l h } p a u o â u * b ` m o b u `

m p m h m t b j g } h a u e b o d l a u u l g h l e b p l s a

E a h m

j D j } / t b |

j j m g b t a h b

j g } h a u

e b o

d l a u b

` l e l a h b

j m u | *

b } h r } m h a

n b | e b o d

l a u m h m

j e a h

p

h l ` a ` m j b v m j ï e } j b *

j b s m t u l õ h 5 @

h a u m ~ p l m h ` m j b m ~ v m t

l m h e l b s l u } b j ` m M v l u a ` l a L (

>4

Mj mcmepa m jb eattl`b m mu/ebvm `m jau Km`l c}m oa`l

Eah jb tmm`lelõh 5@ mu jb vtl/omtb sm{ r}m jb smtulah m~



ebvm `m jau Km`l c}m oa`l/ebà vbtb jb smtulõh `m Dj}/tb| r}m ubjlõ mh 4622( Mupboa`lebelõh mupâ vtmumhpmmh jb smtulõh 5@(

Gtbelbu b jb h}msb pmehaja/gïb um v}à tme}vmtbt }h >-`m lobgmh e}bhà Mvlua`laL ubjlõ mh Dj}/tb| @lue mh 4622(Mupb ebhpl`b` `m lobgmhb`lelahbj pbodlìh v}m`m umt `luct}pb`b mh jb smtulõh 5@(

Mj Ebodla obu Lovatpbhpm`m Jb Bomhb{b Cbhpbuobmu mj tmovjb{a `mj pïpmtm `m\a`b vat u} smtulah `lglpbjoâu beat`m b jb ebtbepmtl/{belõh `mj vmtuahbkm mh jbuvtme}mjbu(

omtb sm{ r}m jb smtulah m~/pmh`l`b um sm mh elhmu(

Aptb paob b`lelahbj mj @S@o}muptb b Bhbilh | u}u bol/gau vbtplmhà m jb vjbpbcat/ob `m jjmgb`b b Eat}uebhp(

Jb paob `mj Slttm| `m jb Cm/

`mtbelõh `m Eaomtela ad/umtsbhà jb vbhpbjjb olmh/ptbu jau Km`l muebvbh c}mebodlb`b bj lg}bj r}m mjmcmepa `m jb vbhpbjjb r}mo}muptb mj msmhpa(

Mj @S@ `m Mvlua`la L eahpb/db eah muemhbu eatpb`bueaovjmpb`bu vbtb mub m`l/elõh( Bjg}hbu `m mubu paobuc}mtah tmlheatvatb`bu mh jbvmjïe}jb `mu`m mhpahemu( Jbsmtulõh m~pmh`l`b `m Mvlua/`la L mtb m~ej}ulsb `mj @S@ |h}heb c}m oauptb`b aelbj/omhpm mh pmjmslulõh

>5



‚Eb`b Ubgb Eb`b Gmhmtbelõh Plmhm ]hb Jm|mh`b‟* mj pm~pa r}m eaomh{bdb k}hpa bmupb olupmtlaub lobgmh mj ptbljmt r}m bhplelvbdb }h cmhõomha b}h tmeat`b`a(

>0

MJ JMGB@A @M MVLUA@LA L



Oâu bjjâ `m jbu sltp}`mu btpïuplebu r}m um jm r}lmtbh tmeahaemt a ha bj Mvlua`la L* | b}h oâulovatpbhpm* oâu bjjâ `m jau g}upau vmtuahbjmu* Jb Bomhb{b Cbhpbuob p}sa }hb gtbh lhc}mhelbmh mj elhm r}m smoau mh jb bep}bjl`b`( O}ena `m mupa um `mdm b jb lhulupmhelb `m Gmatgm J}ebuvat nbemt jbu eaubu b u} obhmtb( @muv}ìu `m paà* Mvlua`la L Jb Bomhb{b Cbhpbuob mu }hb `m

jbu vmjïe}jbu lh`mvmh`lmhpmu oâu eaupaubu `m paàu jau plmovau( \ mj `lhmta lhsmtplà vat J}ebuslha `m u} vtavla dajuljja* ja r}m jm `la jb vauldljl`b` `m pmhmt eahptaj etmbplsa bduaj}pa* uajajlolpâhàum vat mj vtmu}v}mupa r}m um nbdïb kbà(

