Stanford University

Precourt Institute for Energy

The Precourt Institute for Energyat Stanford

Lynn Orr, ZX Shen, Sally Benson, Stacey Bent, Jim Sweeney, Frank Wolak, Larry Goulder

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Energy Research and Teaching at Stanford

Many departments have longstanding and very active energy research efforts

Business (1%)

Engineering (30%)

Earth Sciences (14%)

Humanities & Sciences (Science)(16%)Humanities & Sciences (SocialScience) (4%)Law (2%)

Medicine (1%)

Independent Labs/Programs (32%)

Distribution includes duplication caused by faculty with multiple affiliations (253 affiliations listed)

• Current Faculty– 198 faculty– 22 departments– 13 independent labs /

programs

• Stanford History– Early 1970s – Institute for

Energy Studies (IES)– 1976 – Energy Modeling

Forum– 1985 – IES dissolved– 2002 – GCEP– 2006 – Precourt Institute

for Energy Efficiency– 2009 – Precourt Institute

for Energy

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PIE Overall Goals

• Lead the world in academic energy research • Provide people and ideas that can transform the energy

landscape; broaden and link the community of students, faculty, and researchers working on energy across the campus

• Work on a wide spectrum of energy resources, technologies for energy conversions, time scales for application, energy efficiency, markets, regulatory structures, and economics

• Strengthen the energy educational effort at Stanford• Make what we do more visible to the world outside of

Stanford• Provide a single point of contact for those who want to

find out what we do

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Precourt Institute for Energyat Stanford University

Precourt Energy

Efficiency Center

Global Climate and

Energy Project

TomKat Center for

Sustainable Energy

Stanford/SLAC Institute for

Materials and Energy Sciences

Program on Energy and Sustainable

Development

Precourt Institute for EnergyPrecourt Institute for Energy

Improving energy efficiency now

Technology to reduce GHG emissions

Renewables, energy storage, grid management

Political economy of energy markets, GHG reduction

Basic science of materials, interfaces

Stanford Environment & Energy Policy

Analysis CenterFeasible, cost effective, politically realistic policy

options

Additional Energy Programs and Centers

• Energy Modeling Forum• Center for Advanced Molecular Photovoltaics• Center on Nanostructuring for Efficient Energy

Conversion• SIEPR Energy, Natural Resources and the Environment

Program• Hoover Task Force on Energy Policy• Center for Sustainable Energy through Catalysis• Atmosphere/Energy Program, Civil and Environmental

Engineering Department• Thermosciences and Flow Physics and Computation

Divisions, Mechanical Engineering Department• Energy Materials theme in the Department of Materials

Science and Engineering

Additional Energy Programs and Centers

• Solar and nanostructured materials research in the Chemical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Materials Science, Applied Physics

• Multiple industrial affiliates programs on geothermal, oil recovery, carbon capture and storage in the Department of Energy Resources Engineering

• Undergraduate majors related to energy in ME, ChE, Mat. Sci & Eng., ERE, Management Sci. & Eng., Civil & Env. Eng., Geol & Env. Sci., Geophysics.

• Earth Systems, Energy Science and Technology Track (undergrad)

• Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Environment and Resources (IPER)

• 135 courses in many departments/programs• …

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Elements

• New faculty appointments – 5 new billets leveraged by joint appointments with schools, departments

• Research support through proposal competitions:– PIE: $1.8 M– PEEC: $0.9 M– TKC: $1.2 M– GCEP: $66 M

• Annual expenditures by PIE elements: ~$38 M• New Energy and Environment Industrial Affiliates

Program• Outreach: Energy seminar, GCEP Symposium, PEEC

workshops, TKC Grid Initiative Workshops, …

Z.-X. ShenDirector, SIMES

Chief Scientist, SLAC

Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences(SIMES)

SLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryMaterials Science Division

Energy Programs at Stanford, Oct.5th, 2010

SLAC Organizational Chart

Energy Programs at Stanford, Oct.5th, 2010

DOE Briefing 7/27/09Page 10

Photon Science DirectorateKeith Hodgson, ALD

Advisory Committees

Materials Sciences Division (SIMES)

Z.X. Shen

Chemical SciencesDivision

Phil Bucksbaum

BiosciencesDivision

TBD

ALD AdvisoryCouncil

FutureDivision

TBD

SLAC PS Directorate Organization

Immediate

FY11

>FY11

ALD Advisory Council – Includes:

Division DirectorsInstitute/Center Directors

and Deputy DirectorsSenior Admin Staff

Advisory Committees– External for

SIMESPULSECatalysis Center

(PS Level Committee; Reports to SLAC Director)

PSD Administration

Energy Programs at Stanford, Oct.5th, 2010

Division of Materials Science (FWP)

• Supplemental support by Stanford University through faculty salary and graduate student fellowships• SLAC is making strategic investments (LDRD).

