S&T Indicators of Pakistan A Country Report

2010 South Asian Regional Workshop on STI Indicators

Kathmandu, Nepal

(December 6 - 9, 2010)

Muhammad Shahid

Pakistan Council for Science and Technology

Islamabad

S&T Status at Independence

• Meager Human and Financial Resources

• Poor Infrastructure – Only 4 small Laboratories – Two Universities– One Agricultural College

Current S&T Status

• Independent Ministries for:– Science and Technology – IT and Telecommunications– Higher Education Commission

• 85 Major R&D Organizations with 224 research institutes / centres / labs etc.

• 133 Universities / Degree Awarding Institutes including:– 17 Engineering and Technology– 6 Agriculture– 9 Medicine

Current S&T Status

• S&T Manpower– 54,689 researchers(Headcount) – 334 researchers per million(Headcount), – 169 researchers per million (FTE)

• S&T Expenditure– Total S&T expenditure: US$ 1280.69 million – Total R&D expenditure: US$ 690.92 million– S&T expenditure as percent of GDP: 0.86% – R&D expenditure as percent of GDP: 0.46%

Source: PCST Survey (2009-10)

S&T Policy Formulation

• Policy formulation at the national level

– National Commission for Science and Technology

• Executive Committee of National Commission for Science and Technology

• Pakistan Council for Science and Technology

– Ministry of Science and Technology

• Policy formulation at the sectoral level

– Ministries of S&T, IT&Telecom, Agriculture, Health Industries, HEC, PAEC

National Commission for Science and Technology (NCST)

• Constituted in 1984 • Apex policy body for S&T – Headed by PM • 27 members

• 6 Federal Ministers • 4 Provincial Ministers

• Pakistan Council for Science and Technology – secretariat of NCST

Composition of NCST

Chairman Prime Minister of PakistanVice Chairman Minister for S&TMember/Secretary Chairman, PCST

Minister for Finance Minister for Agriculture Minister for Industries Minister for Education Provincial Ministers for S&T (4) Deputy Chairman, Planning

Commission Secretary, S&TR Division Secretary, IT&Telecom Division Secretary, Ministry of Education President, Pakistan Academy of

Sciences Chairman, Pakistan Engineering

Council

Chairman, Higher Education Commission

Chairman, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission

Chairman, Pakistan Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

Chairman, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council

President, Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry

Scientists/Technologists nominated by Prime Minister (3)

Industrialists nominated by Prime Minister (2)

Other Members

Executive Committee of National Commission for Science and Technology (ECNCST)

• Constituted in 1989 • To coordinate, oversee and review the S&T

policies and R&D programmes• To implement policy decisions taken by NCST• Headed by the Minister for S&T • 29 members • PCST is the secretariat

Pakistan Council for Science & Technology (PCST)

• Advise the Government on S&T Policies and Plans

• Secretariat of National Commission for Science and Technology

• Carry out Scientometric Studies• Prepare State of the Art reports on S&T

issues• Maintain databank on S&T Statistics and

Indicators• Evaluation of research – bibliometric methods

S&T Governance in Pakistan

Prime Minster

Minister for S&T

National Commission for S&T

Ministry of S&T

Related Ministries

PAEC & HEC

Pakistan Council for S&T

* Ministries of IT & Telecom., Agriculture, Industries, Health etc.

National Assembly Standing

Committee on S&T

Senate Standing Committee on Education and

S&T

S&T / R&D Organizations

Other Ministers*

PM Secretariat

Recent Measures

• Quantum jumps in budgets for S&T & Higher

Education?

• New IT Ministry established

• Full support at the highest level

Recent Measures (2)

• Increase in S&T budget sustained over last 9 years

• Up-gradation of research infrastructure• HRD (5000 local; >3000 abroad) • Program of indigenous industrialization

– Semi-industrial scale pilot plants• Development projects worth over Rs 27

billion under implementation

Reversing Brain Drain

• New Service Structure for Scientists– Tenure Track appointments in universities– Av. salary of faculty raised to US$ 3000

p.m.

• 75% tax waiver for researchers and university teachers

• Research Productivity Allowance• 5-fold increase in international publications

….Cont’d

Reversing Brain Drain (2)

• Foreign Faculty Hiring Programme– More than 500 foreign nationals and

expatriate Pakistanis

• Adjunct Faculty Programme to involve Diaspora

S&T System in Pakistan

• 85 R&D organizations– 224 institutes, laboratories and research

stations

• 35 under federal government• 50 under provincial governments

– 26 Punjab– 13 Sind– 6 NWFP– 5 Baluchistan

S&T Indicators

Growth in Higher Education Institutions

Source: Higher Education Commission

Higher Education Institutions by Field

Source: Higher Education Commission

S&T Manpower (Headcount)

Source: PCST Survey (2009-10)

S&T Manpower by Occupation (FTE)

Source: PCST Survey (2009-10)

Field

Researchers Technicians Support Staff Total

M F Total M F Total M F Total M F TotalNatural Sciences 8728 4168 12896 1336 74 1410 4835 371 5206 14899 4613 19512

Engineering & Technology 8394 1257 9651 2852 92 2944 2480 100 2580 13726 1449 15175

Medical Sciences 5471 3038 8509 2135 202 2337 8932 802 9734 16538 4042 20580

Agricultural Sciences 7278 742 8020 3215 69 3284 12759 143 12902 23252 954 24206

Social Sciences 5572 2940 8512 351 22 373 4826 691 5517 10749 3653 14402

Humanities3031 2180 5211 699 63 762 3217 238 3455 6947 2481 9428

Others1465 425 1890 2573 61 2634 27748 1645 29393 31786 2131 33917

Total39939 14750 54689 13161 583 13744 64797 3990 68787 117897 19323 137220

S&T Manpower by Field, Occupation and Gender

Source: PCST Survey (2009-10)

S&T Manpower by Field & Gender

15175

19512

Source: PCST Survey (2009-10)

Researchers by Field & Sector of Employment

R&D Expenditure by Sector

Million Rs

*proportional to FTE factor

Source: PCST Survey (2009-10)

Growth in R&D Expenditure

Source: PCST Survey (2009-10)

Growth in R&D Expenditure as %age of GDP

Source: PCST Survey (2009-10)

Growth in Per Capita S&T Expenditure

Source: PCST Survey (2009-10)

Growth in Per Capita R&D Expenditure

Source: PCST Survey (2009-10)

Publications from Pakistan in International Journals

Source: ISI Web of Science

THANK YOU