Eb`b h}msa vta|mepa mtb }hb atob `m m~vmtlomhpbelõh a `mubttajja `m h}msb pmehajagïb aoìpaà `m ptbdbka( Mh Jb Etõhlebu `mj Kasmh Lh`lbhb Kahmu* jb umtlm `m pmjmslulõh vta`}el`bvat J}ebujo* um }pljl{btah eaovaulelahmu `lglpbjmu vbtb oauptbt bodlmhpbelahmu `m ìvaebu}vmtlatmu b paà ja slupa mh pmjmslulõh nbupb mum oaomhpa( Mj vtaemua `m ptbdbka r}m vmtolpïbloâgmhmu uatvtmh`mhpmu eah }h vtmu}v}mupa omhat `mj r}m u}vah`tïb }m ja r}m nl{a bepldjmnbemt }h jo `m jb obhmtb r}m J}ebu bodlelahbdb vbtb Mvlua`la L(

Ul dlmh jb M`lelõh Muvmelbj }m }hb atob `m eahtobt jb slgmhelb `m jb ubgb* pbodlìh ultslõvbtb vtadbt jbu vauldljl`b`mu r}m dtlh`bdb jb pmehajagïb `lglpbj vbtb jb lobglhmtïb r}m l`mbdbmj ltmepat mh u}u vtme}mjbu( \ vt}mdb m mjja mtb jb vtlomtb bvbtlelõh m jb ebvlpbj mj Lovmtla*Eat}uebhp* r}m }m lhpta`}el`b mh }hb muemhb m~pmh`l`b m Mj Tmgtmua mj Km`l M`lelõh Muvmelbj(

>=

Cahà @lglpbj



Jb vbjbdtb eaovaulelõh h}heb }m omkat }pljl{b`b e}bhà mj mr}lva `m LJOpaoõ `luplhpau mjmomhpau tmbjmu m lttmbjmu vbtb eaovjmpbt }hb lobgmh hbj(Eahptbtla b ja r}m mu u}v}mupa vat o}enau* ha paà jau mmepau uah gmhmtbàuvat eaov}pbàtbu mh mj Mvlua`la L* o}enbu obr}mpbu }mtah eahupt}l`bu*vtlhelvbjomhpm vatr}m mdïbh umt `mupt}l`bu a vatr}m u} smtulõh lglpbj n}dlmtb

ulà o}| eaupaub(@mu`m Upbt Wbtu um }uõ jb pìehleb `m vlhp}tb obpm* jb e}bj mu }hb m~pmhulõh `mbjg}hb muemhagtbïb job`b* | r}m mu eaov}mupb vbtb r}m jb muemhb vbtm{ebo}ena oâu muvmepbe}jbt `m ja r}m va`ïb jagtbtum mh mup}`lau( Mh Mj LovmtlaEahptbbpbeb mupb pìehleb }m jjmsb`b oâu jmkau* vmtolplmhà eahupt}lt uajavatelahmu `m jb muemhagtbïb r}m mtbh eaovjmpb`bu eah vlhp}tb obpm mh vaup/vta`}eelõh( Mupb pìehleb b|}`bdb b mslpbt gbupau r}m n}dlmtbh nmena lovauldjmhbhelbt jb vmjïe}jb(

Mh Mvlua`la L jbu pìehlebu `lglpbjmu `m eaovaulelõh | eahupt}eelõh `m ahàugmhmtbàu vat eaov}pbàtbu b|}`btah b mubttajjbt jb pìehleb m vlhp}tb obpmb hlsmjmu bhpmu lovauldjmu( ]ubhà ja bvtmh`là mh jb umtlm `m pmjmslulõh `mLh`lbhb Kahmu* J}ebu | eaovbòïb p}slmtah jb vauldljl`b` `m eahupt}lt uaja jbmuemhagtbïb hmemubtlb* v}`lmhà j}mga ulp}bt b jau vmtuahbkmu mh bodlmhpmu oâugtbh`mu* m~õpleau | jobtjau mh oaslolmhpa( Jbu vlhp}tbu obpm `m bhpbòa uajava`ïbh }ubtum mh loâgmhmu kbu* olmhptbu r}m bnatb jau ahàu `lglpbjmu v}m`mhpmhmt oaslolmhpau r}m lolpbh jau oaslolmhpau `m eâobtb `m jb jobelõh( @mpbj atob uaja jb tbovb `m jb hbsm `m jb Tmlhb }m eahupt}l`b vbtb u} m~pmtlat

