ss{]a-dn -xew ersion for the intelectually... · 6 _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-sp-∂-...
TRANSCRIPT
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfnt\cn-Sp-∂-
Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw
tIc-f -k¿°m¿
hnZym-̀ ym-k-h-Ip∏v2014
kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk
Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\
kanXn (SCERT)tIcfw
]mTy]≤Xn
ss{]a-dn -Xew
Experimental V
ersion
Prepared by: State Council of Educational Research & Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram -12, Kerala. E-mail:[email protected]
Type setting by: SCERT Computer Lab.©
Government of KeralaEducation Department
2014
F√m-h¿°pw hnZ-ym-`-ymkw (Education for All) F∂-Xn¬\n∂v KpW-ta-∑-
bp≈ hnZ-ym-̀ ymkw F√m-h¿°pw (Quality Education to All) Dd-∏m-°pI F∂
e£y-Øn-te-°p≈ {]bm-W-Øn-emWv \man-t∏mƒ. hnZ-ym-`-ymk Ah-Imi
\nbaw (Right To Education) \S-∏m-b-tXmsS ]e Imc-W-ß-fm¬ hnZ-ym-e-b-
ß-fn¬ {]th-in-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hsc Is≠Øn hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ FØn-
°pI F∂-Xv \ΩpsS IS-a-bmWv. {ia-I-c-amb {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS am{Xta
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfnIƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Isf kvIqfp-I-fn¬ FØn-
°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q. kvIqfn¬ FØn-®mepw hnhn[ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-
Sp∂ Ch¿°v s]mXp-hmb Hcp ]mTy-]-≤Xn Xbm-dm-°pI F∂Xv AXn-
tesd {ia-I-c-am-Wv. Cu taJ-e-bn¬ \S∂ ]T\-ß-fpsS ^e-ßfpw CXp-
X-s∂-bm-Wv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
CØcw ]T-\-^-e-ß-fmWv k¿°m-cns\ Cu taJ-e-bnse hnZ-ym-`-ymk
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ Nn´-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-XmWv F∂ Nn¥-bn-te°v \bn-®Xpw,
CXn-\mbn kwÿm-\- hn-Z-ym-`-ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kan-Xnsb
(SCERT) Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXpw. \nc-¥-c-amb N¿®-I-fn-eq-sSbpw A`n-{]m-
b-{]-I-S-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw Dcp-Øn-cn™ Bi-b-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn BZy-L-´-
Øn¬ kao-]-\-tcJ Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw, AXnse Bi-b-߃ c≠mw L´-
Øn¬ in¬]-im-e-I-fn-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn- Xbm-dm-°pIbpw sNbvX-XmWv
Cu ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn. CXns‚ ]q¿Øo-I-c-W-Øn-\mbn {]h¿Øn® F√m-h-
tcbpw A`n-\-μn-°p-∂p.
Cu ]mT-y-]-≤Xn A\p-k-cn-®p≈ Hcp ]mT-y-{Iaw kwÿm-\sØ _p≤n-]-
c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ hnZ-ym-e-b-ß-fn¬ \S-∏m-
°p-hm≥ Iq´mb {iaw A\n-hmc-y-am-Wv. Cu {ia-Øns‚ apt∂m-Sn-bm-bn,
Xnc-s™-SpØ kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ]co-£-Wm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \S-∏m-°n A\p-`-
h-ßsf kzmwio-I-cn®v IqSp-X¬ ka-{K-am-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. CXv bmYm¿Yy-am-
Ip-tºmƒ Cu taJ-e-bnse Ip´n-Iƒ°pw c£n-Xm-°ƒ°pw KpW-I-c-am-Ip-
sa∂v {]Xym-in-°mw.
CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \nß-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw {]Xo-
£n-®p-sIm≠v..
Ub-d-IvS¿
Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn., tIcfw
{ioaXn kwKoX sI \mb¿{]n≥kn-∏mƒ, s{Sbn-\nwKv sk‚¿ t^m¿kvs]jy¬ FUyq-t°-j≥, tP\n \K¿,Gcq¿
{ioaXn joP h¿Kokv{]≥kn-∏mƒ, do\ satΩm-dn-b¬ kwc-£Wkvs]jy¬ kvIqƒ, kuØv Nn‰q¿, sIm®n
{ioaXn kvanX Ac-hnμvFkv.-B¿.-hn.F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv. Ic-Ip-fw,Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
{io. tPmkv Un. kpPohvKh. F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv. Ic-Ip-fw,Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
tUm. ]n.sI. XneIvdnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn
{io. sI.‰n. Znt\ivdnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn
Icn-°pew cq]o-I-cW in¬]-im-e-I-fn¬ ]s¶SpØh¿
A°m-Z-anIv tImUnt\‰¿
tUm. ao\. Fkv, dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿, Fkv.-kn.C.-B¿.Sn., tIcfw
hnZKv[¿
Nn{X-c-N\
{io. kp[o¿. ]n. sshUo≥ _mKv {Iotb-‰ohv aoUnb
{io. cmtI-jv, s\øm¿Umw
s{]m -̂k¿ ]n. Pb-N-{μ≥Ub-dIvS¿, hnPbv lyqa≥ k¿ho-k-kv, sNs∂
tUm. F.Sn. t{Xky-Ip´ns{]m -̂k¿, F≥.-sF.-Fw.-F-®v, sk°-Z-cm-_mZv
tUm. hnP-b-e£van.sPs{]m^-k¿, NIEPMD, sNss∂
tUm. ]n. Fkv. kpIp-am-c≥s{]m^-k¿ C≥ kvs]jy¬ FUyqt°-j≥, Fw Pn bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n, tIm´bw
tUm. PbcmPv Fw.sI.{]n≥kn-∏mƒ, Fkv.-sF.-Fw.-kn, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
tUm. kn. tKmIp¬Zm-k≥ ]n≈Akn-Â v s{]m^-k¿ (dn´.) (Icn-°p-ew), Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn
tUm. _n. {ioIp-amcn AΩAkn-Â v s{]m^-k¿ (dn´.) (kvs]jy¬ FUyq-t°-j≥), Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn
{io. kp[o¿ i‡≥tSmkv sSIvt\m-f-Pokv ss{]h‰v enan-‰Uv, t\m¿Øv ]c-hq¿, Fd-Wm-Ipfw
tUm. knÿ t•mdn{]n≥kn-∏mƒ, \n¿ae kZ≥ sk°-≠dn s{Sbn-\nwKv tImtfPv t^m¿
kvs]jy¬ FUyq-t°-j≥, aqhm-‰p-]pg.
tUm. _m_p-°p-́ ≥.]nko\n-b¿ eIvN-d¿, Ub‰v sIm√w
{io. ]fl-\m-̀ ≥.sI.hnko\n-b¿ eIvN-d¿, Ub‰v IÆq¿
{ioaXn ̂ mane C.B¿.F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.-Sn. t_m -́Wn,Pn.F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv, Icp-\m-K-∏-≈n, sIm√w
{ioaXn kpioe Ipcy-®≥{]n≥kn-∏mƒ, Bim-tI-{μw, Icn-°mapdn, sIm®n
{ioaXn tamØn sI l_o_v{]n≥kn-∏mƒ, tdm´dn C≥Ãn-‰yq´v t^m¿Nn¬{U¨ C≥ \oUv Hm^v kvs]jy¬ sIb¿,Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
{ioaXn Paoe ]n.F-kv.{]n≥kn-∏mƒ, sI.hn.-Fw. tImtfPv Hm^vkvs]jy¬ FUyq-t°-j≥, tN¿Ø-e, Be-∏pg
{ioaXn cm[nI sI.F-kv.^m°¬‰n, tÉv C≥Ãn-‰yq´v t^m¿ Z sa‚enNe-©Uv ]mß-∏m-d, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
DÅ-S¡w
1 kmwK-X-yhpw ]›m-Ø-ehpw ....................................... 7
2 hnhn-[-Xcw _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ .............. 31
3 _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°p≈............
]mT-y-]-≤Xn ................................................................... 41
4 hnhn[ hn`m-K-°m¿°p≈ ]mT-y-]-≤Xn˛
hni-Zmw-i-߃.............................................................. 62
5 _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn- t\cn-Sp∂
Ip´n-Iƒ°p≈ kvIqfnse A[-ym-]-I¿ .................. 93
6 hn\n-abcoXn ................................................................ 97
7 hne-bn-cp-ج ............................................................. 101
8 tamWn-‰-dnwKpw ]n¥pWmkwhn-[m-\hpw ............... 108
9 _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-t\cn-Sp∂
Ip´n-Iƒ°p≈ hnZ-ym-ebw ....................................... 113
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn6
Experimental V
ersion
Abbreviations UsedRTE Act - Right To Education ActEFA - Education For AllNIMR - National Institute on Mental RetardationUNCRPD - United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with DisabilityPWD Act - Persons With Disabilities ActRCI - Rehabilitation Council of IndiaNTA - National Trust ActNIMH - National Institute for the Mentally HandicappedSIMC - State Institute for the Mentally ChallengedSCERT - State Council of Educational Research and TrainingPh.D - Doctor of PhilosophyM.Ed - Master of EducationIQ - Intelligent QuotientADHD - Attention Deficit Hyperactive DisorderLD - Learning DisorderCNS - Central Nervous SystemMI - Multiple IntelligenceNCF - National Curriculum FrameworkKCF - Kerala Curriculum FrameworkMA - Mental AgeCA - Chronological AgeSIET - State Institute of Educational TechnologySIEMAT - State Institute of Educational Management and TrainingDPI - Director of Public InstructionsIEDSS - Integrated Education of the Disabled Students SchemeSSA - Sarva Siksha AbhiyanRMSA - Rashtriya Madhyamic Shiksha AbhiyanDIET - District Institute of Education and TrainingDDE - Deputy Director of EducationDEO - District Education OfficerAEO - Assistant Education OfficerIEP - Individualised Educational ProgrammeCCE - Continuous and Comprehensive EvaluationPTA - Parent Teacher AssociationLSGD - Local Self Government DepartmentSRG - State Resource GroupSSG - School Support GroupMR - Mental RetardationNIVH - National Institute of Visually Handicapped.NIRTAR - National Institute of Rehabilitation Training And ResearchIPH - Institute for the Physically Handicapped.MDPS - Madras Developmental Programming System.BASIC MR - Behavioural Assessment Scale for Indian Children with Mental
RetardationFACP - Functional Assessment Checklist for Programming.CWSEN - Children With Special Education Needs.OHP - Over Head ProjectorCWD - Children With DisabilitiesHM - Head MasterCTE - Centre for Teacher EducationRC - Regional Centre.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 7
Experimental V
ersion
kmwKXyhpw]›mØehpw
1.1 BapJw
hnZ-ym-̀ -ymk Ah-Im-i-\n-baw (RTE Act - 2009) C¥-y≥ hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-N-cn-{X-
Ønse Hcp \mgn-I-°-√mWv. hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw km¿h-{Xn-I-ambt∏mƒ AXns‚
{]k-‡nbpw {]m[m\yhpw km[m-cW kaql-Øn\phsc t_m[-y-s∏-´p.
AXn≥{]-Imcw F√m-h¿°pw hnZym`ymkw Dd∏mt°≠ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzw `c-
W-I¿Øm-°-fptSXm-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. 6 hb v ]q¿Øn-bmb F√mh¿°pw
hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-kcw e -̀y-am-°p-I, 14 hb- p-hsc \n¿_-‘n-Xhpw
kuP-\-y-hp-amb hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw \¬IpI F∂nh Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Npa-X-e-bmbn.
F√m-h¿°pw hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw (EFA - Education For All) F∂ Bibw Ip´n-bpsS
Ah-Im-i-am-Ip-I-bm-Wn-hnsS. F¶nepw kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-ØnIhpw
kmwkvIm-cnIhpw ̀ qan-im-kv{X-]chpamb \nc-h[n {]Xn-IqeLS-I-߃ sIm≠v
hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw e`n-°m-Ø-hcpw hnZ-ymeb-ß-fn¬ FØn-t®-cm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h-cp-
ambn Hcp \yq-\-]£w C∂pw \ΩpsS tIc-f-Øn-ep-s≠∂ bmYm¿Yyw \mw
ad-∂pIqSm. Ah¿°p-IqSn hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ahkcw \¬Ip-tºmƒ
am{Xta F√m-h¿°pw hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw F∂ Ah-Imiw ]q¿-Wambpw kwc-£n-
°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈q.
Cu \yq\]£Øn¬ imcocnIhpw am\knIhpambn sh√phnfn t\cn-Sp∂Xn¬
Hcp hn`mKw Ip´nIsf Hgn®v _m°nbp≈hsc s]mXphnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-cwK-tØ°v
sIm≠phcm≥- ̀ c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb CS-s]-S-ep-IfneqsSbpw, B\p-Iq-e-y-߃
A\phZn°p∂-Xn-eqsSbpw, hnZ-ym-ebhpw ¢m -¥-co-£hpw ]T-\-co-Xn-Ifpw
BI¿j-I-am-°p∂-Xn-eqsSbpsams° km[-yam°m≥ Ignbpw. hnZ-ym-e-bhpw
kaq-l-hp-ambn´p≈ _‘w IqSp-X¬ kulm¿±-]q¿W-am-Ip∂Xp hgn Chsc
s]mXp-hnZym-`-ymk[mc-bn-te-s°-Øn-°m≥ \ap°v Ign-bpw. AtXmsSm∏w
t_m[-h-XvI-c-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Cu {]{In-bbv°v B°w Iq´pw F∂Xn¬
kwi-b-an-√.
F∂m¬ imco-cn-I-ambpw am\-kn-I-ambpw ]cn-an-Xn-Itfm sh√p-hn-fn-Itfm A\p-
-̀hn-°p∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-Im-c-y-Øn¬ ta¬∏-d-™-ku-I-c-y-ßtfm
t_m[-h-XvI-c-Wtam H∂pw ]c-ym-]vX-am-sb∂p hcn-√. Cu hn`m-K-Øns‚ {]iv\-
߃ Iqtd-°qSn k¶o-¿W-am-Wv. Ch-cpsS Imc-y-Øn¬ Ip´nIƒ am{X-a√ c£n-
Xm-°fpw kaq-lhpw t\cn-Sp∂ \nc-h[n {]iv\-ßfpw {]Xn-k-‘n-Ifpap≠v.
1A[ymbw
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn8
Experimental V
ersion
1.2. kmwKXyw
_p≤n]camb sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂ Ip´nIfpsS Btcm-Kyw, ]cn-N-cWw, kwc-
£Ww, sXmgn¬, IpSpw_PohnXw, ]p\-c-[n-hmkw XpSßn \nc-h[n LS-I-
ßsf _‘-s∏-SpØn am{-Xta hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-sØbpw kao-]n-°m-\m-Iq. ka-{K-
amb hnI-k\w F∂Xv s]mXp-[m-c-bnse hnZ-ym¿Yn-I-tfmsSm∏w Cu hn`m-K-
Øn-\pw Gsd {]kIv-X-amb Imc-y-amWvv. AXn-\mbn Ch-cpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw
Bh-iy-ßfpw AXns‚ Bg-Øn-epw ]c-∏nepw a\- n-em-t°≠-Xp-≠v. -F¶n¬
am{Xta Ch-¿°v hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-]c-amb ]n¥pW GX-f-hn¬ \¬I-Wsa∂pw
{]iv\-߃ F{XtØmfw ]cn-l-cn-°m-\m-Ip-sa∂pap≈ Imc-y-Øn¬ icn-bmb
ImgvN-∏mSv cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bq. Aßs\-sbmcp \ne-bntes°Øn-t®-cm≥
\ap°v CXp-hsc Ign-™n-́ n-√. t\Snb [mc-W-Ifpw e`n® Dƒ°mgv-N-Ifpw
{]tbmK]YØn-se-Øn-°m≥ \ap°v Gsd apt∂m´p t]mtI-≠-Xp-≠v. _p≤n-
]-c-amb sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂ Ip´nIfpsS hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw, ]cnNcWw, kwc-
£Ww, sXmgn¬, hy-‡n-Po-hnXw, IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw, ]p\-c-[n-hmkw, NnIn’,
B\p-Iq-e-y-߃, {]tX-yI ]mt°-Pp-Iƒ, ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bv°mbn \nc-
h[n hIp-∏p-Ifpw kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw GP≥kn-I-fp-w C∂v {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-
≠v. F¶nepw H -́\-h[n {]iv\-߃ Ip´n-I-fp-tSbpw c£n-Xm-°-fp-tSbpw am{Xw
DXvI-WvT--bmbn C∂pw XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv.
hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-Ønepw kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-X-Ønepw imco-cnIsh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ (PhysicallyChallenged) t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°v Hc-f-thmfw apt∂-dm≥ Ignbp∂p≠v. klmbI
D]-I-c-W-ßfpw, kwh-c-Whpw, B-\p-Iq-e-yßfpw, sXdm-∏n-Ifpw Ch-cpsS ]cn-
an-Xn-Iƒ adn-I-S-°mt\m eLq-I-cn-°mt\m klm-b-Iam-Ip-∂p-≠v. CØcw Bfp-
I-fpsS Iq´m-bva-Ifpw k¿°m¿ CXc GP≥kn-Ifpw Cu bXv\-Øn¬
kvXpXy¿lamb tkh\w \¬In hcp-∂p. _p≤n-]-c-amb ]cn-an-Xn-Itfm ]n∂m-
°m-h-ÿtbm A\p-̀ -hn-°p-∂- Ip´n-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ XnI®pw hy-‡n-K-X-
amb Xe-Øn¬ Xs∂ ta¬∏-d™ B\p-Iq-e-y-ßfpw NnIn-’-Ifpw \¬tI-
≠n-hcp∂p. A\p-tbm-P-y-amb hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw, ]cn-io-e\w, sXdm∏n, klm-bI
kwhn-[m-\-߃ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS Ch-cpsS \nebpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n-
°pw. AXn\v A\p-Kp-W-amb hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-amWv {][m-\-ambpw Bkq-{XWw
sNbvXp \S-∏m-t°-≠-Xvv. A\p-tbmP-y-amb hnZym`ymkImgvN-∏mSpw, kao-]-
\hpw, ]T-\-co-Xn-Ifpw, A[ym-]I ]cn-io-e-\hpw `uXn-I-kml-N-c-y-ßfpw
ssItIm¿°p-tºmƒ am{Xta Cu DZyaw hnP-b-Øn-te°v FØpIbp≈q.
Ch¿°v A`n-Im-a-y-amb ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ, X{¥-߃/kt¶-X-߃ cq]o-I-cn-t°-
≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu hn`m-K-Øns‚ hnZym-̀ -ymk ]ptcm-K-Xn°v A\p-tbm-P-y-
amIpw hn[w, Ah-cpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Isf eLq--I-cn-°p∂, ss\k¿KnI tijn-
Isf AXns‚ ]mc-a-y-Øn-se-Øn-°p∂, Poh-k‘m-c-W-Øn-\m-h-i-yamb ss\]p-
Wn-I-fpsSbpw {]mtbm-KnI tijn-I-fp-tSbpw hnIm-ksØ Xz-cn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp∂
]≤XnIfmWv th≠-Xv. kq£va-X-e-Øn¬ Bkq-{XWw sNbvXhbpw
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 9
Experimental V
ersion
imkv{Xo-b-amb ASn-Ø-d-bp≈hbpamIWw Cu ]≤XnIƒ. F¶n¬ am{Xta
Chsc kzbw ]c-ym-]vX-X-bn-se-Øn-°m≥ Hc-f-hp-hscsb¶nepw \ap°v km[n-
°q. AXn-\mbn {]tXyIw cq]-I¬]\ sNbvX Hcp ]mT-y-]-≤-Xnbpw kne-
_kpw ]cn-io-e\w In´nb A[ym]Icpw, sa®-s∏´ ̀ uXnI kml-N-c-y-ß-fpw
AX-y-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.
imco-cnIhpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb ]cn-anXn A\p-̀ -hn-°p∂ Ip´n-I-fn¬ Hcp \n›nX
iX-am\w s]mXp-hn-Z-ym-e-b-ß-fn¬ ]T\w \S-Øn-h-cp-∂p. Ipd®p Ip´n-Iƒ GIo-
Ir-X]T\ kao-]-\tam coXntbm C√msX \S-Øn-h-cp∂ khn-tijhnZ-ym-e-
b-ß-fn¬ tNcp-∂p. F∂m¬ AhnsSt∏mepw FØmsX hoSn-\p-≈n¬ Ign-
™p-Iq-Sp∂ Ip´n-Ifpw D≠v.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ B{i-bn-°p-∂ khn-ti-j-hnZyme-
b-߃ hyh-ÿn-Xn-bp-sStbm, kaq-l-Ønt‚tbm, ]n¥p-W, \nb-{¥-Ww, CS-
s]-S-ep-Iƒ Ch C√msX {]h¿Øn-°p∂ ÿm]-\-ßfmWv. Cu hnZ-ym-e-b-
ß-ƒ°v, hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k- e£y-߃ c£-I¿Øm-°-sftbm kaq-l-sØtbm icn-
bmb A¿Y-Ønepw {]m[m-\-y-Ønepw t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Ign-bp-∂n-√.
Cu Ip´n-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-P-y-amb ]T-\m¥-co-£tam ]›m-Ø-etam Hcp-°p-
∂-Xn¬ hnP-bn-°m≥ ̀ qcn-]£w hnZ-ym-e-b-߃°pw Ign-™n-́ n-√. _p≤n-]-c-
amb sh√p-hn-fn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS ]T-\-t_m-[\ {]{In-b-Iƒ GtIm-]n-
∏n®v A[-ym-]-I¿°v A\p-tbm-P-y-amb ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-∂-Xnepw Ahsc
im‡o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xnepw C∂pw \ap°v ]q¿W-hn-Pbw t\Sm≥ km[n-®n-́ n-√.
Hmtcm Ip´n°pw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bmWv _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-
fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°m-hiyw. Ah-cpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ°\pkcn®p≈
]T-\-{Iaw, {]{Inb, Ime-b-fh,v XpS¿]-T-\-km-[-yX, hne-bn-cp-Øepw aqe-y-\n¿W-
bhpw XpSßnb taJ-e-Ifn¬, \mw t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv.
Cu Ip´n-I-fpsS am\-knI, imco-cnI, ssh⁄m-\nI Ignhp-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-
°p-∂-Xn\v hnhn[ hn`m-K-ßsf GtIm-]n-∏n-°Ww. kmt¶XnIhnZ-ym-cw-
KØp≠mb t\´-ßsf Ch-cpsS D∂-a-\-Øn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb hn[-Øn¬
{Ia-s∏-Sp-ØWw. XnI®pw imkv{Xo-b-ambn Nn -́s∏-Sp-Ønb kml-N-c-y-ß-fn-
eqsS hnhn[ tijohn-Im-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-kcw Ch¿°mbn Hcp-t°-≠-Xp-
≠v. ]T-\-k-ao-]\ X{¥ßfn¬ hy-‡-ym-[n-jvTnX am¿K-߃ (IndividualisedMethods) imkv{Xo-b-ambn hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠Xv ASn-b-¥nc {]m[m-\yw A¿ln-
°p∂ hnj-b-am-Wv. Cu Ip´n-I-fpsS imcocnI am\-knI ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ, khn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ F∂nh Xncn-®-dn™v ka-{Khpw F∂m¬ Ab-hp-≈-Xp-amb Hcp
kao-]\w kzo-I-cn-°Ww. C{]-Imcw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb hnZ-ym-̀ ymkw Dd-∏p-h-
cp-Øp-∂Xn\v \ap°v km[n-°pw.
Ch-¿°p≈ hnZ-ym-̀ -ymk ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ km¿Y-I-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ imkv{Xo-b-amb
]mT-y-]-≤Xntbm A\p-tbm-P-y-amb ]T-\-X-{¥-ßtfm kao-]-\tam am{Xw t]mcm.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn10
Experimental V
ersion
Ch-cpsS Btcm-Kyw, sXmgn¬ km[-y-X-Iƒ, ]p\-c-[n-hmkw, tbmKyXbpw KpW-
\n-e-hm-chpw D≈ A[-ym-]-Isc Dd-∏m-°¬ F∂o LS-I-ßfpw {]m[m-\-y-
a¿ln-°p-∂p. Chsc ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ A[ym]-I-cpsS tbmKyXIƒ, Ah¿°m-h-
i-y-amb XpS¿]cn-io-e\w, \nb-a\w, tkh-\-thX\- hyhÿ-Iƒ F∂nh GtIm-
]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw BI¿jI-am-°p-Ibpw thWw. Ch¿°m-bp≈ khn-tij- hnZym-
e-b-ßfpw \nc-h[n sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂p-≠v. CXn¬ {][m\w tI{μo-Ir-
X-amb cPn-kvt{S-j≥ kwhn-[m\w Cu hnZym-e-b-߃°n-√ F∂p-≈Xp
Xs∂bmWv. khn-tij hnZ-ym-e-b-߃ Bcw-̀ n-°p-∂-Xnt\m, \S-Øn-s°m-≠p-
t]m-Ip-∂-Xnt\m AwKoImcw t\Sp-∂-Xnt\m, ̂ e-{]-Z-amb \n¿tZ-i-ßtfm hy-
h-ÿ-Itfm \nb-a-ßtfm C∂p \nehnen√. Cu hnZ-ym-e-b-߃ ]eXpw \S-
Øn-s°m≠p t]mIp-∂-Xn¬ AXns‚ NpaXes∏ -́h¿ ISpØ kmº-ØnI
_m[-y-X-Iƒ A\p-̀ -hn-°p-∂p-≠v.
