standard shop practices - east/west · pdf file1-5.4 geometric tolerancing ... 1-6.2 basic...

Manufacturing Operation Instruction

MOI-1000 Revision 01

Standard Shop Practices

Prepared By: J. Walsh Date: 06/02/2009

Design Eng.: J. Gaito Date: 06/02/2009

Manufacturing Eng.: M. Reichlen Date: 06/02/2009

Manufacturing: N. Wieder Date: 06/02/2009

Quality Assurance: R. Miller Date: 06/02/2009

Latest Release: Date: 03/27/2017

East/West Industries Inc. MOI-1000 Long Island, NY Rev 01

TABLE OF REVISIONS

i

Page # Rev Date Description of Change Authorized by

- 4/3/2006 New Release (?) J. Gaito

A 12/12/2008 Revised Release (?)

B 06/02/2009 Official Release

00 12.12.2013 Changed hole tolerance reqts. on page 33/ Added table of revisions page.

Reset the revisions from alpha style to digits. Was “B” now “00”

01 03.27.2017 Changed East/West Footer-Address. And added Rue Cotter Pin

Installation.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

i

SECTION 1.0: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 1-1 PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................ 1 1-2 SCOPE ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1-3 REFERENCES/EXHIBITS ..................................................................................................... 1 1-4 RESPONSIBILITIES / (GENERAL) ...................................................................................... 1 1-5 REFERENCES / MATERIAL REVISIONS / PROCESS REVISIONS ............................ 1

1-5.1 DRAWING VS. THIS STANDARD .............................................................................. 1 1-5.2 REVISION STATUS / BILLS OF MATERIAL ............................................................ 1 1-5.3 OUTSIDE PROCESSES / REVISIONS ..................................................................... 2 1-5.4 GEOMETRIC TOLERANCING .................................................................................... 2

1-6 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS. ................................................................................................ 2 1-6.1 ANGULAR MEASUREMENT ...................................................................................... 2 1-6.2 BASIC DIMENSIONS .................................................................................................... 2 1-6.3 BEND RELIEF ................................................................................................................ 2 1-6.4 BREAK CORNER AND / OR EDGE ........................................................................... 3 1-6.5 BURR ............................................................................................................................... 3 1-6.6 CHAMFER ...................................................................................................................... 3 1-6.7 CONCENTRICITY ......................................................................................................... 4 1-6.8 DATUM ............................................................................................................................ 4 1-6.9 DATUM TARGET .......................................................................................................... 4 1-6.10 DEBURRING .................................................................................................................. 4 1-6.11 ECCENTRICITY ............................................................................................................ 4 1-6.12 FIT .................................................................................................................................... 5 1-6.13 FINISH (SURFACE TEXTURE) ................................................................................. 5 1-6.14 FLATNESS ..................................................................................................................... 5 1-6.15 FLATNESS TOLERANCE ............................................................................................ 5 1-6.16 FULL INDICATOR MOVEMENT ................................................................................. 5 1-6.17 MEAN DIMENSION ....................................................................................................... 5 1-6.18 MICROINCH ................................................................................................................... 6 1-6.19 NOMINAL DIMENSION ................................................................................................ 6 1-6.20 NOMINAL SIZE .............................................................................................................. 6 1-6.21 LAY .................................................................................................................................. 6 1-6.22 PARALLELISM ............................................................................................................... 6 1-6.23 PARALLELISM TOLERANCE ..................................................................................... 6 1-6.24 PERPENDICULAR (PERPENDICULARITY) ............................................................ 7 1-6.25 PERPENDICULARITY TOLERANCE ........................................................................ 7 1-6.26 PRESS FIT ..................................................................................................................... 7 1-6.27 REFERENCE DIMENSION.......................................................................................... 8 1-6.28 RIVET OVER .................................................................................................................. 8 1-6.29 ROLL OVER ................................................................................................................... 9 1-6.30 ROUGHNESS ................................................................................................................ 9 1-6.31 ROUNDNESS (CIRCULARITY) .................................................................................. 9 1-6.32 ROUNDNESS – CYLINDER OR CONE .................................................................... 9 1-6.33 ROUNDNESS – SPHERICAL ..................................................................................... 9


TABLE OF CONTENTS

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1-6.34 RUNOUT ......................................................................................................................... 9 1-6.35 SPINNING ..................................................................................................................... 10 1-6.36 SPIN OVER .................................................................................................................. 10 1-6.37 SQUARENESS ............................................................................................................ 10 1-6.38 STAKING ...................................................................................................................... 10 1-6.39 STRAIGHTNESS ......................................................................................................... 11 1-6.40 STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCE – CYLINDRICAL SURFACE ............................ 11 1-6.41 STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCE – FLAT SURFACE. ............................................ 11 1-6.42 SYMBOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 11 1-6.43 TIR (TOTAL INDICATOR READING) ...................................................................... 12 1-6.44 TYPICAL ....................................................................................................................... 12 1-6.45 WAVINESS ................................................................................................................... 12

SECTION 2.0: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .............................................................. 13 2-1 ALIGNMENT .......................................................................................................................... 13

2-1.1 ANGULAR – KEYWAYS, SLOTS, ETC. .................................................................. 13 2-1.2 HOLES .......................................................................................................................... 13

2-1.2.1 UNILATERAL TOLERANCED HOLES ............................................................ 13 2-1.2.2 BILATERAL TOLERANCED HOLES ............................................................... 14 2-1.2.3 BETWEEN HOLES .............................................................................................. 15 2-1.2.4 PARALLEL HOLES LOCATED BY A COMMON CENTERLINE ................. 15

2-2 ANGULARITY ........................................................................................................................ 16 2-2.1 MACHINED SURFACES ............................................................................................ 16 2-2.2 BENDS, SHEET METAL ............................................................................................ 17 2-2.3 FORMED SIDES AND RIGHT ANGLE BENDS ..................................................... 17 2-2.4 BEND RADII ................................................................................................................. 17

2-3 BURRS ................................................................................................................................... 18 2-3.1 MACHINE PARTS ....................................................................................................... 18 2-3.2 SHEET METAL PARTS .............................................................................................. 18 2-3.3 HARDWARE ................................................................................................................. 18 2-3.4 HEXAGONAL STOCK ................................................................................................ 18

2-4 CORNERS, EDGES AND RADII ........................................................................................ 19 2-4.1 PIERCED INSIDE CORNERS (SHEET METAL) ................................................... 19 2-4.2 MACHINED INSIDE CORNERS ............................................................................... 19 2-4.3 BREAKING EDGES AND CORNERS – DIMENSIONED ..................................... 19 2-4.4 BREAKING EDGES AND CORNERS- NOT DIMENSIONED ............................. 20 2-4.5 CHAMFERS- MAXIMUM ............................................................................................ 20 2-4.6 INTERNAL RADIUS-MAXIMUM (INSIDE) .............................................................. 20 2-4.7 EXTERNAL RADIUS - MAXIMUM (OUTSIDE) ...................................................... 20 2-4.8 BLENDING CURVED SURFACES ........................................................................... 21 2-4.9 BLENDING – FLAT SURFACES .............................................................................. 21 2-4.10 UNDERCUTS ............................................................................................................... 21

2-5 CORROSION AND DAMAGE PROTECTION ................................................................. 22 2-6 FLATNESS ............................................................................................................................. 22


TABLE OF CONTENTS

iii

2-6.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................... 22 2-6.2 SHEET METAL SURFACES ..................................................................................... 22 2-6.3 MACHINED SURFACES ............................................................................................ 23

2-7 PERPENDICULARITY – (SQUARENESS) ...................................................................... 23 2-7.1 MACHINED ................................................................................................................... 23 2-7.2 ENDS, FACE AND SHOULDER – CYLINDRICAL PARTS .................................. 24 2-7.3 DRILLED HOLES ........................................................................................................ 24 2-7.4 INTERSECTING HOLES ............................................................................................ 24 2-7.5 THREADED PARTS .................................................................................................... 25 2-7.6 SHEET METAL ............................................................................................................ 25 2-7.7 RIGHT ANGLE BENDS .............................................................................................. 25

2-8 TOLERANCE ........................................................................................................................ 26 2-8.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................... 26 2-8.2 COUNTERBORE ......................................................................................................... 26 2-8.3 HOLE DIAMETERS ..................................................................................................... 26 2-8.4 HOLE DEPTH .............................................................................................................. 26 2-8.5 SPOTFACE .................................................................................................................. 26

SECTION 3.0: MACHINING REQUIREMENTS ......................................................... 27 3-1 CASTINGS ............................................................................................................................. 27

3-1.1 TOLERANCE (MACHINED TO CAST SURFACE) ................................................ 27 3-1.2 TOLERANCE (DRAFT) .............................................................................................. 28 3-1.3 SURFACE FINISH ....................................................................................................... 28 3-1.4 DIE-CASTING .............................................................................................................. 29 3-1.5 IMPERFECTIONS ....................................................................................................... 29 3-1.6 TEST BARS .................................................................................................................. 29 3-1.7 RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION................................................................................ 29

3-2 CENTERS .............................................................................................................................. 30 3-3 CONCENTRICITY (MACHINED PARTS) ......................................................................... 30

3-3.1 MAXIMUM DEVIATION (FULL INDICATOR MOVEMENT (FIM)) ...................... 31 3-4 COUNTERBORE DIAMETER ............................................................................................. 31 3-5 COUNTERSINKS ALIGNMENT ......................................................................................... 31