Mission and Vision• Our mission is to address grand challenges in the

science of energy-related materials. We create knowledge, develop leaders, and seek solutions.

• Our vision is to become a renowned center of excellence in the science of energy-related materials.

12Energy Programs at Stanford, Oct.5th, 2010

Strategic Goals

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SIMES is motivated by solving key questions which will lead to dramatic improvements for society :

Room temperature superconductivity

Solar Power cheaper than Coal

Electrochemical energy storage density more than double the current Lithium ion battery

Efficient grid, and low power consumption electronics

Energy Programs at Stanford, Oct.5th, 2010

Major Science Goals

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Why do quantum electronic materials have amazing emergent properties?

What are the “step out” pathways to convert photons into energy, and to store energy chemically?

How can we design and synthesize materials, both physically-and bio-inspired, that exhibit these amazing quantum and energy transformative properties?

How can we best measure, probe, and simulate the ultrafast photonic and electronic processes that drive all of the above?

SIMES focuses on science questions that will significantly contribute to the strategic goals:

Energy Programs at Stanford, Oct.5th, 2010

Team Approach to Science Goals

Quantum materials emergent

properties?

Convert photons into energy, store

energy?

Ultrafast photonic and

electronic processes?

Synthesize physically- and

bio-inspired materials?

CharacterizationUnderstanding

SynthesisBuild / Test Applications

Discovery Design

Opportunity to Grow

Discovery

Design

Build

Test

SLAC is at historical juncture that offers an opportunity for a fully fledged materials science division to serve the DOE mission through the following ecosystem of research and development

Energy Programs at Stanford, Oct.5th, 2010

Program Vision (2013-2015)

17Energy Programs at Stanford, Oct.5th, 2010

GLOBAL CLIMATE AND ENERGY PROJECT | STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Global Climate and Energy Project

Professor Sally M. BensonDirector, Global Climate and Energy Project

Stanford University

OCTOBER 6, 2010

GLOBAL CHALLENGES – GLOBAL SOLUTIONS – GLOBAL OPPORTUNITIES

ENERGY SEMINAR | STANFORD, CA

http://gcep.stanford.edu/

Global Climate and Energy Project

Mission• Research on low-greenhouse gas emission energy supply• Focus on fundamental and pre-commercial research• Applications in the 10-50 years timeframe

Strategy• Research projects with potential for significant impact on reducing

greenhouse gas emissions• Look for potential breakthroughs for new conversion options• High risk / high reward• Work at Stanford and at other institutions around the world

Sponsors

GCEP Research Portfolio, September, 2010

Over $100M Allocated to Research

GCEP STUDENT AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT

• Support for graduate research (400 students to date)• GCEP Symposium: Sept 28-29, 2010• GCEP Student Forum• Topical Workshops• 2011 Energy Summer School

The mission of the TomKat Center for Sustainable Energy is to harness the skills and creativity of Stanford University’s leading science, technology, and policy experts to transform the world’s energy systems for a sustainable future.

This problem is inherently interdisciplinary because • the renewable resources are intermittent with varying timescales• they require a different transmission and distribution system than the

current infrastructure• they involve technical issues of information management and system

control• they are influenced by markets that determine which fraction of energy

comes from renewables• they impact the environment.

TomKat Center for Sustainable Energy

Stanford University

U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2009http://www.eia.doe.gov/aer/pecss_diagram.html

Together these two sectors make up 2/3 of US energy demand

Primary Energy Flow by Source and Sector, 2009Quadrillion BTU

Stanford University

Generation and ConversionSolar, hydro, biofuels, fuel cells, photocatalysts, and geothermal.

Transmission and DistributionNetworking and complex systems, information technology, and security.

StorageBoth large-scale and portable storage.