A°m-Z-an-Ihpw ̀ c-W-]-c-hp-amb CØcw \n-c-h[n sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ \ap°v AXn-
Pohnt°-≠-Xp-≠v. AXn-\mbn Nne ASn-b-¥n-c- CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-tØ-≠n-bn-
cn-°p-∂p. kwÿm-\-hnZym-̀ -ym-k-h-Ip∏pw, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. bpw Cu cwKØv
`c--W-]-chpw A°m-Z-an-I-hp-amb t\XrXzw hln-°m-\p≈ {ia-߃
Bcw`n®n´p≠v. imkv{Xo-bambn cq]-I¬]\ sNbvX ]mT-y-]-≤-Xnbpw hnhn[
taJ-e-I-fnse hnZ-Kv[-cpsS tkh-\-ßfpw GtIm-]n-∏n®v apt∂m´p t]mbm¬
Xo{hhpw Xo£vW-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h-cn¬ t]mepw KpW-]-
chpw A\pIq-e-hp-amb hnImkw D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°m≥ \ap-°m-hpw. _p≤n-]-c-
amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cnSp∂ Ip´n-IfpsS hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-khpw ]p\-c-[n-hm-khpw
cmjv{S-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzamWv. B Xn-cn-®-dnhv \sΩ apt∂m´p \bn-°pI
Xs∂ sNø-Ww.
2012 ˛ se Unsk-_n-en‰n _n¬ sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ hy-‡n-Isf kw_-
‘n®v Ht´sd sXmgn¬ km[-y-X-Iƒ Dd-∏p-\¬Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. sXmgn¬]c-ambn
Ah¿°v In´m-\n-cn-°p∂ Ah-k-c-߃ kzm-b-Ø-am-°m≥ Ah-iyw th≠
A°m-Z-anI Adn-hp-Ifpw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb t{KUnßpw k¿´n-̂ n-°-‰p-I-fp-sa√mw
Ch-cpsS ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-Øn\p th≠ LSIßfmWv. Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ
KpW-]-c-amb Hcp hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-{]-{Inb im{kvXo-b-ambpw ka-{K-ambpw \S-∏m-
°m≥, B[p-\nI a\p-j-ym-h-Imi k¶¬]-ß-sfbpw kmIe-ym-[n-jvTn-X-amb
PohnXImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-sfbpw ka-\-z-bn-∏n®v {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn \S-∏m-°m≥ Ign-
bp∂ Hcp ]mTy-]≤Xn A\nhm-c-y-am-Wv.
1.3 Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ]›m-Øew
a\p-tj-ym¬∏-Øn-bpsS Imew apX¬ Xs∂ _p≤n-]-c-amb ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ D≈-
hcpw kaq-l-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A¿l-X-bp-≈-hs‚ AXn-Po-h\w (Survival ofthe Fittest) F∂ {]IrXn \nbaw Ch-cpsS AXn-Po-h-\-Øn\p ]e-t∏mgpw klm-
b-I-am-bn-√. Cu hn`m-K-Øn-ep≈ hy-‡n-Iƒ°v Pohn-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw Hcp
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 11
Experimental V
ersion
tNmZ-y-®n-”-ambn kaq-l-Øn\p ap∂n¬ \n∂p. hym-h-km-bnI hnπ-hm-\-¥cw
(Industrial Revolution) temIØv Cu hn`m-K-sØ-°p-dn®v, AhcpsS {]iv\-ß-
sf-°p-dn®v Hc-h-t_m[w s]mXp-hn-ep-W¿∂p-h-∂p. kaqlw Cu hn`m-KsØ
{]tX-yI ]cn-K-W\ \¬In kao-]n-°m-\p≈ {ia-߃°v XpS°w Ipdn-°p-∂-
Xn-hn-sS-bm-Wv. anj-\dn {]h¿Ø-I-cpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Cu cwKØv hnπhI-
c-amb apt∂-‰-߃°v CS-bm-°n. Imcp-W-y-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ̀ mKambn ̀ £-
Whpw hkv{Xhpw \¬Ip-Ibpw Chsc {]tXyI tI{μ-ß-fn¬ am‰n-∏m¿∏n-
°p-Ibpw ]cn-N-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ch¿°pw km[m-c-W-°m-sc-t∏msebp≈
Ah-Im-i-߃ Ds≠∂pw AXn\p≈ Ah-kcw \¬tI-≠-XmWv F∂p-ap≈
Bh-i-y-߃ Db¿∂p h∂p.
c≠v temI-bp-≤-ßfpw Ah-km-\n-®Xv temIØv At\Ie£w AwK-ssh-I-
e-y-ap-≈-h-sc Ah-ti-jn-∏n-®p-sIm≠p IqSn-bm-Wv. ̀ c-W-IqSw AwK-ssh-I-e-y-
ap-≈-hsc _m[-y-X-bmbn ImWpIbpw ssk\-y-Øn¬ \n∂p \o°w sNøp-
Ibpw sNbvXt∏mƒ sshI-e-y-ap-≈-h-cpsS kwc£Ww ̀ c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ Npa-
X-e-bm-sW∂ A`n-{]mbw Db¿∂p-h-∂p. AXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ
imco-cnI am\-knI sshI-e-y-ap-≈-hsc Hcp-an-®p-I≠v \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzo-I-cn®p
XpS-ßn. temI-sa-ºmSpw Ch¿°mbn \nb-a-߃, \b-߃, klm-bI-kw-hn-
[m-\-߃, ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ Hs° cq]-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. 20˛mw
\q‰m≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-tØmsSbmWv sshI-e-y-ap-≈-h-¿°v th≠n-bp≈ \nb-
a-ßfpw \S-]-Sn-Ifpw BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xv. 1970 ˛ ¬ Im\-U-
°m-c-\mb thmƒ^≥kv_¿K¿ \mj-W¬ C≥Ãn‰yq v́ Hm¨ sa‚¬ dn´m¿tU-
j≥ (NIMR) apJm-¥cw apt∂m-́ p-h® t\m¿a-ssetkj≥, sshI-e-y-ap-≈-h-
cpsS {]iv\-߃°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm≥ e£yw h® ]≤-Xn-I-fn¬ khntij-
{]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p-∂ H∂mbn--cp-∂p. CXp {]Imcw sshI-e-y-ap-≈-hsc
AhcpsS ]cn-an-Xn-I-tfmsS Xs∂ s]mXp-k-aqlw kzo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v
GsXmcp km[m-c-W- ]u-c\pw Ah-Im-i-s∏´ Ah-k-cm-h-Im-i-߃ e -̀y-am-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
2007 ̨ ¬ A¥m-cmjv{S a\p-j-ym-h-Imi kan-Xn-bpsS DS-ºSn apJm-¥cw sshI-
e-y-a-\p-̀ -hn-°p∂hcpsS Ah-Im-i-߃ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-cpsS ka-
{Khpw hym-]-I-hp-amb A`n-hr-≤n-°p-ambn cq]w sIm≠-Xm-Wv UNCRPD (UnitedNations Convention on the Rights of the Persons with Disability) DS-ºSn. bp.F≥.
\n¿tZ-i-߃ A\pk-cn®v C¥-ybpw A\p_‘-\n-b-a-߃°v cq]w \¬In.
PWD Act (Persons With Disabilities Act), RCI Act (Rehabilitation Council of IndiaAct), NTA (National Trust Act.) XpSßnbh C¥-y-bn¬ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ D≈-h-
cpsS A`n-hr-≤n-°pw Ah-Im-i-kw-c-£-W-Øn-\p-ambn cq]wsIm≠-h-bm-Wv.
temIsØ CXc kmaq-lnI-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p hy-X-y-kvX-ambn Dd®
IpSpw_hyhÿ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂ C¥-y-bn¬, sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ hy-
‡n-Iƒ°v {]tX-y-In®pw Ip´n-Iƒ°v IqSp-X¬ ]cn-K-W\bpw ]cn-N-c-Whpw
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn12
Experimental V
ersion
In´n-bn-cp-∂-Xmbpw ImWmw. kz-mX-{¥-y-Øn-\p-apºv 1931 ̨ ¬ cmP`cW-Im-eØv
Xncphn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ kvs]j-y¬ kvIqƒ Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn e≠≥
B¿ss°hvknse tcJ-Iƒ D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v ssa°v ssa¬kv km£y-s∏-Sp-
Ønbn´p-≠v. _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn- t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿ Dƒs∏-sS-bp-≈- hn`m-K-
Øn\v ]cn-N-c-Whpw ]cn-io-e-\hpw ]p\-c-[n-hm-khpw `mc-X-Øn¬ BZ-y-Im-
e-ß-fn¬ km[-y-am-bXv anj-\-dn-am-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. _p≤n-]-
c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂-h¿°vv {]tXyI ÿm]-\-ß-tfm-sSm∏w {]tXyI
hnZym`ymkw F∂ Bibhpw \S-∏n-embnØpS-ßn. 1940 ¬ t_mws_-bn¬
Ch¿°mbn Hcp hnZ-ym-`-ymk ÿm]\w Db¿∂p h∂p. C¥y-bn¬
NIMH(National Institute of Mentally Handicapped) Cu taJ-e-bnse {]h¿Ø-\-
߃°v t\Xr-Xzw \¬Ip∂p. _p-≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h-cpsS
hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Øn¬ tI{μ-kw-ÿm\ Kh¨sa‚pIƒ°pw, Xt±i kz-bw-`-
cWÿm]-\-߃°pw hy-‡n-Iƒ°pw F≥.Pn.H.Iƒ°pw Ah-c-h-cp-tS-Xmb
kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Im≥ Ign-™n-́ p-≠v.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°v hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw \¬Ip∂ {]h¿Ø-
\-ß-fn¬ CXc C¥-y≥ kwÿm-\-ß-sf-°mƒ _lp-Zqcw ap∂n-emWv tIcfw.
Ah --cpsS hnZym`ymk-]p-tcm-K-Xn°pw ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-Øn-\p-ambn- kwÿm-\-K-
h¨sa‚ v t\cn v́ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ KpW-Ic-amb apt∂-‰-Øn\p XpS°w Ipdn-
®p. Pbn¬ hIp-∏ns‚ Iogn¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw Pn√-bn¬ ]mß-∏m-d-bn¬
{]h¿Ø\w Bcw-̀ n®v Ct∏mƒ hnZ-ym-̀ -ymk hIp-∏ns‚ Iogn¬ {]-h¿Øn-
°p∂ kn.F-®v.-ap-l-Ω-ZvtImb tÉv C≥Ãn-‰-yq´v t^m¿ Z sa‚en Ne-©vUv
F∂ ÿm-]\w (SIMC) Cu cwKsØ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v t\Xr-Xzw hln-°p-
∂p. c£n-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw F≥.-Pn.-H.- I-fp-sSbpw {ia-̂ -e-ambn C∂v tIc-f-Øn¬
aq∂qdn¬ A[nIw ÿm]-\-߃ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. CX-c-
kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hy-XykvXambn tIcfw Cu cwKØv \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-
Øn-\p≈ {ia-߃ Bcw`n®p. Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \n¿tZim\p-k-cWw SIMCbpsS {]n≥kn-∏¬ tUm.Fw.-sI.-P-b-cmPv _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-
∂-h-sc°p-dn®pw hnin-jym AhcpsS hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-sØ-°p-dn®pw ka-{K-ambn
]T\w \SØn dnt∏m¿ v́ ka¿∏n-®p. _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ kvIqfp-
I-fpsS Ah-ÿm-]-T\w \SØn Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Snbpw Hcp ]T\dnt∏m¿´v
k¿°m-cn\v ka¿∏n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Cu dnt∏m¿´pIƒ k¿°m-dns‚ \b-cq-
]o-I-c-W-{]-{In-bbv°v icn-bmb Znim-t_m[w \¬In. XpS¿\-S-]-Sn-sb∂ \ne-
bn¬ k¿°m¿ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]mTy]≤Xnbpw
kne-_kpw cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ SCERT-sb Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXXv Cu
cwKsØ hnZym`ymk hf¿®-bpsS \mgn-I-I-√m-Wv.
1.4 KthjW߃
GsXmcp taJebptSbpw ]ptcmKXnbpw hnImkhpw B cwKØp \S°p∂
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 13
Experimental V
ersion
]T\ßfptSbpw KthjWßfptSbpw ^eambn´mWv kw`hn°p∂Xv.
kwtbmPnXhnZym`ymk taJebnepw khntijhnZym`ymk taJebnepw
[mcmfw KthjWßfpw ]T\ßfpw \S∂psIm≠ncn°p∂p.
1.4.1 A¥mcmjv{SXew
temIcmPyßsf√mw Xs∂ khntij hnZym`ymksØ {][m\taJebmbn
I≠psIm≠v \nch[n KthjW߃ \SØn hcp∂p≠v.
k¿ΔIemimeIfn¬ khntij hnZym`ymkw {]tXyI hn`mKambn Db¿∂p
hcpIbpw AhnsS \nch[n ]T\ßfpw KthjWßfpw \SØpIbpw
sNøp∂p≠v. ChbpsS ^eßfpw Is≠ØepIfpw ip]m¿iIfpw Cu
taJebnse ]ptcmKXn°v hgnsXfn®n´ps≠∂v \n wibw ]dbmw.
_p≤n]camb sh√phnfnIƒ t\cnSp∂h¿ kaqlØn¬
A\p`hn®psIm≠ncp∂ {]bmkßfpw th¿XncnhpIfpw AhcpsS
imcocnIhpw am\knIhpamb {]tXyIXIfpw AhcpsS hnZym`ymkhpw,
sXmgn¬ km[yXIfpw ]p\c[nhmkhpw XpSßn F√m taJeIfnepw
KthjW߃ \S°p∂p. \nch[n ]T\߃ Cu taJebn¬ Ct∏mgpw
\S∂p hcp∂p≠v.
"am\knIsshIeyw IpSpw_kwhn[m\Øns‚ {]h¿Ø\Øn¬
sNepØp∂ kzm[o\w,' (2006) F∂ hnjbØn¬ {]nt´mdnb
bqWnthgvkn‰nbnse kmaqly{]h¿Ø\ hIp∏nse ^m°¬´n Hm^v
lyqam\n‰oknse tKmhtImhm\ FΩ ]nepk \SØnb KthjWw
entºmthm {]hniybnse hm´¿_¿Kv Pn√bnse _p≤n]camb sh√phnfn
t\cnSp∂ AwKßfp≈ IpSpw_ßsf ]T\hnt[bam°n.
IpSpw_Ønep≈h¿°v am\knI sshIeyØn\p≈ ImcW߃,
NnIn’Iƒ, \nb{¥Wam¿K߃ F∂nhsb kw_‘n®v ka{Kamb [mcW
\¬tI≠Xns‚ {]m[m\yhpw sshIeyap≈htcmSv CSs]tS≠
coXnIsf°pdn®p≈ Aht_m[w hf¿tØ≠Xns‚ {]m[m\yhpw Cu ]T\w
hy‡am°p∂p≠v. CØcØnep≈h¿°v \¬tI≠ ip{iqjIfpw
]cnNcWhpw DƒsIm≈p∂ kwhn[m\߃ kmaqlyamb Np‰p]mSn¬
cq]s∏SptØ≠Xns‚ BhiyIXbpw CXv hy‡am°p∂p.
a\»mkv{X]chpw sshZyimkv{X]chpamb tkh\߃, kmaqly
{]h¿ØIcpsS klmbw, NnIn’m]camb tkh\w F∂nh Cu
IpSpw_߃°v D]tbmKn°m≥ k÷am°n \¬tI≠Xns‚ {]m[m\yhpw
Cu ]T\w apt∂m´phbv°p∂p.
Bkvt{Senb≥ Iu¨kn¬ t^m¿ FUypt°jW¬ dnk¿®v ,
"]T\sshIeyap≈ 4 apX¬ 6 hb p hsc {]mbap≈ Ip´nIfn¬
\SØnb \nco£W^eßsfbpw ^e{]Zamb CSs]SepIsfbpw
A[ym]\ssienIsfbpw AhtemI\w \SØn'(2005) . Cu
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn14
Experimental V
ersion
]T\dnt∏m¿´n¬ {]t_m[\]camb hmb\coXnIfpw, kao]\ßfpsSbpw
X{¥ßfpsSbpw kwtbmP\hpw, A[ym]I˛hnZym¿Yn A\p]mXØns‚
{IaoIcWhpw A[ym]I˛hnZym¿Yn CSs]SepIfpw Ip´nIfnse
]T\sshIeyw ^e{]Zambn Ipdbv°m≥ Ignbpsa∂v \n¿tZin°p∂p.
]T\sshIeyap≈ Ip´nIfpsS hmb\mtijnbpsS \nehmcw Db¿Øp∂Xn¬
tI{μoIcn® {]t_m[-\-]-c-amb hmb-\-co-Xn-Iƒ ̂ e{]ZamsW∂v ]T-\-߃
sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.
anjnK tÉv bqWnthgvkn‰nbnse Fanen kn _uIv,
"arZp_p≤nsshIeyap≈ sk°≠dn hnZym¿YnIfpsS ]mTy]≤XnbpsS
Ahÿm]T\w' (2004) \SØn. \ne\n¬°p∂ ]mTy]≤Xnbn¬ \nch[n
{]iv\ßfps≠∂pw arZpam\knIsshIeyap≈ sk°≠dn Ip´nIfpsS
]mTy]≤Xn Cu hn`mKØn\v apXn¿∂hcpsS temItØ°p {]thin°m≥
]cym]vXamb H∂√ F∂pw ]T\w hy‡am°p∂p. {]mtbmKnI
hn⁄m\Øn\pw {]mtbmKnI PohnXss\]pWnIƒ°pw {]mapJyw \¬Ip∂
]mTy]≤XnbpsS A\nhmcyXsb Cu ]T\w icnhbv°p∂p.
arZp_p≤nsshIeyap≈ Ip´nIƒ a‰p≈hcn¬ \n∂v hyXykvXcmsW¶nepw
B hyXykvXX AhcpsS \yq\Xbs√∂v ]T\w hy‡am°p∂p.
]T\coXnbnepw ]T\thKØnepw hyXykvXcmb Ch¿°v {]mtbmKnIXbn¬
Du∂nb ]mTy]≤Xn \S∏n¬ hcptØ≠Xns‚ BhiyIX imkv{Xobamb
A]{KY\ØneqsS apt∂m´phbv°pIbmWv FUypt°j≥ B‚ v s{Sbn\nwKv
C≥ sUhe]vsa‚¬ Unsk_nen‰okv 2004˛¬ {]kn≤oIcn® {]_‘w.
Atacn°≥ tP¿W¬ Hm^v {]nh‚ohv saUnkn≥ hmfyw 24 \º¿ 2
{]kn≤oIcn® "{]mKvssiihL´hnIk\ ]cn]mSnIƒ' (2004)Ip´nIfnse
_u≤nIhnImksØ XzcnXs∏SpØp∂Xn¬ \n¿WmbI]¶p
hln°p∂Xmbn Nq≠n°mWn°s∏Sp∂p. CXv ]T\k∂≤X h¿[n∏n-
°p∂p.
hmjnwKvS¨ Un.kn.bnse Hlntbm tÉv Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v
FUyqt°j\nse Hm^okv Hm^v kvs]jy¬ FUyqt°j≥ B‚ v
dolm_nent‰‰ohv k¿hokkv, "sshIeyap≈ ]TnXm°fpw s]mXp-
hnZym`ymk ]mTy]≤Xnbpw' (2001) F∂ hnjbØn¬ \SØnb KthjWw
s]mXp]mTy]≤Xn ]camh[n {]tbmP\{]Zam°m≥ A[ym]I¿,
c£nXm°ƒ, _p≤namμyap≈ Ip´nIƒ F∂nh¿°mbn \n¿tZi߃ apt∂m v́
h®n -´p≠v. sshIeyap≈ Ip´nIƒ°v A\ptbmPyamb hn[w
\nbam\pkrXambnØs∂ ]mTy]≤Xn {]tbmP\s∏Sp∂Xn\p≈
k÷oIcWw Hcpt°≠Xns‚ BhiyIXbmWv Cu ]T\w apt∂m´p
hbv°p∂Xv.
bqtdm∏nse _mXv bqWnthgvkn‰nbnse hnZym`ymk hIp∏nse tUm.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 15
Experimental V
ersion
Genbmkv AhvdmanUnkpw {_mw t\m¿hn®pw, "kwtbmPnX
hnZym`ymktØmSp≈ A[ym]IcpsS at\m`mhw' (2001) ]T\-
hnt[bam°pIbp≠mbn. kwtbmPnX hnZym`ymk \bw hnPbn°p∂Xnse
{][m\LSIw AXn¬ ]¶mfnIfmb A[ym]IcpsS at\m`mhhpambn hfsc
i‡ambn _‘s∏´ncn°p∂p F∂v Cu ]T\w hy‡am°p∂p.
A[ym]IcpsS at\m`mhsØ kzm[o\n°p∂ \nch[n LSIßsf
hniIe\w sNøp∂ ]T\Øn¬ XßfpsS ¢m v apdnIfn¬ Ccn°p∂
sshIeyap≈ Ip´nIfpsS {]IrXsØbpw AhcpsS sshIeyØns‚
Xo{hXsbbpw B{ibn®mWv A[ym]Is‚ at\m`mhw
cq]oIcn°s∏Sp∂sX∂pw Is≠Øp∂p≠v. a\pjy-hn`h]camb ]n¥pW
at\m`mh cq]oIcWsØ kzm[o\n°p∂ LSIamWv F∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-
°p-∂p.
"^e{]Zhpw ]cnh¿Ø\mflIhpamb ]mTy]≤Xn\n¿ΩnXnbn¬
ss\Pocnb≥ A[ym]IcpsSbpw c£nXm°fpsSbpw ]¶v' (2001)
F∂Xns\∏‰n Un∏m¿´psa‚ v Hm^v kvs]jy¬ FUyqt°j≥ B‚ v
Icn°pew ÃUokv (Hmt≠mhnse AsUsban tImtfPvHm^v
FUyqt°j\n¬) \SØnb ]T\Øn¬ ss\Pocnbbnse A[ym]IcpsS
KpWta∑bn¬ ImWp∂ IpdhpIƒ°p≈ ImcW߃, c£nXm°ƒ°v
Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkImcyØn¬ D≠mtI≠ {]Xn_≤X F∂nh
hniIe\w sNøpIbpw ]mTy]≤Xn cq]oIcWØns‚ hnhn[ Xeßfn¬
A[ym]I¿°pw c£nXm°ƒ°pap≈ ]¶v hy‡am°pIbpw Ah
hnIkn∏n°m≥ Bhiyamb \n¿tZi߃ apt∂m´p hbv°pIbpw sNbvXp.
"FtXym]ybnse A[ym]IcpsS kwtbmPnXhnZym`ymk]≤XntbmSp≈
at\m`mhw' (2000) ]T\hnt[bam°p∂ dnt∏m¿´n¬ kwtbmPnX
hnZym`ymksØ kzm[o\n°pIbpw \nb{¥n°pIbpw sNøp∂ \nch[n
LSIßsf hniIe\w sNøp∂p≠v. A[ym]I¿°v kwtbmPnX
hnZym`ymkcoXntbmSv amXrIm]camb at\m`mhw hf¿∂p htc≠Xns‚
BhiyIX D∂bn°p∂p≠v. AtXmsSm∏w A\ptbmPyamb ]cnioe\-
Øns‚bpw A\pcq]oIcWw sNbvX ]mTy]≤XnbpsSbpw DØchmZnØ-
t_m[ap≈ A[ym]IcpsSbpw A\p_‘ ]T\klmbn-IfpsSbpw
{]m[m\yhpw Cu dnt∏m¿´n¬ hy‡am°p∂p≠v.
ss\Pocnbbnse \kdmhm tÉv bqWnthgvkn‰nbnse ^m°ƒ´n Hm^v
FUyqt°j\nse ̂ phm≥Umbv, tIm¿Woenbkv F∂nh¿ \SØnb "s]mXp
¢m vapdnIfn¬ {]tXyI ]cnKW\ A¿ln°p∂ Ip´nIƒ t\cnSp∂
sh√phnfnIfpw apt∂m´p≈ {]bmWØn\mbp≈ kwhn[m\ßfpw' (2000)
F∂ KthjW {]_‘Øn¬ \nehnse ¢m vdqw kmlNcyßsf
hnebncpØpIbpw {]tXyI ]cnKW\ A¿ln°p∂h¿°mbp≈
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn16
Experimental V
ersion
k÷oIcW߃ ]cntim[n°pIbpw Ah F{XI≠v Cu hn`mKØns‚
Bhiyßsf Dƒs°m≈p∂p F∂v ]Tn°pIbpw sNbvXp.