3-5.1 CYLINDRICAL SURFACES ....................................................................................... 32 3-5.2 TAPPED HOLES ......................................................................................................... 32 3-5.3 THIN SECTIONS ......................................................................................................... 32

3-6 HOLES, DRILLED OR PUNCHED ..................................................................................... 33 3-6.1 HOLE DIAMETER – TOLERANCE ………….Rev 033 3-6.2 HOLE DEPTH .............................................................................................................. 33 3-6.3 HOLE DEPTH – TOLERANCE .................................................................................. 34

3-7 PARALLELISM – MACHINED SURFACES ..................................................................... 34 3-8 ROUNDNESS (OUT OF ROUND) ..................................................................................... 34

3-8.1 NON-RIGID PARTS .................................................................................................... 34 3-9 RUNOUT ................................................................................................................................ 35

3-9.1 LATERAL (FACE) ........................................................................................................ 35


TABLE OF CONTENTS

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3-9.2 RADIAL .......................................................................................................................... 35 3-10 SURFACE FINISH – SHEET METAL ................................................................................ 35 3-11 SURFACE TEXTURE (ROUGHNESS) – MACHINED ................................................... 35

3-11.1 SYMBOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 36 3-12 THREADS – MACHINED ..................................................................................................... 36

3-12.1 EXTERNAL THREADS ............................................................................................... 36 3-12.1.1 CHAMFER ............................................................................................................ 36 3-12.1.2 THREAD LENGTH .............................................................................................. 36 3-12.1.3 THREAD RELIEF ................................................................................................ 37

3-12.2 INTERNAL THREADS – TAPPED HOLES ............................................................. 37 3-12.2.1 COUNTERSINK ................................................................................................... 37 3-12.2.2 TAP DEPTH – NOT SPECIFIED ...................................................................... 38 3-12.2.3 TAP DEPTH – SPECIFIED ................................................................................ 38 3-12.2.4 TAP DRILL DEPTH ............................................................................................. 38

SECTION 4.0: ASSEMBLY REQUIREMENTS........................................................... 39 4-1 GEARS ................................................................................................................................... 39

4-1.1 ASSEMBLY .................................................................................................................. 39 4-1.2 ALIGNMENT – SPUR GEARS .................................................................................. 39 4-1.3 ALIGNMENT – BEVEL GEARS ................................................................................ 39

4-2 INSERTS – POSTS, THREADED (SHEET METAL) ...................................................... 40 4-3 LOCKING DEVICES ............................................................................................................. 40

4-3.1 SAFETY WIRING AND COTTER PINNING............................................................ 40 4-3.2 SAFETY WIRING (LOCK-WIRING) .......................................................................... 40 4-3.3 DEFECTS – VISUAL ................................................................................................... 41 4-3.4 SNAP RINGS ............................................................................................................... 41 4-3.5 WIRE USAGE .............................................................................................................. 41 4-3.6 COTTER PINNING ...................................................................................................... 42

4-3.6.1 CASTELLATED NUTS ........................................................................................ 42 4-3.6.2 CYLINDRICAL PARTS ....................................................................................... 44 4-3.6.3 DEFECTS ............................................................................................................. 44 4-3.6.4 PIN USAGE...................... .................................................................................. 44 4-3.6.5 RUE RINGTM LOCKING COTTER PIN............................................................. ..44

4-3.7 STAKING SLOTTED SCREWS (FLAT HEAD) .................................................... 455 4-3.8 STAKING SET SCREWS ......................................................................................... 455

4-4 RIVETING ............................................................................................................................... 45 4-4.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................... 45 4-4.2 NON-STRUCTURAL ................................................................................................... 46 4-4.3 STRUCTURAL - SOLID RIVETS .............................................................................. 46

4-4.3.1 UNIVERSAL HEADS .......................................................................................... 46 4-4.3.2 COUNTERSUNK HEADS .................................................................................. 46

4-4.4 RIVET REPAIR ............................................................................................................ 48 4-4.5 TUBULAR AND SEMI-TUBULAR FASTENERS .................................................... 48

4-4.5.1 CRACKS – PERIPHERAL.................................................................................. 48


TABLE OF CONTENTS

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4-4.5.2 CRACKS – STRESS ........................................................................................... 48 4-4.5.3 CRACKS - FLAKING ........................................................................................... 48 4-4.5.4 APPLI CATIONS FOR STRIPLINE OR PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS ..... 48

4-5 THREADED ASSEMBLIES ................................................................................................. 49 4-5.1 STANDARD TORQUE LIMITS .................................................................................. 49 4-5.2 REUSE OF SELF-LOCKING NUTS – FRICTION TORQUE LIMITS .................. 52 4-5.3 HOSE AND TUBE COUPLINGS - TORQUE LIMITS (INCH-POUNDS) ............ 53 4-5.4 PIPE THREADS - TORQUE LIMITS (INCH-POUNDS) ........................................ 54 4-5.5 HOW ADAPTORS AFFECT TORQUE .................................................................... 54 4-5.6 HOW TO COMPUTE TORQUE WHEN USING ADAPTORS .............................. 55 4-5.7 TYPES OF ADAPTORS ............................................................................................. 56

SECTION 5.0: FINISH REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................... 59 5-1 PAINTED SURFACES ......................................................................................................... 59

5-1.1 MASKING ...................................................................................................................... 59 5-1.2 OVERSPRAY ............................................................................................................... 59

5-2 PLATING ................................................................................................................................ 59 5-2.1 PLATING TOLERANCE ............................................................................................. 59 5-2.2 RAW MATERIAL (SHEET METAL ONLY) .............................................................. 59 5-2.3 TAPPED HOLES (ALUMINIUM) ............................................................................... 59

5-2.3.1 BLIND TAPPED HOLES .................................................................................... 59 5-2.3.2 THROUGH TAPPED HOLES ............................................................................ 60

5-2.4 EXCESS PLATING. .................................................................................................... 60 5-2.4.1 TAPPED HOLES ................................................................................................. 60 5-2.4.2 THREADED INSERTS ........................................................................................ 60 5-2.4.3 PUNCHED HOLES .............................................................................................. 60

5-2.5 HOLES – (OTHER THAN ALUMINUM) ................................................................... 60 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 61


Page 1 of 68 Uncontrolled Document - Last printed 5/18/2009

SECTION 1.0: INTRODUCTION 1-1 PURPOSE

The purpose of this Manufacturing Operation Instruction is to provide manufacturing with workmanship standards and mechanical manufacturing requirements which are not included in an engineering drawing or specification.

1-2 SCOPE

This standard applies where East/West design drawings or purchase orders invoke its use.

1-3 REFERENCES/EXHIBITS

See figures and tables depicted herein.

1-4 RESPONSIBILITIES / (GENERAL)

1-4.1 Quality Assurance Engineering is assigned guardian ship of this document for configuration control purposes. Quality Engineering shall approve all revisions to this document.

1-4.2 Design Engineering shall approve all revisions to this document.

1-4.3 Manufacturing Engineering shall approve all revisions to this document.

1-4.4 Manufacturing shall approve all revisions to this document.

1-4.5 Sub-contractors are responsible to work within the parameters of this specification when it is called out on the engineering drawing or East/West purchase order. Sub-contractors shall notify East/West of any conflict between purchase order revision and drawing revision. Sub-contractors shall alert East/West to any discrepancy found on East/West drawing or conflict with any requirements imposed by documentation or process.

1-5 REFERENCES / MATERIAL REVISIONS / PROCESS REVISIONS

1-5.1 DRAWING VS. THIS STANDARD

In the event of a conflict between this standard and the engineering drawing, the engineering drawing shall take precedence. In the event of a conflict between this standard and a process specification or a manufacturing specification, the specification shall take precedence.

1-5.2 REVISION STATUS / BILLS OF MATERIAL

Unless otherwise specified on the Engineering Drawing, all bills of materials shall be to the revisions specified or later. If no revision is specified the



guideline for revision basis shall be the revision in effect at the time of original drawing sign off. Superseding lineage of specification is acceptable without review.

1-5.3 OUTSIDE PROCESSES / REVISIONS

All outside processes such as electroplating, welding, anodizing, etc., shall be certified or qualified per applicable East/West, Military or Industry specification. Revisions of processes performed, shall be to the revisions specified or later. If no revision is specified, the guideline for revision basis shall be the revision in effect at the time of original drawing sign off. Superseding lineage of specification is acceptable without review.

1-5.4 GEOMETRIC TOLERANCING

Geometric characteristic symbols shown herein are for reference only.

1-6 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS.

1-6.1 ANGULAR MEASUREMENT

Generally expressed in degrees of a complete circle divided into 360 degrees. Parts of a degree are expressed in minutes (‘) and parts of minutes are expressed in seconds (“)

60 Minutes = 1 Degree

60 Seconds = 1 Minute

1-6.2 BASIC DIMENSIONS

The exact dimension from which all permissible tolerances are noted.

SYM. X.XXX ABBREVIATION: BSC

1-6.3 BEND RELIEF

A bend relief is a hole, saw cut, slot, etc., that is at or adjacent to the immediate area of the bend(s) and permits the metal to “move” during the bending operation.



NOTE: Bend reliefs shall not be closed and sealed by welding unless specifically called for on the engineering drawing.

1-6.4 BREAK CORNER AND / OR EDGE

A removal of material from corners and /or edges.

1-6.5 BURR

A burr is an undesired displacement of material caused by tools used in the manufacture of parts.

