Standardization

Introduction to standardization for Aalto University 2018-02-01

Jukka Alve

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Overview

Standardization

• Standardization in General

• What is standardization?

• What is a standard?

• Principles of standardization

• Motivation for making a standard

• Who develops standards?

• Standards vs. legislation

• Standardization organizations

• International / European / National standards

• Publication types

• Publications and derived products

• Standard classification and special status

• Conformity assessment (separate activity, but based on the use of standards)

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What is standardardization?

Standardization

standardization

activity of establishing, with regard to actual or potential problems, provisions for common and repeated use, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order on a given context

NOTE 1 In particular, the activity consists of the processes of formulating, issuing and implementing standards.

NOTE 2 Important benefits of standardization are improvement of the suitability of products, processes and services for their intended purposes, preventing of barriers to trade and facilitation of technological cooperation

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 2 Edition 8.0]

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What is a standard?

Standardization

standard

document, established by consensus and approved by a recognized body, that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context

NOTE Standards should be based on the consolidated results of science, technology and experience, and aimed at the promotion of optimum community benefits.

[SOURCE ISO/IEC Guide 2 Edition 8.0]

Or, to put it simply, a standard is an agreed way of doing something; a common solution for a mutual problem.

[SOURCE https://blog.iec.ch/about-iec/]

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Principles of standardization

Standardization

Transparency

Openness

Impartiality and consensus

Efficiency and relevance

Coherence

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Motivation for making a standard

Standardization

Standardization has numerous benefits:

• guarantees interoperability

• ensures safety

• improves quality

• makes communication easier

• simplifies legislation

• makes the design task easier

• facilitates international trade

• brings cost savings

• enables impartial testing and certification

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Standardization

Who develops standards?

Standardization is a voluntary activity. Standards are prepared by groups of experts representing various interested parties:

• companies, especially manufacturers

• research and test laboratories

• universities

• authorities

• even interested individuals

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and societal stakeholdersare strongly encouraged to participate!

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Standards vs. legislation

Standardization

In principle, compliance with a standard is voluntary, unless there is legislation requiring this.

EU New Legislative Framework a.k.a. New Approach:

• Only the essential requirements on safety, health, environment and consumer protection are included in the European directive.

• Technical solutions, how a product can meet these requirements, are presented in harmonized standards prepared by CEN, CENELEC and ETSI.

• Building a product according to a harmonized standard listed in the EU Official Journal under a specific directive gives the presumption of conformity, and the product can be sold throughout EU without barriers. See https://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market/european-standards/harmonised-standards_en for further information.

• It may be possible to meet the requirements of the directive in some other way, but usually referring to the standard is by far the easiest way of demonstrating conformity.

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• To indicate that the product meets all the

requirements of different directives applicable to it,

the manufacturer shall mark it with the CE mark.

• The CE-mark enables free movement of the

product within the European economic area.

CE-marking

Standardization

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Official standardization organizations

Standardization

General Electrotechnical Telecommunication

Global

European

National

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International Electrotechnical Commission(2016 figures)

European Committee for ElectrotechnicalStandardization

IEC CENELEC SESKO ry

• 83 National Committees (member

countries) and 87 Affiliates

• Number of technical committees or

subcommittees: 203

• Number of experts > 20000

• Number of WG/PT/MTs: 1432

• Number of publications: 9855

• New standards published in 2016: 476

• 33 member countries (EU,

EEC, Turkey, Macedonia)

• Number of standards (2016)

6857, of which 78 % IEC-based

• New standards published in

2016: 429

• coordinates Finnish participation in

international work

• 20 member organizations

• 43 national mirror committees (latest

SESKO-SFS JTC 1 SC 41 IoT)

• 70 follow-up groups

• network of 460 experts

• SFS standards writing body

Standardization

Electrotechnical standardization system

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Standardization

Official standardization organizations

… just to name a few. There’s more…

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International / European / National standards

Standardization

• IEC and CENELEC have signed an agreement (“Frankfurt agreement”), in which CENELEC has agreed to offer all new work to be carried out at the IEC level.

• This means that the technical content of the majority of standards is written in IEC working groups, and IEC standards are adopted in Europe (with or without European modifications).

• CENELEC member countries have an obligation to implement EN standards as national standards without modifications.