_lphnjbkºpjvShpw klh¿ØnXcoXnbpw ]men°p∂
{]h¿Ø\ßfpw t\csØbp≈ CSs]SepIfpw IqSpw_Øns‚ hn]peamb
]n¥pWbpw A[ym]I¿°p≈ {]tXyI ]cnioe\hpw icnbmb kmºØnI
klmbhpw \nc¥camb aqey\n¿Wbhpw _lpapJamb ]mTy]≤Xnbpw
D≠mbncnt°≠Xns‚ {]m[m\yw im{kvXobhpw hkvXp\njvThpamb
A]{KY\ØneqsS Cu ]T\w hy‡am°p∂p≠v.
bqWnthgvkn‰n Hm^v kuØv B{^n°bnse hnZym`ymk]T\ hn`mKw \S-
Ønb Kth-j-W-amWv "kuØv B{^n°bpsS kwtbmPnX
hnZym`ymkØnte°p≈ {]bmWw' (2000). Cu KthjWw kuØv
B{^n°bnse apgph≥ ]TnXm°ƒ°pw KpWta∑m hnZym`ymkw \¬In
kaql\n¿ΩnXn°pw kmaqlyt£aØnepw ]¶mfnØw \n¿hln°m≥
{]m]vXcm°p∂Xn\v e£yanSp∂p. CXns‚ `mKambn _p≤n]camb
sh√phnfnIƒ Dƒs∏sSbp≈ sshIey߃ t\cnSp∂hcpsS P∑\mbp≈
]cnanXnIsfbpw hnZym`ymk {]iv\ßsfbpw ]mcnÿnXnI {]iv\ßsfbpw
A]{KYn®v Ch ]cnlcn°p∂Xn¬ k¿°mcn\pw c£nXm°ƒ°pw,
kaqlØn\pw kwbp‡ambn \n¿hln°m\p≈ NpaXeIƒ \n¿Wbn®p.
A[ym]Isc {]tXyI ]cnioe\w \¬In k÷cm°n Cu hn`mKsØ
hnIk\Øntes°Øn°m\p≈ X{¥ßƒ {]mh¿ØnIam°p∂Xn\pw Cu
]T-\-Øn-eqsS km[n-®p.
anbman k¿ΔIemimebnse Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v FUyqt°jW¬ B‚ v
sskt°mfPn°¬ ÃUoknse, kvIqƒ Hm^v FUyqt°j≥ \SØnb,
"khntij hnZym`ymkØns‚ ̂ e{]m]vXnbn¬ \nba\coXnIƒ°p≈
\n¿WmbI ]¶v' (2000) F∂ ]T\Øn¬ hnhn[ ]T\amXrIIƒ khntij
hnZym`ymkØnepw s]mXp hnZym`ymkØnepw sNepØp∂ kzm[o\w
A]{KYn°pIbp≠mbn. ]q¿Wambpw kwtbmPnX hnZym`ymk k{ºZmbsØ
A\pIqen°msX khntijhnZym`ymkØn\p {]mapJyw \¬Ip∂Xns\
t{]m’mln∏n°p∂ Cu ]T\w Bhiyamb ]n¥pWm
kwhn[m\ßfpsSbpw {]h¿Ø\ ]mt°PpIfpsSbpw klmbtØmsS
s]mXphnZym`ymkcwKsØ kwtbmPnX hnZym`ymksØ ̂ e{]Zam°m\p≈
\n¿tZißfpw apt∂m´p hbv°p∂p.
khntijhnZym`ymkØns‚ kakvX taJebnepw sshIeyap≈hcpsS
hnhn[ {]iv\ßsf°pdn®v temIsغmSpw \nch[n ]T\߃ Ct∏mgpw
\S°p∂p≠v. Chsbms°bpw Cu taJebnse {]iv\]cnlmcØn\pw
IqSpX¬ sa®s∏SpØp∂Xn\p≈ imkv{Xobamb ASnØdbp≠m°p-
∂Xn\pw kmt¶XnIhnZybpsS ^e{]Zamb D]tbmKØn\psa√mw
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 17
Experimental V
ersion
klmbIamIpsa∂ ImcyØn¬ kwiban√. temIcmPyßfn¬
sshIeyap≈hcpsS t£aØn\mbn \ne\n¬°p∂ \nbaßfpw
ÿm]\ßfpw kwhn[m\ßfpw hIp∏pIfpsa√mw Cu taJebnse
KthjW߃°v Bhiyamb t{]m’ml\hpw ]n¥pWbpw \¬Inhcp∂p.
1.4.2. tZio-b-Xew
C¥ybn¬ sshIeyap≈hcpsS hnZym`ymkw, ]p\c[nhmkw, sXmgn¬,
NnIn’, PohnXw F∂p th≠ F√m taJeIfpambn _‘s∏´v \nch[n
KthjWßfpw ]T\ßfpw \S°p∂p≠v. F¶nepw Ahbn¬ ]eXns‚bpw
^e߃ shfn®w ImWp∂n√. Cu ]T\^eßsfbpw \n¿tZißsfbpw
k¿°mtcm a‰p `cWkwhn[m\ßtfm {]tbmP\∏SpØp∂pan√. Ch
tcJIfn¬ am{Xw HXpßnt∏mIp∂ AhÿbmWv I≠phcp∂Xv.
"A[ym]IhnZym`ymkØn¬ kwtbmPnXhnZym`ymkw ]cnt]mjn∏n°¬
˛ C¥y≥ ]›mØeØn¬ kwtbmPnX hnZym`ymkw \S∏nem°ptºmƒ
A`napJoIcn°p∂ {]iv\ßfpw Hcpt°≠ hn -̀h-ßfpw' (C¥y≥ kv{Sowkv
dnk¿®v P¿W¬ 2012 Unkw_¿ hmfyw 2 ]Xn∏v˛11) F∂ hnjbØn¬
\SØnb ]T\Øn¬ kwtbmPnX hnZym`ymk ]≤XnbpsS hnPbØn\v
A[ym]I hnZym¿YnIƒ°pw A[ym]I¿°pw kp{][m\amb ]¶ps≠∂pw
{]o˛k¿hok,v C≥˛k¿hokv ]cnioe\w sa®s∏SpØn Bhiyamb
kmºØnI klmbßfpw t_m[hXvIcWhpw ]n¥pWmkwhn[m\ßfpw
kmaply]¶mfnØhpw kwtbmPn∏n®v sa®s∏SpØWsa∂pw \n¿tZin°p∂p.
HdnK bqWnthgvkn‰nbn¬ A¥mcm{„]T\ hIp∏n¬ ka¿∏n® ( G©e
sImla,) "C¥ybnse kwtbmPnX hnZym`ymkw : Hcp cmPyØns‚ k©mc
\mƒhgnIƒ', (2012) F∂ KthjW {]_‘Øn¬ C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ v
hnZym`ymktaJebn¬ ]cnjvImcw hcpØnbXv kwtbmPnX
hnZym`ymkØns‚ hgnbnemsW∂p ]dbp∂p. kwtbmPnX hnZym`ymkw
km¿h{XnIam°m\p≈ cmPyØns‚ b⁄sØ°pdn®v ]T\Øn¬
hnhcn°p∂p≠v. F¶nepw P\kwJybn¬ temIØv c≠mw ÿm\Øp
\n¬°p∂ cmPyw CXp t\SnsbSp°m≥ FSp°p∂ Imebfhns\°pdn®v
bYm¿Yyt_m[tØmsS Nn¥n°Wsa∂pw ]T\w hy‡am°p∂p≠v.
Kh¨sa‚ v A\ptbmPyamb \nbaßfpw \bßfpw cq]oIcn®v Cu
e£yØnte°p≈ KXnthKw Iqt´≠Xns‚ BhiyIX ]T\w apt∂m´p
hbv°p∂p.
AlΩZm_mZnse {]hc C≥Ãn‰yq´v Hm^v saUn°¬ kb≥kns‚
saUn°¬ dnhyqhn¬ "am\knI sshIeyap≈ Ip´nIƒ°mbp≈
hnZymebßfnse _p≤nsshIeyap≈ Ip´nIfpsS BtcmKyÿnXnbpw
tcmKImcIamb LSIßfqw' (2009) ]T\hnt[bam°p∂ KthjW
{]_‘Øn¬ _p≤namμyØn\p≈ {][m\ ImcWambn ImWp∂Xv
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn18
Experimental V
ersion
c‡_‘ap≈h¿°nSbnep≈ hnhml_‘amsW∂v kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
P\nXI ImcWßtfmsSm∏w A⁄mXamb ImcWßfpw am\knI
sshIeyØn\p \nZm\amIp∂ps≠∂pw dnhyq hy‡am°p∂p.
"C¥ybnse sshIeyap≈ Ip´nIfpsS AhImiXpeyXbpsSbpw
{]m]yXbpsSbpw ]cnt{]£yØn¬ U¬lnbnse {]mYanI
hnZymebßsf tI{μo-Icn®v Hcp ]T\w' (2007) \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. (tcWp
knwKv Un∏m¿´psa‚ v Hm^v FUypt°jW¬ ÃUokv, Pmanb an√nb
\yqU¬ln) U¬lnbn¬ k¿°m¿, kzImcy hnZymeb߃°v sshIeyap≈
Ip´nIfpsS A°mZanIhpw kmaqlyhpamb Bhiy߃ \nd-th-‰m≥ C\nbpw
Ign™n´n√ F∂v Cu ]T\w hy‡am°p∂p. Kh¨sa‚ns‚ sF. C. Un.
kn. ]≤Xn t]mepw U¬lnbnse k¿°m¿ hnZymebßfnse 3.2%
Ip´nIƒ°p am{XamWv {]tbmPs∏Sp∂sX∂pw ]T\w Is≠Øp∂p≠v.
"kwtbmPnX hnZym`ymkw \S∏nem°p∂Xn¬ C¥y t\cnSp∂
sh√phnfnIsf°pdn®v' (2004) \SØnb ]T\Øn¬ `qcn]£w
hnZymebßfnsebpw (k¿°m¿, kzImcy) {][m\m[ym]I¿°v kwtbmPnX
hnZym`ymksØ°pdn®v icnbmb [mcWbns√∂pw Cu ]≤Xn XßfpsS
hnZymebßfn¬ \S∏m°p∂Xn¬ {]Xnk‘nIƒ t\cnSp∂ps≠∂pw
hy‡am°p∂p. Ah¿ {]tXyI ]cnKW\ A¿ln°p∂ Ip´nIƒ
s]mXphnZymebßfn¬ ]T\w \SØp∂Xnt\mS v hntbmPn∏v
{]ISn∏n°p∂Xmbn ]T\dnt∏m¿´v ]dbp∂p. CØcw Ip´nIƒ°v
s]mXphnZymebßfn¬ hnZym`ymkw t\Sp∂Xn\v \¬tI≠
]n¥pWIsf°pdn®pw Ah¿°p th≠ ]T\klmbnIsf°pdn®pw
kwhn[m\ßsf°pdn®pw A⁄cmsW∂pw Ah XßfpsS hnZymebØn¬
k÷oIcn°m≥ Ign™n´ns√∂pw ]T\tcJ hy‡am°p∂p. Cu taJebn¬
hnIk\Øn\p c£nXm°fpsSbpw kaqlØns‚bpw ]¶mfnØw IqSn
Dd∏mt°≠XmsW∂pw ]T\Øn¬ ]dbp∂p.
e≠≥ kvIqƒ Hm v̂ C°tWmanIvkv GjymKthjW tI{μØns‚ h¿°nwKv
t]∏¿ 34˛¬ "apws_bnse kzImcykwtbmPnX hnZymebßfnse
Ip´nIfpsS A\p`hßfpw sh√phnfnIfpw' (2000) F∂ KthjW
{]_‘Øn¬ kwtbmPnX hnZym`ymkw C¥ybn¬ C∂pw
ssiihZibnemsW∂v shfns∏SpØp∂p. apwss_bnse kzImcy
kwtbmPnX hnZymebßfnse sshIeyap≈ Ip´nIƒ km[mcW
Ip´nIsft∏mse Xs∂ B{Klßfpw A`nemjßfpw e£yßfpw
D≈hcmsW∂pw ]T\w ]dbp∂p. AhcpsS Ignhns‚ ]camh[n
{]tbmP\s∏SpØm≥ Ahkc߃ Cu hnZymebßfn¬ \¬tI≠Xns‚
BhiyIX KthjWw apt∂m´p hbv°p∂p. Cu hnZymebßfn¬ dntkmgvkv
A[ym]Isc \nban°¬, Cu Ip´nIƒ°v ]n¥pW \¬Im≥ km[mcW
A[ym]I¿°v Bhiyamb ]cnioe\w \¬I¬, sshIeyap≈
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 19
Experimental V
ersion
Ip´nIƒ°pw A[ym]I¿°pw kwtbmPnXambn ]cn-io-e-\°f-cn-Iƒ kwL-
Sn-∏n-°¬, hy-‡-amb Bkq-{X-W-tØm-sS-bp-≈ {]h¿Ø\ ]cn-io-e\ skj-
\p-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°¬, A[-ym-]I hnZ-ym-̀ -ymk]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS ]cn-jvI-
cWw F∂n-ßs\ \nc-h[n \n¿tZ-i-߃ ]T\w apt∂m´p hbv°p-∂p.
C¥ybn¬ khntijhnZym`ymkw AXns‚ hnIk\hgnIfnemWv.
A\ptbmPyamb ]cnjvIcWhpw imkv{Xobamb ]T\ßfpw AhbpsS
^eßfpw DcpØncnbp∂ \n¿tZißfpw Cu cwKØv C\nbpw am‰ßƒ°p
hgnsbmcp°psa∂v Icp-Xmw.
1.4.3 kwÿm\ Xew
am\knI sshIeyap≈hcpsS hnZym`ymkØn\pth≠n \bcq]oIcWw
\SØphm≥ Hcpßp∂ tIcfØnepw Cu taJebn¬ ]T\߃ \S-∂n´p≠v.
"tUm.Fw. sI. PbcmPv IΩoj≥' dnt∏m¿´n¬ (2013) kwtbmPnX hnZym`ymk
taJebnepw khntij hnZymebßfnepw hfsc Ipd®p am{Xw
Ahkcßfpw B\pIqeyßfpw In´nbn´p≈ _p≤n]camb sh√phnfn
t\cnSp∂hsc kw_‘n® tIcfØns‚ {]iv\߃ ka{Kambn
]T\hnt[bam°p∂p≠v. Imk¿tKmUv apX¬ Xncph\¥]pcw hscbp≈
{]tZißfn¬ h®v \SØnb XnI®pw P\Iobamb hnhctiJcW
{]h¿Ø\ßfneqsS t_m[ys∏´ bmYm¿YyßfmWv Cu dnt∏m¿´n\v
ASnØdbmbn \n¬°p∂Xv. Cu dnt∏m¿´n¬ _p≤n]camb sh√phnfnIƒ
F∂ Ahÿ kw_‘n® ASnÿm\hnhc߃, sshIeyw t\csØ Xs∂
Is≠ج, {]iv\ßfn¬ CSs]S¬, AhcpsS hnZym`ymkw, sXmgn¬, Cu
hn`mKØn\mbn kwÿm\ XeØn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂ D∂XtI{μw,
kmaqlykpc£, ]p\c[nhmk{Kmaw, \mjW¬ C≥Ãn‰yq´v Hm^v
Fwtπmbvsa‚ v B‚ v s{Sbn\nwKv, F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ _m[nX taJebpw
sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂hcpw, Cu hn`mKØns‚ ]p\c[nhmkw kw_‘n®
temIm\p`hßfpw C¥y≥ Ahÿbpw, IΩnj≥ ip]m¿iIƒ F∂nßs\
]Xn\mev A[ymbßfnembn Cu taJebnep≈hcpsS {]iv\ßfpw
Ahbv°p≈ {]mtbmKnI ]cnlmc\n¿tZißfpw ka{Kambn
{]Xn]mZn°p∂p.
dnt∏m¿´n¬ _p≤n]camb sh√phnfnIƒ t\cnSp∂hcpsS hnZym`ymkw F∂
A[ymbØn¬, Cu hn`mKØn¬s∏´hcpsS hnZym`ymksØ kw_‘n®
ka{Khpw kq£vahpamb Imgv®∏mSpIfpw \n¿tZißfpw IΩnj≥
apt∂m´phbv°p∂p≠v. \nehn¬ _p≤n]camb sh√phnfnIƒ
t\cnSp∂h¿°p≈ hnZymeb߃ F√mw Xs∂ \SØp∂Xv kzImcy
k∂≤kwLS\IfmWv. hnZym`ymk e£ytØmsS Cu taJebn¬
k¿°m¿ \SØp∂ GI ÿm]\w Xncph\¥]pcØv ]mß∏mdbn¬
ÿnXnsNøp∂ tÉv C≥Ãn‰yq´"v t^m¿ Zn sa‚en Ne©vUv (SIMC) BWv.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn20
Experimental V
ersion
kwÿm\ØmsI°qSn _p≤n]camb sh√phnfnIƒ t\cnSp∂h¿°mbn
Kh¨sa‚ v AwKoImcap≈ 275 hnZymebßfn¬ Ccp]Xn\mbnctØmfw
Ip´nIƒ ]Tn°p∂p≠v. \nehn¬ Cu hn`mKØn¬ hnhn[ {]mbØnep≈h¿
GXm≠v \mepe£tØmfw hcpw. Chcn¬ hfsc sNdnb iXam\w am{XamWv
s]mXphnZymebßfnepw kvs]jy¬ kvIqfnepambn ]Tn°p∂Xv F∂XmWv
bmYm¿Yyw. IΩoj≥ kwÿm\ØpS\ofw \SØnb IqSn°mgv®Ifn¬
e`yamb ]cmXnIfn¬ \nehn¬ Ch¿°mbp≈ hnZym`ymk kmlNcyßfn¬
Xr]vXnIca√mØ \nch[n Imcyßfps≠∂mWv Is≠ØnbXv. Cu
thZnIfnse√mw Xs∂ Db¿∂p h∂ BsI {]iv\ßfn¬ GXm≠v
]IpXntbmfw hnZym`ymktaJebn¬ Du∂nbp≈Xmbncp∂p. _p≤n]camb
sshIeyap≈hcn¬s∏´ hnhn[ hn`mKßfn¬ D≈h¿°p IqSn
{]tbmP\s∏Spw hn[w \nehn¬ Ch¿°mbp≈ hnZym`ymk kuIcy߃
Dbcp∂ns√∂pw IΩnj≥ Is≠ØpIbp≠mbn. Ch¿°mbn
A\phZn°s∏´ hnZym`ymk taJebnse kuP\yßtfm ]cnc£Itfm
H∂pw Xs∂ BXy¥nIambn Ch¿°p {]tbmP\s∏Sp∂n√ F∂XmWv
IΩojs‚ Is≠ج. Ah¿°p≈ ]≤XnIƒ {]tbmP\{]ZamIWsa¶n¬
Cu hn`mKsØ khntijambn kzm[o\n°p∂ LSI߃ Xo¿®bmbpw
]cnKWn°Ww. Aßs\ t\m°ptºmƒ ChcpsS c£nXm°ƒ ASßp∂
IpSpw_Øn\p≈ ]cnKW\bpw ]cnc£bpw BWv {]Yaÿm\Øp
\n¬°p∂ LSIw F∂p IΩoj≥ A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂p.
akvXnjvIØns‚ {]h¿Ø\Øn\v t\cn´ sshIey߃ BWv ChcpsS
{]iv\߃°p≈ ASnÿm\ ImcWw F∂p≈XpsIm≠v Cu hn`mKØns‚
D∂a\Øn\mbn BhnjvIcn®p \S∏nem°p∂ t£a]≤XnIƒ Ch¿°p
{]tbmP\s∏Smdn√. Bkq{XnXambn, kq£vaXtbmsS, B¿PhtØmsS
Kh¨sa‚pw, GP≥knIfpw s]mXpkaqlhpw Cu kmaqly_m[yX
Gs‰Sp°pIbpw km£mXvIcn°pIbpw thWw. {]mtbmKnI hnZym`ymkhpw
(Functional Education) hy‡y[njvTnX hnZym`ymk ]≤Xnbpw (IndividualisedEducation Plan) Hcpan®p tN¿Øv, kaqlØns‚ apJy[mcbn¬ a‰mscbpw
t]mse Bflm`nam\tØmsS, kwXr]vXntbmsS Pohn°m≥ Ignbp∂hcmbn
Chsc Hcp°nsbSpt°≠Xv kaqlØns‚ NpaXebmWv.
2005 apX¬°v, _p≤n]camb sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂hcpsS hnZym`ymkw
kwÿm\Øv s]mXphnZym`ymk hIp∏ns‚ Iogn-em-Wv. ChcpsS
hnZym`ymkØn¬ CXc kwÿm\ßsf At]£n®v IqSpX¬ {]m[m\yhpw
]cnKW\bpw \¬Ip∂XpsIm≠mWv kmaqlyt£ahIp∏n¬ \n∂v Cu
NpaXe s]mXphnZym`ymk hIp∏nte°v am‰nbXv. F∂m¬ Cu \S]Sn°v
Hcp XpS¿®bps≠¶n¬ am{Xta Cu am‰w sIm≠p≈ {]tbmP\w
hnZym`ymkImcyØn¬ IqSpX¬ ^e{]ZamIq. CXn\v as‰√m
LSIßfnepsa∂t]mse ]mTy]≤Xn cq]hXvIcWØn\pw {]tXyI
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 21
Experimental V
ersion
{]m[m\yw \¬tI≠nbncn°p∂p.
"tIcfØnse _p≤n]camb sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂h¿°p≈
khntijhnZym`ymk ]≤XnbpsS Ct∏mgsØ Ahÿ'Fs¥∂p
Is≠Øm\p≈ Hcp ]T\w Fkv.kn. C. B¿. Sn, tIcf 2013 ¬ \SØn
dnt∏m¿ v́ ka¿∏n®ncp∂p. Fk.v kn. C. B¿. Sn˛bnse tUm. ao\ F v̨ s‚
t\XrXzØn¬ \SØnb Ahÿm]T\w Cu taJe i‡ns∏SpØp∂Xn\p
e£yw h®mbncp∂p apt∂dnbXv. Cu Ahÿm]T\w _p≤n]camb
sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂h¿°mbn Hcp ]mTy]≤Xn cq]oIcn°p∂Xp e£yw
h®psIm≠p \S∂ C¥ybnse Xs∂ {]Ya kwcw`amWv. _p≤n]camb
sshIeyw t\cnSp∂hcpsS hnZym`ymk]≤XnbpsS Ahÿm]T\Øn¬ Cu
hn`mKw kvs]jy¬ kvIqfpIƒ t\cnSp∂ {]iv\߃ IqSn ka{Kambn
A]{KYn°m≥ {ian®ncp∂p. Cu hnZymebßfnse ̀ uXnIkmlNcy߃,
]Tt\m]IcW߃, ]mTy]≤Xn, hn\nabcoXnIƒ, ]T\{]{Inb,
aqey\n¿WbcoXn, a\pjyhn`htijnbpsS e`yX, sXmgn¬hnZym`ymkw,
e`yamb hmb\kma{KnIƒ, kuIcy߃, ]cnlmct_m[\ km[yXIƒ,
hnt\mZkwhn[m\߃ F∂o LSIßfn¬ \nehnep≈ kuIcyßfpw
]cnanXnIfpw ]T\hnt[bam°nbncp∂p. kvs]jy¬ kvIqfpIfnse
{][m\m[ym]I¿, A[ym]I¿, c£nXm°ƒ, A\[ym]I¿,
]q¿hhnZym¿YnIƒ, XpS-ßnb hn`mKßfn¬ \n∂v tNmZymhenIfneqsSbpw
A`napJßfneqsSbpw tiJcn® hnhc߃ ka{Kambn
hniIe\hnt[bam°nbXns‚ ̂ eambn cq]s∏´ Is≠ØepIsf C{]Imcw
kw{Kln°mw.
$ \nehnep≈ ]mTy]≤Xn _p≤n]camb sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂ Ip´nIƒ
kzbw ]cym]vXcmbn Pohn°m\p≈ ss\]pWn hf¿Øm≥
]q¿Wambpw klmbIa√.
$ s]mXp]mTy]≤Xnbpw {]mtbmKnI hnZym`ymkhpw Dƒs∏Sp∂ Hcp
kwtbmPnX ]mTy]≤Xn _p≤n]camb sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂ Ip´nIƒ°v
D≠mIWw.
$ hy‡ambpw ka{Kambpw kq£vaambpw \n¿hNn°s∏´
Dt±iym[njvTnX]mTy]≤Xn Bbncn°Ww AXv.
$ ]pXnb ]mTy]≤Xn{]Imcw {]tXyIambn cq]I¬∏\ sNbvX
]mT]pkvXI߃ D≠mIWw.
$ Imem\pkrXambn \S∏m°m≥ Ignbp∂ A\ptbmPyamb \nc¥c
aqey\n¿Wb k{ºZmbhpw hm¿jnI aqey\n¿Wb coXnbpw D≠mIWw.
$ CXc taJeIƒ°p sImSp°p∂ AtX {][m\yw A°mZanI
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn22
Experimental V
ersion
hnjb߃°pw e`n°Ww.
$ A[ym]I¿°v efnXhpw hy‡hpamb ]mTmkq{XWw Xbmdm°n
]mTy]≤Xn hn\nabw km[yam°m≥ IgnbWw.