1-6.6 CHAMFER

Chamfer is used to describe an angle, cut, or formed, on the edge or corner of a part. ABBREVIATION: CHAM



1-6.7 CONCENTRICITY

Concentricity is a condition in which two or more regular features (such as cylinders, cones, spheres, hexagons, etc.) in any combination have a common axis of rotation.

1-6.8 DATUM

Points, lines, planes or cylinders and other shapes assumed to be exact for the purposes of computation from which the other features of a part may be established.

1-6.9 DATUM TARGET

A specified point, line or area on a part used to establish a datum.

1-6.10 DEBURRING

The removal of sharp edges, corners, or burrs. See paragraphs 1-6.4 and 1-6.5

1-6.11 ECCENTRICITY

A condition where the axis of a particular feature is parallel to, but offset from, the axis of another feature.



1-6.12 FIT

The tight or loose condition that exists between mating parts.

1-6.13 FINISH (SURFACE TEXTURE)

The texture (roughness or smoothness) of a surface as measured by surface finish measuring instruments.

1-6.14 FLATNESS

The condition of a surface having all features in one plane.

1-6.15 FLATNESS TOLERANCE

Expressed as the maximum total variation (tolerance) of the surface from a standard reference surface (datum plane).

1-6.16 FULL INDICATOR MOVEMENT

The total movement of the indicator when applied to a surface. The terms full indicator reading (FIR) and total indicator reading (TIR) are replaced by full indicator movement (FIM).

1-6.17 MEAN DIMENSION

Halfway between high and low limits.



1-6.18 MICROINCH

One-millionth (.000 001) part of the U.S. customary inch.

1-6.19 NOMINAL DIMENSION

See basic dimension – Para. 1-6.2

1-6.20 NOMINAL SIZE

The designation used for the purpose of general identification.

1-6.21 LAY

The direction of the predominate surface pattern produced by tool marks or grain of the surface determined by the production method used.

1-6.22 PARALLELISM

The condition of a surface or axis equidistant at all points from a datum surface or axis.

1-6.23 PARALLELISM TOLERANCE

A tolerance zone defined by two planes parallel to a datum plane or axis within which all elements of the surface must lie.



1-6.24 PERPENDICULAR (PERPENDICULARITY)

A surface or axis at a right angle (90 degrees) to a datum plane or axis.

1-6.25 PERPENDICULARITY TOLERANCE

A tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes perpendicular to a datum plane or axis within which all elements of the surface must lie.

1-6.26 PRESS FIT

A term applied to the assembly of parts with a designed interference.



1-6.27 REFERENCE DIMENSION

A dimension (usually without tolerance) used for information purposes only. A reference dimension may be a duplication of an inspectable dimension shown elsewhere on a drawing.

1-6.28 RIVET OVER

A term used to indicate assembly by riveting.



1-6.29 ROLL OVER

A term applied to a controlled deformation of eyelets, hollow point rivets and similar hardware by curling over the protruding section of the device.

1-6.30 ROUGHNESS

See Finish, Para. 1-6.13.

1-6.31 ROUNDNESS (CIRCULARITY)

A condition where all points on a surface of revolution are equidistant from an axis of revolution or common center.

1-6.32 ROUNDNESS – CYLINDER OR CONE

All points on a surface of revolution are equidistant from a common axis of revolution.

1-6.33 ROUNDNESS – SPHERICAL

All points on a surface of revolution are equidistant from a common center.

1-6.34 RUNOUT

The total movement of a point in contact with an internal or external circular surface rotated 360 degrees about a datum axis. See Para. 1-6.16.



1-6.35 SPINNING

Assembly by spinning is accomplished by using a rotating tool, which causes a small section of the metal ahead of the tool to flow. The entire circumference of the spun section is forced into final position during a number or revolutions of the tool.

1-6.36 SPIN OVER

A term used to indicate assembly by spinning only when this method of assembly is required by the design of the part.

1-6.37 SQUARENESS

The condition of being at right angles (90 degrees) to a line or plane.

See perpendicular, Para. 1-6.24.

1-6.38 STAKING

A method of securing an assembly to prevent the start of motion by forcing metal across or against the parting line of the parts to be secured with a suitable tool.



1-6.39 STRAIGHTNESS

A condition where an element of a surface or an axis is a straight line.

1-6.40 STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCE – CYLINDRICAL SURFACE

NOTE: Each circular element must be within the maximum-minimum size specified.

1-6.41 STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCE – FLAT SURFACE.

See flatness, Para. 1-6.14.

1-6.42 SYMBOLOGY

LOCATION AND FORM

When symbols are used in lieu of or in conjunction with notes to indicate location and / or form tolerances, they shall be interpreted in accordance with ANSI Y14.5-1973, except run out. See Para. 1-6.34.



GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOLS are shown in the following table:

NOTE: Either symbol means the specified tolerance (full indicator movement) applies along the entire length of the surface.

1-6.43 TIR (TOTAL INDICATOR READING)

See full indicator movement, Para. 1-6.16.

1-6.44 TYPICAL

The word typical is used to eliminate the need for repeating the same requirement elsewhere on the drawing.

ABBREVIATION: TYP

1-6.45 WAVINESS

See flatness, Para. 1-6.14.



SECTION 2.0: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 2-1 ALIGNMENT

2-1.1 ANGULAR – KEYWAYS, SLOTS, ETC.

Unless an angular dimension or “locate as shown” is specified on drawing, the angular location of keyways, splines, gear teeth, set screw holes, pin holes, lightening holes, etc., is optional.

2-1.2 HOLES 2-1.2.1 UNILATERAL TOLERANCED HOLES

The alignment specification shall be satisfied if a straight round shaft, having diameters equal to the minimum hole diameter specified for each hole minus the alignment tolerance, can be passed freely through the holes.



INTERPRETATION

A stepped shaft having diameters equal to .623 and .498 shall pass through the holes as shown.

If alignment specification is not shown on the drawing, then the alignment tolerance shall be equal to the total diameter tolerances of the two (2) holes, which have the least diameter tolerance.

2-1.2.2 BILATERAL TOLERANCED HOLES

If alignment specification is not shown on drawing, the alignment tolerance shall be equal to the total diameter tolerances of the (2) holes which have the least diameter tolerance.



INTERPRETATION - A stepped shaft having diameters equal to .619 shall pass freely through the holes as shown in the following figure.

2-1.2.3 BETWEEN HOLES

The governing alignment tolerance is the tolerance between centerline of holes.

2-1.2.4 PARALLEL HOLES LOCATED BY A COMMON CENTERLINE

The axis of each hole along its entire length must lie between two parallel planes separated by a distance equal to the alignment specification. If no alignment specification is given, then the alignment shall be equal to the tolerance of the dimension locating the holes along the centerline.



2-2 ANGULARITY

2-2.1 MACHINED SURFACES

Machined surfaces not at 90 degrees shall be shall be governed by the tolerance shown.



2-2.2 BENDS, SHEET METAL

Bends shall be free of cracks or other signs of poor workmanship.

2-2.3 FORMED SIDES AND RIGHT ANGLE BENDS

2-2.4 BEND RADII

Tolerances on inside bend radii are established as follows:

INSIDE

RADIUS

TOLERANCE

INSIDE

RADIUS

TOLERANCE

INSIDE

RADIUS

TOLERANCE

1/64

1/32

1/16

+1/64, - .010*

+1/64, - .010

+1/32, - .010

3/32

1/8

3/16

+1/32, - .010*

+1/32, - .010

+3/64, - .010

¼

3/8

1/2

+3/64, - .010*

+5/64, - .010

+3/32, - .010

* The .010 tolerance on the minus side allows for the tolerance of the bending die and is not subject to inspection.



2-3 BURRS

Any protrusions or burrs that present a hazard in handling shall be removed. However, sharp edges and burrs need not be removed from detail parts of inseparable / riveted assemblies providing these conditions do not present a hazard after assembly.

2-3.1 MACHINE PARTS

Burrs are not permissible on any machined surfaces. A sharp projection above the machined surface will be considered a burr.

2-3.2 SHEET METAL PARTS

All protrusions caused by piercing, blanking or notching operations shall not exceed .006. External sharp corners shall be broken to a maximum of 1/32 inch.

2-3.3 HARDWARE

Burrs on screws, nuts and such hardware shall not be acceptable.

2-3.4 HEXAGONAL STOCK

Parts manufactured from hexagonal stock and designated as spacer, standoff, nut, etc., may be deburred by chamfering 15 degrees min. to 45 degrees max. The dimension across the flats shall not be reduced more than .020 inch.



2-4 CORNERS, EDGES AND RADII

2-4.1 PIERCED INSIDE CORNERS (SHEET METAL)

Pierced corners shown square shall not exceed .031 radius.

2-4.2 MACHINED INSIDE CORNERS

An inside machined corner shown square on the drawing may have a .005 radius maximum.

2-4.3 BREAKING EDGES AND CORNERS – DIMENSIONED

Where a specific edge or corner break is dimensioned on drawing, the breaking of this edge or corner as shown in figure 38b or 38c is acceptable.



2-4.4 BREAKING EDGES AND CORNERS- NOT DIMENSIONED

If a specific edge or corner is not specified on drawing, the edge or corner is acceptable providing there is visible evidence of a broken edge or corner.