Land and Water: Including biofuels, impact of large scale wind and solar farms. It is strongly dependent on social science, law, policy, and environmental research.

Electricity Transportation

Stanford University

TomKat Center for Sustainable Energy

TomKat Center for Sustainable Energy Promote evaluation, analysis, and research in the areas of

generation and conversion, transmission and distribution, storage, and land and water.

Focus on the science and engineering of energy conversion systems for

production, storage and use systems level architecture and management of grids under deep

penetration of intermittent renewables the social, economic, and policy issues that will be required for a

transition to significant use of renewables

Stanford University

TomKat Center for Sustainable EnergyYear 1

Focus: Sustainable Power Grid

Stanford University

Sustainable grid architectures have the potential to provide benefits such as • reduction of peak demand• energy efficiency and conservation• incorporation of generation from renewable sources• decreased greenhouse gas emissions• reduced cost of electricity• providing real time information to utilities and consumers.

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Precourt Energy Efficiency Center(Née: Precourt Institute for Energy

Efficiency)

James Sweeney

http://peec.stanford.edu

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Precourt Energy Efficiency Center• Established October 2006• Initial funding, from Jay Precourt:

– operating cost, building; faculty endowment (now with PIE)• Subsequent Funding: EPA, ARPA–E, The Energy Foundation,

Richard and Rhona Goldman Fund• Mission

– Improve opportunities for and implementation of energy efficient technologies, systems, and practices.

– Focus on use of energy, especially economically efficient reductions in energy use

• Operations– Grants to faculty/student teams throughout Stanford– Conferences (Silicon Valley Energy Summit; Behavior,

Energy, and Climate Change)– Internal Research

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Increased EconomicEfficiency

Decreased Energy Use

Reduced EconomicEfficiency

Increased Energy Use

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Economically Efficient Energy Intensification

Energy Efficiency ImprovementInefficient Energy Saving

Waste

Increased EconomicEfficiency

Decreased Energy Use

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Increased commercial space

Gasoline Price Controls

Compact Fluorescent Penetration

LED: Traffic Lights, Task Lighting

Energy Cost Labeling

Gasoline Rationing

Much Incandescent Lighting

Congestion Pricing

Personal Computer Penetration

Optimized Building Construction

Overly Strict Building Standards

Pigouvian Energy Tax

Increased EconomicEfficiency

Decreased Energy Use

“Smart” Regional Land Development

Reformed CAFE Standards

Some Rail Rapid Transit Systems

Efficient AC-DC Converters

Halt SUV Sales

Airline Deregulation

Energy Audits (and followup)

Hybrid Gas-Electric Vehicles

High Definition TV

Plug-In Hybrids (Now)

Plug-In Hybrids (Future)

LED General Lighting (Now)

LED General Lighting (Future)

Internet Growth

“Smart Buildings” Controls

Economic development

Accessible Business Travel

Old appliance replacement

Program Thermostat,Lights, Tire pressure,Driving Patterns

Appliance Efficiency Standards Smart Meters

and Feedback

Gasoline Rationing

Halt SUV Sales

Enterprise Mgmnt Software

Enhanced Travel Infrastructure

PEEC-Funded Research Matrix

Sectors

Methods Buildings Transport-ation

Electricity Distribution

Industry Appliances

Engineering

Modeling

Systems

Behavior

Policy

Largest Emphasis Some Emphasis

Research on Energy and Environmental Markets and Policy at PESD

Frank A.WolakDirector, Program on Energy and Sustainable Development (PESD)

andDepartment of Economics

Stanford UniversityStanford, CA 94305-6072wolak@zia.stanford.eduhttp://pesd.stanford.edu

What is PESD?• Research on production and consumption

of energy and its impact on the environment from a multi-disciplinary perspective– Economics, Political Science, Law, and Business

• All energy and environmental challenges have a significant public policy component– Economic incentives, political constraints, legal

framework, regulatory processes, and financially viable business models all constrain the set of feasible solutions

– PESD is unique among energy and environmental research centers in academia in studying these issues

It’s Not Just About Technology…

• Technology is an important part of energy solutions, but there are many examples where technology exists but cannot be implemented (or implemented at least cost) because of these constraints

• Examples of technologically feasible solutions that are hindered by regulatory and political constraints include:– carbon pricing– transmission expansions to support least cost

renewable energy deployment,– dynamic pricing of electricity to final consumers– carbon capture and sequestration at scale