$ aqey\n¿WbcoXnIƒ IqSpX¬ Imcy£ahpw \S∏m°m≥
Ignbp∂Xpambncn°Ww.
_p≤n]camb sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂hcpsS {]iv\ßsf°pdn®v ka{Kambn
]Tn® c≠p dnt∏m¿´pIfpw apt∂m´p hbv°p∂ s]mXp \n¿tZi߃ Xmsg
]dbp∂hbmWv.
˛ _p≤n]camb sshIeyap≈ Ip´nIƒ°mbn Hcp s]mXp ]mTy]≤Xn
D≠mIWw.
˛ ]mTy]≤XnbpsS hn\nabØn\v A\ptbmPyamb ]mT]pkvXI߃
Xbmdm°Ww.
˛ A[ym]I¿°mbn ]mTmkq{XW amXrIIƒ Xbmdm°Ww.
˛ A[ym]I¿°pw A\[ym]I¿°pw Bhiyamb {]mtbmKnI
]cnioe\߃ \¬IWw. AXXp Imeßfn¬ XpS¿]cnioe\ßfpw
\¬IWw.
˛ Cu taJebnse hnhn[ hn`mKßfn¬s∏´ Ip´nIƒ°v A\ptbmPyamb
]Tt\m]IcW߃ \¬IWw.
˛ ka{Khpw hg°hpap≈ ]mTy]≤XnbmIWw Cu `n∂tijn
hn`mKØn\p≠mtI≠Xv.
GIoIrXamb, Bhiym[njvTnXamb s]mXp]mTy]≤XnbpsS
BhiyIXbnte°mWv Cu c≠p ]T\dnt∏m¿´pIfpw hnc¬ Nq≠p∂Xv.
_p≤nsshIeyw t\cnSp∂ Ip´nIƒ°mbn GIoIrXamb ]mTy]≤Xn
cq]s∏SpØp∂Xn\v kzoIcn°mhp∂ A\ptbmPyamb \nch[n
kao]\ßsf°pdn®v Dƒ°mgv®bp≠m°p∂Xn\pw Cu ]T-\-߃
klmbIambn.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 23
Experimental V
ersion
1.5 \nehnep≈ Ahÿ
1.5.1 A¥¿tZiobXew
_p≤n]camb sh√phnfnIƒ t\cnSp∂hcpsS {]iv\߃, hnZym`ymkw,
sXmgn¬, ]p\c[nhmkw XpSßnb taJeIfn¬ temIcmPyßfnse√mw
Xs∂ \nch[n ]T\ßfpw ]≤XnIfpw {]h¿Ø\ßfpw \S∂phcp∂p≠v.
ChcpsS ]cnc£ temIw ]ca{][m\ambn ImWp∂p, ]cnKWn°p∂p.
sFIycm{„k`bpsS bpssW‰Uv t\j≥kv I¨sh≥j≥ Hm¨ Zn ssd‰vkv
Hm^v t]gvk¨kv hnØv Unsk_nen‰n (UNCRPD -2006) DSºSn
\n¿tZißfmWv F√m cmPyßfpw ]n¥pScp∂Xv. Atacn°≥
sFIy\mSpIfn¬ _p≤n]camb sh√phnfnIƒ t\cnSp∂hcpsS hnZym`ymk
˛ ]p\c[nhmk {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ A\pIcWobhpw ]ptcmKa\]chpamb
\nch[n amXrIIƒ ImWmw. AhnsS _p≤n]camb sh√phnfnIƒ
t\cnSp∂h¿°p≈ F√m tkh\ßfpw kuP\yamWv. Cu tkh\ßfnepw
]≤XnIfnepw CØcw Ip´nIfpsS c£nXm°fpsS ]q¿W]¶mfnØw Ah¿
Dd∏phcpØp∂p. Hmtcm ]≤Xn°pw ]cn]mSn°pw ka{Khpw kºq¿Whpamb
tcJIƒ Xbmdm°n kq£n°p∂Xnepw Ah¿ \njv°¿j ]pe¿Øp∂p.
arZp˛ anX sshIey߃ D≈h¿°v tPmen e`yam°p∂Xnepw ap≥KW\
\¬Ip∂Xn\pw B cmPysØ ]ªnIv tem BŒv A\pimkn°p∂p.
atejybnepw Z£nWsImdnbbnepw P∏m\nepw _p≤n]camb sshIeyw
D≈h¿°v \¬Ip∂ tkh\ßfpw anI®h Xs∂bmWv. Ip´nIfnep≈
sshIey߃ sNdp∏Ønte Xs∂ Is≠Øn hnZKv[cpsS tkh\߃ Dd∏p
hcpØp∂Xn\v Cu cmPy߃ khntijamb {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂p. Cu
cmPyßfn¬ BtcmKy hIp∏v _p≤n]camb sh√phnfnIƒ D≈hcpsS
taJebn¬ sNøp∂ tkh\w Akm[mcWw Xs∂bmWv. _p≤n]camb
sshIeyw _m[n® Ip´nIfpsS amXm]nXm°ƒ°,v XßfpsS a°ƒ Hcp
_m[yXbmbn A\p`h∏SmXncn°m\p≈ {i≤bpw kq£vaXbpw Cu
cmPy߃ {][m\ DØchmZnXzambn ImWp∂p. Cu taJebn¬
{]h¿Øn°p∂ ]cnioeI¿°pw A[ym]I¿°pw hfsc \√ \nebnep≈
kmaqlnI ]cnKW\bpw Cu cmPy߃ Dd∏phcpØp∂p.
Cw•≠n¬, _p≤n]camb sshIeyw t\cnSp∂h¿°pw AhcpsS
IpSpw_Øn\pw F√mhn[ kpc£nXXzhpw \¬Ip∂Xn¬ B cmPyw AXoh
Pm{KX ]pe¿Øp∂p. _p≤n]camb sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂ Hcp Ip´nbpsS
c£nXmhn\v kmaqlytam kmºØnItam Bb bmsXmcphn[
kΩ¿Z߃°pw CS\¬Ip∂n√ F∂p am{Xa√, kmaqlyambn
A[nI]cnKW\bpw _lpaXnbpw \¬In Db¿ØpIbpw sNøp∂p.
_p≤n]cambn sshIeyap≈ Ip´nIƒ P\n°p∂ IpSpw_߃ t\cnSp∂
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn24
Experimental V
ersion
am\knI kwL¿j߃ C√mXm°p∂Xn\v Ah¿°v kmaqlykpc£nXXzw
Dd∏phcpØn kwXr]vXamb PohnXØnte°v Db¿ØpIbmWv Cu
cmPyßsf√mw sNøp∂Xv F∂p hy‡amWv.
1.5.2 tZio-b-Xew
C¥-y-bn¬ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂hcpsS cwKsØ {]h¿Ø-\-
ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ {][m\ ÿm]\w dnlm-
_n-en-t‰-j≥ Iu¨kn¬ Hm^v C¥-y-bm-Wv (Rehabilitation Council of India-RCI). CXv tI{μ-km-aq-l-y-\oXn a{¥me-b-Øns‚ Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp
Ãm‰-yq-́ dn t_mUn-bm-Wv. A[-ym-]I ]cn-io-e\ tI{μ-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-
߃ GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw Kth-j-W-߃ t{]m¬km-ln-
∏n-°p-Ibpw dnlm-_n-en-t‰-j≥ Iu¨kn¬ Hm^v C¥-y-bpsS {][m-\-s∏´
e£y-ß-fm-Wv. A[ym-]-I-cpsS Adn-hp-Iƒ h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Imtem-Nn-X-
amb Adn-hp-Iƒ t\Sp-∂-Xn\pw klm-bn-°p∂ ]cn-io-e-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ hnhn[
GP≥kn-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS dnlm-_n-en-t‰-j≥ Iu¨kn¬ Hm v̂ C¥y
\S-Øn-h-cp-∂p.
a‰p hnI-emwK hn`m-K-߃°p-≈-Xp-t]mse Cu hn`m-K-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈
ÿm]-\-amWv \mj-W¬ C≥Ãn-‰-yq v́ t^m¿ Zn sa‚en lm‚o-Iym]vUv, sk°-
¥-cm-_m-Zv (F≥.-sF.-Fw.-F-®v.). Cu cwKsØ ]T\ Kth-jW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-
ƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw \qX-\-amb Adn-hp-Iƒ a‰p-≈-h-cn-te°v FØn-
°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂ tPmen-bmWv Cu ÿm]-\-Øn-\p-≈Xv. tI{μ kmaq-ly
\oXn a{¥m-e-b-Øns‚ Iogn-emWv Cu ÿm]\w {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.
]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v {][m-\-ambpw aq∂p sN°penÃp-I-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂-Xv.
1 a{Zmkv sUhe∏v-sa‚¬ t{]m{Km-anwKv knÃw (MDPS). CXv C¥-y-bnse
Xs∂ BZ-ysØ sN°venÃv BWv.
2 _ntl-hn-b-d¬ Ak-kvsa‚ v kvsIbn¬ t^m¿ C¥-y≥ Nn¬{U¨ hnØv
sa‚¬ dn´m¿tUj≥ (BASIC MR).
3. ^Mvj-W¬ Ak-kvsa‚ v sN°venÃv t^m¿ t{]m{Km-anwKv (FACP) F∂n-
h-bmWv B sN°venÃp-Iƒ.
C¥y-bn¬ hnhn[ sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂-h-cpsS hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-hpambn _‘-s∏-
SpØn \nc-h[n ÿm]-\-߃ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ NneXv NphsS
tN¿°p-∂p.
\mj-W¬ C≥Ãn-‰yq-́ p-Iƒ
1. National Institute for the Visually Handicapped, Uttaranchal
2. Ali Yavar Jung National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped,Mumbai
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 25
Experimental V
ersion
3. National Institute for the Orthopaedically Handicapped, Kolkata
4. National Institute for the Mentally Handicapped, Secundarabad, A.P
5. Swami Vivekananda National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research,Orissa.
6. The Institute for the Physically Handicapped, New Delhi.
7. National Institute for Empowerment of Persons with Multiple Disabilities,Tamil Nadu.
Ch Hmtcm-∂ns\ kw_-‘n®pw Nne hni-Zmw-i-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
1. National Institute for the Visually Handicapped, Uttaranchal
1979˛¬ Udm-Uq-Wn¬ Bcw-̀ n® Cu ÿm]\w ImgvNbn¬ sh√p-hnfn t\cn-
Sp-∂-h-cpsS tZiob tI{μ-amW.v CsXmcp kzbw`cW ÿm]-\-am-bmWv
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.
NIVH s‚ {][m\ e£y-߃
$ ImgvN-sh-√p-hn-fn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Kth-jW {]h¿Ø-\-߃ t{]m’m-
ln-∏n°pI.
$ Cu cwK-Øp-≈-h¿°v Bh-iy-amb ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v t\XrXzw
\¬Ip-I.
$ ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-Øn-t\m, hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn-t\m, sXdm-∏nt°m Bh-iy-amb
klmb D]-I-c-W-߃ cq]-I-¬∏\ sNøp-∂Xv t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I.
2. Ali Yavar Jung National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped, MumbaitI{μ-K-h-¨sa‚ns‚ {]tXyI Xmev]-cy-Øn¬ 1983˛¬ apws_-bn¬ Cu
ÿm]\w \ne-hn¬ h∂p. Cu ÿm]\w ap≥ Kh¿Wdpw a\p-jy-kvt\-
lnbpw hnZym-̀ ymk {]h¿Ø-I-\p-amb Aen-bm-h¿ Pßns‚ t]cn-emWv Adn-
bs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu cwKsØ Hcp D∂-X-Xe tI{μ-am-bmWv Cu ÿm]\w Adn-
b-s∏Sp∂Xv.
Cu ÿm]-\-Øns‚ {][m-\-e-£y-߃
$ hnhn[ tImgvkpI-fn-eqsS am\-h-hn--̀ h-tijn hnI-k-\-Øn\v {]m[m\yw
\¬Ip-I. AXn-eqsS F√m-h¿°pw tkh\w e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ah-kcw
Hcp-°p-I.
$ kaq-l-Øns‚ ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS Kth-j-W-߃ \S-Øp-I.
$ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn\pw hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn\pw clinical Bb Bh-iy-߃°p-ap≈
D]-I-c-W-߃ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xv t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn26
Experimental V
ersion
3. National Institute for the Orthopaedically Handicapped, KolkataNe-\-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn aqew Ne-\-Øn-\pw, t]in-I-fpsS GtIm-]\Øn\pw
{]bmkw A\p-̀ -hn-°p∂ Ip´n-Ifpw apXn¿∂-h-cp-amb hf-sc-b-[nIw t]cp-
≠v. CØcw _p≤n-ap-́ p-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-hsc klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn 1982˛¬
sIm¬°-Ø-bn¬ ÿm]n-X-amb Hcp kzbw-̀ c-W-ÿm-]-\-amWv National Insti-tute for the Orthopaedically Handicapped.
Cu ÿm]-\-Øns‚ {][m-\-e-£y-߃
$ Ne-\-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°v th≠n {]tXy-I-amb klm-b-
߃ \¬IpI.
$ Ne-\-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°v klmbw e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn\v
th≠ am\-h-hn-̀ h-tijn hnI-kn-∏n-°pI.
$ F√m-Ø-c-Øn-ep-ap≈ Kth-jW {]h¿Ø-\-߃ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI
$ k¿°m-cn\pw k¿°m-cn-Xc ÿm]-\-߃°pw ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-sØ-kw-
_-‘n®v consultancy Bbn {]h¿Øn-°p-I.
4. National Institute for the Mentally Handicapped, Secundrabad, A.P.tI{μ-km-aq-ly-\oXn a{¥m-e-b-Øns‚ Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp kzbw-̀ -
cW ÿm]-\-amWv CXv. 1984˛¬ BWv CXv ÿm]n-®-Xv.
NIMH˛s‚ {][m\ e£y-߃
$ C¥y≥ kml-N-cy-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-kw-c-£W
amXr-I-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-I.
$ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ F√m-h¿°pw tkh\w e`n-°p-
∂-Xn-\m-h-iyamb am\-h-hn-̀ -h-tijn hnI-kn-∏n-°pI
$ Cu taJ-e-bnse ]pXnb AdnhpIƒ a‰p-≈-h¿°p e`y-am-°p∂ tI{μ-
ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-I.
$ cmPysØ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-bpsS Imc-W-ßfpw AXns‚ kmaq-
lnI kmº-ØnI LS-I-ß-fpw, {Kma-̨ -\Kc hyXym-k-ß-fpw, AXns‚
hym]vXn-bp-sams° a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb hnhcw tiJ-cn-
°p-I.
$ cmPyØv CØ-c-°m¿°p-th≠n KpW-]-c-amb tkh\w e`y-am-°p-∂-Xns\
t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I..
5. Swami Vivekananda National Institute of Rehabilitiation Training andResearch. (NIRTAR) (I-´-Iv), Orissa
tI{μ kmaq-ly-\oXn a{¥m-e-b-Øns‚ Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp kzbw-̀ -
cW ÿm]-\-amWv NIRTAR.
Cu ÿm]-\-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø\ e£y-߃ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂p.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 27
Experimental V
ersion
$ Ir{Xna Ah-bh \n¿ΩmWw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI
$ imco-cnI sshI-ey-ap-≈-hsc ]p\-c-[n-h-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb
hnZ-Kv[¿°v (tUm-IvS¿, F©n-\o-b¿, ̂ nkn-tbm-sX-dm-]nÃv .....................)
]cn-io-e\w \¬IpI.
$ imco-cnI sshI-ey-ap-≈-h¿°v sXmgn¬]-cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-Ibpw
sXmgn¬ Is≠Øn -\¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I.
$ C¥y-bnepw hntZ-iØpw \n∂v CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ AdnhpIƒ tiJ-
cn-°p-Ibpw ssIam-dp-Ibpw sNøp-I.
$ imco-cnI sshI-ey-ap-≈-h-cpsS ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb F√m
\S-]-Sn-Ifpw kzoI-cn-°p-I.
6. The Institute for the Physically Handicapped (IPH), New Delhi1976˛¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂ Cu ÿm]\w imco-cnI sshI-ey-ap-≈-h¿°v tkh\w
e-̀ n°p-∂-Xn\v th≠n ÿm]n-®-Xm-Wv. imco-cnI sshI-ey-ap-f-f-h-cpsS a\p-
jy-hn-̀ h-tijn hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\v ap≥K-W\ \¬Ip∂ Hcp ÿm]-\-am-Wv CXv.
Cu ÿm]-\-Øns‚ {][m-\-e-£y-߃
$ aq∂-c-h¿jw ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ ^nkntbm sXdm-∏n, Hm°p-t]-j-W¬
sXdm∏n tImgvkp-Iƒ \S-ØpI
$ imco-cnI sshI-ey-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Untπma tImgvkp-Iƒ \S-ØpI.
$ imco-cnI sshI-ey-ap-≈-h¿°v th≠ klmb D]-I-c-W-߃ \n¿Ωn-
°p-∂-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏´ h¿°vtjm-∏p-Iƒ \S-ØpI
7. National Institute for the Empowerment of Persons with MultipleDisabilities, Tamilnadu
_lp-ssh-I-ey-ap-≈-h¿ ˛ AXm-bXv skdn-{_¬ ]mƒknbpw Hm´nkhpw
D≈h¿, ImgvN- sshI-eyhp-ap≈-h¿, ImgvN-ssh-I-eyhpw _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-
hn-fnbpw t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿, tIƒhn XI-cmdpw _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fnbpw t\cn-
Sp-∂-h¿, XpS-ßn-bp≈-h¿°v tkh\w e`yam-°p∂ ÿm]-\-amWnXv. -_p≤n-
]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fnbpw 1995-̨ se hnI-emw-K-\n-b-a-Øn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂ GXp-
Xcw sshI-eyhpw D≈-h¿°v tkh-\-߃ e`y-am-°p∂-Xn\v Cu ÿm]\w
{]Xn-⁄m-_-≤-am-Wv.
Cu ÿm]-\-Øns‚ {][m-\-e-£y-߃
$ _lp-ssh-I-ey-ap-≈-h-cpsS ]p\-c-[n-hm-kw, ]cn-io-e\w, hnZym-̀ ym-kw,
sXmgn¬, kmaq-lnI hnI-k\w F∂nhbv°v Bh-iy-amb am\-h-hn-̀ h-
tijn hnI-kn-∏n-°pI
$ _lp-ssh-I-ey-ap≈ hy‡n-Iƒ°pw {Kq∏p-Iƒ°pw Bh-iy-amb F√m
Xe-Øn-ep-ap≈ Kth-j-W-߃ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn28
Experimental V
ersion
$ kaq-lsØ im‡o-I-cn®v _lp-ssh-I-ey-ap-≈-hsc ap≥\n-c-bn-te°v
sIm≠p-h-cp-I.
$ _‘-s∏´ cwKsØ Adn-hp-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw a‰p-≈-h¿°v ]I¿∂p
\¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-I.
1.5.3 kwÿm\Xew
hnZym-̀ ymk Ub-d-IvS-d¿ Hm^o-knse ÿnXnhnhcIW-°p-{]-Imcw _p≤n-]-
c-ambn sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°mbn 240 kvs]j-y¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ tIc-
f-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p( 2013 se IW-°v). F√m-ÿm-]-\-ß-fnepw IqSn
GI-tZiw 20000 ˛ tØmfw Ip´n-Iƒ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xmbn IW°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Pn√ Xncn-®p≈ kvIqfp-I-fpsS FÆhpw Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆhpw NphsS
\¬Ip∂p.
Pn√ kvIqfp-I-fpsS FÆw Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆw
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 22 1429sIm√w 12 712]Ø-\w-Xn´ 9 535Be-∏pg 15 866tIm´bw 26 1865CSp°n 8 679Fd-Wm-Ipfw 42 2676Xr»q¿ 20 1748]me-°mSv 7 559ae-∏pdw 22 1493tImgn-t°mSv 21 1480hb-\mSv 7 435IÆq¿ 23 1347Imk¿tKmUv 6 260
BsI 240 16084
CXn¬ Aº-Øn-\m-temfw kvIqfp-Iƒ°v tI{μ-[-\-k-lmbw e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.
kwÿm-\- Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Hcn-°¬ am{Xw \¬Ip∂ [\-k-lm-b-amb ]Øp-
tImSn cq]-bpsS hnlnXw am{Xta a‰p kvIqfp-Iƒ°v e`n-°p-∂p-≈q. kwÿm\
Kh¨sa‚ v \¬Ip∂ aq∂-c-t°mSn cq]-bpsS {]tX-yI [\-k-lm-bhpw Cu
kvIqfp-Iƒ°v e`n-°p-∂p.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂hcpsS hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-cw-KsØ BZy k¿°m¿
ÿm]-\-amWv Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw Pn√-bnse ]mß-∏m-d-bn-ep≈ kn.F-®v.-ap-l-
Ω-ZvtImb satΩm-dnb¬ tÉv C≥Ãn-‰-yq´v t^m¿ sa‚en Ne-©-Uv. Cu
cwKsØ hnhn[ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS CØcw Ip´nIsfbpw Ah-cpsS c£m-
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 29
Experimental V
ersion
I¿Øm-°sfbpw ssI]n-Sn-®p-b¿Øm≥ Cu ÿm]\Øn\p Ign-™n-́ p-≠v.
tIc-f-Øn-ep-S-\ofw SIMC bpsS kmº-ØnI klm-b-tØm-sSbpw a‰p NGO- IfpsS- klIc-W-tØm-sSbpw c£m-I¿Xr-t_m-[-h¬°-cW ¢m p-Iƒ
kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. Cu ¢m p-Iƒ c£-I¿Øm-°ƒ°v ]pXnb Znim-t_m[w
\¬Im≥ klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p. SIMC bpsS t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂ t_m[-
h¬°-cW ]cn-]m-SnIfpw, Iymºp-Ifpw, AwK≥hmSn tI{μo-I-cn-®p≈ t_m[-
h¬°-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw sX‰mb Adn-hp-Iƒ am‰n-sb-Sp-°m\pw kwi-b-߃
Zqco-I-cn-°m\pw klm-b-I-c-am-Wv. SIMC bpsS t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂ k¿sh-
I-fn-eqsS tkh\w th≠{X FØmØ tIc-f-Ønse ]e ÿe-ß-fpw
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ {i≤-bn¬ s]Sp-Øm\pw tkh-\-ßfpw kuI-c-y-ßfpw FØn-
°m\pw Ign-™n-́ p-≠v.
sXmgn¬ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw sXmgn¬ Is≠Øn \¬Ip-∂-Xn-eq-sSbpw
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂-hsc kaq-l-Øns‚ apJ-y-[m-c-bn-te°v
sIm≠p-h-cm\pw kz-¥-ambn Pohn-°m≥ ]c-ym-]vX-cmb hy-‡n-I-fm°n am‰m\pw
Ign™p F∂Xv {it≤-b-amb t\´amWv.
1.5 .4. \ne-hnse ]T-\-coXn
tIc-f-Øn¬ C∂v \ne-\n¬°p∂ ]T-\-coXn check list ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-
bn´p≈Xm-Wv. Hcp Iq´n kvIqfn¬ FØp-tºmƒ Xs∂ check list h®v B Ip´n-
bpsS At∏m-gp≈ Ign-hp-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw Is≠-Ønb Ign-hns‚ ASn-
ÿm\Øn¬ C\n t\Sn-sb-Sp-t°≠ Ign-hp-Iƒ GsXms° F∂v Xocp-am-\n-
°pIbpw sNøp-∂p. Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI Np‰p-]mSv
IqSn IW-°n-se-Sp-ØmWv Ip´n B¿Pn-t°≠ Ign-hp-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xv.
AXn¬Øs∂ G‰hpw ap≥K-W\ sImSp-t°-≠h a\- n-em°n Ah-bm-bn-
cn°pw BZyw ]Tn-∏n-°p-I.. (eg. ]√p-tX-bv°m-t\m, toilet˛¬ t]mImt\m Adn-
bmØ Ip´nsb t]sc-gp-Xm≥ ]Tn-∏n-°p-I-b-√t√m {][m-\w) Ip´nsb ]Tn-∏n-
°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p∂ Ign-hp-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßfpw ]T-\-X-
{¥-hpw, IrXy-amb ka-b-hp-sams° Xocp-am-\n-®v Bbncn°pw ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø\w
Bcw-̀ n-t°-≠-Xv. hy‡n-KX ]T-\-am-tWm, kwL-]-T-\-amtWm kzoI-cn-t°-
≠-sX∂pw Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Hcp Ip´n am{X-ambn B¿Pn-t°≠ Ign-
hm-sW-¶nepw IqSp-X¬ ]cn-io-e\w Bh-iy-ap-≈-Xm-sW-¶nepw hy‡n-KX ]cn-
io-e-\-am-bn-cn°pw Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. ¢m n-ep≈ `qcn-]£w Ip´n-I-fpsS
Ign-hn-\-\p-k-cn-®p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-am-sW-¶n¬ Hcp-an®p ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-
∂- {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v kwL-t_m-[\w Bbn-cn°pw A`n-Im-ayw.
kvIqfn¬ FØp∂ ka-bØpw AXp-I-gn-™p≈ Hmtcm aq∂p-am-khpw Ip´n-
bpsS Ign-hp-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw B¿Pn® Ign-hp-Iƒ°\p-k-cn®v ]pXnbh
B¿Pn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw sNøp-Ibpw sNøp∂p.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS ]T\w KpW-ta-∑-bp-≈-Xm-
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn30
Experimental V
ersion
t°-≠Xv Ime-L-́ -Øns‚ Bh-i-y-am-Wv. hnI-knX cmP-y-ß-fnepw a‰pw \nehn-
ep-≈-Xp-t]mse imkv{Xobhpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb Hcp ]T-\-k-{º-Zmbw cq]-
s∏-SpØn Cu Ip´n-Isf kz¥w Imen¬ \n¬°m≥ {]m]vX-cm-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
AXn-\p≈ Iq´mb {ia-߃ AX-y-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.