2-4.5 CHAMFERS- MAXIMUM

When a chamfer is specified maximum, the minimum dimension of the chamfer shall be one-half the maximum dimension specified. A chamfer specified by a dimension and angle, the tolerance of the angle shall be + 5 degrees.

2-4.6 INTERNAL RADIUS-MAXIMUM (INSIDE)

When an internal radius dimension is specified as maximum, the corner shall be any radius not exceeding the maximum radius specified.

2-4.7 EXTERNAL RADIUS - MAXIMUM (OUTSIDE)

When an external radius dimension is specified as maximum, the minimum dimension of the radius shall not be less than one half the maximum radius specified.



2-4.8 BLENDING CURVED SURFACES

All connecting surfaces, or curved and plane surfaces shown, as tangent must blend smoothly.

2-4.9 BLENDING – FLAT SURFACES

When machining a surface from different directions, the resultant blend or step shall not exceed .003inch.

2-4.10 UNDERCUTS

Where parts are ground, a relief or undercut may be employed. The relief or undercut need not be continuous along the surface or around the periphery.



2-5 CORROSION AND DAMAGE PROTECTION

All material subject to corrosion shall be cleaned or corrosion and protected through application of a suitable corrosion preventative. Protection shall be provided that will prevent damage during transportation and storage.

2-6 FLATNESS

2-6.1 GENERAL

A fabricated part of large surface area and thin section in a free state, may exceed flatness tolerance. The flatness requirement shall be satisfied if, when simulated in the final assembled position, there is no evidence of “out of flatness” exceeding the limits specified in the following tables. The assembled position may be simulated by holding the part on a machine or fixture.

2-6.2 SHEET METAL SURFACES FLATNESS TOLERANCE

LENGTH OR WIDTH OF SURFACE

STOCK THICKNESS

UP TO 3”

3 TO 7”

7 TO 10”

10 TO 18”

18 TO 24”

24 TO 36’’

36 to 48’’

48 & over

.015 to .040 .015 .030 .040 .060 .080 .120 .160 ----

.040 to .093 .010 .020 .030 .040 .055 .070 .100 .130

.093 to .189 .008 .018 .025 .032 .040 .060 .080 .130

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE VARIATION FROM FLAT (SEE NOTE)

Note: Variation from flatness shall not exceed the values in the table. In any one surface, two waves not exceeding values indicated shall be permissible. Any additional waves shall not exceed 50% of the values.



2-6.3 MACHINED SURFACES

NOTE: Total variation from flatness (FIM) shall not exceed the dimension limits of

the surface (drawing tolerance – total.

2-7 PERPENDICULARITY – (SQUARENESS)

2-7.1 MACHINED

The amount by which one machined surface may deviate from being perpendicular to another machined surface shall not exceed the values in the following table. When possible, perpendicularity shall be measured along the short side.



2-7.2 ENDS, FACE AND SHOULDER – CYLINDRICAL PARTS

See run out, lateral Para. 3-9 for perpendicularity and Para. 2-6.3 for flatness (dish or crown).

2-7.3 DRILLED HOLES

Drilled holes shown perpendicular to a penetrated surface shall be perpendicular to that surface within + 1 degree (of 90 degrees).

2-7.4 INTERSECTING HOLES

Drilled and or tapped holes shown perpendicular and intersecting shall be perpendicular to each other within + 2 degrees.



2-7.5 THREADED PARTS

The axis of the thread pitch diameter shall be perpendicular with the shoulder or face (datum) surface within .005 inch per inch.

2-7.6 SHEET METAL

The perpendicularity between two sheared edges or two formed sides shall not exceed .015 inch per linear foot. The perpendicularity between a sheared edge and a formed side shall not exceed .020 inch per linear foot.

2-7.7 RIGHT ANGLE BENDS

On right angle bends where the 90 degree dimension is not shown, the two sides shall be perpendicular within + ½ degree.

The perpendicularity of sheared or notched ends shall not exceed the limits in the following table.



2-8 TOLERANCE

2-8.1 GENERAL

Where tolerances are not specified on a drawing, the part dimension shall be within the limits shown in the following table. The tolerances do not apply to specification control drawings.

2-8.2 COUNTERBORE

See Para. 3-4

2-8.3 HOLE DIAMETERS

Drilled or punched. See Para. 3-6.1

2-8.4 HOLE DEPTH

See Para. 3-6.2

2-8.5 SPOTFACE

A spotface is used to clear a surface to provide an even seat for fastening hardware. The depth of the spotface is at the option of the machine operator and the tolerance for spotface diameter shall be +.032 -.005.



SECTION 3.0: MACHINING REQUIREMENTS

3-1 CASTINGS

3-1.1 TOLERANCE (MACHINED TO CAST SURFACE)

Unless specified in the field of the drawing, the tolerance for a machined surface dimensioned form a cast surface shall be equal to the tolerance for casting dimensions, or equal to the tolerance of the dimension location the “as cast” feature, whichever is greater.

EXAMPLE 1 – THIS ON DRAWING:

NOTE – Unless otherwise specified tolerance on dimensions:

Between cast surfaces: + 1/16.

Between machined surfaces: + 1/64.

EXAMPLE 2 – THIS ON DRAWING:

NOTE: Unless otherwise specified tolerance on dimensions:

Between cast surfaces: + 1/32.

Between machined surfaces: + 1/64



3-1.2 TOLERANCE (DRAFT)

Tolerances on cast dimensions do not include draft unless otherwise noted on the drawing. When there is a maximum permissible limit for draft, the drawing will so note. When surfaces must be free of draft, or when the direction of draft is of importance, the drawing will be so noted.

3-1.3 SURFACE FINISH

All external surfaces shall be finished in such a manner as to produce a substantially uniform appearance. Internal surfaces shall be free of excess material and all irregularities shall be carefully blended. Risers, gates, and parting lines shall be removed in a workmanlike manner leaving as little excess material as possible.



Surfaces shown on drawings as in the as-cast condition may have a partially or completely machined finish.

3-1.4 DIE-CASTING

If gate markings are not permissible, the drawing will so note. Ejector pin markings must be flush within .010, raised or depressed on die-castings.

3-1.5 IMPERFECTIONS

Castings shall be in accordance with SAE AMS2175 and free of imperfections listed:

Cold Shunts Cracks Entrapped Material in Cored Passages (Wire, Sand, Etc.) Excess Metal, Fins External Evidence of Shrinkage Foundry Tool Marks Gas or Sand Holes In Excess of established Limits Inclusions in Excess of established Limits Insufficient Material Allowance for Machining Mismatch or Discontinuity of Webs or Contours Misruns, Voids Porosity in Excess of established Limits Prohibited Straightening Warpage

3-1.6 TEST BARS

When test bars are required by the material specification or by ail purchase order, they shall be of the same melt of material and same heat treatment batch as the casting that they are offered as representing. The casting and bars shall be suitably marked for cross-reference.

3-1.7 RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION

When radiographs of castings are required, they shall be identified with the castings and with the particular areas that they represent.



3-2 CENTERS

Work centers are permissible on parts unless specifically stated otherwise on drawings. In no case shall the centers break into passages, threads, splines, flats, keyways, grooves or chamfers.

The maximum size of machined center shall be in accordance with the following table.

CENTER DRILL # FINISHED DIAMETER OF STOCK A “B” DIA. “C” DIA. “D” DIA.

#1 #1 #1 #2 #2 #2 #5 #5 #5 #8 #8 #8

1/8 thru 5/32

Over 5/32 “ 3/16 “ 3/16 “ ¼ “ ¼ “ 3/8 “ 3/8 “ 5/8 “ 5/8 “ 1 “ 1 “ 1 ½ “ 1 1/2 “ 2 “ 2 “ 2 ½ “ 2 ½ “ 3 “ 3 “ 4 “ 4 “ --

5/64 3/32 1/8

5/32 3/16 ¼

5/16 3/8

7/16 5/8

11/16 ¾

.054 .054 .054 .085 .085 .085 .196 .196 .196 .322 .322 .322

.055 .055 .055 .086 .086 .086 .203 .203 .203 .328 .328 .328

3-3 CONCENTRICITY (MACHINED PARTS)

Where two or more machined cylindrical surfaces are shown concentric, the permissible deviation or one diameter when checked against any other diameter shall be within ½ the sum of the tolerances of the diameters.



3-3.1 MAXIMUM DEVIATION (FULL INDICATOR MOVEMENT (FIM))

When checked against each other the maximum deviation (FIM); for example:

Between Diameters

Tolerances Total Permissible Deviation

A and B .010 + .001 .011 .0055 FIM

B and C .001 + .002 .003 .0015 FIM

A and C .010 + .002 .012 .006 FIM

3-4 COUNTERBORE DIAMETER

The tolerance for counter bored diameter shall be + 1/64, -.005.

3-5 COUNTERSINKS ALIGNMENT

Countersinks shall be produced with axis parallel to the axis of the

hole within + 3 degrees.



3-5.1 CYLINDRICAL SURFACES

The specified countersinks diameter shall be the minor diameter as illustrated. Cutter (tool) run out must leave no shoulder.

3-5.2 TAPPED HOLES

See Para. 3-12.5

3-5.3 THIN SECTIONS

Countersinking holes in materials that show no evidence of a straight hole at the bottom of the countersink shall only be inspected for the angle and face diameter of the countersink if the pilot hole specified on the drawing no longer exists after the countersinking operation.



3-6 HOLES, DRILLED OR PUNCHED

3-6.1 HOLE DIAMETER – TOLERANCE

The following diametrical tolerances shall apply for all drilled hole diameters.