| uaja tbgomhpau `m jau v}mhpmu `mj `}mja `m ubdjmu hbj }mtah btobàu* vatelpbt bjg}hau mkmovjau( B}hr}m o}ena um etlpleõ b J}ebu vat mupbu pìehlebu* mhjb bep}bjl`b` mupau vtaemuau nbh ulà jjmsbàu b}h oâu jmkau mh vmjïe}jbu eaoaUlh Elp| ― Jb El}`b` `mj Vmebà a 566* | b|}`bh b bovjlbt jau natl{ahpmuslu}bjmu ha uaja `m vmjïe}jbu a umtlmu `m pmjmslulõh `m ìvaeb* ulha `m e}bjr}lmtbodlmhpbelõh(

BhlobpleuApta v}hpa lovatpbhpm vbtb `mhlt jau eaupau `m jb vmjïe}jb }m mj }ua `m

bhloâpleau( Eaoûhomhpm vbtb jbu vmjïe}jbu eah muemhbu `m beelõh eaovjmkb um}pljl{bh upat|dabtù* r}m uah e}b`tau eah lj}uptbelõh r}m ultsmh `m tmmtmhelbvbtb ubdmt ja r}m sb b umt jobà | m r}ì obhmtb umtâ nmena .oaslolmhpau meâobtb* âhg}jau* eaovaulelõh `m jb paob* mpe(,( Eah jb ptljagïb atlglhbj Gmatgm

>3

J}ebu paoõ mj eahemvpa | ja jjmsõ oâu jmkau e}bhà mjlglõ vmjïe}jbu m j}enbubìtmbu `m jb G}mttb O}h`lbj | jbu m`lpõ eaoa tmmtmhelb vbtb u} eaovbòïb



bìtmbu `m jb G}mttb O}h`lbj | jbu m`lpõ eaoa tmmtmhelb vbtb u} eaovbòïb`m mmepa | r}m v}`lmtbh tmetmbt mubu `muetlvelahmu eah hbsmu muvbelbjmu mhvjmha muvbela( Eah jbu ulg}lmhpmu ume}mjbu LJO }uõ bhlobelõh nmenb b obha| jobelõh `m olhlbp}tbu `m dbka vtmu}v}mupa(

Vbtb mj plmova `m jb vtmvta`}eelõh `m Mvlua`la L mj }ua `m jau gtâeau vat

eaov}pbàtb m dbkb tmuaj}elõh }m mj ulg}lmhpm vbua vbtb jau bhloâpleau( Eahmupau gtâeau dâuleau um va`ïbh smt jbu muemhbu eaovjmpbu bhpmu `m ulr}lmtbumt job`bu( Mh o}enau ebuau jau bhloâpleau umtsïb `m tmmtmhelb vbtb jaulheb}pau bepatmu* r}lmhmu va`ïbh pmhmt }hb l`mb oâu ejbtb `mj bodlmhpm mhmj e}bj mupbdbh | eah r}m aptbu etlbp}tbu a smnïe}jau mupbdbh lhpmtbep}bhà(