1.5 .5. \ne-hnse A[-ym-]-I¿, a‰v Poh-\-°m¿
2013 ˛ se e -̀y-amb IW°v {]Imcw kwÿm-\Øv 240 ˛ Hmfw kvs]j-y¬
kvIqfpIƒ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°mbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-
≠v. F∂m¬ AwKo-Imcw IqSmsX {]h¿Øn-°p∂ H -́\-h[n ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ
thsdbpw D≠v F∂mWv a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-®n-́ p-≈-Xv. \ne-hn-ep-≈ AwKo-
IrX ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ GI-tZiw 560 Hmfw A[-ym-]-Icpw Bbn-c-Øn-\-SpØv
A\-[-ym-]-Icpw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v F∂mWv IW-°p-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.
A[-ym-]-I-cn¬ ̀ qcn-̀ m-Khpw _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS
]T-\-Ønepw t_m[\Ønepw {]tX-yI ]cn-io-e\w t\Sn-b-h-cm-Wv. F∂m¬
Ah¿°v Bh-i-y-amb C≥k¿hokv ]cn-io-e-\-ßtfm ]n¥p-Wtbm \¬Ip∂
bmsXmcp kwhn-[m-\hpw \ne-hn-en-√. ]mß-∏m-d-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ SIMCHgn-sI-bp≈ as‰√m ÿm]-\-ßfpw A -̈F-bn-UUv taJ-e-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-
°p∂p F∂Xv Cu Ip´nIfpsS ]T-\sØ Kuc-h-]q¿hw I≠n-́ n√ F∂-
Xns‚ aIp-tSm-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
Bb-Xp-sIm≠p Xs∂ \ne-hnse A[-ym-]-I-cpsS tkh\ thX\ hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ
]cn-an-X-am-Wv. Xp—-amb iºfw ]‰n-s°m≠v Cu Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZ-ym-̀ ymkw Imc-y-
£-a-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠nbp≈ ]cn-{i-a-Øn-emWv \ne-hn-ep≈ A[-ym-]-I¿.
Ch-cpsS Cu Ah-ÿbv°v ]cn-lmcw ImtW-≠Xv AX-y-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.
\ne-hn¬ Imc-y-£-a-ambn {]h¿Øn-®p-h-cp∂ ÿm]-\-ßsf Fbn-UUv ]Z-
hn-bn-te°v Db¿Øn-s°m≠v Bh-i-y-amb ]n¥pW \¬Ip-∂Xv Cu Ip´n-I-
ƒ°v \¬Ip∂ G‰hpw al-Ø-mb Hcp ]n¥p-W-bm-bn-cn-°pw.
A[-ym-]-I¿°p ]pdta klm-bn-I-fmbpw, Btcm-K-y-{]-h¿Ø-I-cmbpw, sXdm∏n-
Ãp-I-fmbpw Ht´sdt∏¿ Cu ÿm]-\ßfn¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p-≠v. Ah-cpsS
tbmK-yX kw_-‘n®pw, tkh-\-th-X\ hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ kw_-‘n®pw ]cn-io-
e\w kw_-‘n®pw ÿm-]-\-߃ XΩn¬ henb A¥cw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-
≠v. C°m-c-y-߃°pw ]cn-lmcw AX-y-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. Xp—-amb thX\w
]‰p∂ C°q-́ cpw Ak-z-ÿ-cm-Wv.
s]mXp-hn¬ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn- t\cn-Sp∂ kvIqfp-I-fnse Poh-\-°m¿°v
A¿l-amb AwKo-Imcw \¬Inbpw tkh\ thX\ hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn®pw
CØcw kvIqfp-I-fnse ]T\w KpW-ta-∑bp≈Xm°n am‰p-∂-Xn\v ASn-b-¥n-
c-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 31
Experimental V
ersion
hnhn[Xcw_p≤n-]-c-ambsh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ 2
A[ymbw
2.1 BapJw
C¥y≥ ̀ c-W-L-S\ ]uc\v Dd∏p \¬Ip∂ auenImh-Im-i-ß-fn¬ {][m-\-
s∏-́ -XmWv "hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw' (RTE 2009). _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-
hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb hnZym`ymk kml-N-cy-ßfpw Ah-
k-c-ßfpw e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ tIcfw ]n∂n-emsW∂vv tUm. Fw.sI. P-b-cm-Pv
IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿ v́ (2012 ̨ 13)kqNn-∏n-°p∂p. CXn\v Imc-W-ambn Nne hkvXp-
X-Iƒ IΩo-j≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p.
$ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂-h-cpsS {]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v s]mXp-
sh-bp≈ [mc-W-°p-d-hv.
$ "_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn' F∂ Ah-ÿ-bv°p≈ Imc-W-ß-sf-°p-dn®v
]pe¿Ønt∏m-cp∂ A⁄-Xbpw anYym-[m-c-W-I-fpw.
$ t\csØ Xs∂ CØcw Ah-ÿ-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™v imkv{Xob ]cn-io-
e\ coXn-Iƒ e`y-am-°mØXv.
$ Ip´n-I-fpsS ka-{K-hn-I-k-\-Øn-\p-X-Ip∂ ]mTy-]-≤Xn, ]T-\-co-Xn, ]T-
\-tI{μw F∂nh-bpsS A`m-hw.
AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Hmtcm hn`m-K-Øn\pw
AXn¬Øs∂ Hmtcm Ip´n°pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb khn-tij ]mTy-]-≤Xn Xbm-
dm°n Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ymkw, ]cn--io-e-\w, sXdm∏n a‰v klm-bI kwhn[m-
\-߃ F∂nh Dd∏mt°≠Xv kmaqly _m[y-X-bm-sW∂v IΩo-j≥ Nq≠n-
°m-Wn-°p-∂p.
2.2. hnhn[Xcw _p≤n]camb sh√phnfnIƒ
akvXnjvI tImi-ß-fmb \yqtdm-Wp-I-fpsS Akm-[m-c-Wtam Akzm-̀ m-hn-Itam
Bb AhkvY, £Xw Ch Imc-W-ambn kw -̀hn-°p∂ hnhn[Xcw _p≤n-]-
c-amb sh√phnfnIƒ NphsS sImSp°p∂p.
1. _p≤n-am-μyw
2. Hm´n-kw
3 skdn-{_¬]mƒkn
4. _lp-ssh-I-eyw
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn32
Experimental V
ersion
5. ssii-h- am-\-knI tcmKw
6. ]T-\-]-c-amb {Ia-̀ wKw
Cu hn`m-K-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ kmam-\-y-[m-cW CØcw Ip´n-I-fpsS ]mT-y-]-≤-
Xn-sb-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°p-∂-Xn\v A\n-hm-c-y-amb aq∂p-]m-[n-bmWv. Bb-Xn-\m¬
Ch Hmtcm∂pw hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
2.2.1 _p≤n-am-μyw
Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw hf¿®-bnepw hnIm-k-Ønepw \n›nX L -́߃ D≠v.
Hmtcm L -́Ønepw B¿Pn-°p∂ ]I-zX ASpØ L -́Ønse hnIm-ksØ
kzm-[o-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. hf¿®-bnepw hnIm-k-Ønepw Ime-b-f-hn-\-\p-k-
cn®v kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S-ens‚ A`mhw, Nn¥mti-jn-bpsS A]-c-ym-]vXX, -
[mc-W-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°¬, Adn-hp-Iƒ {]tbm-Kn-°¬, Xocp-am-\-ß-fntem \nK-
a-\-ß-fntem FØn-t®-c¬ F∂n-h-bn¬ A\p-̀ -h-s∏-Sp∂ ]cn-anXn XpS-ßn-b-
h-bmWv _p≤n-am-μ-y-ap≈ Ip´n-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.
_p≤n-am-μyw kw -̀hn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Imc-W-߃
1. t{Imatkmw, P\n-XI sshI-e-y-߃
2. K¿`-Im-eØv AΩ-bv°p-≠m-Ip∂ {]talw, Db¿∂ c‡-k-Ω¿±w,
ssXtdm-bvUv{K-Ÿn-I-fpsS Ak-zm-̀ m-hn-I-X.
3. t]mj-Im-lm-c-°p-dhv, AΩbv°v K¿ -̀Im-e-Øns‚ BZ-y-aq-∂p-am-k-ß-
fn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ tcmK-ß-fmb P¿Ω≥ aokn¬kv, sl¿∏nkv, kn^n-enkv,
t{SmIvtkm πmkvtam-knkv F∂n-h.
4. c‡-Ønse B¿. F®v. LS-I-Øns‚ s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sv.
5. ab-°p-a-cp∂v, aZyw, ]pI-bne, Nne acp-∂p-Iƒ, FIvktd XpS-ßn-bh
6. {]k-h-ka-bØv \h-Pm-X-in-ip-hns‚ akvXn-jvI-Øn\v G¬°p∂
BLmXw, kpZo¿L-amb {]k-h-{]-{Inb, s]m°n¬s°m-Sn-bpsS Ipcp-
߬, inip-hn-\p-≠m-Ip∂ a™-∏nØw, t]mj-Im-lm-c-°p-dhv XpS-
ßnbh.
7. Ip™n\p-≠m-Ip∂ sa\n-ss©-‰nkv, Xe-t®mdv ]gp∏v, a‰p ]cp-°p-Iƒ
kz-̀ m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
hf¿®m-L-́ -Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ Ime-Xm-akw, ̀ mjm-hn-Im-k-Ønse hnhn[ {]iv
\߃, Imbn-I-£-a-X-bpsS ]cn-anXn, kmaq-ly CS-s]-S-ens‚ Ipdhv, Nn¥m-
ti-jnbp-tSbpw [mc-Wm-ti-jn-bp-tSbpw {]iv\-߃, Xocp-am-\-ß-fn¬ FØn-
t®-cm-\p≈ {]bmkw, Hm¿Ω, ]T\w F∂n-h-bv°p≈ tijn-°p-dhv XpS-ßn-b-
h-bmWv s]mXp-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 33
Experimental V
ersion
_p≤nam\Øns‚ (IQ) ASnÿm\Øn¬ _p≤namμysØ {][m\ambpw
\membn Xcw Xncn°mw. Ah GsXm-s°-sb∂pw Ah-bpsS _p≤n-am\\nc°pw
]´n-I-bmbn NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.
hnhn-[-Xcw _p≤n-am-μyw
\º¿ _p≤n-am-μyw _p≤n-am-\-
\n-c°v
1 arZp_p≤n-am-μyw (Mild retardation) 50 -70
2 anX_p≤n-am-μyw (Moderate retardation) 35 - 50
3 Xo{h _p≤n-am-μyw (Severe retardation) 20 - 35
4 Xo£vW_p≤n-am-μyw (Profound retardation) 20 - ¬ Xmsg
_p≤n-am-μy-sa-∂Xv NnIn-’bv°v hnt[-b-am-°m-hp∂ Hcp tcmK-a√; adn®v Hc-
h-ÿ-bm-Wv. _p≤n-]-c-amb ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc ]cn-l-cn®v kaq-l-
Øns‚ apJy-[m-c-bn¬ kzm{ib-tØmsS Pohn-°m≥ {]m]vX-cm-°p-∂-Xn\v DX-
Ip-∂-Xm-IWw Ch-cpsS hnZym-̀ ym-kw.
2.2.2 Hm´nkw
Ip´n-bpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ 3 hb- n-\p-ap≥]v kw -̀hn-°p∂ k¶o¿W-amb Hcp
Ah-ÿ-bmWv Hm´n-kw. _p≤n-am-μy-ap-≈-h-sc∂v sX‰n-≤cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sm≥ km[y-
X-bp≈ hn`m-K-amWv Ch¿. 1943 ˛ ¬ entbm-sI-∂¿ F∂ inip-a-t\m-tcm-K-
`nj-Kz-c≥ Cu {]iv\w Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂Xphsc CØcw Ip´n-Isf at\m-tcm-Kn-
Ifmtbm at\m-Zp¿_-e-cmtbm BWv s]mXpsh ]cn-K-Wn®p h∂n-cp-∂-Xv.
Hm´n-k-Øns‚ Imc-W-߃
1. t{Ima-tkmw (P\n-XI) LS-I-߃.
2. K¿ -̀k-a-bsØ {]iv\-߃
3. akvXn-jvI-L-S-\-bnse Akm-[m-c-WXzw
4. ]mcn-ÿn-XnI Imc-W-߃
kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
1 a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn-\pw, Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\pw {]bm-kw.
2 Bh¿Ø\ kz`m-h-߃ ImWn-°p-I.
3 am‰-ß-tfmSv s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sm-\mhmXn-cn-°p-I
4 {]Xn-i-_vZ-{]-Xn-I-c-Ww
5 ktN-X-\ hkvXp-°-sf°mfpw AtN-X-\-h-kvXp-°-tfm-Sp≈ B`n-ap-Jyw.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn34
Experimental V
ersion
6 Bh¿Ø\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ A`n-c-an-°p-I
7. sshIm-cnI {]I-S-\-Øn\v {]m]vXn-°p-d-hv
8 `mj D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-ep≈ {]iv\-߃.
Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ°\p-k--cn®v hy‡n-KX ]cn-io-e\ ]≤-
Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn®v CØcw Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ymkmh-iy-߃ \nd-th-t‰-≠-
Xp-≠v.
2.2.3 skdn-{_¬ ]mƒkn
akvXnjvI tImi-ß-fnse £X-amWv skdn-{_¬ ]mƒkn°v Imc-Ww. icoc
t]in-I-fn¬ {]iv\-ß-fp-≈-Xp-sIm≠v Ne-\sØ _m[n-°mw. CXv Blmcw,
izk-\w, hnk¿P\w F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ kzm`m-hnI {]h¿Ø-\--ß-sfbpw _m[n-
°pw. ssIIm-ep-Iƒ°v ]q¿W-amtbm, ̀ mKn-I-amtbm Ne\{]iv\-߃, CtXm-
sSm∏w 60% sa¶nepw _p≤n-am-μyhpw I≠p hcp-∂p.
skdn-{_¬ ]mƒkn-bpsS Imc-W-߃
1. Hcp {]k-h-Øn¬ H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ Ip™p-߃
2. {`qWm-h-ÿ-bn¬ G¬°p∂ £Xw
3. t]mjIm-lm-c-°p-dhv
4. Db¿∂ c‡-k-Ω¿Zw, ssl∏¿ ssXtdm-bvUnkw, {]ta-lw
5. ssPh˛ -cm-k-̨ -P\n-XI {]iv\-߃
6. amkw XnI-bm-sX-bp≈ {]khw
7. akvXnjvIØn\v G¬°p∂ AWp-_m[, hogvN-aq-e-ap≈ £Xw
e£W-߃
1. Ip™p-ß-fn¬ ImWp∂ Akm-[m-c-W-amb £oWw, {i≤-°p-d-hv, Akm-
[m-c-W-amb D®-Øn-ep≈ Ic-®n¬.
2. Ip™p-ß-ƒ°v ]m¬ IpSn-°p-∂-Xn\pw ̀ £Ww hngp-ßp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈
{]bm-kw.
3. Ab-™-t]-in-Iƒ, Akm-[m-cW imco-cn-I-{]-Xn-I-c-W-߃.
A\p-tbm-Py-amb D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS hy‡n-KX ]cn-io-e\
]≤-Xn-Iƒ CØ-c-°m¿°v Bhn-jv°-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
2.2.4 _lp-ssh-Ieyw
H∂n-e-[nIw hyXykvX sshI-ey-߃ Hcp hy‡n-bn¬ Htc kabw kw -̀hn-
°p∂ kml-N-cy-amWv _lp-ssh-I-eyw. DZm:- Ne-\-ssh-I-ey-tØm-sSm∏w
tIƒhn C√m-bva.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 35
Experimental V
ersion
H∂n-e-[nIw hyXy-kvX-ssh-I-ey-߃ Htc-k-abw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ hy‡n-
Iƒ km[m-c-W- sh-√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂hcn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-amb henb
tXmXn-ep≈ k¶o¿W-km-l-N-cy-߃ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. km[mcW
]p\-c-[n-hmk {]{In-b-bn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn khn-tij ]cn-K-W\bpw
CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw Ch-cpsS kmaq-ly-h-Xv°-c-W-Øn\pw hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn\pw A\n-
hm-cy-am-Wv.
2.2.5 ssii-ham\-knItcmKw
s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øns‚ {i≤ H´pw ]Xn-bmØ Hcp sh√p-hn-fn-bmWv ssii-h-am-
\-knI tcmKw. CsXmcp tcmK-Øns‚ KW-Øn-emWv Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-sX-¶nepw
tcmKm-h-ÿ-bpsS A\-¥-c-^ew _p≤n-amμy Ah-ÿ-bm-Wv. kvIntkm-
{^o\nb, hnjm-Z-tcm-Kw, BImw£m{Ia`wKw (Anxiety Disorder), {i≤m-tem]
AXn-{Inbm {Ia-̀ wKw (Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder) F∂nh ssii-h-
am-\-kn-I-tcm--K-Øns‚ ̀ mK-am-bp-≈ {]iv\-ßfmWv.
kvIntkm-{^o-\nb
Ip´n-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ kvIntkm-{^o-\n-b-bm-Wv ssiih am\-knI tcmK-Øn¬
{][m-\-s∏-́ -Xv. hy‡n bmYm¿YysØ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw bmYm¿Yy-t_m-[-
an-√msX s]cp-am-dp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hch-ÿ-bm-Wn-Xv. Cu {]iv\w sNdp-{]m-b-
Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ hnZym-̀ ym-k-]-c-amb hf¿®bv°pw kmaq-ly-̨ -ssh-
Im-cnI hnIm-k-Øn\pw henb sh√p-hn-fn-bmbn amdp-∂p. t\csØ Is≠Øn
NnIn-’n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ {]iv\-߃ Ipd-bv°m≥ Ign-bpw.
BImw-£m-{I-a-̀ wKw
Ip´n-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ as‰mcp am\-knI {]iv\-am-Wv. BImw-£m-{I-a-̀ wKw (Anxi-ety Disorder). Cu {]iv\-ap≈ Ip´n-Iƒ°v G‰hpw {][m-\-ambn c£n-Xm-°-
fn¬ \n∂v ]ncn-™n-cn-°m-\p≈ t]Snbpw kvIqfn¬ t]mIm≥ XmXv]-cy-an-√m-
bva-bp-amWv I≠p hcp-∂-Xv.
e£-W-߃
1. c£mI¿Øm-°-fn¬ \n∂v amdn \n¬°p-tºmƒ Akzm-̀ m-hnI s]cp-
am‰w ImWn-°p-I.
2. kvIqfn¬ t]mIm≥ t]Sn, AIm-cW `bw, \nb-{¥n-°m-\m-hmØ k¶-
Sw, AS-ßn-bn-cn-°mØ kz`m-hw, a‰p-≈-hsc ieyw sNø¬.
3. Akm-[m-c-W-amb Xe-th-Z-\, hb-dp-th-Z-\. Dd-°-an-√m-bva, Zpkz-]v\w
ImW¬.
4. {i≤-°p-d-hv, ]Tn-Ø-Øn-ep≈ {]iv\-߃, H‰-s∏-Sm-\p≈ B{K-lw,
hrØn-lo-\-X, \mWw.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn36
Experimental V
ersion
hnjm-Z-tcmKw
hnjmZ tcmK-amWv Ip´n-I-fn¬ I≠p-h-cp∂ as‰mcp am\-knI tcmKw. Cu tcmK-
_m-[ am\-knI sh√p-hn-fn-bmbn ]cn-W-an-°p-Ibpw hnZym-`ym-k-sØ-bpw sXmgn-
en-s\bpw kmaqlyPohn-X-sØ-bp-sams° sX‰mbn kzm[o-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.
e£-W-߃
1. Ifn-bnepw Iq´p-Im-cnepw XmXv]-cy-an-√m-bva.
2. {i≤bpw Du¿P-hp-an-√mØ Ahÿ.
3. hni-∏n-√m-bva, ̀ mc-°p-d-hv, Dd-°-an-√m-bva, \ncm-im-t_m-[w, Bfl-lXym
{]h-W-X.
4. kz`mh sshI-ey-߃, sshIr-X-߃, el-cn-tbm-Sp≈ A`n-hm©.
{i≤m-tem] AXn-{Inbm {Ia-`wKw (Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder)
Ata-cn-°≥ ssk°ym-{Sn°v At m-kn-tb-j≥ BWv Cu Ah-ÿbv°v
{i≤mtem] AXn{Inbm{Ia`wKw (Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder) F∂
t]cv \¬In-b-Xv.
e£-W-߃
1. hf-cp-tºmƒ {i≤-tim-jn®v {]iv\-߃ D≠m-Ip-I. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Hcp
Imcyhpw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m-\m-hm-Xn-cn-°p-I.
2. Aan-Xm-thi {]h-W-X, AXm-b-Xv, Dug-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v £a-tbmsS Imcy-
߃ sNøm-\m-hmØ Ah-ÿ.
3. AXn-{In-bX AYhm kzÿ-am-bn-cn-°m≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cn-°p-I.
kvIntkm-{^o-\nb, hnjm-Z-tcm-Kw, BImw£m{Ia`wKw, {i≤mtem] AXn-
{Inbm {Ia-̀ wKw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ ssii-h-am-\-kn-I-tcmK-Øns‚ ̀ mK-am-bp-
≈ {]iv\-ßsf t\csØ Is≠Øn icn-bmb CS-s]-S¬ \S-Øn-bns√-¶n¬
k¶o¿W Ah-ÿ-bn-te°v \bn-t®-°mw. {]tXyI ]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Xbm-
dm°n khn-tij ]cn-K-W-\-tbmsS Cu hn`m-K-tØmSv CS-s]-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.
2.2.6 ]T-\-]camb {Ia-̀ wKw (Learning Disorders)
]T-\-ssh-Ieyw (Learning Disability) F∂ ]Zw s]mXpsh C∂v D]-tbm-Kn-®p-
Im-Wp-∂n-√. ]Icw ]T-\-]-c-amb {Ia-̀ wKw (Learning Disorder) F∂-XmWv
Cu taJ-e-bn-ep≈ hnZ-Kv[-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ A`n-Im-ay-ambn
Ah-X-cn-∏n®p ImWp-∂-Xv. hmb-\, kwkm-cw, Fgp-Øv, tIƒhn, KWn-Xw, kaq-
l-Øn-ep≈ CS-s]-S¬ F∂o Imcy-ß-fn¬ GXn-se-¶n-ep-sam-s°-bp≈ Akm-
[m-c-WXzamWv s]mXp-hmb e£Ww. tI{μ\mUohyqlØns‚ (Central Nerv-ous System) {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-ep≈ Akm-[m-c-W-Xz-amWv ]T-\-]-c-amb {Ia-̀ w-K-
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 37
Experimental V
ersion
Øn\v {][m-\-tl-Xp. as‰√m akvXn-jvI-sh-√p-hn-fn-Ifp-sSbpw Imc-W-߃
Xs∂-bm-Wv s]mXpsh ]T-\-]-c-amb {Ia-̀ w-K-Øn\pw Imc-W-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-
°p-∂-Xv.
]T-\-]-c-amb {Ia-̀ w-Kw, XoIvjW-amb Ah-ÿ-bn¬ XpS¿®-bmbn \ne\n¬°p-
I-bm-sW-¶n¬ CXv _p≤n-]-c-amb k¶o¿W {]iv\-߃°v ̀ mhn-bn¬ CS-bm-
°ntb°mw F∂m-Wv ]T-\-߃ sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv. F{Xbpw t\ctØ {]iv\w
Xncn-®-dn-™v, hnZKv[ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ hen-b-tXm-
Xn-ep≈ KpW-]-c-amb am‰-߃ hy‡n-I-fn¬ krjvSn-°m\pw, kºq¿Wam-
bn-Øs∂ kaq-l-Øns‚ apJy-[m-c-bn-te°v Chsc Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-\p-am-hpw. ]e-
t∏mgpw Akm-[m-cW tijn-bp≈ anSp-°-∑m-cm-hm-\p≈ ssh`hw Chcnep-
s≠-∂-Xm-Wv bmYm¿Yyw.
e£-W-߃
1. {i≤n-°p-∂-Xn\pw {i≤-tI-{μo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw D≈ {]bmkw
2. kmaqly CS-s]-S-en-ep≈ {]iv\-߃.
3. £a-bn-√mbva.
4. [mc-Wm-ti-jn-bnse {]iv\-߃.
5. `mjm{]tbmK, kwkm-c-ta-J-e-bnse _p≤n-ap-́ p-Iƒ.