TOLERANCE

Unless otherwise specified in the field of the drawing or superseded by Customer or East/West Design written notification;

Hole tolerance shall be as indicated in the control feature box located in the lower right hand corner of the drawing.

3-6.2 HOLE DEPTH

The depth of a drilled hole shall be measured from the surface the hole enters the work-piece to the bottom of the full diameter excluding the drill point. See Para. 3-12.2 for tapped holes.

Example: Hole Diameter is .213 ± .005



3-6.3 HOLE DEPTH – TOLERANCE

The following tolerances shall apply for hole depths specified on drawing with the terms; deep or DP.

HOLE DIAMETER HOLE DEPTH TOLERANCE

UP TO .500 + 1/32

.501 AND OVER + 1/16

When depth is not specified the hole shall be a through hole.

3-7 PARALLELISM – MACHINED SURFACES

The amount by which one-machined surface may deviate from being parallel to another machined surface shall not exceed the values in the following table.

3-8 ROUNDNESS (OUT OF ROUND)

Circular features must meet the specified limits for both size and ovality. A rigid or flexible part noted such as “in the free state” or similar requirement, must meet the limits for size and the ovality shall lie within two concentric circles representing the high and low limits of size.

3-8.1 NON-RIGID PARTS

A part which does not maintain circular form due to flexing that can assume by good assembly practices the configuration of its mating part to permit assembly. Flexing may be characteristic of the material (E.G., plastic, rubber, etc.) or the design (E.G., metal rings, shells, covers, small cross section bearings, etc.) or



other pertinent factors. Limp items such as “O” rings or gaskets may be measured for size after forming into a circle or measured as a circumference.

3-9 RUNOUT

3-9.1 LATERAL (FACE)

Run-out on face shall not exceed .0015 full indicator movement (dimension “B”) per inch of diameter A.

3-9.2 RADIAL

See concentricity Para 2-2.

3-10 SURFACE FINISH – SHEET METAL

All external surfaces shall be free of drew and brake marks, deep scratches and other defects detrimental to appearance. When sanding is utilized to remove blemishes, the entire affected surface shall be sanded. This operation shall not reduce the material thickness less than permitted by the applicable material specification.

3-11 SURFACE TEXTURE (ROUGHNESS) – MACHINED

Permissible surface roughness as related to dimensional tolerance shall not exceed the arithmetical average (AA) shown in the following table.

TOTAL DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCE

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE

AA ( SEE NOTE )

LESS THAN .0005 32

.0005 TO .0009 63

.001 TO .005 125

.0051 TO .010 250

OVER .010 500

NOTE: Arithmetical average as defined in ANSI B46.1-1978



3-11.1 SYMBOLOGY

See Para. 1-6.42.

3-12 THREADS – MACHINED

3-12.1 EXTERNAL THREADS

3-12.1.1 CHAMFER

The ends of externally threaded parts shall be chamfered 30 degrees to 45 degrees to the full depth of the thread +.010 max. (minor dia +.000, -.020)

3-12.1.2 THREAD LENGTH

Specified threaded length on drawing shall be full threads. Full and/or incomplete threads are permitted beyond specified dimension to a maximum of 6 threads.



3-12.1.3 THREAD RELIEF

Thread relief shall be permitted in accordance with the following table unless otherwise specified.

3-12.2 INTERNAL THREADS – TAPPED HOLES

3-12.2.1 COUNTERSINK

All tapped holes shall be countersunk 60 degrees to 120 degrees included angle and “A” diameter in the table. Countersinks for helical inserts (helicoil) shall be per aD5340-102, standard parts manual, vol. # 3. If a total of less than 4 threads result from the tapping of thin sections the requirements of this paragraph do not apply.



3-12.2.2 TAP DEPTH – NOT SPECIFIED

When tap depth is not specified the hole shall be tapped through.

3-12.2.3 TAP DEPTH – SPECIFIED

Specified threaded depth on drawing shall be full threads. Full and/or incomplete threads are permitted beyond specified dimension to a maximum of 6 threads.

3-12.2.4 TAP DRILL DEPTH When not specified, tap drill depth shall be determined by manufacturing engineering/mechanical methods.



SECTION 4.0: ASSEMBLY REQUIREMENTS

4-1 GEARS

4-1.1 ASSEMBLY

Gear trains shall be assembled to operate with minimum backlash and without binding.

4-1.2 ALIGNMENT – SPUR GEARS

Mating pairs of equal face width shall be aligned to provide a minimum of 75% mesh. See figure 48A. Mating pairs of unequal face widths shall be aligned to provide 100% mesh. See Figure 48B.

4-1.3 ALIGNMENT – BEVEL GEARS

Mating bevel gears shall be aligned to provide a minimum or 90% mesh of the face widths.



4-2 INSERTS – POSTS, THREADED (SHEET METAL)

Thread portion of fasteners such as clinch nuts, rivnuts, studs and similar non-floating devices that are clinched , pressed, riveted, rolled over or welded at assembly shall be installed securely and be square with respect to the related surface shown within .015 inch per inch.

4-3 LOCKING DEVICES

4-3.1 SAFETY WIRING AND COTTER PINNING

In conformance with MS33540.

4-3.2 SAFETY WIRING (LOCK-WIRING)

Safety or lock-wiring is the tightening together of two or more parts in such a manner that any tendency of anyone cap screw, stud, nut or bolt to loosen will automatically be counteracted by the tightening of the wires. See figures 52 through 58.

A. The double-twist method (see figures 53 & 54) is the common method of safety wiring, however, the single wire method (see figure) may be used on small screws, in a closely spaced geometric pattern (triangle, square, rectangle, circle, etc.) or in places that are difficult to reach.

B. Three units (cap screws, bolts, studs and nuts) are the maximum permitted in a series when the double-twist method is used. If very closely spaced units are lock-wired, the number of units that can be wired with a twenty-four-inch length of wire is the maximum permitted.

C. The twisting between bolts shall be in such a manner that the wire is fully twisted when in place. The length should not be so long that the wires bunch or kink up when pulled through another lock-wire hole.



D. A twist is considered to be the turning of both wires over each other through 180 degrees. Six (6) to eight (8) twists per inch.

E. Coiling of one wire over the other is not acceptable.

F. A pigtail of ¼ “ to ½ “ (3 to 6 twists) should be at the end of the wire before cutting off at the last part to be lock-wired. The pigtail should be bent back or under to prevent snagging.

G. Wire for general purpose lock-wiring shall be .032-inch diameter (inconel) per QQ-W-390, temper A, except that .020 inch diameter may be used on parts with a nominal hole diameter less than .045 inch; on parts with a nominal hole diameter between parts less than 2 inches; or closely spaced fasteners ¼ inch diameter and smaller.

4-3.3 DEFECTS – VISUAL

There shall be no evidence of nicks or tool marks on the wire or assembled parts.

4-3.4 SNAP RINGS

Where required. External snap rings shall be wired as shown. Internal snap rings shall not be safety wired.

4-3.5 WIRE USAGE

Wire must be discarded and new wire shall be used after each application.



4-3.6 COTTER PINNING

In all cotter pin applications, the pins shall be inserted such that the head is snug against the bolt, nut, shaft, etc.

4-3.6.1 CASTELLATED NUTS Two methods are used for securing the cotter pins. In the preferred method, the axis of the eye is at right angles to the bolt shank with the head of pin in the nut slot; the long leg of pin is the upper prong. After binding, the head shall be firm against the bolt and the prongs shall be firm against the bolt and/or flat of nut as applicable.



A. PREFERRED METHOD – The long leg bent over the end of part. Short leg against face of nut.

B. ALTERNATE METHOD – Use when preferred method is not feasible or the leg can become a snag.



4-3.6.2 CYLINDRICAL PARTS

Where cotter pins are used to trap clevis pins of other cylindrical parts, install the cotter pin with the axis of the eye parallel to the pin or shaft axis. Bend the prongs around the cylindrical surface.

4-3.6.3 DEFECTS

Cotter pins shall be free of dents, nicks, etc., caused by installation. 4-3.6.4 PIN USAGE

Cotter pins must be discarded and new pins shall be used after each application.

4-3.6.5 “ RUE RINGTM LOCKING COTTER PIN” When using the “Rue RingTM Locking Cotter Pin” or “Non-Traditional Cotter Pin”, (e.g. EWI Part Number: EW45042 & EW45053) it is required (unless otherwise specified) that they be locked once installed. Once installed, the pins can be locked by flipping the bent wire shaft under the straight wire shaft. See Image 3 in Figure X for an image of the pin’s manual lock. The parts of the pin can be seen in Figure Y.

Figure x



Figure y

4-3.7 STAKING SLOTTED SCREWS (FLAT HEAD)

The base metal shall be expanded and extend into the slot of the screw without shearing the expanded base metal. The expanded metal shall bear no evidence of tearing.

4-3.8 STAKING SET SCREWS

To prevent loosening, sufficient base metal shall be expanded over the edge of the screw. See figure 59. The expanded metal shall bear no evidence of tearing.

4-4 RIVETING

4-4.1 GENERAL

Riveted joints shall be in accordance with MIL-STD-403. The rivets shall be installed wet with primer, MIL-PRF-23377 or equivalent. The joined parts shall be undamaged, and rivet heads (both manufactured and shop formed) shall be properly seated and tight against their bearing surfaces.The following requirements shall apply as minimum acceptable criteria.