Mj `mubttajja `m jau bhloâpleau `la j}gbt b gtâeau `m omkat ebjl`b` r}m hauaja ultslmtah `m tmmtmhelb ulha r}m* mh bjg}hau ebuau* }mtah dbum `ltmepbvbtb mj ptbdbka `m jau btplupbu `m LJO( Mj ulg}lmhpm vbua }m jb etmbelõh`mj ulupmob Vtmsl{* mj e}bj vmtolpm etmbt muemhbu `lglpbjmu eah muemhbtlau |vmtuahbkmu eah }hb tbvl`m{ | melmhelb h}heb bhpmu slupb ulh tmr}mtlt `m }hgtbh eahaelolmhpa mh mj obhmka `m bhlobelõh 5@( Gtbelbu b mupm ulupmob mj`ltmepat Upmsmh Uvlmjdmtg v}à `bt tlmh`b u}mjpb b u} lobglhbelõh | etmbtbjg}hbu ume}mhelbu `m beelõh slupbu mh Mvlua`la LLL( Bep}bjomhpm mj vtmsl{ |aptau ulupmobu uloljbtmu uah }ubàu vat elhmbupbu vbtb beljlpbt u} vtmvbtbelõhvbtb jb jobelõh(

M`lelõh @lglpbj

Gmatgm J}ebu }m }ha `m jau vtme}tuatmu m jb m`lelõh lglpbj( Eah Mvlua`la Lmj ptbdbka m m`lelõh la }h ubjpa o}| gtbh`m nbelb jbu smhpbkbu r}m atmem b}h `ltmepat | m`lpat `m btobt u} vmjïe}jb( Gmatgm J}ebu* }h àe}omhpbjlupbhbpa* v}ua b vt}mdb u} pìehleb e}bhà jobdb Bomtlebh Gtbpl( Jaubepatmu mtbh jldtmu `m lhpmtvtmpbt jb muemhb mh `luplhpbu atobu* ulh r}m J}ebulhpmttlmtb eah u} vtaemua etmbplsa( J}mga `m hbjl{b`b jb jobelõh* `}tbhpmjb m`lelõh* J}ebu pmhïb mj obpmtlbj hmemubtla vbtb mjmglt jb omkat paob |btobt u} vmjïe}jb* b}h ul mupb um muslbdb m ja r}m nbdïb muetlpa mh mj g}lah(

Eah Mvlua`la L Gmatgm J}ebu v}à ha uaja mjmglt jbu paobu r}m etmïb omkatmu*ulha r}m pbodlìh va`ïb btobtjbu m luplhpbu smtulahmu m mub paob* }hlmhàjb omkat lhpmtvtmpbelõh `m }h bepat eah jb omkat `m apta vbtb etmbt }hbpaob r}m `m aptb atob n}dlmtb ubetlebà }hb m jbu lhpmtvtmpbelahmu( Eah

>7



mupm vtaemua um va`ïbh mjlolhbt vmr}mòau mttatmu lhpmtvtmpbplsau* eaoa }h bepat slmhà nbelbapta j}gbt a mh }hb beelõh `lmtmhpm b jb tmr}mtl`b(

Eâobtbu @lglpbjmuMvlua`la L }m jb vtlomtb vmjïe}jb `m jb ubgb mh }ubt eâobtbu `lglpbjmu `m bjpb `mhlelõh vbtbgtbdbt loâgmhmu r}m j}mga }mtah lheatvatb`bu b jb vmjïe}jb lovmtemvpldjmomhpm( Mupm }ua `laeaoa tmu}jpbà r}m Mvlua`la LL | Mvlua`la LLL }mtbh ebvp}tb`bu eah eâobtbu `lglpbjmu `m bjpb`mhlelõh* vmtolplmhà ebjl`b` lh}u}bjomhpm `mpbjjb`b | jlovlb r}m mu o}| dlmh bvtmelb`bmh sl`ma* muvmelbjomhpm mh Dj}/tb| @lue( Vat u}v}mupa* mh mupm plmova J}ebu }m o}| etlplebàvat jau v}tlupbu | ptb`lelahbjmu r}m smïbh eah tmemja mj tmovjb{a `m jbu ejâulebu eâobtbu `mvmjïe}jb vat mjbdatbàu | eaovjmkau u}uplp}pau `lglpbjmu( Upbt Wbtu }m }hb `m jbu vtlomtbuvmjïe}jbu `m gtbh muebjb mh }ubt eâobtbu `lglpbjmu | }m mj ob|at lov}juat `m mupb pmehajagïb(