6. kzÿ-X-bn-√mbva.
7. hmb-\, A£-c-ß-fpsS icn-bmb D]-tbm-Kw, IW-°p-sN-øpI F∂n-h-
bn-ep≈ {]iv\-߃ sIm≠v ]T-\-]-c-amb ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ.
8. imco-cn-I {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-ep≈ \nb-{¥-W-an-√mbva
]T\]c-amb {Ia`wKw Xo£vW-amb Ah-ÿ-tbmsS XpS¿®bmbn \ne
\n∂m¬ _p≤n-]-c-amb {]iv\-߃°v Imc-W-am-tb-°mw. Ip´n-Iƒ {]bmkw
A\p-̀ -hn-°p∂ taJ-e-Iƒ Is≠Øn klmbw \¬Ip-Ibpw Ign-hp≈ a‰v
taJ-e-Isf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xm-hWw Ch¿°p≈ hnZym-̀ ymk
]≤-Xn.
2.3 Ip´n-I-fpsS {]IrXw
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS {]Ir-Xw H∂ns\m∂v hyXy-
kvX-amW.v Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw {]IrXw Fß-s\-sbm-s°-bmImw F∂-Xns\
kw_-‘n®v A[ym-]-I\v Ah-t_m[w D≠m-I-Ww. ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ CS-s]-
Sp∂ ka-bØv ]Tn-Xmhv Xs‚ {]Ir-X-a-\p-k-cn®v sNøm≥ km[y-X-bp≈ Imcy-
ßsf kw_-‘n®v So®¿ Adn-- tb-≠-Xp-≠v.
Ip´n-I-fpsS {]IrXw kw_-‘n® s]mXp-hmb Nne {]h-W-X-Iƒ NphsS
sImSp-°p-∂p.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn38
Experimental V
ersion
$ Hm¿Ωn-s®-Sp-°¬, Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°¬, [mcW ssIh-cn-°¬, hni-I-e\w
sNø¬, \nK-a-\-Øn-seØnt®c¬ XpS-ßnb am\-knI Ign-hp-I-fn¬ ka-
{]m-b-°m-sc-°mƒ ]n∂n-em-Wv.
$ imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb Ign-hp-I-fn¬ Htc {]mb-Øn-ep≈ Ip´n-I-
fn¬ Xs∂ henb A¥cw ImWmhp-∂-XmWv.
$ AwKo-Im-cw, ]cn-K-W-\, t{]m’m-l-\w- F-∂nh CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂p.
$ Hmtcm Ip´n°pw hyXy-kvX-amb imco-cnI am\-knI ]n¥pW (kt∏m-
¿ v́) Bh-iyamWv.
$ Iq´mb {]h¿Ø-\-߃, Ifn-Iƒ F∂nh s]mXpsh CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cm-
Wv.
$ hy‡n-K-X-hpw, khn-ti-j-hp-amb kz`m-h, s]cp-am‰ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ D≈-
h-cm-Wv.
$ XpS¿®-bmbn ¢mkn¬ lmP-cm-hm≥ {]bmkw A\p-̀ -hn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv.
$ Nne {]tXyI taJ-e-I-fn¬ khn-tij Ign-hp-Iƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-h-cm-
Wv.
$ Bh¿Ø\ kz`m-h-ap≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃/Ifn-Iƒ F∂nh aSp-∏n-√msX
sNøm≥ Xbmdm-Wv.
$ imco-cnI sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb klm-bI
D]-I-c-W߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v {]I-S\w sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.
Ip´n-I-fpsS {]Ir-XsØ IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈ s]cp-am-‰-amWv
c£mI¿Øm-hnt‚bpw A[-ym-]-I-cp-tSbpw ̀ mK-Øp-\n∂pw D≠m-tI-≠-Xv.
2.4 _u≤nI \ne-hmcw
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS _u≤n-I-\n-e-hmcw kw_-
‘n® hn-i-Zmw-i-߃ NphsS sImSp-°p-∂p.
$ \n›nX hf¿®m-L´w ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ime-Xm-akw t\cn-Sp∂Xn-
\m¬ ka-{]m-b-°m-sc°mƒ _u≤nI \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ apt∂m \mtem
h¿jw ]n∂n-em-bn-cn-°pw.
$ Nne Ip´nIƒ ]T-\-Øn¬ ]n∂n-em-bn-cn-°p-sa-¶nepw _p≤n-bpsS a‰v taJ-
e-I-fn¬ (kwKo-Xw, kvt]m¿Svkv, Nn{XcN-\, \n¿-ΩmWw, XpS-ßn-bh)
ka-{]m-b-°m-tcm-sSm∏w Xs∂ IgnhpIƒ ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-cm-Wv.
$ Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw _p≤n-]-c-amb Ign-hp-Iƒ hne-bn-cpØn imkv{Xo-
b-hpw icn-bm-b-Xp-amb CS-s]-S-en-eqsS _u≤n-I-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-
Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 39
Experimental V
ersion
$ _lp-apJ _p≤n-bpsS (Multiple Intelligence - MI) hyXykvX taJ-e-I-
fn¬ Ign-hp-≈-hsc Is≠Øm≥ icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ CS-s]-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ Adn-hv B¿Pn-°¬, {]tbmKn°¬ F∂n-h-bn¬ sNdnb Af-hn¬ \n∂v
Bh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS henb Af-hn-te°v hnI-kn-∏n-°p∂ kao-]\w
(Task Analysis) {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
2.5 {]iv\-߃, {]bm-k-߃
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ymkw t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\-
ßfpw sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw {]bm-k-ßfpw \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv.
$ _lp-apJ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ (sshI-ey-߃) t\cn-tS≠n hcp∂ Ip´n-Isf
hy‡n-K-X-ambn klm-bn-°p∂-Xn-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\-߃ Hcp-t°-≠-Xp-
≠v.
$ am\-knI {]iv\-߃, s]cp-am‰ {]iv\-߃ Ch A\p-̀ -hn-°p∂ Ip´n-
I-sf Xncn-®-dn™v Hmtcm Ip´n°pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb hy‡n-KX hnZym-
`ymk {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ hnZym-e-b-Ønse ]T-\m-\p-̀ -h-߃°v XpS¿®-bmbn c£n-Xm-°-fpsS CS-
s]-S¬ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. c£n-Xm-°-sf CXn-\mbn i‡n-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-
Xp-≠v.
$ Xt±-i-kz-bw-̀ -cW ÿm]-\-߃, hnZym--̀ ymk GP≥knIƒ, k∂≤
kwL-S\-Iƒ, Chscsb√mw Cu hn`mKw Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ymk kwhn-
[m\w sa®-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xns‚ A\n-hm-cyX t_m[y-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ \ne-hn-ep≈ B\p-Iq-ey-߃, \nb-a-]-cnc£, Ch-cpsS {]tXyI Ah-
Im-i-߃ F∂o Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v s]mXp kaq-lw, c£n-Xm-°ƒ XpS-
ßn-b-h¿s°√mw \ne-hn¬ icn-bmb Ah-t_m-[-an-√. CXv ]cn-lcn-t°-
≠-Xp≠v.
$ hnZym-̀ ym-k-tØm-sSm∏w Xs∂ kam-¥-c-ambn CØ-c-°m¿°v \¬tI≠
NnIn-’, ]p\-c-[n-hmkw F∂o Imcy-ß-fn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ kwhn-[m\w
A]-cym-]vX-am-Wv. AXv sa®-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ hnhn[ hIp-∏p-Iƒ XΩn¬ GtIm-]-\-an-√m-ØXv Ch-cpsS hnZym-̀ ym-
ksØ Gsd _m[n-°p-∂p-≠v.
$ Ip´n-I-fpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn, a‰v Ign-hp-Iƒ F∂nh imkv{Xo-b-ambn hne-bn-
cp-Øm-\p≈ kwhn-[m\w A]-cym-]vX-am-Wv.
$ hnZym-̀ ymkw Dƒs∏sS Ch¿°v e`y-am-bn-́ p≈ apgph≥ tkh-\-ß-sfbpw
DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-tØmsS hne-bn-cp-Øn XpS¿{]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn40
Experimental V
ersion
sNtø≠p∂ i‡amb kwhn-[m\w \ne-hn-en-√. AXn-\p-X-Ip∂ Xc-
Øn-ep≈ kwhn-[m-\-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.
2.6 {]tXyI Ign-hp-Iƒ
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS {]tX-yI Ign-hp-Iƒ NphsS
sImSp-°p-∂p.
$ _p≤n-]-c-amb ]n∂m-°m-hÿ F∂v s]mXpsh hnh-£n-°p-tºm-gpw Nne
taJ-e-I-fn¬ Akm-[m-c-Wtam hyXy-kvXtam Bb Ign-hp-Iƒ Nne-cn-
se-¶nepw I≠p hcp-∂p≠v.
$ Hmtcm Ip´n-bnepw Hfn-™n-cn-°p∂ khn-tij Ign-hp-Isf Xncn-®-dn™v
hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m-\p-X-Ip-∂-Xm-hWw Ch¿°p≈ hnZym-̀ ymk {]h¿Ø-
\-߃.
$ _p≤n-am-]\w (I.Q test) Ip´n-I-fpsS Ign-hp-Isf ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-
Wv. _lp-ap-J-_p-≤n-bpsS hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ Hmtcm Ip´nbpw FhnsS
\n¬°p∂p F∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp∂ coXn-bn¬ ]cn-tim-[-\-bv°v hnt[-b-am-
°-Ww.
hnhn-[-Xcw _u≤n-I-amb sh√p-hnfnIƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-I-fnse sh√p-hn-fn-
bpsS tXmX-\p-k-cn-®p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°mWv Du∂¬ \¬tI-≠-Xv. khn-
ti-j-amb Ign-hp≈ taJ-e-bn¬ ]cn-t]m-jWw \¬Ip-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Hcp
hy‡n F∂ \ne-bn¬ hf-cp-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb [mc-W-I-fpw, ss\]p-Wn-
Ifpw t\Sp∂p F∂v Dd-∏m-°p-Ibpw thWw.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 41
Experimental V
ersion
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfnt\cn-Sp∂h¿°p≈
]mT-y-]-≤Xn 3A[ymbw
C¥-y≥ ̀ c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 39 ̨ mw skIvj≥ C¥-y-bnse F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw
kuP-\-y-hpw \n¿_-‘n-X-hp-amb hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw Dd-∏m-°p-hm-\p≈ \nb-asØ
Ipdn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. F√m-h¿°pw hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw F∂ Bi-b-Øns‚
{]kIvXn s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn\v t_m[-y-s∏-́ -tXmsS Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw
IpSpw-_-Øns‚bpw kaq-l-Øns‚bpw DØ-c-hmZnXzambn amdn-°-gn-™p. F√m
Ip´n-Ifpw F∂ KW-Øn¬ ASp-Ø-Imew hsc imcocnI am\-knI sshI-ey-
߃ A\p-`-hn-°p-∂ Ip´n-Iƒ ]q¿W-ambpw Dƒs∏-´n-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬
hnZym`ymk Ah-Imi \nbaw (RTE) C¥y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ v 2009 ̨ ¬ ]mkm-°p-
Ibpw 2010 ̨ ¬ AXv \nb-a-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvX kml-N-c-y-Øn¬ Chsc°qSn
kvIqfn¬ FØn-t°≠ BhiyIXmt_m[w s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn-\p-≠m-hp-Ibpw
A[nImcnIƒ°v AXv DØchmZnXzamhpIbpw sNbvXp. F√m-h¿°pw
hnZym`ymkw, A\p-tbmPy hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw, KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZ-ym`ymkw
Ch e`n-°p-∂p F∂v Dd-∏m-°p-hm-\p≈ Iq´mb {ia-߃ \S-°p-∂Xv ipt`m-
Z¿°-amb Imc-y-am-Wv.
GsXmcp cmP-y-sØbpw hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Zni \n¿W-bn-°p-∂Xv
AhnsS \ne-\n¬°p∂ ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv. ¢m n-\-IØpw ]pdØpw h®v
Ip´n-Iƒ°v e`n-°p∂ F√m ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-tSbpw BsI XpI-bm-Wv
]mT-y-]-≤-Xn. s]mXp-hn-Z-ym-̀ -ym-k-cwKØv \nb-X-amb Hcp ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn-emWv hnZ-ym-̀ -ymk {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Hmtcm Xe-Ønepw \S-∂p-h-cp-
∂-Xv. F∂m¬ CXp-hscbpw Hcp s]mXp ]mTy]≤Xntbm, Znim-t_m-[-ap≈
klm-b-tam, tamWn-‰-dnwtKm \S-°msX ¢mkvdqw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ am{Xw \S-
°p∂ coXn-bm-bn-cp-∂p _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn- t\cnSp∂ Ip´nIƒ ]Tn°p∂
hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. 2005 ˛ se tZiob ]mT-y-]-≤Xn N -́°qSv
(NCF - National Curriculum Frame work) 2007 ̨ se tIcf]mT-y-]≤Xn N -́°qSv
(KCF - Kerala Curriculum Frame work)tIcf kvIqƒ ]mT-y-]-≤Xn 2013 F∂nh
Ch-cpsS hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏mSv hy-‡-ambn ]cm-a¿in-®n´p≠v.
3.1. tZio-b-]m-T-y-]-≤Xn N -́°qSv
F√m-h-scbpw Dƒs∏-SpØn KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØpI F∂-
XmWv tZiob ]mT-y-]-≤Xn N -́°q-Sns‚ ip]m¿i.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn42
Experimental V
ersion
Dƒs°m-≈¬ \bw
kvIqfp-Iƒ kaq-l-Ønse F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw ]T\w \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈
Ah-kcw Hcp-°p∂ \b-amWv kzo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xv. Bscbpw am‰n-\n¿Ø-cp-Xv.
Ip´n-Iƒ hy-X-ykvX kz-̀ m-h-°mcpw hn`n-∂-ßfmb tijn-bp-≈-h-cp-am-bn-cn-°pw.
Nne¿ ZpcnXw \nd™ kml-N-c-y-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hcp-∂-hcpw Nne¿ {]m¥-
h¬°-cn-°-s∏-́ - kaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂v hcp-∂-hcpw Bbn-cn-°pw. F√m-h¿°pw
]c-am-h-[n t\ -́ap-≠m°m≥ Ign-bp∂ tI{μ-am-IWw kvIqƒ. F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw
Ahkcw e -̀y-am-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ cq]-h¬°-cn-°-Ww. Hmtcm-
cp-ØcpsSbpw khn-ti-j-amb Ignhp-Iƒ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw BZ-cn-°-
s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNø-Ww.
imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn- A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ Ip´n-Ifpw
CXn¬s∏-Sp∂p. \n¿ZnjvS{]h¿Ø-\-߃ sNbvXp-Xo¿°m≥ Ah¿°v IqSp-
X¬ kabw th≠nht∂°pw. {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw sNøp-tºmƒ
¢mknse F√m Ip´n-I-fp-ambn Ah N¿®sNbp-Ibpw Hmtcm Ip´n°pw AXn-
te°v kw`m-h\ \¬Im≥ Ah-kcw krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xp \∂m-bn-cn-
°pw. F√m-h-cp-sSbpw ]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v A[ym-]-I¿ {]tXyIw
{i≤ \¬I-Ww. A[ym-]-I¿ F∂ \ne-bv°p≈ Ah-cpsS ta∑-bpsS Hcp
Af-hp-tIm¬ Bbn-cn°pw CXv.
$ F√m {]okvIqƒ ]T-\hpw {]tXyI {i≤-b¿ln-°p∂ Ip´n-I-sf-°qSn
]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p-≈-Xm-IWw
$ C≥¢q-kohv FUyq-t°j≥ kºq¿W-ambn \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw Ab¬]°
kvIqfpIƒ F∂ kao-]\w \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw sNøpI
$ CØcw Ip´n-I-fpsS ]T-\-Øn\v XS w \n¬°p∂ `uXn-I-km-l-N-
cy߃ adn-I-S-°pI
$ {]th-i-\-\-S-]-Sn-I-fnse XS- -߃ (kz-Im-cy-hn-Zym-ebßfn-te-X-S°w)
Hgn-hm-°p-I.
$ Ip´n-I-fpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Isf ]¿h-Xo-I-cn®p ImWn-°p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw Ah-
cpsS Ign-hns\bpw tijn-tbbpw Db¿Øn-°m-Wn-°p-I.
$ ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS Ign-hp-I-fpsS sshhn-[ysØ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw ]T-\-
am-[y-a-ambn {ih-W-ssh-I-ey-ap-≈-h¿°v BwKy-̀ m-j, ImgvN sshI-ey-
ap-≈-h¿°v s{_bn¬ F∂nh G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I. H∏w aq∂mw`mj Hcp
sF—nI hnj-b-ambn {_bn¬, BwKy-̀ mj F∂nh XmXv]-cy-ap≈
Ip´n-Iƒ°pw G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
$ Bfl-hn-izm-kw,-s]m-cp-Ø-s∏-S¬, F∂n-h-bv°mbn Ip´n-I-fn¬ kzX-{¥-
ambn Pohn-°m-\p≈ tijn-Iƒ , hna¿i-\m-flI Nn¥, Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-
°¬, -{]-iv\-]-cn-lmc tijn-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw Ah-cpsS {]iv\-߃ {]I-
Sn-∏n-°m-\p≈ tijnbpw hf¿Ø-Ww.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 43
Experimental V
ersion
$ ka-{K-amb Adnhv Ip´n-I-fn-ep-≠m-°m-\mbn A©mw ¢mkv hsc GIm-
[ym-]-I-coXn \S-∏m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
$ Hcp C≥¢q-kohv kaq-lsØ ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂Xn\pw, _lp-am-\n-°p-∂-
Xn\pw F√mXe-Øn-ep-ap≈ Icn-°p-e-Ønepw a\p-jym-h-Imiw Hcp
LSIambn Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
$ hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ F√m LS-I-ß-sfbpw t{]mXvkm-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ifn-
Iƒ,- \r-Øw,- \m-S-Iw,- I-e, Ic-Iu-iew F∂n-hbv°v Xpey-]-cn-K-W\
]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ hyXykvX ]T-\-co-Xn-I-fp-ff Ip´n-Iƒ°pw Aaq¿Ømib-߃ Dƒs°m-
≈-Ø-°-hn[w A[ym-]-\-Øn¬ BwKy-̀ mj, Zriy-{ihy km[y-X-Iƒ,
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
$ Ip´n-I-fpsS {]th-i-\w, kvIqfp-I-fnse \ne-\n-¬]v, hnhn[ -{]-h¿Ø-\-
ß-fnse ]¶m-fnØw F∂n-hbv°v GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ sStÃm
hnZ-Kv[-cpsS ]cn-tim-[\m dnt∏m¿t´m a\»mkv{X sshZy ]cn-tim-[\m
k¿´n-̂ n-°t‰m Bh-iy-s∏-S-cp-Xv.
$ Ip´n-Isf tXm¬∏n-°p∂ \b-Øn\p ]Icw Ah-cpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Isf
adn-I-S-°m≥ klm-bn-°p∂ kao-]\w kzoI-cn-°-Ww.
3. 2. tIc-f-]m-T-y-]-≤Xn N -́°qSv
tIc-f-]m-T-y-]-≤Xn N -́°qSv A[-ymbw c≠n¬ kmaq-l-y-\o-Xnbpw hnZ-ym-̀ ym-
khpw F∂ Xe-s°-́ n-\p-≈n¬ khn-ti-j-I-gn-hp-I-fp≈ Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZ-ym`ym-
k-sØ-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿in-®n-́ p-≠v.
]{¥≠mw ¢mkvhsc-bp-ff hnZym-̀ ymkw km¿h-{Xn-I-am-°p-I-sb∂ e£y-Øn-
emWv \mw. kaq-l-Ønse F√m hn`m-K-ß-sfbpw Dƒs°m-f-fn-®p-sIm-≠p-ff
hnZym-̀ ym-k-ØneqsS am{Xta Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw kºq¿WhnImkw Ah-c-
h-cpsS P∑m-h-Im-isa∂ e£yw km£mXvIcn-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-f-fq.
\Ωp-tS-Xp-t]m-ep-ff Hcp _lp-apJ kaq-l-Øn¬ sshhn[yw A\n-hm-cy-amWv.
Cu sshhn-[y-Øns‚ X\n-a AwKo-I-cn®pw t]mjn-∏n-®pw sIm≠pff Hcp
ka-Xp-enX hnZym-̀ ym-k-{]{Inb \ap°v Dd-∏p-h-cptØ-≠-Xp-≠v. At∏mƒ khn-
ti-j-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-tS≠ hn`m-K-amWv {]tXyI ]cn-KW\b¿ln-°p∂
Ip´n-I-ƒ. Ch-cm-scms°sb∂p t\m°mw.
$ tIƒhn-°p-d-hp-f-f-h¿
$ ImgvN-°p-d-hp-ffh¿
$ Ne\tijn Ipd-™-h¿
$ am\-kn-I-ambpw _p≤n-]-c-ambpw sh√p-hn-fn- t\cnSp-∂-h¿
$ _lp-hn-[- im-co-cn-I-sh-√p-hnfn A\p`hn-°p-∂-h¿
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn44
Experimental V
ersion
{]tXyI ]cn-KW\ A¿ln-°p∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ymkw
Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ hnZym-̀ ymk ]cn-]m-Sn-bnse apJy Du∂-ep-Ifn¬ H∂v apgp-
h≥ Ip´n-I-sfbpw kvIqfn¬ FØn°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. Cu e£yw ]q¿W-
ambpw km£mXvI-cn-°m≥ imco-cn-Itam am\-kn-Itam Bb {]iv\-ßtfm ]cn-
an-Xn-Itfm A\p-̀ -hn-°p∂ F√m hn`mKw Ip´n-I-sfbpw kvIqfn-se-Øn-°-Ww.
CXns‚ `mK-ambn {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ Ip´n-Isf s]mXp-[m-c-
bn¬ FØn-°m≥ ""Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkw'' (Inclusive Education) tIc-
f-Ønepw \S-∏m-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
tIc-f-]m-T-y-]-≤Xn N -́°qSn¬ {]tX-yI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p-∂-h-cpsS hnZym-
-̀ym-k-sØ-°p-dn®p≈ \ne-]m-Sp-tc-J- Ch-cpsS hnZ-y-̀ -ym-k-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v́
\nc-h[n \n¿tZ-i-߃ apt∂m-́ p-h-bv°p-∂p.
\n¿tZi߃
]mTy-]-≤Xn kao-]-\-Øn¬ Cu Ip´n-IfpsS ]T-\-ti-jn-bpw A`n-
cp-Nn-Ifpw ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww.
]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ efn-X-amb ̀ mj-bn¬ Xbm-dm-°-Ww.
]mTy-]-≤Xn cq]o-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ CWSEN Ip´n-Isf°qSn IW-°n-
se-Sp-°-Ww.
]mTy-]-≤-Xn°-\p-k-cn-®p≈ ]pkvX-I-ßfpw ]T-\-km-a-{Kn-I-fpw Nn -́
s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ Ip´n-I-fpsS ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ°v FØm-hp--∂n-S-tØmfw
t\Sm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-߃ Hcp-°-Ww.
sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn´v Hu∂-Xy-Øn¬ FØn-b-h-sc-°p-dn®v ]mT-]p-
kvX-I-Øn¬ {]Xn]mZn-°-Ww.
A[ym-]I klm-bn-I-fn¬ Task Analysis t]mep≈ X{¥-߃ {]tbm-
P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
`mjm-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ {]tXyIw FgpXn Xbm-dm-°nb ]mT-]p-kvXIw
\n¿an-°Ww.
hy‡n-]-cn-K-W\ ]c-am-h[n e`y-am-Ip∂ Xc-Øn-embn-cn-°-Ww
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS cq]-tc-J.
]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ sF.-Sn. km[yX D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
hnj-b-߃°v tNmbvkv \¬I-Ww.
kl-]m-Tn-Iƒ°pw c£n-Xm-°ƒ°pw t_m[-h¬°-cWw \¬I-Ww.
aqey-\n¿WbØn¬ A\p-tbm-Py-amb am‰w hcp-Ø-Ww.
IqSp-X¬ kabw aqey-\n¿W-b-Øn\v \¬IWw
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 45
Experimental V
ersion
Term Evaluation (T.E) \S-Øptºmƒ ]T-\-th-Kw, tijn F∂nh ]cnK-
Wn®p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-ƒ {]h¿Ø\ _m¶n¬ \n∂v kzbw Xnc-
s™-Sp-°m-\-h-kcw Hcp-°-Ww.
Bh-iy-Øn\v dntkmgvkv A[ym-]-Isc \nb-an-°-Ww.
P\-d¬ kvIqfnse A[ym-]-I¿°v dntkmgvkv A[ym-]-I¿°v e`n-
°p∂ aq∂p-am-ksØ s{Sbn-\nwKv e`y-am-°-Ww.
F√m kvIqfnepw Hcp dntkmgvkv dqw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
hnZKv[-cpsS inev]-im-e-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n®v {]tXyI ]T-\-t_m-[\
D]-I-c-W-߃ \n¿tZ-in®v teWnwKv In‰v \¬IWw.
eoK¬ Ahb¿\- v, B\p-Iq-ey-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ [mcW F∂nh
A[ym-]-I¿°v \¬I-Ww.
tIc-f-Ønse k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-IfpsSbpw Xt±-i-kz-bw-̀ -c-W-ÿm-]-
\-ß-fpsS Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ dntkmgvkv A[ym-]-IcpsSbpw
tkh-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ GtIm-]n-∏n®v Nn -́s∏SpØ-Ww.