4-4.2 NON-STRUCTURAL

The requirements of paragraph 4-4.3 shall not apply for non-structural applications such as the mounting of nut plates and similar hardware. However, rivet heads (both manufactured and shop formed) shall be adequately set without cutting the river or damaging the jointed parts. Rivet heads shall not evidence cracks except that one radial crack stopping short of the shank and not exceeding .010 inch wide is acceptable.

4-4.3 STRUCTURAL - SOLID RIVETS

4-4.3.1 UNIVERSAL HEADS

Rivet heads (both manufactured and shop formed) shall be rejected if a .004-inch-thick shim can be slid freely under the head and make contact with the rivet shank.

4-4.3.2 COUNTERSUNK HEADS

Rivet heads (both manufactured and shop formed) shall be rejected if a .004-inch-thick shim can be slid freely between the conical surface of the rivet and the countersunk surface of the part at any point.

• Rivet heads (both manufactured and shop formed) shall not be more than .006 inch or 25 percent of the material thickness below the surface whichever is less. Shop formed head diameters shall not be less than “A” in the following table:

• Shop formed head diameters and thickness other than countersunk heads shall not exceed the limits in the following table:



RIVET A DIA. B (THICKNESS)

DIAMETER MIN. MIN MAX

.062 .081 .025 .040

.095 .122 .038 .050

.125 .163 .050 .070

.156 .203 .062 .092

.187 .244 .075 .105

.250 .325 .100 .130

• Shop formed heads may be eccentric to the rivet shank, but must extend beyond and completely around the rivet hole. The top surface of the formed head shall not exceed a 30- degree angle with the sheet surface.

• Surface indentation around the rivet resulting from heading operation shall not exceed 25 percent of the material thickness or .010 inch whichever is less.

• Sheet separation as a result of riveting at positions other than rivet locations shall not exceed a 30-degree angle with the sheet surface

REWORK CRITERIA – Rivets shall be reworked if:

1. More than one rivet in ten exhibits any of the specified defects, or

2. When such defects occur within a 5-inch span, or

3. When any one rivet exhibits a defect exceeding 50% of the specified allowable limit.



4-4.4 RIVET REPAIR

Any repair using a rivet other than specified (material) or the next larger size rivet is prohibited without MRR authorization and quality assurance concurrence.

4-4.5 TUBULAR AND SEMI-TUBULAR FASTENERS

Devices such as eyelets, drilled rivets, terminals, etc., shall be finger tight without permitting part movement.

4-4.5.1 CRACKS – PERIPHERAL

Radial cracks at the periphery in any one device resulting from roll over operation are acceptable provided the following requirements are not exceeded:

A. Two cracks not exceeding .032 (1/32) inch wide.

B. Single crack not exceeding .045 (3/64) inch wide.

C. Five of less multiple cracks not exceeding .015 inch wide.

D. A crack extending into the shank area is not acceptable.

4-4.5.2 CRACKS – STRESS

Stress cracks resulting from roll over operation that are barely visible without magnification shall not be cause for rejection.

4-4.5.3 CRACKS - FLAKING

A crack that can be flaked off with fingernail pressure shall be rejected.

4-4.5.4 APPLI CATIONS FOR STRIPLINE OR PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS

Parts such as eyelets and terminal studs that are funnel flanged and subsequently soldered to the board in the printed circuit (conductor) area are acceptable as follows:

A. Turning a terminal stud with finger pressure prior to solder operation.

B. Cracks extending into the shank.

C. Five or less cracks in any one device.

The following conditions are not acceptable and shall be rejected:

A. Lifted lands as a result of roll over or funnel flanging operation.

B. A crack that can be flaked off with fingernail pressure.



4-5 THREADED ASSEMBLIES

4-5.1 STANDARD TORQUE LIMITS

The standard torque limits in this document apply only when special torque values are not specified on the blueprint or operation sheet.

1. Threaded fasteners para. 4-5.1 2. Reuse of self-locking nuts para. 4-5.2 3. Hose and tube coupling nuts para. 4-5.3 4. Pipe thread fittings para. 4-5.4

General instructions for installation and fit of threaded fasteners are as follows:

1. Thread shall not be in bearing when thickness of sheet or fitting is 3/32 inch or less. If thickness is more than 3/32 inch, a maximum of two threads in bearing is permissible.

2. In shear applications, thread shall not be in bearing regardless of material thickness.

3. Washers are used for the following purposes:

a. To compensate for differences in bolt grip length and material thickness due to manufacturing tolerances, protective coating, and other surface variances.

b. To distribute bearing load over a greater area to prevent damage to material under a bolt head or nut.

c. To protect the material surface when a bolt or nut is tightened.

d. Prevent galling of aluminum or other soft material when bolt or nut is tightened.

e. To insulate dissimilar metals to prevent corrosion. The washer material should be similar to the material on which it rests rather than the bolt or nut material. This insures that if corrosion occurs, it will be between the bolt and washer, which can be replaced.

4. When nut-bolt assemblies are installed, the nut shall not engage the first incomplete thread next to the bolt shank.

5. Nuts are properly installed when all threads are engaged and the bolt chamfer extends thru the nut. When flat-end bolts are used, the threaded end must extend at least 1/32 inch thru the nut.

6. Threads shall be clean and dry before installation. If threads are lubricated, torque limits are reduced by 30 percent.

7. The tightening sequence in multiple fitting installation is as follows:



a) Finger tighten all bolts or nuts.

b) Snug up opposite bolts or nuts all around.

c) Tighten opposite bolts or nuts all around to proper torque. Do not torque adjacent bolts or nuts in sequence.

8. All metal self-locking nuts shall be replaced with new identical parts at each installation. If new nuts are not available, all metal self-locking nuts may be reused. The reused nuts must meet the required minimum friction torque. of paragraph 4-5.2.

NOTES

1. Torque limits apply to nut tightening only. When tightening bolt, the higher limit +/- 10 percent is used.

2. Torque values are for dry (unlubricated) threads. If threads are lubricated, limit is 70 percent of unlubricated value.

3. Maximum torque allowed for cotter pin hole alignment. If limit is exceeded, discard nut and bolt and inspect parts secured by the nut and bolt.

4. When tightening self-locking castellated nut MS21224, MS17825, and MS17826, first tighten to minimum torque.

a. If slot in nut is aligned with cotter pin hole in bolt, tighten nut an additional 60° (one castellation) and install cotter pin.

b. If slot in nut is not aligned with cotter pin hole in bolt, tighten nut until aligned and install cotter pin. In either case, maximum torque must not be exceeded.



Standard Torque Limits For Threaded Fasteners

Material Aluminum 300 Series CRES Carbon Steel Grade 5 Grade 8 UTS 62 KSI 80 KSI 60 KSI 80 KSI 125 KSI 160 KSI

Thread Size Min

(Lube) Max (Dry)

Min (Lube)

Max (Dry)

Min (Lube)

Max (Dry)

Min (Lube)

Max (Dry)

Min (Lube)

Max (Dry)

Min (Lube)

Max (Dry)

TORQUE, Inch-Ounces #2 - 56 / 64 7 14 17 22 21 26 26 33 42 53 53 66 #4 - 40 / 48 16 28 36 45 45 56 56 70 90 112 112 140 #6 - 32 / 40 30 53 68 85 83 104 104 130 166 208 208 260

TORQUE, Inch-Pounds #8 - 32 / 36 3 6 7 10 10 12 11 15 19 24 24 30

#10 - 24 / 32 6 10 13 16 16 20 20 25 32 40 39 49 0.250 - 20 / 28 25 45 56 70 42 55 66 72 84 96 130 150 0.313 - 18 / 24 45 80 104 130 78 105 122 132 168 180 280 290 0.375 - 16 / 24 85 145 180 225 135 180 193 208 336 360 490 520 0.438 - 14 / 20 135 230 300 375 210 275 331 360 470 520 770 840 0.500 - 12 / 20 190 320 400 500 315 420 525 540 700 770 1,150 1,270

TORQUE, Foot-Pounds 0.313 - 18 / 24 4 7 9 11 7 9 10 11 14 15 23 24 0.375 - 16 / 24 7 12 15 19 11 15 16 17 28 30 41 43 0.438 - 14 / 20 11 19 25 31 18 23 28 30 39 43 64 70 0.500 - 12 / 20 16 27 33 42 26 35 44 45 58 64 96 106 0.563 - 12 / 18 21 38 47 58 39 52 59 65 72 83 100 117 0.625 - 11 / 18 36 55 67 83 55 73 83 92 100 108 144 175 0.750 - 10 / 16 48 78 96 120 90 115 135 144 160 208 240 375 0.875 - 9 / 14 72 120 150 190 120 155 180 194 255 320 375 525 1.000 - 8 / 12 96 160 210 260 180 235 270 294 385 460 576 750

Notes: 1. A tolerance of +0% and -15% is applicable. 2. When threaded fasteners are self-locking, tighten to the maximum torque.



4-5.2 REUSE OF SELF-LOCKING NUTS – FRICTION TORQUE LIMITS Do not reuse self-locking nuts that do not meet minimum friction torque. To determine friction torque:

1. Thread the nut onto the screw or bolt until at least two threads protrude. The nut shall not make contact with a mating part.

