stanly county anatomy pacing -...

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Stanly County Schools Honors Human Anatomy and Physiology

Pacing Guide

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS These essential questions will be overarching questions that can be addressed throughout the semester and focuses on the concept of systems. Additional topical essential questions are listed by each area on the pacing guide. What are the structures, functions and locations of major Human Organs? How does each system contribute to maintaining homeostasis in the complete organism? How does technology contribute to the understanding and well-being of each system as it relates to the complete organism? How is the concept of complementarity demonstrated in a system? What are the functions necessary to maintain life processes? What are the basic survival needs of humans? What are the structural levels specific to each system? What are the effects of aging on each system? How do lifestyle choices effect the proper functioning of human body systems? What are some ethical implications of developing technologies?

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TOPICS/ CONCEPTS

TIME CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS ESSENTIAL TASKS, STRATEGIES, PROJECTS,

CONNECTIONS The Human Body: An Orientation

4 The student will be able to: • explain an overview of anatomy and

physiology and relate to the principle of complementarity

• classify the levels of structural organization.

• list the characteristics necessary to maintain life

• define homeostasis and describe how positive and negative feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis

• describe the language of anatomy, including anatomical positions, terms, directions, planes, regions, body cavities, and the major organs thereof

What is the essential terminology needed for anatomical study?

Body Orientation Activity

Basic Biochemistry

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The student will be able to: • describe the importance of water and

the relation to homeostasis • compare and contrast organic

compounds

What are the basic chemistry and biochemistry concepts needed to understand body functions?

Indicators Enzyme Lab

Tissue: The Living Fabric

5 The student will be able to: • cell relationships • compare and contrast the structural

and functional characteristics of epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue, and muscle tissue

• outline the process of tissue repair

How do multicellular body cells specialize to perform specific functions that help maintain homeostasis and benefit the body as a whole?

Classification of Tissues Microscope Slides

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TOPICS/ CONCEPTS


CONNECTIONS The Integumentary System

4 The student will be able to: • list and describe the tissue types

composing the dermis and epidermis • be able to describe the factors that

contribute to skin color • compare and contrast sweat and oil

glands • compare and contrast structure and

function of the hair follicle and nails • explain the distribution, growth, and

replacement of hair during the life span

• describe the functions of skin • summarize the three types of skin

cancer • compare and contrast 1st, 2nd, and 3rd

degree burns • effects of aging on the skin

How does the skin and its components make up a complex set of organs that protects and interacts with other body systems?

Dermatologist

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TOPICS/ CONCEPTS


CONNECTIONS Skeletal System

7 The student will be able to: • compare and contrast the properties of

3 types of cartilage, locate major cartilage in the adult skeleton, and explain how cartilage grows

• compare and contrast the structure of four bone classes, provide examples for each class, and name major regions of the skeleton and their functions

• list 5 important functions of the bones • compare and contrast the gross

anatomy of the short and long bone • explain the functional importance of

bone markings • compare and contrast the histology of

compact and spongy bones • describe the composition of the bone • describe the process of bone growth at

ephyseal plates • describe the steps of fracture repair • explain the changes that occur in bone

from embryonic to advanced age • name the major parts of the axial and

appendicular skeleton • compare and contrast the male and

female pelvis and relate to functional differences

• classify the joints structurally and functionally

• discuss common joint complications and the symptoms and problems associated with each

What is the structure and function of bone tissue and the dynamics of its formation and remodeling throughout life? How do the bones, joints, and ligaments function to permit movement and mobility in the skeleton?

Overview of the Skeleton Bone in Vinegar Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Articulations and Body Movements

Enrichment: In-depth study of gross anatomy of bones

TOPICS/ TIME CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS ESSENTIAL TASKS, STRATEGIES, PROJECTS,

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CONCEPTS CONNECTIONS

The Muscular System

6 The student will be able to: • compare and contrast basic muscle

types • describe the function and structure

of myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and T tubules

• explain the sliding filament theory • explain the motor unit and how

muscle fibers are stimulated to contract

• differentiate between isotonic and isometric contractions

• describe 3 ways ATP is regenerated during muscle contraction

• define oxygen debt and muscle fatigue

• describe embryonic development of muscle tissue and changes that occur with aging

• compare and contrast function of prime movers, synergists, antagonists, and fixators

• describe the criterion used to name muscles and provide an example of each muscle type

• define lever and relate to muscle mechanics

• name and identify muscles including origin, insertion, and action of each

What are the distinguishing functional characteristics of muscles? How does the muscle structure permit movement and integrate with the nervous system?