]T\m-¥-co£w sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn ¢mkv dqw BI¿j-I-am-°p-Ibpw
Ccn-∏n-S-߃ {Iao-I-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw.
F√m hnj-b-߃°pw h¿°v_p°p-Iƒ, Nn{X-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSnbpw
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ {Iao-I-cn®pw t^m≠p-Iƒ hep-Xm-°nbpw Xbm-dm-
°-Ww.
kv]o®v s{Sbn-\¿, H.-F-®v.-]n. F¬.-kn.-Un. t{]mP-IvS¿, Iºyq-́ ¿
F∂nh F√m kvIqfp-Iƒ°pw e`y-am-°-Ww.
CWSEN Ip´n-I-fpsS ]T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v hnZKv[ ]cn-io-e\-
߃ kwÿm\ ̨ Pn√m ̨ kn.-B¿.-kn. Xe-Øn¬ e`n-°p-hm≥ \S]Sn
thWw.
A[ym-]-I-cn¬ A\p-Iq-e-amb at\m-̀ mhw D≠m-°m-\p-X-Ip∂ Xc-
Øn¬ ]pXnb coXn-Iƒ/X{¥-߃/{]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bhn-jvI-cn-°-
Ww. FIvkv-t]m-j¿{Sn∏p-Iƒ (CWSEN Ip´n-Isf ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p∂
ÿm]-\-ß-fn-te°v) \S-Ø-Ww.
F√m kvIqfp-I-fnepw dmºv & sdbn¬, AUm-]v‰Uv tSmbve‰v,
CeIv{Sn^n-t°-j≥ F∂nh k÷-am-°-Ww.
D]-I-c-W-߃ hnX-cWw sNøp-∂-Xn\pw ]T-\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ hnI-kn-
∏n-°p-∂n-X\pw k∂≤ kwL-S-\-Isf {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
kl-hm-k-Iymºv, ]T-\-bm{X, Iem-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-
b-h-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-hgn CWSEN Ip´n-IfpsS IgnhpIƒ Xncn-
®-dn™v t{]m’m-ln∏n°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn46
Experimental V
ersion
Nm¿´p-Iƒ, tamU¬ F∂nh SmIv‰-bn¬ / FtºmkvUv Bbn Xbm-
dm°n \¬IpI.
1, 2 ¢mkp-I-fnse ]pkvX-I-߃ hoUntbm Hmdn-b‚ v Bb-Xp-sIm≠v
s{_bn¬ hmb\ Ffp∏w ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ Xbm-
dm°n \¬Ip-I.
HmUntbm sse{_-dnIƒ cq]-h¬°-cn-°p-Ibpw ImgvN-]-cn-an-Xn-I-fp≈
Ip´n-Iƒ°v hmb-\m-]p-kvX-I-߃ e`y-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
s{_bn¬ ]pkvX-I-߃ Hcp kvIqfn¬ Hcp tIm∏n-sb-¶nepw e`y-am-
°pI.
KWn-X-Ønse Nn{X-߃°v sX¿tam t^mw sajo≥ D]-tbm-Kn°pI.
F√m Bip-]-{Xn-I-fnepw (ss{]h‰v Dƒs∏-sS) \ntbm \m‰¬
kv{Io\nwKv sSÃv kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-ØpI
A`n-cp-Nn-°-\p-k-cn-®p≈ sXmgn¬ ]cn-io-e-\w G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
C.E. {]h¿Ø\w AUm-]v‰Sv / tamUn-ss^Uv Bbn-cn-°p-I.
apgp-h≥ c£n-Xm-°-sfbpw ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-∂-Xns‚ ̀ mK-ambn tUm°p-
sa‚-dn-Iƒ, hoUntbm ¢n∏nw-Kp-Iƒ (CWSENIp-́ n-I-fpsS ]T-\w, ]cn-
io-e-\w F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-́ -Xv) F∂nh D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-
I.
dntkmgvkv A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw P\-d¬ A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw ]cn-io-
e\w kwbp-‡-ambn \S-ØpI.
tamWn-‰-dnw-Kn-\p≈ kwhn-[m\w ]q¿W-ambpw {]h¿Ø-\-£a-am-°-
Ww.
Ip´n-I-fpsS {]tXyI Bh-iy-߃ (Special Needs) Xncn-®-dn™v IqSp-
X¬ XmXv]-cy-tØmsS CS-s]´p {]h¿Øn-°m-\pw Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ah-
cpsS {]mb-Øn\pw Ign-hn\pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb Ifn-I-fpw D]-I-c-W-
ßfpw Xnc-s™-SpØp \¬Ip-hm-\pw {]tXyI ]cn-KW A¿ln-°p∂
Ip´n-I-fpsS c£n-Xm-°sf Iu¨kn-enwKv \S-Øm\pw Ign-bp∂ Xc-
Øn-ep≈ ]cn-io-e-\-amWv A[ym-]-I¿°v \¬tI-≠Xv.
Inclusive Education D]m-[n-I-fn-√msX F√m kvIqfp-I-fnepw \S-∏n-em-
°pI
\S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {]mtbm-Kn-I -X-S- -߃ C√m-Xm-°p-I. ̀ uXnI
kml-N-cy-߃ A\p-Iq-e-am-°p-I.
sSÃv, C‚¿hyq XpSßn AUvan-j\v XS- -am-Ip∂ Hu]-Nm-cn-I-X-
Iƒ C√m-Xm-°p-I
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 47
Experimental V
ersion
Inclusive setting-̨ ¬ ̂ e-{]-Z-ambn {]h¿Øn-°m≥ {]m]vX-cm-I-Ø-°-
hn[w A[ym-]-I¿°v ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-I.
Ip´n-I-fpsS _u≤n-Ihpw A√m-Ø-Xp-amb Ign-hp-I-fpsS G‰-°p-d-
®n-ep-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v ]mTy-]-≤Xn IqSp-X¬ Ab-hp-≈-Xm-
°p-I.
A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]T-\-km-a-{Kn-I-fp-sSbpw AXm-Xp-cw-KsØ hnZ-Kv[-
cp-sSbpw sF.-Sn. Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ kmt¶XnI kuI-cy-ß-fp-sSbpw
{]tbm-P-\w Dd-∏m-°p-I.
hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øns‚ F√m L -́ß-fnepw c£n-Xm-°-fpsS CS-s]-S¬
Dd-∏m-°pI.
{]ok¿hokv Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ F√m A[ym-]I ]cn-io-\-e-ß-fnepw
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn\v CW-ß-p∂ t_m[-\-im-kv{X-
Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-I.
A[ym-]-\-coXn F√m Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw ]T-\-co-Xn-Isf ]cn-K-Wn-°p-
∂-Xm-IWw.
kvs]j-y¬ kvIqfp-Isf Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ -hn-Zym-̀ ym-k-Øn\v Bh-
iy-amb tkh\w \¬Ip∂ dntkm¿gvkv sk‚-dp-I-fm-°p-I.
hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øns‚ F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-
°p∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS ]¶m-fnØw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
¢m n¬ A[ym-]-I-̨ -hn-Zym¿Yn A\p-]mXw 1:30 B°p-I. Dƒs∏-Sp-
Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn¬ (Inclusive Education) ¢m n¬ Ip´n-I-fpsS
FÆw 20 F∂p \nP-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
¢m nse Ip´n-Isf kw_-‘n® apgp-h≥ Npa-X-ebpw AXmXp ¢m v
So®¿am¿°v Bbn-cn-°-Ww. {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ Ip´n-
Iƒ°p-th≠n Fs¥-¶nepw {]tXyI klmbw Bh-iy-ambn hcp-
tºmƒ AXp e`y-am-°Ww.
]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-∏´ F√m ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw ]cn-]m-Sn-I-
fpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ym-ksØ ̂ e-{]-Z-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂
hn[-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.
kvIqƒ {]n≥kn-∏¬am¿, slUvam-ÿam¿, a‰v A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ XpS-
ßnb hnZym-̀ ymk ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn®p \S-∏m-°p∂ F√m-
h¿°pw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øns‚ Zm¿i-\n-I-amb Ah-
t_m[w D≠m-I-Ww.
{]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS Ign-hp-tI-Sp-Iƒ
{]Xn -̂en-∏n-°p∂Xn\p ]Icw Ah-cpsS kl-P-amb i‡nbpw
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn48
Experimental V
ersion
Ign-hp-Ifpw Is≠Øn hnI-kn-∏n-°p∂ ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ Is≠Øn
\S∏nem-°-Ww.
kzm{i-b-Xz-t_m-[hpw kml-N-cy-ß-tfmSv ka-c-k-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈
Ign-hp-Ifpw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pX-Ip∂ ]T-\m-\p-̀ -h-߃ \¬I-
Ww.
kzX{¥-Pohn-X-Øn-\pw {]iv\-]-cn-l-W-Øn-\pw Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°p-
∂-Xn-\pw hni-I-e\ _p≤n-tbmsS Imcy-ßsf kao-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-
ap≈ ]cn-io-e-\-amWv ]T\m-\p-̀ -h-ß-fn-eqsS e`n-t°-≠-Xv.
Ip´n t\Sp∂ Adnhv ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-Xhpw ka-{Khpw A¿Y-h-Øp-
am-Im≥ 4˛mw Xcw hsc Hcp A[ym-]nI F∂ coXn-bmWv kzoImcyw.
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øns‚ (Inclusive Education) {]tbm-P\w
sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ C≥k¿hokv {]ok¿hokv ]cn-io-e-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-
Iƒ ]cn-jvI-cn®v ]p\ wL-Sn∏nt°≠-Xm-Wv.
hn`n-∂-]-T-\-io-eßfp≈ hnZym¿Yn-I-fn-te°v Aaq¿Øm-i-b-߃
^e-{]-Z-ambn hn\n-abw sNø-s∏-Sm≥ ]‰nb coXnbn¬ Nn”-̀ m-jbpw
s{_bvenbpw A[ym-]-Isc ]cn-io-en-∏n-°Ww
\ΩpsS kaq-l-Øns‚ \m\m-Xz-tØmSpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ kaq-l-
sa∂ Bi-b-tØmSpw BZ-chv hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\v ]mTy-]-≤Xn N -́°q-
´nepw A[ym-]-I ]cn-io-e\ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw a\p-jym-h-Imi hnZym-
`ymkw F∂ LSIw IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ F√m Awi-ßfpw ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v (_u-
≤n-I-hpw sshIm-cn-Ihpw a\-›m-e-I-hp-am-b) Iem-]-T-\-Øn\pw
{]hrØn ]cn-N-b-Øn\pw Xpey-{]m-[-m-\yhpw aqeyhpw Iev]n-t°-
≠-Xm-Wv.
{]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS {]th-i-\-Øn-t\m,
B\p-Iq-ey-߃ e`n-°p-∂-Xnt\m Hu]-Nm-cn-I-X-Iƒ Hcp Xc-Ønepw
XS- am-I-cp-Xv.
¢mkp-I-fn¬ Ip´n-Isf tXm¬∏n-°p∂ \bw Hgn-hm°n ]Icw Hmtcm
Ip´n-sbbpw Ahs‚ {]bm-k-߃ XcWw sNøp-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-
t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
tIƒhn-°p-d-hp≈ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Nn”-̀ m-jbpw (Sign language) ImgvN-
°p-d-hp-≈-h¿°v s{_bvenbpw ]T\-am-[y-a-am-°-Ww.
aq∂mw`mj-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ Nn”-̀ m-j-bpw ̂ nwK¿ s{_bvenbpw F√m
Ip´n-Ifpw ]Tn-°-Ww.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 49
Experimental V
ersion
3.3. tIcf kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤Xn 2013 ̨ \b-tcJ
tIcf kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤Xn ˛ 2013, \b-tc-J-bnepw "Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈
hnZym-̀ ymk'sØ Gsd {]m[m-\y-tØmsS N¿® sNbvXn-́ p-≠v.
3.3.1 Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkw (Inclusive Education)
"F√m-h¿°pw hnZym-̀ ymkw' (Education for all) F∂ BtKmf hym]I Bi-b-
Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv Inclusive Education F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv hnI-kn®Xv.
kvIqƒ {]mb-Øn-se-Ønb F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkw
Ah-Im-i-ambn h∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ F√m-h-scbpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Xc-Øn-
ep≈ ]mTy-]-≤Xn Bhn-jv°-cn®p \S-∏n-em-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
3.3.2 Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkw ̨ {]k‡n
F√m hnZym-e-b-ß-fnepw hnZym-̀ ymk kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ BsI-Ø-s∂bpw F√m-
h-scbpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂, Bscbpw ]pd-¥-≈mØ \b-amWv kzoI-cn-t°-≠-
Xv. F√m-hn[ sshhn-[y-ß-sfbpw (diversity) AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw F√m-h-cp-
sSbpw ]¶m-fn-Øw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xp-amb ¢mkvdqw A¥-co-£-amWv kvIqfp-
I-fn-ep-≠m-th-≠-Xv. \ΩpsS hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ {][m-\-ambpw c≠v hn`m-K-°m¿°v
IqSp-X¬ ]cn-K-W-\bpw {i≤bpw \¬In KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkw Dd∏ph-
cp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.
H∂m-a-Xmbn imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-hcpw ]T\
{]bmkw t\cn-Sp-∂-h-cp-amb Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ymkw, c≠m-a-Xmbn kmaq-ly-
hpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb ImcWß-fm¬ ]pd-¥-≈-s∏´ Ip´n-
Iƒ ˛ Cu c≠v hn`m-K-ß-sfbpw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw
¢mkvdqw A¥-co-£-hp-amWv th≠-Xv.
3.3.3 Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ
a. imco-cnIhpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ (Chil-dren With Disabilities - CWD)
{]tXyI {i≤, klm-bw, ]cn-K-W\ F∂nh Bh-iy-ap≈ Ip´n-I-fm-
Wn-h¿. Ch-cpsS ]cn-c-£, hnZym-̀ ymkw F∂nhbn¬ hy‡n-]camb
{]tXyI {i≤bpw Du∂epw AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. tIƒhn-°p-dhv
(Hearing Impairment), ImgvN-]-cn-an-Xn (Visual Impairment), _p≤n]-
c-amb ]cn-anXn (Intellectually Challenged) Ne-\-]-c-amb ]cn-anXn (Lo-comotor Disability), ]T-\-ssh-Ieyw (Specific learning disability),Hm´nkw (Autism), skdn-{_¬]mƒkn (Cerebral Palsy), _lp-apJ
sshI-ey-߃ (Multiple Disabilities), sshIm-cnI Ak-¥p-e-\m-h-ÿ-
bn-ep≈ Ip´n-Iƒ (Emotionally Disturbed Group) {i≤m-]-c-amb ]cn-
anXn (ADHD) F∂nh Cu KW-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn50
Experimental V
ersion
b. kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ ]pd-¥-≈-s∏´hcpsS
Ip´n-Iƒ
hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn\v Ah-kcw \ntj-[n-°-s∏-́ -h-tcm, ¢mkn-\-IØv th≠{X
]¶m-fn-Øhpw, ]cn-KW\bpw In´m-Ø-htcm Bb Ip´n-I-fmWv {][m-\-
ambpw Cu hn`m-K-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
$ ISpØ Zmcn{Zyw A\p-̀ -hn-°p-∂-hcpw _me-the sNøp-∂-hcpw
$ {]m¥-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ hn`m-K-Ønse Ip´n-Iƒ (Zfn-X¿, BZn-hm-kn-
Iƒ, tKm{X-h¿K Ip´n-Iƒ)
$ Iem-]-_m-[nX {]tZ-i-ß-fnse Ip´n-Iƒ
$ PmXn, aXw, h¿Ww, hwio-bX F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ hyXy-kvX-I-fpsS
`mK-ambn \yq\-]£ambn t]mIp-∂-h-cpsS Ip´n-Iƒ
$ sXcp-hn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂-h¿
$ Fkv.-kn./Fkv.‰n hn`m-K-°m¿
$ {]IrXn Zpc-¥-ß-fpsS ̀ mK-ambn ]em-b\w sNø-s∏-́ -h¿
$ s]¨Ip-́ n-Iƒ
$ A\y-tZ-iØv \n∂v IpSn-tb-dn-hcpw ÿnc-ambn Xmak kuIcyw C√m-
Ø-hcpw
Cu c≠p taJ-e-bn-ep≈ Ip´n-Isf IqSmsX khn-tij-{i-≤bpw ]cn-K-W-
\bpw th≠-h-cmWv {]tXyI A`n-cp-Nnbpw Ign-hp-ap≈ Ip´n-Iƒ (Gifted Chil-dren)
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkw (Inclusive Education) Hcp Zm¿i-\nI \ne-]mSm-
Wv. AtX-k-abw F√m hn`mKw Ip´n-I-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ignbpw hn[w
kvIqƒ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw ̀ uXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ß-sfbpw {Iao-I-cn-°p∂ Hcp
]≤-Xn-bp-am-Wv.
3.3.4 Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkw ̨ kao-]\w
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkw (Inclusive Education) {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-tºmƒ
\mw kzoI-cn-t°≠ coXn-imkv{Xw F¥m-bn-cn°pw? kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-
I-hp-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ th≠{X {i≤bpw ]cn-K-W-\bpw Int -́≠- Cu hn`m-
K-°msc s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn¬ Xs∂ tN¿Øv ]T-\m-\p-̀ -h-߃ e`n-®p-sh∂v
Dd∏phcp-Øm-≥ Ign-b-Ww. ]mTy-]-≤Xn cq]-I¬]\ sNøp-tºmƒ D≈-S-°w,
]T-\-t\´w (Learning Outcome) hn\n-a-b-co-Xn, hne-bn-cp-ج F∂o taJ-e-
Ifn¬ F√m hn`m-K-°m-scbpw ]cn-K-Wn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-
Ww.
imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°pw ]T-\-{]-bmkw
A\p-̀ -h-s∏-Sp-∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°pw {]tXyI ]T-\m-h-iy-߃ D≠v (Special Educa-tional Needs). ]cn-an-Xn-I-sfbpw hyXy-kvXXI-sfbpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw AwKo-
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 51
Experimental V
ersion
I-cn-°p-Ibpw _lp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww CØcw Ip´n-
I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ym-k-Im-cy-Øn-ep≈ \ΩpsS ASn-ÿm\ kao-]\w. sshI-ey-
ßfp≈ Ip´n-I-fpsS {]tXyImh-iy-߃ Dƒs°m-≈m≥ \ΩpsS hnZym-e-b-
߃°pw ]mTy-]-≤-Xn°pw A[ym-]-I¿°pw s]mXpkaq-l-Øn\pw km[n-°p-
∂n√ F∂-XmWv bYm¿Y-Øn-ep≈ {]iv\w. Cu Xncn-®-dn-hm-bn-cn-°Ww
CØcw Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ymk kao-]-\sØ cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ≠ auen-I-amb
Nme-I-i-‡n.
1986 tZiob hnZym-̀ ymk \bw 1992˛ se B¿.-kn.sF BIvSv, 1995 se Personwith Disabilities Act, 2005 se tZiob ]mTy-]-≤Xn N -́°qSv, 2007 se tIcf
]mTy-]-≤Xn N -́°qSv, 2009 se B¿.-‰n.-C. BIvS,v tIcf kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤Xn
2013 F∂nh-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn-°Ww sshI-ey-ap≈ Ip´n-I-fpsS
hnZym-̀ ym-kw.
{]o -̨ss{]-adn apX¬ lb¿sk-°-≠dn hsc- KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkw
A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn¬ kuP-\y-ambn ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp≈ F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw
e`y-am-°pI F∂ e£yw km£m¬°-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v imkv{Xo-b-am¿K-߃
kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
sshI-ey-ap≈ Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ymkw Ct∏mƒ \S-°p-∂-Xv {][m-\-ambpw
c≠p coXn-bn-emWv.
(1) sshI-ey-ap≈ Iq´n-Iƒ°vth≠n am{X-ambn \S-Øp∂ kvs]jy¬
kvIqfp-Iƒ.
ImgvN--°p-d-hv, tIƒhn-°p-d-hv, am\-knI sh√p-hnfn F∂n-h-bp-≈ Ip´n-
Iƒ°v th≠n \S-Øp∂ kvs]jy¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ kwÿm-\Øv \ne-hn-
ep-≠v. a‰p ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp≈ Ip´n-Iƒ°p th≠n°qSn CØcw kvIqfp-
Iƒ XpS-tß-≠-Xp-≠v. GIo-Ir-Xhpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb ]mTy-]-≤Xn Cu
kvIqfp-Iƒ°v Bh-iy-am-Wv.
(2) 1974 ¬ C¥y-bn¬ Bcw-̀ n® kwtbm-PnX hnZym-̀ ymk ]cn-]m-Sn.
imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Isf km[m-
cW Ip´n-I-tfm-sSm∏w s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-Øn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv Cu ]cn-
]m-Sn-bpsS kz`m-hw. k¿h-in£m A`nbm≥ t{]mP-IvSns‚ ̀ mK-am-bp≈
kvIoapw hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏ns‚ Iogn-ep≈ sF.C.-Un.-F-kv.-F-kv.
kvIoapw Cu cwKØv \ne-hn-ep-≠v.
3.3.5 ]mTy-]-≤Xn, D≈-S-°w, hn\n-a-b-co-Xn, hne-bn-cp-ج F∂n-h-bn¬
]cn-K-Wn-t°≠ Imcy-߃
s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ {]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-bp≈ Ip´n-Iƒ°mbn
]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw \S-ØWw. {][m-\-ambpw aq∂v hn[-Øn-
ep≈ A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw (Adaptations) Bh-iy-am-Wv.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn52
Experimental V
ersion
hn\n-a-b-co-Xn-bnepw D≈-S-°-Øn-ep-ap≈ A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw, hne-bn-cp-ج X{¥-
ß-fnepw D]m-[n-bn-ep-ap≈ am‰w, ̀ uXnI sshIm-cnI A¥-co-£-Ønse am‰-
߃ F∂n-h-bm-W-h. IqSmsX;
$ sshI-ey-ß-fp≈ Ip´n-I-fpsS ]T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ A[ym-]I im‡o-
I-cWw
$ CØcw Ip´n-I-fpsS t£aw, ]cn-N-cWw, hnZym-̀ ymkw F∂n-h-bn¬ hnZ-
Kv[-c-S-ßp∂ (sskt°m-f-Pn-Ãv, Iu¨k-e¿am¿, kmaq-lnI {]h¿Ø-
I¿, kvs]jy¬ FUyp-t°-‰¿, dKp-e¿ So®¿) kwL-Øns‚ kw-tbmPnX
]n¥pW Dd∏v hcp-Øp-I.
$ dntkmgvkv sk‚dpIƒ ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw hnZKv[ tkh-\-߃ Dd-∏p-h-
cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI.
$ ssiihIme ]cn-N-c-Whpw hnZym-̀ ym-khpw Dd∏p hcp-Øm≥ {]o -̨
ss{]-adn kvIqfpIƒ ÿm]n-°pI.
$ kvs]jy¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ°mbn {]tXyI ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jv°-cWw \S-
∏n-em-°p-I.
$ kvs]jy¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ, dntkmgvkvsk‚-dm-bn Db¿Øp-Ibpw s]mXp-
hn-Zym-e-b-ß-ƒ°v ]qc-I-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
$ c£m-I¿Ør inip]cn-io-e\ -]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ (Early-Parent Infant TrainingProgramme) Bhn-jvI-cn®v \S-∏n-em-°p-I.
$ Xmc-X-tay\ ITn-\-X-c-Øn-ep≈ sshI-ey-߃°v hnt[-b-amb _p≤n--]-
c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v ^e-{]-Z-amb hy‡n-KX
t_m[\w e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn\v kvs]jy¬ kvIqfp-I-fmWv A`n-Im-ayw.
(F∂m¬ \nb-a-]-c-ambn CØcw Ip´n-Iƒ°p-IqSn s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-
fn¬ ]Tn-°m≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v).
$ sshI-ey-߃ t\csØ Xncn-®-dn™v CS-s]-Sm≥ (Early Intervention)kwhn-[m-\-߃ Hcp-t°≠-Xp-≠v.
$ hnhn[ Imc-W-ß-fm¬ kvIqfn¬ FØm≥ Ign-bmØ, kvIqƒ {]mb-sa-
Ønb, InS-∏n-emb (bed ridden) Ip´n-Iƒ°mbn Home based Education \S-
∏n-em-°-Ww. Ch¿°v s]mXp[mc-bn¬ CS-s]-Sm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-߃
krjvSn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ khn-ti-j-amb coXn-bn¬ Iuamc hnZym-̀ ym-khpw Pohn-X-ss\-]pWn
(Life Skills) hnZym-̀ ym-khpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I.
$ Ip´n-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ A\p-̀ -hn-®-dn™v sIm≠v ]T-\-{]-
{In-b-Ifpw e£y-ßfpw cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ A[-ym-]-Isc {]m]vX-cm-
t°≠-Xp-≠v.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 53
Experimental V
ersion
$ {]tX-yI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ hnZ-ym¿Yn-Isf Xbm-dm-°p∂ A[ym-
]-I¿°mbn {]tXyI in-service course Iƒ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp∂Xv DNn-X-
am-bn-cn-°pw.