2. Stop the nut. 3. The torque necessary to begin turning the nut again is the friction torque.

Thread Size Min. Friction Torque

8 – 32 UNC 1.5

10 – 32 UNF 2.0

1/4 – 28 UNF 3.5

5/16 – 24 UNF 6.5

3/8 – 24 UNF 9.5

7/16 – 20 UNF 14.0

1/2 – 20 UNF 18.0

9/16 – 18 UNF 24.0

5/8 – 18 UNF 32.0

3/4 – 16UNF 50.0

7/8 – 14 UNF 70.0

1 – 12 UNF 90.0

1-1/8 – 12 UNF 117.0

1-1/4 – 12 UNF 143.0



4-5.3 HOSE AND TUBE COUPLINGS - TORQUE LIMITS (INCH-POUNDS)

TUBE OD HOSE SIZE NUT HEX A B C

1/4 -4 9/16 50-65 135-150 100-120

3/8 -6 11/16 100-125 270-300 210-250

1/2 -8 7/8 210-250 450-500 340-420

5/8 -10 1 300-350 650-700 400-480

3/4 -12 1-1/4 425-500 900-1,000 725-850

1 -16 1-1/2 600-700 1,200-1,400 900-1,150

1-1/4 -20 2 680-800 1,200-1,400 950-1,150

Over tightening of hose and tube coupling outs will cause thread and seal damage resulting in fitting leakage. Torque values are for threads lubricated with hydraulic fluid (E197), antiseize compound (E75), petrolatum (E274), or aircraft and instrument grease (E189), as applicable.

KEY

A – Steel or aluminum flared fitting nuts (AN818, AN924, NAS591-593, and NAS594-596) used on aluminum tube¹

B – Steel or aluminum flared fitting nuts, AN818, AN924, NAS591-593, and NAS594-596: used on steel tube¹

C – Steel or aluminum flared fitting hose coupling nuts¹

¹ Where use of a torque wrench would be difficult use a conventional wrench to tighten coupling nuts. Tighten until a distinct increase in the torque required is noted. Continue tightening an additional 1/6 of a turn. Back off the nut. Again tighten until a district increase in the torque required is noted. Continue tightening an additional 1/6 to 1/3 of a turn.



4-5.4 PIPE THREADS - TORQUE LIMITS (INCH-POUNDS)

Be careful when tightening fitting. Over tightening causes distortion, cracking, and leaks.

THREAD SIZE WORKING TORQUE¹

MAXIMUM TORQUE¹

1/8-27 100 175

1/4-18 150 300

3/8-18 225 450

¹Antiseize compound shall be used on threads to prevent seizing and to aid in sealing. The compound shall be applied to the male fitting so that it does not contaminate the fluid in the system. Male and female fittings should be of different materials.

4-5.5 HOW ADAPTORS AFFECT TORQUE To understand why some extensions and adaptors change or alter the torque at a bolt, a brief explanation of what is meant by “torque” and how it is measured is helpful. Theoretically, “torque” is the movement of a system of forces around an object which tends to produce twist or torsion. A wrench acts as a lever when force is applied, and the amount of torque produced upon the bolt is dependent upon the length of the wrench and the amount of force applied. In the illustration (Fig. 3), the lever length of the wrench from the center of the nut to the center of the hand applying the force is represented by “L.” The applied force is indicated by “F.” Since torque “T” is the product of the applied force multiplied by the effective lever length, it can be calculated by using the basic formula: T = F X L. Because the applied force usually is measured in pounds, while the lever length is measured in inches or feet, the resulting torque is measured in “pound inch” or “pound foot.” Thus, if “F: is 30 pounds and “l” is one foot, “T” becomes 30 pound foot. As shown in figure 3, “F” must be applied at a 90° angle to the lever. When the force is app lied in any other direction, a lesser torque than that calculated is exerted by the wrench.

An examination of the formula and the illustration brings out the following points:

a) Increasing the lever length “l” increases the torque if “F” remains constant. If “L” is changed to 2’, then “T” becomes 60-pound foot, even though “F” remains at 30 pounds.

b) Decreasing the lever length “L” decreases the torque if “F” remains the same.

CAUTION



c) The torque “T” is proportional to “F” if “L” remains unchanged. Thus, if “F” is 30 pounds while the torque is 30-pound foot and then “F” is increased to 60 pounds, torque or “T” then becomes 60 pound foot.

A torque wrench has a built-in device which indicates to a mechanic when he has exerted the desired amount of torque on a bolt or nut. A reading is made directly in pound foot or pound inch. However, when accessories which add lever length are used with torque wrenches, special corrections must be made. Adaptors or extensions are attached to the square drive of a torque wrench for the following reasons:

1. To attach the torque wrench to various types of fasteners or fittings so that torque may be applied.

2. To gain access to locations which cannot be reached with the torque wrench alone.

4-5.6 HOW TO COMPUTE TORQUE WHEN USING ADAPTORS

If an adaptor or extension is attached to the square drive of a torqometer or a click-type torque wrench and this adds to its length, then the applied torque will be greater than the dial reading or the pre-set torque. The following formula shall be used to find what the dial should read or what the pre-set torque should be in order to obtain the correct applied torque.

Dial Reading or Pre-set Torque =

Torque Wrench Length X Torque Desired

Torque Wrench Length + Extension Length

This becomes:

RS = A X T

A + B

Where:

RS = Dial reading or torque setting of the torque wrench.

A = Distance from the center of the square drive of the torque wrench to the center of the handle grip.



B = Length of the adaptor from the center of the square drive to the center of the nut or bolt. Use only the length which is parallel to the handle.

T = Torque desired. This is the actual torque applied to the fastener.

Example: What should the dial read or the setting be when “A” is 12”, “B” is 6 and “T” is 30 ft-lb?

RS = A X T

= 12 X 30

= 360

= 20 ft-lb A + B 12 + 6 18

Therefore 30 foot-pounds of torque will be applied at the fastener when “RS” is 20 foot-pounds.

Note: If the torque wrench reads in foot-pound, then “T” should also be in foot-pound. “T” and “RS” should be in the same unit of measurement. “A” and “B” should also be the same unit of measurement.

4-5.7 TYPES OF ADAPTORS

The above example gives a very simple conversion using a straight extension. However, there are many types of adaptors and extensions. A few are shown in following figures; but, in each one, note that only the added extension from the square drive of the torqometer increasing its length will change the readings.

Note that an extension which is perpendicular to the torqometer, regardless of length, does not affect the readings. The same principles apply to click-type torque wrenches except the ratcheting flex drive type while in the flexed position.

The effective torque will be about 7% low when these flex type torque wrenches are used in the fully flexed position.



[A Snap-on torque computer is available (form number SS-306B) which gives quick and accurate revised dial readings or torque settings when various types of adaptors are used.]

The above adaptor changes the length and leverage of the torqometer. The dial will read only a portion of the torque. A correction must be made.

The extension above does not affect torque because it does not increase the length of the torqometer. Factor “B” is not involved therefore no correction is necessary.

This adaptor affects the dial reading. Factor “B” is added and therefore a correction is necessary. Note that “B” is not the length of the adaptor but only the increase in length parallel to the torqometer.



This type of adaptor adds length. Note that only the distance parallel to the torqometer is used to get factor “B.”



SECTION 5.0: FINISH REQUIREMENTS

5-1 PAINTED SURFACES

The thickness of paint film on a surface shall not be included as part of the functional dimension and tolerance specified for location and/or size of the surface.

5-1.1 MASKING

The tolerance on masking dimensions (Defining surface areas to be paint free) shall be + 1/16 inch.

5-1.2 OVERSPRAY

Paint over-spray on internal surfaces and in tapped holes is acceptable.

5-2 PLATING

The following requirements apply to sheet metal, machined, and cast parts.

5-2.1 PLATING TOLERANCE

All dimensions and tolerances apply after plating. See exceptions below.

Except for areas calling for masking, there must be visual evidence of plating continuity. Any surface and/or configuration that cannot be touched by a ¾ inch diameter ball is not subject to minimum plating thickness inspection.

5-2.2 RAW MATERIAL (SHEET METAL ONLY)

Raw material thickness is not subject to inspection after plating.

5-2.3 TAPPED HOLES (ALUMINIUM)

5-2.3.1 BLIND TAPPED HOLES

Mask holes ¼ inch diameter where the depth of tapping exceeds the tap drill diameter.



MASK ALL HOLES SMALLER THAN ¼ INCH DIAMETER EXCEPT AS STATED ABOVE.

5-2.3.2 THROUGH TAPPED HOLES

Mask tapped holes no. 6 and smaller. Plate tapped holes larger than no. 6.

5-2.4 EXCESS PLATING.

5-2.4.1 TAPPED HOLES

Tapped holes in non-ferrous materials may be reworked as required.

5-2.4.2 THREADED INSERTS

Plate tapped holes for threaded inserts (helicoil or equivalent) in accordance with paragraphs 5-2.3.1 and 5-2.3.2. Excess plating shall be removed as required for proper insert installation.

5-2.4.3 PUNCHED HOLES

Punched holes of any configuration with a total tolerance greater than .006 inch shall not be subject to inspection after plating.

5-2.5 HOLES – (OTHER THAN ALUMINUM)

All holes tapped and/or plain shall be plated.