PESD Research• Climate policy—Cap and Trade, RPS, LCFS• Transmission expansion policies to support wholesale

markets and greater renewable energy penetration– Supported by TomKat Center for Sustainable Energy)

• Active participation of final consumers in wholesale electricity markets– Experimental and behavioral modeling of impact of dynamic

pricing programs and information provision programs• National Oil Companies in the world oil market• Natural gas industry: market design, environmental

concerns, and the potential for unconventional gas• World coal market• Access to energy for low-income households in developing

countries– Business models for cookstove deployment in India

Research Methods• Quantitative modeling of energy and environmental

interactions– Model of global natural gas market and coal market

interactions– Market performance analysis in wholesale electricity and

natural gas markets• Systematic case study research

– Small/medium scale• Commercial cookstove distribution in India

– Large scale multi-country• Political Economy of Power Sector Reform (completed)• Geopolitics of Natural Gas (completed)• National Oil Companies• World Coal Markets• Electricity Transmission Planning, Expansion, and Pricing

Collaborations on Campus• Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies

– Parent organization– Support for low-income energy studies

• Precourt Institute for Energy / TomKat Center– Support for study of grid integration of renewables

• Law School– PESD faculty teach a course on regulatory policy in law

school• Focus on energy and infrastructure industries

• Business School– PESD faculty teach course in GSB on “Business

Models for Sustainable Energy” during winter quarter

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Outreach/Education• Annual research conference

• Transfer best available academic research to industry and policymakers• Sep 7th 2010: “Climate Policy Instruments for Real World”

– Mechanisms for Setting a Price for Carbon– Engaging Developing World in Climate Mitigation– The Role of Renewable Energy in Climate Mitigation– Reducing Greenhouse Gases from the Transportation Sector– Managing Intermittency in Electricity Sector– Adaptation as a Solution to Climate Change

• Two discussants from industry, regulatory agency or general policymaking community for each academic presenter

• Conference videos and presentation materials available at http://pesd.stanford.edu

Outreach/Education• PESD supports graduate student research on energy

and environmental issues– Subsidy trap in access to low-quality electricity by

low-income households in developing countries– Quantifying the magnitude of learning-by-doing in

the construction of wind generation units in the US– Use of improved biomass stoves in India (opening

for PhD student researcher)• Stanford courses

– Law school– GSB– Economics

Direct Policy Impact• PESD faculty participate in public policy making

process in the US and around the world, including:– Electricity

• Frank Wolak is Chair of California Independent System Operator (ISO) Market Surveillance Committee

• Market design and energy industry regulatory oversight in numerous countries around the world – current projects in Colombia, Chile, and Philippines

– Carbon markets• PESD testimony to UN/World Bank on CDM

– National Oil Companies• Discussions with policymakers, regulators, and NOC officials

around the world– General energy and environmental policy

• PESD faculty have testified numerous times to US Senate and House of Representatives on Energy and Environmental Issues

Broader Policy Impact

• Communicating PESD research results through popular press– Wall Street Journal, New York Times,

National Public Radio interviews– PESD researchers contribute op-eds in

popular press and research summaries to industry publications

– Frequent presenters at industry conferences• Platt’s, EEI, NARUC

For more information:http://pesd.stanford.edu

Stanford Environmental and Energy Policy Analysis Center(SEEPAC)

Some policy areas:• Coordinating state and federal climate-policy efforts

Stanford Environmental and Energy Policy Analysis Center(SEEPAC)

Some policy areas:• Coordinating state and federal climate-policy efforts• Assessing existing carbon offset policies (including the

Clean Development Mechanism) and identifying ways to improve them

• Providing incentives for the design of recyclable electronic products

• Reforming the Endangered Species Act

Focus on Policy AnalysisEmphasis on formulating policies that are

• cost-effective• equitable• address / overcome political constraints

“Economics Plus”• invokes economists, legal scholars, political scientists,

ethicists• forms bridges with engineers and natural scientists to gain

relevant scientific information and ask the important questions

Outreach Component: involve representatives from government, business, and NGOs

Communicate findings through website, policy briefs, working papers

A Sustainable Energy System

Society

AccessibleEconomy

Affordable

EnvironmentProtective

Energy is the lifeblood of modern civilization.

National Security

Secure