Mh jb bep}bjl`b`* | eah mj b}gm `mj elhm 5@* mj `mubttajja `m jbu eâobtbu `lglpbjmu nb jagtbàhlsmjmu lovmhubàu* bnatb atmelmhà tmuaj}elahmu pbh gtbh`mu r}m u}vmtbh jau 5=oo }ubàugmhmtbjomhpm vbtb jobelõh `m vmjïe}jbu(

]h vtaemua etmbplsa r}m `la vlm b }hb tmsaj}elõh mh jb tmbjl{belõh `m vmjïe}jbu(

>>



Vtapbgahlupb @lglpbj

Kbt Kbt Dlhiu }m }hb m jbu vtlomtbu etlbp}tbu vtapbgõhlebu gmhmtb`bu mh eaov}pbàtb vbtb }hbvmjïe}jb m beelõh mh slsa* ulmhà }h nlpa mh jb nlupatlb m jb bhlobelõh r}m la vlm b jb etmbelõh

`m aptau vmtuahbkmu vtapbgõhleau eb`b sm{ oâu tmbjmu eaoa Gajj}o mh Mj Umòat `m jau Bhljjau*Ilhg Iahg mh jb vmjïe}jb `mj oluoa haodtm | jau vadjbàtmu `m Vbhàtb mh Bsbpbt* }ubhàebvp}tbu m oaslolmhpa | m~vtmulõh eb`b sm{ oâu uaupleb`bu* jjmgbhà bj v}hpa m va`mt etmbt}hb smtulõh `lglpbj oâu kasmh `m }h bepat tmbj* eaub ae}ttl`b mh Ptah; Mj Jmgbà eah Km Dtl`gmu(

Jb etmbelõh m Kbt Kbt Dlhiu tmr}mtïb m }h mubttajja mh jb ebvp}tb m oaslolmhpau | jb ulo}jbelõh`m oaslolmhpau m obpmtlbjmu* vbtb jagtbt }hb tmbeelõh tmbj m jb tavb bhpm jau eahupbhpmu ubjpau| dbodajmau vbtple}jbtmu `m Kbt Kbt( Ul dlmh jau bepatmu `mdïbh }ubt u} lobglhbelõh vbtb bep}bteah mj vmtuahbkm ha m~lupmhpm `}tbhpm jb jobelõh `m jb muemhb* Bnom` Dmup* mj lhptmvtmpm `m KbtKbt* umtsïb `m tmmtmhelb `}tbhpm jau mhub|au eah }h ptbkm eaovjmpa `mj r}mtlà G}hgbh( Mupm plva`m tmmtmhelb mu tmovjb{bà bnatb vat jb vbtplelvbelõh tmbj m jau bepatmu muvmelbjlupbu mh ebvp}tb`m oaslolmhpa r}m }ubh u} ptbkm muvmelbj `}tbhpm jb jobelõh mh muemhb(

><

@ k ` ` j ` j p pì l ` M l `l L `

PtljagïbuMj Umòat `m jau Bhljjau



@mkbhà `m jbà jb vbtpm pìehleb `m Mvlua`la L* ha um v}m`majsl`bt jb dbum r}m lhlelõ paà; jb Ptljagïb( B}h e}bhà GmatgmJ}ebu `ltlgïb u} vtlomt jo PN^ 2256* |b vjbhmbdb }hb umtlm `mvmjïe}jbu r}m mo}jbdb jb ato}jb `m jau slmkau umtlbjmu* jjmgbhàb vjbhpmbtum 24 vmjïe}jbu eahplh}bu( Eah mj plmova mub l`mb

}m tm`}elìhàum( Ejbta* vbtb mj vûdjlea mh gmhmtbj jb haelõh`m sbtlbu vmjïe}jbu `m Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu ha mtb ejbtb(@muv}ìu `mj ulhg}jbt ì~lpa `m Mvlua`la LS* J}ebu `la b eahaemtr}m um ptbpbdb `mj e}btpa ebvïp}ja mh }hb m~pmhub ubgb r}m va`ïbbdbtebt h}msm jou( B}hr}m `muv}ìu }m `muomhplà* mj vjbhatlglhbj mtb `lsl`lt jb ubgb mh ptmu ptljagïbu* nbdlmhà eaomh{bàeah jb nlupatlb emhptbj( Eah jb e}jolhbelõh `m Mj tmgtmua `mj Km`lv}`loau mue}dtlt r}m jb nlupatlb mupbdb pmtolhb`b | r}m jb dbum`m jb ubgb mtb mj buemhua* ebï`b | tm`mhelõh `m Bhbilh Ui|wbjimt(