INDEX (1 of 8)

Subject Paragraph

ABBREVIATION 1-6.46

ALIGNMENT 2-1

ALIGNMENT BEVEL GEARS 4-1.3

ALIGNMENT –SPUR GEARS 4-1.2

ANGULAR – KEYWAYS, SLOTS ETC. 2-1.1

ANGULAR MEASUREMENT 1-6.1

ANGULARITY 2-2

APPLICATIONS FOR PAINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS 4-4.5.4

BASIC DIMENSIONS 1-6.2

BEND RADII 2-2.3

BEND RELIEF 1-6.3

BENDS, SHEET METAL 2-2.2

BETWEEN HOLES 2-1.2.3

BILATERAL TOLERANCED HOLES 2-1.2.2

BLENDING CURVED SURFACES 2-4.8

BLENDING-FLAT SURFACES 2-4.9

BLIND TAPPED HOLES 5-2.3.1

BREAK CORNER AND/OR EDGE 1-6.4

BREAKING EDGES & CORNERS – NOT DIMENSIONED 2-4.4

BREAKING EDGES & CORNERS -DIMENSIONED 2-4.3

BURR 1-6.5

BURRS 2-3

CASTELLATED NUTS 4-3.6.1



INDEX

(2 of 8)

Subject Paragraph

CASTINGS 3-1

CENTERS 3-2

CHAMFER 1-6.6, 3-12.1.1

CHAMFERS-MAXIMUM 2-4.5

CONCENTRICITY 1-6.7

CONCENTRICITY (MACHINED PARTS) 3-3

CORNERS, EDGES & RADII 2-4

CORROSION & DAMAGE PROTECTION 2-5

COTTER PINNING 4-3.6

COUNTER BORE DIAMETER 3-4

COUNTERBORE 2-8.2

COUNTERSINK 3-12.2.1

COUNTERSINKS ALIGNMENT 3-5

COUNTERSUNK HEADS 4-4.3.2

CRACKS-FLAKING 4-4.5.3

CRACKS-PERIPHERAL 4-4.5.1

CRACKS-STRESS 4-4.5.2

CYLINDRICAL PARTS 4-3.6.2

CYLINDRICAL SURFACES 3-5

DATUM 1-6.8

DATUM TARGET 1-6.9

DEBURRING 1-6.10

DEFECTS 4-3.6.3

DEFECTS-VISUAL 4-3.3



INDEX

(3 of 8)

Subject Paragraph

DIE-CASTING 3-1.4

DRAWING vs THIS STANDARD 1-5.1

DRILLED HOLES 2-7.3

ECCENTRICITY 1-6.11

ENDS, FACE & SHOULDER-CYLINDRICAL PARTS 2-7.2

EXCESS PLATING 5-2.4

EXTERNAL RADIUS-MAXIMUM (OUTSIDE) 2-4.7

EXTERNAL THREADS 3-12.1

FINISH (SURFACE TEXTURE) 1-6.13

FIT 1-6.12

FLATNESS 1-6.14, 2-6

FLATNESS TOLERANCE 1-6.15

FLATNESS TOLERANCE-MACHINED SURFACES 2-6.3

FLATNESS TOLERANCE-SHEET METAL SURFACES 2-6.2

FORMED SIDES AND RIGHT ANGLE BENDS 2-2.3

FULL INDICATOR MOVEMENT 1-6.16

GEARS 4-1

GEOMETRIC TOLERANCING 1-5.4

HARDWARE 2-3.3

HEXAGONAL STOCK 2-3.4

HOLE DEPTH 2-8.4

HOLE DEPTH 3-6.2

HOLE DEPTH-TOLERANCE 3-6.3

HOLE DIAMETER 3-6.1, 2-8.3



INDEX

(4 of 8)

Subject Paragraph

HOLES 2-1.2, 3-6

HOLES - (OTHER THAN ALUMINUM) 5-2.5

IMPERFECTIONS 3-1.5

INSERTS-POSTS, THREADED (SHEET METAL) 4-2

INTERNAL RADIUS-MAXIMUM (INSIDE) 2-4.6

INTERNAL THREADS-TAPPED HOLES 3-12.2

INTERSECTING HOLES 2-7.4

LATERAL (FACE) 3-9.1

LAY 1-6.21

LOCKING DEVICES 4-3

MACHINE PARTS 2-3.1

MACHINED INSIDE CORNERS 2-4.2

MACHINED SAURFACES 2-2.1

MASKING 5-1.1

MEAN DIMENSION 1-6.17

MAXIMUM DEVIATION (FULL INDICATOR MOVEMENT (FIM) 3-3.1

MICROINCH 1-6.18

NOMINAL DIMENSION 1-6.19

NOMINAL SIZE 1-6.2

NON-RIGID PARTS 3-8.1

NON-STRUCTURAL 4-4.2

OUTSIDE PROCESS/REVISIONS 1-5.3

OVERSPRAY 5-1.2



INDEX

(5 of 8)

Subject Paragraph

PAINTED SURFACES 5-1

PARALLEL HOLES LOCATED BY A COMMON CENTERLINE 2-1.2.4

PARALLELISM-MACHINED SURFACES 3-7

PARALLELSIM 1-6.22

PARALLELSIM TOLERANCE 1-6.23

PERPENDICULAR (PERPENDICULARITY) 1-6.24

PERPENDICULARITY TOLERANCE 1-6.25

PERPENDICULARITY-(SQUARENESS) 2-7

PIERCED INSIDE CORNERS (SHEET METAL) 2-4.1

PIN USAGE 4-3.6

PLATING 5-2

PLATING TOLERANCE 5-2.1

PRESS FIT 1-6.26

PROTECTION FROM CORROSION AND DAMAGE 2-5

PUNCHED HOLES 5-2.4.3

PURPOSE 1-1

RADIAL 3-9.2

RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION 3-1.7

RAW MATERIAL (SHEET METAL ONLY) 5-2.2

REFERENCES/MATERIAL REVISIONS/PROCESS REVISIONS 1-5

RESPONSIBILITIES / (GENERAL) 1-4

REVISION STATUS/BILLS OF MATERAIL 1-5.2

RIGHT ANGLE BENDS 2-7.7



INDEX

(6 of 8)

Subject Paragraph

REFERENCE DIMENSION 1-6.27

REFERENCE/EXHIBITS 1-3

RIVET OVER 1-6.28

RIVET REPAIR 4-4.4

RIVETING 4-4

ROLL OVER 1-6.29

ROUGHNESS 1-6.30

ROUNDNESS – SPHERICAL 1-6.33

ROUNDNESS (CIRCULARITY) 1-6.31

ROUNDNESS (OUT OF ROUND) 3-8

ROUNDNESS –CYLINDER OR CONE 1-6.32

RUNOUT 1-6.34

RUNOUT 3-9

SAFETY WIRING (LOCK WIRING) 4-3.2

SAFETY WIRING AND COTTER PINNING 4-3.1

SCOPE 1-2

SHEET METAL 2-7.6

SNAP RINGS 4-3.4

SOLID RIVETS-STRUCTURAL 4-4.3

SPIN OVER 1-6.36

SHEET METAL PARTS 2-3.2

SPINNING 1-6.35

SPOTFACE 2-8.5

SQUARENESS 1-6.37



INDEX

(7 of 8)

Subject Paragraph

STAKING 1-6.38

STAKING SET SCREWS 4-3.8

STAKING SLOTTED SCREWS (FLAT HEAD) 4-3.7

STRAIGHTNESS 1-6.39

STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCE-CYLINDRICAL SURFACE 1-6.40

STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCE-FLAT SURFACE 1-6.41

SURFACE FINISH 3-1.3

SURFACE FINISH-SHEET METAL 3-10

SURFACE TEXTURE (ROUGHNESS)-MACHINED 3-11

SYMBOLOGY 1-6.42

SYMBOLOGY 3-11.1

TAP DEPTH-NOT SPECIFIED 3-12.2.2

TAP DEPTH-SPECIFIED 3-12.2.3

TAP DRILL DEPTH 3-12.2.4

TAPPED HOLES 3-5.2

TAPPED HOLES (ALUMINUM) 5-2.3

TAPPED HOLES (EXCESS PLATING) 5-2.4.1

TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 1-6

TEST BARS 3-1.6

THIN SECTIONS 3-5.3

THREAD LENGTH 3-12.1.2

THREAD RELIEF 3-12.1.3



INDEX

(8 of 8)

Subject Paragraph

THREADED ASSEMBLIES 4-5

THREADED INSERTS 5-2.4.1

THREADED PARTS 2-7.5

THREADS-MACHINED 3-12

THROUGH TAPPED HOLES 5-2.3.2

TIR (TOTAL INDICATOR READING) 1-6.43

TOLERANCE 2-8

TOLERANCE (DRAFT) 3-1.2

TOLERANCE (MACHINED TO CAST SURFACE) 3-1.1

TORQUE ADAPTORS 4-5.5

TORQUE ADAPTORS - TORQUE COMPUTATION 4-5.6

TORQUE ADAPTORS - TYPES OF ADAPTORS 4-5.7

TORQUE LIMITS – THREADED FASTENERS 4-5.1

TORQUE LIMITS – REUSED LOCK NUTS 4-5.2

TORQUE LIMITS – HOSE & TUBE FITTINGS 4-5.3

TORQUE LIMITS – PIPE THREADS 4-5.4

TUBULAR AND SEMI-TUBULAR FASTENERS 4-4.5

TYPICAL 1-6.44

UNDERCUTS 2-4.10

UNILATERAL TOLERANCED HOLES 2-1.2.1

UNIVERSAL HEADS 4-4.3.1

WAVINESS 1-6.45

WIRE USAGE 4-3.5

standard shop practices - east/west · pdf file1-5.4 geometric tolerancing ... 1-6.2 basic...

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