• Nowadays, it is difficult to publish a home-grown national standard. The Vilamouraprocess dictates that a country that wants to start a national standardization project shall first ask if any other CENELEC countries want to participate, and if a sufficient number of countries show interest, the project becomes a CENELEC project.

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Committee structure

Standardization

• Technical work is carried out in various Technical Committees (TC), which may have subcommittees (SC). The committees and subcommittees typically have several working groups (WG), where the standards are actually written.

• See the following committee lists for further information:

IEC committees

CENELEC committees

SESKO committees

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Standardization

WG/MT members

IEC CENELEC SESKO

Proposal stage (NP)

Enquiry stage (CDV)

IEC Publication

Parallel CDV-vote

Parallel CDV-vote

EN Publication

Proposal or vote on NP-draft

National enquiry

Vote (IEC & CENELEC)

Comments on EN-draft

Vote (IEC & CENELEC)

National enquiry

SFS-EN-standard

Preparatory stage

M

A

I

N

T

E

N

A

N

C

E

C

Y

C

L

E

Approval stage (FDIS)

BT ratification

Committee stage (CD)

Maintenance

Comments from expert

groups

SESKOs Managing Director

Preparation of IEC-, EN- and SFS-standards (parallel procedure)

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Standardization

WG/MT members

IEC CENELEC SESKO

Proposal stage (NP)

Enquiry stage (CDV)

IEC Publication

Parallel CDV-vote

Parallel CDV-vote

EN Publication

Proposal or vote on NP-draft

National enquiry

Vote (IEC & CENELEC)

Comments on EN-draft

Vote (IEC & CENELEC)

National enquiry

SFS-EN-standard

Preparatory stage

M

A

I

N

T

E

N

A

N

C

E

C

Y

C

L

E

Approval stage (FDIS)

BT ratification

Committee stage (CD)

Maintenance

Comments from expert

groups

SESKOs Managing Director

Preparation of IEC-, EN- and SFS-standards (parallel procedure)

Technical content is fixed !!!

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Standardization

WG/MT members

IEC CENELEC SESKO

Proposal stage (NP)

Enquiry stage (CDV)

IEC Publication

Parallel CDV-vote

Parallel CDV-vote

EN Publication

Proposal or vote on NP-draft

National enquiry

Vote (IEC & CENELEC)

Comments on EN-draft

Vote (IEC & CENELEC)

National enquiry

SFS-EN-standard

Preparatory stage

M

A

I

N

T

E

N

A

N

C

E

C

Y

C

L

E

Approval stage (FDIS)

BT ratification

Committee stage (CD)

Maintenance

Comments from expert

groups

SESKOs Managing Director

Preparation of IEC-, EN- and SFS-standards (parallel procedure)

Last stage to give comments !!!

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Standardization

WG/MT members

IEC CENELEC SESKO

Proposal stage (NP)

Enquiry stage (CDV)

IEC Publication

Parallel CDV-vote

Parallel CDV-vote

EN Publication

Proposal or vote on NP-draft

National enquiry

Vote (IEC & CENELEC)

Comments on EN-draft

Vote (IEC & CENELEC)

National enquiry

SFS-EN-standard

Preparatory stage

M

A

I

N

T

E

N

A

N

C

E

C

Y

C

L

E

Approval stage (FDIS)

BT ratification

Committee stage (CD)

Maintenance

Comments from expert

groups

SESKOs Managing Director

Preparation of IEC-, EN- and SFS-standards (parallel procedure)

Last stage to give comments !!!

Technical content is fixed !!!

SFS-standard is prepared in IEC !!!

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IEC patent policy and patent declarations DB

Standardization

COMMON PATENT POLICY FOR ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC

Code of practice may be summarized as follows:

The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Bureau (TSB), the ITU Radio-communication Bureau (BR) and the offices of the CEOs of ISO and IEC are not in a position to give authoritative or comprehensive information about evidence, validity or scope of patents or similar rights, but it is desirable that the fullest available information should be disclosed. Therefore, any party participating in the work of ITU, ISO or IEC should, from the outset, draw the attention of the Director of ITU-TSB, the Director of ITU-BR, or the offices of the CEOs of ISO or IEC, respectively, to any known patent or to any known pending patent application, either their own or of other organizations, although ITU, ISO or IEC are unable to verify the validity of any such information…

Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent

Policy

Patent Statement and Licencing Declaration Form

(Word template)

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Different types of publications

Standardization

• IEC standard

• ISO/IEC standard

• IEC or ISO 8XXXX

• EN standard

• EN 5XXXX (”home-grown”)EN 6XXXX (based on IEC std.)