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System Chicken wing dissection Enrichment: Nerve stimulus and action potential Major events of muscle contraction and relaxation Graded muscle responses

Energy for muscle contraction

TOPICS/ CONCEPTS


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CONNECTIONS

Nervous System 11-15 The student will be able to: • list the basic functions of the nervous

system • explain the structural and functional

differences of the nervous system • describe the histology of the nervous

system, including the types of neuroglia, structure of the neuron, and myelin sheath

• explain the importance of the myelin sheath

• compare and contrast neurons structurally and functionally

• explain the electrochemical basis of resting membrane potential

• neurophysiology and neuron transmission

• describe the development of the brain • name the major regions of the brain

and locate the ventricles • list the major lobes, fissures, and

functional areas of the cerebral cortex • explain lateralization of hemisphere

function • identify 3 major regions in the

brainstem and the functions of each area

• describe the function and structure of the cerebellum

• compare and contrast the meninges and cerebral spinal fluid and their functions

• describe the cause and symptoms of cerebralvascular accidents, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease

What are the three overlapping functions of the nervous system? How does the nervous system act as the master system in controlling and communicating within the body? What is the structure of the central nervous system and the functions associated with its various regions?

Histology of the Nervous System Gross Anatomy of Brain and Cranial Nerves “Awakenings” Brain and eye dissection Enrichment: Comparison of somatic vs. autonomic nervous systems. Locate and know function of spinal nerve plexuses. Know the effects of sympathetic and arasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Describe the formation of a spinal nerve and distinguish between spinal roots and rami. Distinguish between autonomic and somatic reflexes.

TOPICS/ TIME CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS ESSENTIAL TASKS, STRATEGIES, PROJECTS,

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CONCEPTS CONNECTIONS

PNS, ANS, Special Senses

The student will be able to: • define the peripheral nervous system

and its components • distinguish among the three types of

nerves • name the 12 cranial nerves • describe the formation of the spinal

nerve and the distribution of rami • name the components of the reflex

arc • describe the changes that occur in

the sensory system through the aging process

• compare and contrast autonomic and peripheral nervous systems, relating effectors, afferent pathways, and neurotransmitters released

• compare and contrast parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

• the importance of drugs that mimic or inhibit the effects

• describe the effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions on the following organs: heart, blood vessels, GI tract, lungs, adrenal medulla, and external genitalia

• describe the effects of aging on the autonomic nervous system

• describe the location, structure, and afferent pathways of taste and smell receptors and explain how these receptors are activated.

Enrichment: Discuss relationship between the arrangement of peripheral nerves, skeletal muscles, and skin dermatomes.

Discuss neural pathways involved in each of the senses. Lorenzo’s Oil viewing and Response Paper

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CONNECTIONS

TOPICS/ CONCEPTS

PNS, ANS, Special Senses

(continued)

The student will be able to: • describe the structure and function

of accessory eye structures, eye tunics, lense, and humors of the eye

• trace the pathway of light through the eye to the retina and explain how light is focused for distant and close vision

• compare and contrast rods and cones in vision

• determine the cause and consequences of a stigmatism, cataract, glaucoma, hyperopia, myopia, and color blindness

• compare and contrast light and dark adaptation

• trace the visual pathway to the visual cortex

• describe the structure and function of the outer, middle, and inner ears

• describe the sound conduction pathway through the ear to the temporal cortex

• explain how balance organs of the semicircular canals and vestibule help maintain dynamic and static equilibrium

• list the changes that occur in the special senses with aging

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TOPICS/ CONCEPTS


CONNECTIONS The Cardiovascular System:

8 The student will be able to: • list the six functions of blood • discuss the composition and

functions of plasma • describe the structure and function

of whole blood including: erythrocytes, hemoglobin, leukocytes, and platelets

• give examples of disorders caused by abnormalities of blood

• describe the ABO and Rh blood groups and the basis of blood transfusions

• explain the diagnostic importance of blood testing

• name the blood disorders that come more common with age

• describe the shape, size, and location of the heart and the thorax

• name the coverings of the heart • name the three tissue layers of the

heart wall • describe the function and structures

of the chambers of the heart • trace the pathway of the blood

through the heart • name the major branches and

distribution of arteries

What is the composition and function of blood tissue? How does the blood serve as a transport vehicle for organs of the cardiovascular system? What is the structure and function of the heart? How does the heart work within the cardiovascular system and the body as a whole? How do the structures and functions of the blood vessels relate to the circulatory pathways?

Blood Anatomy of the Heart-dissection Anatomy of the Blood Vessels Human Cardiovascular Physiology Cholesterol testing Enrichment: Give examples of disorders caused by abnormalities of each of the formed elements. Explain mechanism of each disorder. Discuss diagnostic blood tests. Discuss the ABO and Rh blood groups. Explain the basis of transfusion reactions.

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TOPICS/ CONCEPTS


CONNECTIONS The Cardiovascular System (continued)

The student will be able to: • name the heart valves, their location,

function, and mechanism of operation • describe the events of cardiac muscle

contraction • describe an EKG tracing and

implications • compare and contrast normal heart

sounds with heart murmur sounds • describe fetal heart formation and

indicate how the fetal heart differs from the adult heart

• list examples of age related changes in cardiovascular function

• compare and contrast vasoconstriction and vasodilation

• compare and contrast the structure and function of the three types of arteries and veins

• describe the structure and function of a capillary bed

• explain the relationship between blood flow, blood pressure, and resistance

• explain the factors that influence blood pressure and define hypertension

• trace the pathway of blood through the pulmonary circuit and the importance of the special circulation

Name the major branches of the coronary arteries and describe their distribution. Interpret a normal electrocardiogram, name individual waves and intervals, and indicate what each represents. Name some abnormalities that can be detected on an EKG tracing. Name and explain the effects of the various factors involved in regulation of stroke volume and heart rate. Explain the role of the ANS in regulating cardiac output.

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TOPICS/ CONCEPTS


CONNECTIONS Immune System enrichment

0 The student will be able to: • describe structure and distribution of

the lymphatic vessels and their function

• describe the source of lymph and its function

• describe the general location, histology, and functions of the lymph nodes

• name and describe the lymphoid organs

• compare and contrast lymphoid organs with lymph nodes, structurally and functionally

• trace the lymphatic system development

• describe the surface membrane, barriers, and protective function

• explain the importance of phagocytosis

• explain how fever helps protect the body

• explain the antigen-antibody response

• compare and contrast the development, structure, and function of B and T lymphocytes

• compare active and passive immunity

• explain the functions of antibodies

What are the two semi-independent parts of the lymphatic system? How does the lymphatic system play an essential role in the body’s defense mechanism and resistance to disease? How does the immune system operate effectively to protect the body from most infectious microorganisms, cancer cells, and transported organs or grafts?

The Lymphatic System and Immune Response Enrichment: Antigen determinants, antigen-presenting role in immunity B-cell stimulated clonal selection Mechanisms of Antibody Diversity T-cell selection and differentiation Analysis of autoimmune diseases Hypersensitivities

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TOPICS/ CONCEPTS


CONNECTIONS Immune System Enrichment (continued)

The student will be able to: • cite examples of immune deficiency

diseases and factors involved in an autoimmune disease

• describe the changes that occur in immunity as a aging occurs

The Respiratory System

4 The student will be able to: • explain the mechanics of breathing • describe how oxygen and carbon

dioxide is transported in the blood and factors that affect transport of respiratory gases

• compare and contrast factors that affect lung reflexes, respiratory rate, and depth

How are the respiratory and circulatory systems coupled? What two processes are the special responsibilities of the respiratory system?

Anatomy of the Respiratory System Respiratory System Physiology –balloon lab for tidal volume Enrichment: Relate Boyle’s law to the events of inspiration and expiration.

Explain and compare the various lung volumes and capacities. Describe neural controls of respiration.