Jb ato}jb `m ptljagïb mtb vmtmepb vbtb mj eahemvpa o}ulebj r}mGmatgm J}ebu l`mbdb* ulmhà Mj Lovmtla Eahptbbpbeb }h v}mhpmàh`m jb nlupatlb ebodlbdb dbupbhpm `m u} vtm`memuatb | u}emuatb*r}m mtbh oâu vbtmel`bu mhptm mjjbu( Mupb õto}jb }m }ub`b `muv}ìuvat o}enau aptau tmbjl{bàtmu r}m slmtah r}m ptmu vmjïe}jbu mtb}hb d}mhb ebhpl`b` `m jou vbtb eahpbt }hb nlupatlb eahplh}bulh ebmt mj vmjlgta `m lhpmtolhbdjmu ume}mjbu r}m `metmeïbh mhebjl`b`* bmepbhà e}bjr}lmt omtlpa jagtbà(

Ctbhelu Cat` Eavvajb jjmsõ mupb õto}jb b u} emjmdtb`b Ptljagïb

`m Mj Vb`tlha( Mj Umòat `m jau Bhljjau* r}m atlglhbjomhpm mupbdbvmhub`b eaoa }hb uajb vmjïe}jb* um dmhmelõ eah mupb vauldljl`b`vbtb eahpbt u} m~pmhub hbttbplsb( Obptl~ p}sa u} avatp}hl`b` `mm~vbh`lt u} nlupatlb mh àu ume}mjbu job`bu ulo}jpâhmbomhpm |mh jb bep}bjl`b` Enktlupavnmt Hajbh }ub mj hûomta oâglea vbtb`bt }h dtaenm `m ata b u} ptljagïb `m Dbpobh eah Mj Ebdbjjmta`m jb Haenm Buelmh`m(

Olpajagïb

B}hr}m jb dbum `m jau olpau hau vtmumhpb b }h mjmglà* bjga r}mbvtasmenõ J}ebu mh u} vtlomtb Ptljagïb* }mtah jbu vtme}mjbu jbur}m tmslslmtah muau tmjbpau r}m vmtolplmtah pmhmt b }h Hma a Ahm.mjmglà, mh Obptl~* Ctaà mh Mj Umòat `m jau Bhljjau* Wljj P}thmt

Dbpobh; MJ Ebdbjjmta`m jb Haenm Buelmh`m

Mj Naodtm/Btbòb

Mj Vb`tlha

<6

mh Vltbpbu `mj Ebtldm* m lhej}ua bsmhp}tbu r}m ha

pmhïbh }hb hbp}tbjm{b olpajõgleb eaoa Mj Naodtm



pmhïbh }hb hbp}tbjm{b olpajõgleb eaoa Mj Naodtm/

Btbòb nbdjbdbh uadtm muplha | tmuvahubdljl`b`mu(

Vtme}mjbu

Mj pmtolha vtme}mjb* lhupb}tbà vat Gmatgm J}ebumh mj plmova mh r}m `mhïb b Lh`lbhb Kahmu |mj Pmovja `m jb Vmt`lelõh .r}m e}mhpb msmhpauu}em`làu bhpmu `m Eb{bàtmu `mj Bteb Vmt`l`b,*}m vav}jbtl{bà k}upbomhpm eah jbu vtme}mjbu`m Upbt Wbtu( Eah Mvlua`la L mj pìtolha um sajslõeaoûh | `mhïb b }hb adtb eahume}mhelb `mjì~lpa `m aptb b jb r}m vtmem`ïb etahajõglebomhpmmh u} btg}omhpa( Ha o}| eaoûh mh mum plmova*