• EN IEC 6XXXX (identical with IEC)

• National standard

• SFS XXXX

• SFS-EN 5XXXX

• SFS-EN 6XXXX

• SFS-IEC 6XXXX

• TS (Technical Specification)

• TR (Technical Report)

• PAS (Publicly available Specification)

• HD (Harmonization Document)

• CWA (Common Workshop Agreement)

New Edition / Amendment / Corrigendum / Interpretation sheet

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Publications and derived products (IEC)

Standardization

Publication delivery formats:

• Hard copy via conventional mail : Hard copy of IEC standard

• CD-rom or USB memory stick via conventional mail: published as Portable Document Format (PDF)

• Download: published as Portable Document Format (PDF)

• Database: the document is published as database (XML, HTML, PDF, Graphics)

• On-line collections: published as HTML (new)

Value added products

• Pre-release standards: Final Draft International Standard (FDIS)

• Consolidated editions: Standard + Amendmend(s) consolidated

• RED-lined editions: New edition with track changes

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Publications: Hard copy of IEC standard

Standardization

Colour

indicator

Document ID, edition,

publication date

Title (en/fr)

Special status indicator

Price code

Information on

IEC cover page

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Publications: Databases

Standardization

IEC standards in database format

Some IEC publications have been developed in database format to better support the needs of standards users.

These databases are accessible either free of charge, or via subscriptions which can be purchased through the IEC National Committees, National Committee-appointed Sales Outlets, or directly on the IEC Webstore.

IEC databases free of charge

• Electropedia International Electrotechnical Vocabulary

• IEC Glossary (collection of terms from IEC TC/SC publications clause 3 Terms and definitions)

• IEC Common Data Dictionary (Standard classes and properties with associated classification scheme for electric components and systems)

• IEC 62474 (Material declaration for products of and for the electrotechnical industry)

• IEC 60505 (Evaluation and qualification of electrical insulation systems)

• IEC 61355 (Classification and designation of documents for plants, systems and equipment)

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Publications: IEC databases via subscription

Standardization

IEC 60061 Lamp caps and holders together with gauges for the

control of interchangeability and safety

IEC 60191-2 Mechanical standardization of semiconductor

devices - Part 2: Dimensions

IEC 60417 and ISO 7000 Graphical symbols for use on equipment

IEC 60617 Graphical symbols for diagrams

IEC databases via subscription Examples of content

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Publications: On-line collections

Standardization

What is an online collection?

An online collection is a completely new way for you to view our publications. Your annual subscription ensures you always have online access to the latest, most up-to-date editions, amendments and revisions - from any computer or mobile device.

As well as the clear advantages of online, hyperlinked content, your online account provides you with new features such as personal bookmarking and commenting.

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Value added products: Pre-release standards

Standardization

EXAMPLE

IEC 60384-14-2:2016 PRV (Pre release version)

Abstract

This Final Draft International Standard is an up to 11 weeks' pre-

release of the official publication. It is available for sale during its

voting period: 2016-01-15 to 2016-02-26.

By purchasing this FDIS now, you will automatically receive, in

addition, the final publication.

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Value added products: Consolidated editions

Standardization

EXAMPLE

IEC 60601-1:2005+AMD1:2012 CSV Consolidated version

AbstractIEC 60601-1:2005+A1:2012(E) contains requirements concerning basic safety and essential performance that are

generally applicable to medical electrical equipment. For certain types of medical electrical equipment, these requirements are either supplemented or modified by the special requirements of a collateral or particular standard. Where particular standards exist, this standard should not be used alone. The contents of the corrigenda of December 2006, December 2007 and November 2012, the interpretation sheets of April 2008, January 2009 and May 2013 have been included in this copy.

This consolidated version consists of the third edition (2005) and its amendment 1 (2012). Therefore, there is no need to order the amendment in addition to this publication. This is an English version.

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Value added products: Redline version

Standardization

EXAMPLE

CISPR 11:2015 RLVIndustrial, scientific and medical equipment - Radio-frequency disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement

What is a Redline version?