The Digestive System

7 The student will be able to: • describe the structure and function

of the digestive system and differentiate between the alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs

• list the major functions of the large intestines and the process of defecation

• list the enzymes responsible for chemical digestion and the food types they affect

How does the digestive system take in food, break food down into nutrient molecules, absorb the molecules into the bloodstream, and rid the body of indigestible remains?

Anatomy of the Digestive System Enrichment: Describe composition and functions of saliva. Describe mechanics of chewing and swallowing.

Describe composition of gastric juice, name cell types responsible for secreting its components.

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TOPICS/ CONCEPTS


CONNECTIONS Nutrition The student will be able to:

• describe the six nutrient categories, essential nutrient, and the calorie

• describe the essential minerals for health, how each is used, and the consequences of a deficiency

• define metabolism • differentiate between ADLs and

HDLs relative to their structures and roles in the body

• explain body energy balance and relate to basal metabolic rate and total metabolic rate

• name factors that influence metabolism

How are foods digested and absorbed? What happens to the foods once they enter the blood?

Diet analysis Cracker lab

Urinary System enrichment

0 The student will be able to: • describe the gross anatomy of the

kidney and the coverings • trace the blood supply through the

kidney • describe the anatomy and

physiology of a nephron • explain several kidney functions that

maintain homeostasis • identify the nephron parts

responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion and the underlying mechanism describing these processes

• explain the role of hormones in maintaining sodium and

water balance

What are the renal structures and functions? How do the kidneys perform excretory functions that regulate the volume and chemical makeup of the blood to maintain proper homeostasis?

Anatomy of the Urinary System Enrichment: List several abnormal urine components and name the condition when each is present in detectable amounts.

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TOPICS/ CONCEPTS


CONNECTIONS Urinary System Enrichment (continued)

The student will be able to: • explain the formation of dilute

versus concentrated urine • describe the normal physical and

chemical properties of urine and compare with several components found in abnormal urine

• describe the structure and function of ureters and urinary bladder and their location

• compare and contrast the course, length, and function of the male and female urinary system

• define micturition and the neuron control

• trace the embryonic development of the urinary system

• describe the changes that occur in the urinary anatomy and physiology that occur with age

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TOPICS/ CONCEPTS


CONNECTIONS The Endocrine System

9 The student will be able to: • list the major endocrine glands and

describe their function in the body • compare and contrast circulating

hormones and local hormones • describe how hormones are

classified chemically • describe the structural and functional

relationships between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

• describe the important effects of 2 hormones produced by the thyroid gland

• describe the general functions of the parathyroid gland, adrenal hormones, reproductive and thymic glands

• describe the effect of aging on the endocrine system

How does the endocrine system interact with the nervous system to coordinate and integrate the activity of body cells?

Anatomy of the Endocrine System Enrichment: Effects of stress on functioning of endocrine system Chemical classification of hormones Hormones produced by organs other than the major endocrine glands Emphasize endocrine control of metabolism

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TOPICS/ CONCEPTS


CONNECTIONS Reproductive System The student will be able to:

• describe the structures and functions of the male and female reproductive systems including testes, scrotum, penis, male accessory reproductive organs, ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, external female genitalia

• discuss the sources and functions of semen

• discuss secondary sex characteristics • describe the regulation of the ovarian

and uterine cycles and the physiological effects of estrogen and progesterone

• list the modes of infectious agents and transmission of gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, genital warts, and genital herpes

• describe implantation, placenta formation, and placental functions

• explain the duration of the fetal period and the major events of fetal development

• explain the changes in the maternal reproductive organs and in cardiovascular, respiratory, and urinary systems during pregnancy

• explain how labor is initiated and describe the three stages

• explain how the breasts are prepared for lactation

How do the male and female reproductive organs produce offspring? How does a single, fertilized egg grow to become a complex human being?

Anatomy of the Reproductive System Physiology of Reproduction Survey of Embryonic Development Enrichment: Anatomical changes associated with pregnancy

Factors affecting infertility Potential hazards to the developing embryo or fetus Diagnostic tests for unborn babies and newborns

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TOPICS/ CONCEPTS


CONNECTIONS Mammalian Dissection

12 The student will be able to: • explorative investigation of

anatomical structure

Review/Exam

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stanly county anatomy pacing -...

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