bnatb mu }hb ptb`lelõh nbemt vtme}mjbu m luplhpauì~lpau pbr}ljjmtau eaoa Mj Umòat m jau Bhljjau eahMj Naddlp* ^/Omh eah Jb Vtlomtb Gmhmtbelõh* mlhej}ua ejâuleau eaoa Mj Mhlgob `m Apta O}hàeah Jb Eaub `m Apta O}hà* Mj Vjbhmpb `m jauUlolau | jb vtahpb b muptmhbt Vtaompnm}u r}m mu}hb vtme}mjb lh`ltmepb m Bjlmh( Lhej}ua mj mjaglbà`ltmepat Entlupavnmt Hajbh* r}m }m vtaejbobàeaoa lhhasbàt vat eahpbt jb nlupatlb `mj atlgmh

`m Dbpobh mh Dbpobh Lhlelb* }uõ jb pìehleb `mjb vtme}mjb vbtb oauptbt mj mhptmhbolmhpa |vtmvbtbelõh `mj nìtam mh }hb umtlm `m cbundbeiu(

Mupau uah bjg}hau mkmovjau `m ja r}m GmatgmJ}ebu | u} mr}lva jagtbtah nbemt mh Mvlua`la L*r}m eah mj plmova p}sa }h lovbepa ob|ûue}ja mhjb lh`}uptlb `mj elhm | eaoa um nbemh jbu vmjïe}jbumh jb bep}bjl`b`( Ha o}enau `ltmepatmu jagtbhumomkbhpmu bsbhemu eah eb`b jo r}m vta`}emh* jaue}bjmu etlplebàu a ha ultsmh m h}msb nmttbolmhpbb jau h}msau tmbjl{bàtmu(

Sajsmt bj C}p}ta Vtaompnm}u

^/Omh; Vtlomtb GmhmtbelõhObptl~

<2

{ b



@ a h ` m j b @ l s m t

u l a h e a o

l m h {

Btpm eahemvp}bj `mj Nbjeõh Oljmhbtla vbtb Jb G}mttb `m jbu Gbjb~lbu .Mvlua`la LS* ]hb H}msb Muvmtbh/{b, c}m }ub`a eaoa lhuvltbelah vbtb jb hbsm `m jb Tmv}djleb r}m ptbhuvatpb b jau Km`l* mj Tb`lbhp SLL(

Mvlua`la L mu jb ûhleb vmjïe}jb r}m mh u} smtulõh mh muvbòajha }ub h}omta taobha ulha btâdlga( Jb ebovbòb vtaoa/elahbj `m jb smtulõh 5@ pbovaea }ubdbh mj h}omta taobha(

Jb smtulõh mh muvbòaj eaompm mj mttat `m }ubt ptmu v}hpau u}uvmhulsau mh j}gbt `m jau e}bpta ptb`lelahbjmu m Upbt Wbtu(

Mj taj eaoa vljapa m jbTmvûdjleb mu jb ûhlebavatp}hl`b` mh jb r}mmj bepat Uljbu Ebtuahmu slupa ulh obuebtb( Ìjpbodlìh bep}õ eaoamj Km`l Il/B`l O}h`l*H}pm G}htb| | Japp@a`(

<4



Um nb lena r}m jbu loâgmhmu mh Mvlua`la L vbtmemh vlh/p}tbu mh oaslolmhpa | LJO v}ua u} tob mh mupb paob(

Ubdì mu lhpmtvtmpb`b vat jb nlkb `mj tm/eahaelà `ltmepat Ctbhelu Cat` Eavva/jb* | bnatb mjaglb`b `ltmepatb vat `m/tmena vtavla* Uacïb Eavvajb( \b r}m u}

vb`tm mtb bolga emtebha `m GmatgmJ}ebu* mjjb slslõ jb msaj}elõh `m Upbt Wbtu `mu`m o}| hlòb* ulmhà jõglear}m nlelmtb }hb bvbtlelõh mh Mvlua`la L(

@mptâu `m mupm `tal`m um sm mj jaga `m @ajd|* eao/vbòïb r}m lhpta`}ka u} ulupmob @ajd| @lglpbj M^ eahMvlua`la L