• A Redline version contains both the current IEC standard and a Redline version of the document which shows changes from the previous edition marked in colour. With the Redline you can quickly spot changed sections and tell specifically what has beenchanged from the previous edition, saving time and avoiding confusion.

• The development of a Redline version is not systematic. Criteria are the popularity of the Publication and the clear structure of the changes. If the changes are too much interwoven into the content, a Redline version may be unreadable and thus, lose the benefit of a clear and quick identification of the changes.

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Basic documents (basic reference works)

Standardization

Requirements for consistency of documents is given in ISO/IEC Dir, Part 2 clause 4.4. including:

Terms and definitions:• Electropedia International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEC 60050 series)

Quantities, units and their symbols:• ISO 80000 (all parts), Quantities and units• IEC 60027 (all parts), Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology• IEC 80000 (all parts), Quantities and units

Graphical symbols:• Graphical symbols for use on equipment: IEC 60417 and ISO 7000• Graphical symbols for diagrams: IEC 60617 and ISO 14617 (all parts)• Safety signs: ISO 7010

Diagrams• IEC 61082-1 Preparation of documents used in electrotechnology – Part 1: Rules• IEC 81346 Structuring principles and reference designations (all parts)

Full list of basic

reference works see

ISO/IEC Directives,

Part 2, 2011 Annex B

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Classification of IEC standards

Standardization

System standard

Application guideline

Test standard

Product publications

Horizontal standards

Basic safety publications

Group safety publications

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System standard

Standardization

System standard: define concept of

particular system, provide minimum

requirements, description of system main

functions.

Example from committee IEC TC 79

IEC 62642-1:2010 Edition 1.0 (2010-06-16)

Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems -

Part 1: System requirements

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Application guideline

Standardization

Application guideline: provides guidance

on the design, planning, operation,

installation, commissioning and maintenance

of system.

Example from committee IEC TC 79

IEC 62642-1:2010 Edition 1.0 (2010-06-16)

Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems -

Part 1: System requirements

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Test standard

Standardization

Test standard: provide test procedures,

acceptance/fail criteria for particular tests.

Example from committee IEC TC 100

IEC 62623:2012 Edition 1.0 (2012-10-30)

Desktop and notebook computers -

Measurement of energy consumption

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Product publication

Standardization

Product publication: publication covering a

specific product or group of related products.

Example from committee IEC SC 121A

IEC 60947-2:2006 Edition 4.0 (2006-05-22)

Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 2:

Circuit-breaker

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Horizontal standard

Standardization

Horizontal standard: standard on

fundamental principles, concepts,

terminology or technical characteristics,

relevant to a number of TCs and of crucial

importance to ensure the coherence of the

corpus of standardization documents.

Example from committee IEC TC 8

IEC 60038:2009 Edition 7.0 (2009-06-17) IEC

standard voltages

Special status indicator

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Basic safety publication

Standardization

Basic safety publication: publication on a

specific safety related matter, applicable to

many electrotechnical products.

Example from committee IEC TC 3

IEC 60445:2010 Edition 5.0 (2010-08-27) Basic

and safety principles for man-machine interface,

marking and identification - Identification of

equipment terminals, conductor terminations

and conductors

Special status indicator

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Group safety publications

Standardization

Group safety publication: publication

covering all safety aspects of a specific group

of products within the scope of two or more

product TCs.

Example from committee IEC TC 22

IEC 62477-1:2012 Edition 1.0 (2012-07-24)

Safety requirements for power electronic

converter systems and equipment - Part 1:

General

Special status indicator

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Conformity Assessment

Standardization

CA (Conformity Assessment) is any activity which results in determining whether a product or

other object corresponds to the requirements contained in a specification (typically a standard).

Electrical and

electronic equipment

Explosive

atmospheres

Electronic

components

Renewable

energy

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Standards related enquiries

• SESKO office

+358 9 696 3970

asiakaspalvelu(at)sesko.fi

Web sites

• www.sesko.fi

• www.iec.ch

• www.cenelec.eu

Participation in standardization

• SESKO’s IEC/CLC mirror

committees (SK)

• SESKO’s IEC/CLC follow-up

groups (SR)

Purchasing of standards• IEC webstore:

https://webstore.iec.ch/• SFS webstore: • https://sales.sfs.fi/,

sales@sfs.fi, +358 9 1499 3353

Further information on electrotechnical standardization

Standardization