standard 1.h: read and interpret topographic and geologic maps
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Standard 1.h: Read and interpret topographic and geologic maps.
Mapping Our World
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• In order to find locations on Earth, cartographers have created an imaginary grid of parallel lines and vertical lines.
• The equator is an imaginary line that circles Earth halfway between the north and south poles.
Understanding Maps
• This separates Earth into two hemispheres:
1. Northern Hemisphere
2. Southern Hemisphere
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• Imaginary lines that run parallel to the equator
• The distance in degrees North or South of the equator
Latitude
Measured from 0° at the
equator to 90° at the poles
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• Locations north of the equator are referred to by degrees north latitude (N).
• Locations south of the equator are referred to by degrees south latitude (S).
North Latitude is
located North of the
Equator
South Latitude is
located South of the
Equator
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Degrees of Latitude
– Each degree of latitude is equivalent to about 111 km on Earth’s surface.
– To locate positions on Earth more precisely, cartographers break down degrees of latitude into 60 smaller units, called minutes (´).
– A minute of latitude can be further divided into 60 seconds (´´).
– Longitude is also divided into degrees, minutes, and seconds.
1° = 111 km (69 miles)
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• Also known as meridians. • Distance in degrees east or west of the
prime meridian.
Longitude
The prime meridian,
representing 0° longitude, is the
reference point for longitude.
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• The Prime Meridian divides Earth into East and West Hemispheres
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• Points west of the prime meridian are numbered from 0° to 180° west longitude (W).
• Points east of the prime meridian are numbered from 0° to 180° east longitude (E).
(Runs through Greenwich, England)
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• Longitude lines are not parallel; they are large semicircles that extend vertically from pole to pole.
• Distances covered by degrees of longitude vary with location.
• One degree of longitude varies from about 111 km at the equator to essentially the distance covered by a point at the poles.
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– Both latitude and longitude are needed to precisely locate positions on Earth.
– For example, the location of New Orleans is 29°57´N, 90°04´W.
– Latitude always is written first.
Locating Places with Coordinates