Jau p}tlupbu mh Pbpaalhm | u} g}lb(

Mj mcmepa m vbhpbjjb m jau Umvbtbplupbu mu }hnaomhbkm bj slmka umtlbj `m Cjbun Gatàh r}mc}m }hb m jbu lhuvltbelahmu vbtb J}ebu e}bh/à nbeïb mj g}lõh `m Mvlua`la LS(

Jb bnatb m~lpaub beptl{ Ilmtb Ihlgnpjm| .Vltbpbu `mjEbtldm, lhpmtvtmpb b Ubdì* jb mj vtapmepatb `m jbTmlhb Bol`bjb r}m ultsm `m umò}mja( Um jb v}m`msmt ulh obr}ljjbkm bj hbj `m jb vmjïe}jb(

<5



Mhptm jb `meatbelah mh Eat}uebhp um mhe}mhptb mjNbjeõh Objpmu `m jb vmjle}jb `m oluoa haodtm(

Mhptm jb enbpbttb mh jb plmh`b m Wbppa um mhe}mhptbjb ebvu}jb m @lueasmt| m 4662* A`lumb mj Muvbela(

Jbu àu nlkbu `m Gmatgm J}ebu p}slmtah dtmsmu vbtplelvb/elahmu mh Mvlua`la L( Ibplm J}ebu eaoa Bomm | Bobh`bJ}ebu eaoa Pm| Naw | @lsb C}hr}lpb(

Mh pbhpa* mj r}mtlà Wbtwlei @bslu .Wleimp mh Mvlua`la SL,nl{a 5 vmtuahbkmu eaoa Wbj`* mj muvmepbàt m jb ebttmtb`m Vaù Wmb{mj | }h el}`b`bha mh Oau Muvb

Paà }h p}tlupb* Kbt Kbt Dlhiu nbem m jbu u}|bu ctmhpmb }h g}bt`lb `mj Umhbà

B u}gmtmhelb`m Upmsmh Uvlm/jdmtg* }h gt}va`m M(P(u bvbtm/emh mh mj umhb/

à `}tbhpm mjvm`là `m sapa`m jb Tmlhb(

<0



Kanh Ihajj* u}vmtsluat `m mcmepau slu}bjmu | bnatb u}/vmtsluat `m jb eahsmtulõh 5@* c}m mj vljapa `mupt}là mhjb dbpbjjb `m Hbdaa(

Mh mupb muemhb v}m`mh l`mhplebtum bj m`lpat | `lumòbàt m uahlà Dmh D}tpp* mj vta`}epat Tlei OeEbjj}o| mj m`lpat Vb}j Obtplh Uolpn `mptbu `m jb Tmlhb Bol`bjb(

PN^ 225> c}m jb vtlomtb vmjïe}jb `ltlgl`b vat GmatgmJ}ebu* mu`m mhpahemu mj haodtm bvbtmem mh eb`b}ha `m u}u jou `m }hb } aptb catob(

Uaja bjg}hau vaeau mkmovjau m jbu e}tlaul`b`mu vtmumhpmu mh Mvlua`la L<=

JB G]MTTB @M J BU GBJB^LBU

MVLUA@LA L



MVLUA@LA LJ B B O M H B [ B C B H P B U O B

Muetlpat | @ltmepat; Gmatgm J}ebu

Vta`}epat; Tlei OeEbjj}o

Mjmhea; Jlbo Hmmuah* Mwbh OeGtmgat* Hbpbjlm Vatp/obh* Kbim Jja|`* Lbh Oe@lbtol`* Bnom` Dmup* Vmthl/

jjb B}g}up* Tb| Vbti* Ctbhi A{* Ubo}mj J( Kbeiuah

O}uleb; Kanh Wljjlbou

Cmenb `m Muptmha Atlglhbj; 2< `m Ob|a `m 2<<<

Cmenb `m Tm/muptmha; 26 `m Cmdtmta `m 4624

@}tbelõh 5@; 253 Olh}pau

Ebjlebelah; Uaja Bvpa vbtb Ob|atmu `m 26 bòau

Wmd; www(5`(upbtwbtu(eao

star wars episodio i la amenaza fantasma 3d - especial cinerama actualizado

Documents