$ A¥m-cmjv{S Xe-Ønepw tZiob Xe-Ønepw D≠m-Ip∂ \qX\mi-b-
ßfpw Bhn-jv-Im-cßfpw kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y-Ifpw ka-bm-k-a-b-ß-fn¬
A[-ym-]-I-cn-seØn°Ww.
$ So®¿ FIvkvtN©v t{]m{Kmw {]mtZ-inI Xe-Ønepw kwÿm-\-X-e-
Ønepw tZiob XeØnepw \S∏n-te-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
$ Cu taJ-e-bnse BIvj≥ dnk¿®v {]h¿Ø-\-߃°mbn kmº-ØnI
klm-bhpw t{]m’ml-\-ßfpw \¬Imhp-∂-Xm-Wv.
$ Ip´n-I-fpsS hnhn-[-ß-fmb {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v A[-ym-]-I\v
]n¥p-Wbpw \n¿tZihpw \¬Ip∂ ÿncw kwhn-[m-\-߃ (DZm: Helpdesk) G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
$ tZio-bhpw A¥¿tZ-iobhpamb hnhn[ ÿm]-\-߃ kμ¿in®v A\p-
-̀h-߃ kzw-io-I-cn-°p-hm≥ A[-ym-]-I\v Ah-kcw \¬IWw
$ hnhn[ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-Ifpw Kh¨sa‚ v GP≥kn-Ifpw \S-Øp∂
AwKoIrX ]cn-io-e-\-߃°v iº-f-tØm-sS-bp≈ ]T-\m-\paXn ]cn-K-
Wn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
3.3.6 {]tX-yI ]cn-K-W\b¿ln-°p∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS D∂-a-\sØ klm-bn-
°p∂ kan-Xn-Iƒ
CØcw hnZ-ym¿Yn-I-fpsS D∂-a-\-Øn-\mbn kvIqƒ XeØnepw, Pn√m-
XeØnepw kan-Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww. kvIqƒ Xe kan-Xn--bpsS A[-y-£≥
hm¿Uvsa-ºdpw D]m-[-y-£≥ ]n.-Sn.F {]kn-U‚pw I¨ho-\¿ F®v.FΩpw
tPmbn‚ v I¨ho-\¿ Fkv.B¿.Pn I -̈ho-\-dp-am-I-Ww. Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏Sp∂
{]mtZ-inI km-aq-lnI {]h¿Ø-I¿, A[-ym-]-I¿ F∂n-h¿ kan-Xn-bw-K-ß-fm-
IWw.
k_vPn√m-Xe kan-Xn-bpsS A[-y-£≥ tªm°v ]©m-bØv {]kn-U‚pw
I¨ho-\¿ F.C.-H. bp-amIWw. k_vPn√-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ]©m-bØv {]kn-
U‚p-am-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, tUmIvS¿am¿, Iu¨kn-e¿am¿, kvs]j-y¬ FUyq-
t°-‰¿am¿ F∂n-h¿ Cu kan-Xn-Ifn-ep-≠m-IWw hnZ-Kvt[m-]-tZ-i߃
\¬Im\pw CS-s]-SepIƒ \S-Øm\pw Cu kanXn {]m]vX-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.
Pn√m ]©m-bØv {]kn-U‚ v A[-y-£\pw Un.Un I¨ho-\-dp-amb Pn√m-Xe
kan-Xn-bn¬ Un.C.H˛am¿, Pn√mXe 2 sF.]n AwK-߃, tªm°v ]©m-bØv
{]kn-U‚p-am¿, Cu taJ-e-bn¬ sshZKv[yw t\Snb tUmIvS¿am¿, kvs]jy¬
FU-yp-t°-‰¿am¿, Iu¨ke¿am¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-¿ D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn54
Experimental V
ersion
]cn-an-Xn-I-fp≈ \qdn-e-[nIw hnZ-ym¿Yn-Ifp≈ hnZ-ym-e-b-ß-fn¬ apgp-h≥ kab
kvs]jy¬ FU-yq-t°-‰¿am¿, Iu¨ke¿am¿, sIb¿tS°¿-am¿ F∂n-h-cpsS
XkvXn-I-Iƒ krjvSn®v \nb-a\w \S-Ømhp-∂-Xm-Wv.
a‰v hnZ-ym-e-b-߃°v ¢Ã¿ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \nb-an® ta¬ {]kvXm-hn® hy-
‡n-I-fpsS tkh\w e -̀y-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
3.3.7 sF.kn.Sn ̨ bpsS km[-yX
Iº-yq-́ -dp-I-fnse kv‰n¬ doU-dp-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS C‚¿s\‰v, Cu sabn¬
kwhn-[m-\-߃ Dƒs∏sS ImgvN-bn-√m-Ø-h¿°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw.
Cw•ojv kvIm\-dns‚ klm-b-tØmsS A®Sn ]pkvX-I-߃ hmbn-°p-∂-
Xn\pw C∂v kz-X{¥ tkm^v‰v shb¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v km[-y-am-Wv. kvss{I_v
knÃsØ ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v sF.‰n km[-yX ]cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-S-Ww. ae-
bmfw kv]o®v hnI-kn®v hcp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v, ae-bmfw hnh-c-k-am-l-cWw (In-formation gathering) C‚¿s\‰v D]-tbm-Kn®v km[n-°pw. ]{X- hmb-\bpw hn°n-
]o-Unb sk¿®pw CtX-X-c-Øn¬ km[y-am-Wv.
{ihW sshI-e-y-ap≈ Ip´n-IfpsS ̀ mjm hnI-k-\-Øns‚ ̀ mK-ambn A[-c-N-
e-\-߃ a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw BwK-y-`m-j- A`-y-kn-°p-∂-Xn\pw hmb\
t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw sF.kn.Sn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømhp-∂-XmWv. k_v
ssS‰n-temSv IqSn-bp≈ Zri-y-߃ {Kl-W-tijn h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-b-
I-am-Ipw.
Ne\ sshI-e-y-ap-≈-h¿°v hb¿ekv Iot_m¿Uv/aukv, Hm¨ kv{Io≥
Iot_m¿Uv, dntam´v I¨t{Smƒ F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ sF.kn.Sn ]T-\w
Ah-ew-_n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.
am\knIambn sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°v Xncn-®-dn-b¬, {Iao-I-cWw, i_vZ-
\n¿Wbw, hnth-N\w, kwJym-]-T\w, Xmc-X-ayw, Nn¥m-ti-jn-bpsS h¿[-\hv
F∂n-h-bpsS kzmw-io-I-c-W-Øn\v sF.kn.Sn ]T\w klm-bn-°p-∂p.
CØ-c-Øn¬ ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ̂ e-{]-Z-ambn hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn\v kmt¶-XnI
hnZ-ybpsS klmbw ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. hy-‡n-K-X-ambnØs∂
Iº-yq-́ ¿ A[n-jvTn-X-ambn {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ km[-y-X-
Iƒ dntkmgvkv kn.Un. hgn \¬In ]T\w Imc-y-£-a-am-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
3.3.8 Ip´n-Isf ]n¥p-W-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ sa‚¿ Bbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ A[ym-
]-Is‚ tdmƒ
1. {]tNm-Z-I≥ ̨ A[-ym-]-I≥ Ip´n-I-fnse Ign-hp-Isf DW¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw
{]tNm-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw {]m]vX-\m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
2. A[-ym-]-I≥ klm-\p-̀ q-Xn-bp-≈-h-\m-I-Ww.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 55
Experimental V
ersion
3. A[-ym-]-I\v ssIIm-cyw sNøp∂ ]cn-an-Xn-Ifp≈ hnZ-ym¿Yn-Isf-°p-
dn®v ka-{K-amb Adn-hp-≠m-I-Ww.
4. Ct∂m-th-‰¿ ̨ \h{]h-W-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\pw {]mh¿ØnI-am-Ip-
∂-Xn\pw Ignhp≠mIWw.
5. k¿Km-fl-IX ˛ hnZ-ym¿Yn-I-ƒ°v A\p-Kp-W-amb coXn-bn¬ ]T\
{]{InbIƒ ]men-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ k¿Kmfl-IX D≠m-I-Ww.
6. CØcw ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS am\kn-Ihpw imco-cn-I-hp-w kmaq-ln-Ihpw hnZym-
-̀ym-k-]chp-amb Bh-i-y-ßsf Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\pw GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂-
Xn-\pw- {]m-]vXn-bp≈ hy-‡n-bm-I-Ww, sa‚¿.
7. A[-ym-]-I≥ hn`h kam-l-c-W-Ønepw amt\-Pvsa‚nepw {]m]vX-\m-I-
Ww.
8. ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp≈ Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw km[m-c-W-°m-cmb Ip´n-I-fp-tSbpw
as[ybp≈ ]me-am-IWw sa‚¿ Bb A[-ym-]-I≥. (Peer group support)9. ]cn-an-Xn-bp≈ Ip´n-Iƒ°p≈ D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-K-Ønepw hnX-
c-W-Ønepw {i≤mephmIWw.
3.4. ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ̨ Bh-i-y-IX
Htcm- ÿm-]\-hpw hyXy-kvX -]m-Ty-hkvXp°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v imco-cn-I-ambpw
am\-kn-I-ambpw ]cn-anXn A\p-̀ hn-°p∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw XpS¿∂p
h∂-Xn-\m¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°v ka{K hnI-k\w km[-y-am-Ip∂ ]e {]h¿Ø-\ßfpw
Adnt™m Adn-bm-sXtbm e`n-°mØ Ahÿ tIc-f-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-
∂p-≠v. tIc-f-Øn¬ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \S-
°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-߃t°m hne-bn-cp-ج coXn-Iƒt°m -sF-Icq]y-an√. AXp-
sIm≠v Xs∂ ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bmbn ]pd-Øp- t]mIp∂ Ip´n-I-fn¬ \ne-
\n¬°p∂ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ°pw sFI-cq-]-y-an-√. CXv CØcw taJ-e-bnse Ip´n-
Isf ]p\-c-[n-h-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xnt\m PohnXw apt∂m v́ \bn-°p-∂-Xnt\m klm-
bIamIp-∂n-√. F√m-h¿°pw KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw Dd-∏m-°Ww F∂
tZio-b-e£yw CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ip´n-I-ƒ°p e`n-°p∂p F∂v Dd-∏m-°-W-sa-
¶n¬ \nb-X-amb N -́°q-Sn¬ Xbm-dm-°nb Hcp ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bn-eqsS am{Xta
km[-y-am-Ip-I-bp-≈q. Hcp ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn F√m ÿm-]-\-ß-fnepw \S-∏m-°p-hm-
\p≈ `c-W-]-c-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, B\p-Iq-e-y-߃, klm-b-߃, t_m[-
h¬°-cWw, F∂nhbneqsS am{Xta Cu hn`m-KsØIqSn \ap°v tZiob
ImgvN -∏mS v apt∂m´v hbv°p∂ e£-y -Øn -te°v FØn-°p -hm≥
km[n°pIbp≈q.
3.4.1 ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ̨ s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
imco-cn-Iambpw _p≤n-]-c-ambpw sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn56
Experimental V
ersion
hnZ-ym-`-ym-khpw kwc£Whpw kaq-l-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzam-b-Xn-\m¬
Ch¿°p th≠ {]tX-y-I -{i≤bpw ]cn-K-W-\bpw hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-khpw Ah-k-
chpw \¬Ip-hm-\p≈ _m≤-y-Xbpw s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn\pw ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°p-
ap-≠v. Ch-cpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn-™p-- sIm≠v A\ptbm-
P-y-amb hnZ-ym-`-ymkw Dd-∏m-°p-I-bmWv A`n-Im-a-yw. Ip´n-bpsS hy‡nXz
khntijX-Iƒ°pw ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ°pw kml-N-c-y-߃°pw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb
Hcp ]mT-y-]≤Xn am{Xta Ch-cpsS apt∂m-́ p≈ Pohn-X-Øn\v KpW-I-c-am-Ip-I-
bp-≈q. AXp-sIm≠v Ch-sbms° Dƒ-s°m-≠p-sIm≠v ka-{Khpw F∂m¬
Abhp≈Xpamb Hcp kao-]-\amWv kzoImc-y-am-Ip-I.
s]mXp-hn-Z-ym-̀ -ym-k-cw-KØv kzoI-cn-®n-́ p≈ kao-]-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw hy-XykvX
kao-]-\-amhpw ChnsS tbmPn-°p-I. ]c-am-h[n ]cm-{i-b-an-√msX Pohn-X-km-
l-N-c-y-ßsf t\cn-Sp-hm≥ Ip´n-Isf klm-bn-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ Hcp coXn-
im-kv{X-amWv kzo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xv. Hmtcm Ip´n-°pw hy-‡n-]-c-amb {i≤ Dd-∏m°n
Pohn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-hn-Im-k-Øn-ep≈ kz-X-{¥-h-y-‡n-Xzw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-
b-Ww. Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sS-bpw am\-knI \ne-hm-c-Øn\p tbmPn® hy-XykvX
{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]T-\-X-{¥-ßfpw kzo-I-cn-°-Ww. Ip´n-I-fpsS B-h-i-y-ßsf
]c-am-h[n Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kmaq-ln-Im-¥-co£w Dd∏v hcpØn Ch-cpsS
hnIm-ksØ Xz-cn-X-s∏SpØWw.
kzo-I-cn-°p∂ F√m ]T-\-X-{¥-ßfpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-ج coXn-
I-fp-sa√mw Ab-hp-≈-Xm-tI-≠-Xm-Wv. kz¥w {]tZ-i-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
Dƒs°m-≈n®v Xbm-dm-°n-bn-́ p≈ {]mtZinI ]mT-ß-fpsS (Local Text) km[yX
]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\s∏Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. Iº-yq-́ ¿ Dƒs∏sS-bp≈ kmt¶-XnI
kuI-c-y-߃ ]T-\-Ønepw aqe-y-\n¿W-b-Ønepw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
Ip´n-Iƒ°v klm-b-kw-hn-[m-\-ambn kzo-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-k-c-߃
Hcp°pIbpw sNø-Ww.. \n¿ZnjvT tijn-Ifpw Bi-b-ßfpw t\Snb Ip´n-Isf
XpS¿]-T-\-Øn\v klm-bn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ s]mXp-hn-Z-ym-e-b-Øn¬ FØn-°p∂
coXnbpw kzo-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ Cu hn`m-K-Øns‚ ]T-\-Øn¬ [mcmfw am‰-߃ Kth-j-
W-̂ -e-ambn h∂n-́ p-≠v. AØ-c-Øn¬ Xbm-dm-°n-bn-́ p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfn¬
\ap°v tbmPn-°p∂Xv \ΩpsS ]mTy]-≤-Xn-bpsS ̀ mK-ambn htc-≠-Xm-Wv. Kth-
jW ^e-ambn Is≠Øn AhnsS \S-∏m-°n-s°m≠ncn-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-
߃ \mw Xnc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xns‚ bp‡n s]mXp-kaqlsØ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-
hm-\p≈ t_m[-h¬°-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNtø-≠-Xp-ap-≠v.
imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Hmtcm Ip´nbpw
hyXykvX-\m-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Ah¿°v In-t´≠ {i≤bpw ]cn-K-W-
\bpw klm-bhpw hy-X-y-kvX-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. hy-‡n-KX hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-]-cn-io-e-
\-]-cn-]mSn (Individualised Education Programme) bmbn-cn-°-Ww Ch¿°mbn
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 57
Experimental V
ersion
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ Hcp-°p-tºmƒ kzo-I-cn-t°≠ kao-]\w. Imen-I hb pw
(Chronological Age) am\-knI hb pw (Mental Age) XΩn¬ A¥cw {]I-Sn-∏n-
°p∂ Cu Ip´n-Iƒ°v apJ-y-[mcm hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-Øn-teXv t]mse ]{¥≠p
h¿jsØ hnZ-ym-`-ymkw A\p-tbm-P-yhpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-a-√. AXn-\m¬
Ch¿°p e`n-t°≠ {i≤bpw ]cn-K-W\bpw klm-bhpw ]cn-K-Wn®v ]e
L -́ß-fmbn Xncn®v {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Xbm-dm°n \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xmhpw kzoImcyw.
hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-Øns‚ e£-y-߃°p tNm¿® kw -̀hn-°msX {]h¿Ø-\-ßfn¬
Bh-i-y-amb A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw \S-Øn-s°m≠v apt∂-dp∂ Hcp kao-]-\-am-bn-
cn°pw DNn-Xw.
3.4.2. ]mT-y-]-≤Xn \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øm-\p≈ km[-y-X-Iƒ
tIc-f-Ønse Hmtcm Ip´n-°pw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb Hcp ]mT-y-]≤Xn Xbm-dm°n
\S-∏m-°p-hm≥ C∂sØ ÿnXn-bn¬ km[-y-a-√. ImcWw e -̀y-amb IW-°-
\p-k-cn®v tIc-f-Øn¬ GI-tZiw 3% Ip´n-Iƒ imco-cn-Ihpw am\knI-hp-amb
_p≤n-ap´v A\p-̀ -h-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cm-Wv. Ah¿°v Hcn-°epw Hcp s]mXp ]mT-y-]-
≤Xn A\p-tbm-P-y-am-hn-√. Ch¿°mbn Hcp {]tXyI ]mT-y-]-≤Xn A\n-hm-c-y-
am-sW-∂-Xn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb [mcmfw kml-N-c-y-߃ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.
$ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h-cpsS A\p-tbmPy hnZym-̀ ym-
k-Øn-\p≈ Bkq-{XnX ]cn-{i-a-߃ D≠m-h-W-sa∂v tIc-f-Ønse
`cWcw-KØns‚ Xe-∏-Øp-≈-h¿°pw A°m-Z-anI t\Xr-Xz-߃°pw
Xncn-®-dn-hp-≠v.
$ Gsd-°psd hnZym-k-º-∂cpw kmaqly {]Xn_≤Xbp-- ≈-h-cp-amb c£m-
I¿Xr Xe-apd, _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂Ip´n-Iƒ°v A\p-
tbmPy hnZym-`ymkw \¬Im≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂p-≠v. AXn-\m-bp≈
]n¥pW \¬Im\pw Ah¿ Xbm-dm-Wv.
$ Zp¿_-e-tcmSpw kmaq-ly-ambn Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-tcmSpw H∏w \n∂v
]ptcm-K-a\ \thm-∞m\ kmwkvIm-cnI ]mc-º-cy-ap≈ tIc-f-Øn¬ icn-
bmb t_m[-h¬°-c-WØneqsS IqSp-X¬ hy‡nIsfbpw ÿm]-\-ß-
sfbpw kwL-S-\-I-sfbpw Cu taJ-e-bn-te°v \bn-°m≥ km[n-°pw.
$ _p≤n-]-c-amb ]cn-anXn A\p-̀ -hn-°p∂ Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-cpsS c£n-
Xm-°-fp-sSbpw hnZym-̀ ym-k-̨ -]p-\-c-[n-hm-k-̨ -km-aqly PohnXw sa®-s∏-
Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ F√m ]cn-{i-a-߃°pw s]mXp kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw am[y-
a-ß-fp-sSbpw ]n¥pW e`n-°p∂ Xc--Øn-ep≈ kmaq-ly-t_m[w tIc-f-
Øn-ep-≠v.
$ Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn, Fkv.-sF.-Fw.kn XpS-ßnb ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS t\Xr-
Xz-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn-\-IØpw ]pd-Øp-ap≈ hnZ-Kv[-cpsS tkh\w {]tbm-
P-\-s∏-SpØn ]mTy-]-≤Xn ImgvN-∏mSpw {]h¿Ø\ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw Xbm-
dm-°m≥ km[n-°p∂ A¥-co£w \ne-hnep-≠v.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn58
Experimental V
ersion
$ A°m-Z-an-Ihpw `c-W-]-c-hp-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ Zo¿L-Im-e-ambn Ah-K-
Wn-°-s∏´p InS-∂n-cp∂ kvs]jy¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ°v th≠nbp≈ ]mTy-
]-≤Xn cq]o-I-c-W-sØbpw _‘-s∏´ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw hfsc {]Xo-
£-tbm-sS-bmWv s]mXp-k-aqlw t\m°n-°m-Wp-∂-Xv.
$ Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ ]T-\-߃, CS-s]-S-ep-
Iƒ Cu taJ--e-bnse Kth-jW ]T\ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ, tUm.Fw.sI Pb-
cmPv IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿ v́ F∂n-h-bnse \n¿tZ-i-߃ ka-{K-amb ]mTy-]-
≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn\p Znim-t_m[w \¬I∂p.
$ s]mXp hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂
Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ym-k-co-Xn Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°Ww F∂Xp kw_-‘n®
ImgvN-∏mSv cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ Cu ]mTy-]-≤Xn klm-b-I-amhpw.
$ s]mXp hnZym-e-b-ß-fntem kvs]jy¬ kvIqfp-I-fntem t]mIm≥ Ign-
bmsX hoSp-I-fn¬ Ignbp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°pw hnZym-̀ ymkw \¬tI-≠-Xp-
s≠∂pw AXp kaq-l-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-sW∂pw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-
Øm≥ Cu ]mTy-]-≤Xn N¿®-Iƒ hgn Xpd-°pw.
$ kvs]jy¬ kvIqfp-Ifpw s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ßfpw tN¿∂p≈ {]h¿Ø-
\-am-Xr-I-Ifpw A\p-]q-cI ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS km[y-X-Ifpw cq]-s∏-́ p-h-
cm\pw Cu ]mTy-]-≤Xn N¿®-Iƒ klm-b-I-am-tb-°pw.
$ ]mTy-]-≤Xn tcJ, A[ym-]-I¿°pw, c£m-I¿Øm-°ƒ°pw klm-b-I-
amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ, Ip´n-Iƒ°p≈ ]T\ kma-{Kn-Iƒ F∂nh Du¿÷n-X-
amb ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-eqsS cq]o-I-cn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb a\pjy hn -̀h-tijn
tIc-f-Øn¬ e`y-am-Wv. AXp {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n-°p∂ A°m-
Z-anI ÿm]-\-ßfpw \ap-°p-≠v.
$ hnhchn\nabkmt¶-XnIhnZy-bpsS {]tbmKw km¿h-{Xn-I-ambn°gn™
tIc-f-Øn¬ Cu kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS ASn-Ø-d-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠p≈
]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-ab X{¥-ßfpw aqey-\n¿Wb kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw cq]o-
I-cn-°m≥ km[n-°pw. CXn-\mbn Cu cwK-Øp-≈-h-cpsS A\p-̀ -h-ßfpw
Ignhpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Fkv.kn.C.-B¿.Sn, SIMC XpS-ßnb
ÿm]-\-߃°p km[n-°pw.
$ hy‡n-KX ]T-\-t_m-[\ coXn, hne-bn-cp-ج, c£m-I¿Xr]n¥pW,
A°m-Z-an-I-hpw `c-W-]-c-hp-amb tamWn-‰-dnw-Kv, ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS
{]h¿Ø\w, hne-bn-cp-ج, am¿K \n¿tZ-iw, ]cn-io-e-\w, A\p-_-‘-
k-lm-bIkma-{Kn-Iƒ XpS-ßnb F√m taJ-eIƒ°pw Bh-iy-amb
{]h¿Ø-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-ßfpw GtIm-]n-∏n®p sIm≠p
t]mIm≥ Fkv.-sF.-Fw.kn °p km[n-°pw.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 59
Experimental V
ersion
$ Fkv.-sF.-C.-‰n, sF.‰n.@ kvIqƒ, koam‰v, XpS-ßnb kwÿm\ ÿm]-
\-߃, kvs]jy¬ hnZym-̀ ym-k-ta-J-e-bnse ]T-\-]-cn-io-e\ ÿm]-\-
߃, Un.]n.sF °p Iogn-ep≈ sF.C.-Un.-F-kv.-F-kv. hn`m-Kw, k¿h-
in£m A`n-bm≥, B¿.-Fw.-F-kv.F XpS-ßnb t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ, Ub‰v,
kn.‰n.-C. XpS-ßnb ]cn-io-e\ ÿm]-\-߃, Cu taJ-e-bnse k∂≤
{]h¿Ø-I¿, cmPy-Øn-\-IØpw ]pd-Øp-ap≈ khn-tij hnZym-̀ ymk
hnZ-Kv[¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS tkh-\-߃ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v ]mTy-
]-≤Xn hn\n-a-b-Øn-\mbn Imcy-£-a-amb {]h¿Ø\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ cq]o-
I-cn°m≥ km[n°pw.
3.4.3 ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ̨ e£-y-߃
Ip´n-I-fpsS ka-{K-hn-I-k\w e£-y-am-°n-bmWv ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ \ne-sIm-≈p-
∂-Xv. imcocnIhpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cnSp∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS
]mT-y-]-≤Xn cq]o-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ IqSp-X¬ {i≤ A\n-hm-c-y-am-Ip-∂p. Ip´n-bpsS
{]IrXw, sshI-e-y-ß-fpsS sshhn[yw, tXmXv, XpS-ßnb [mcmfw hkvXp-X-
Iƒ ]cn-KWn-t°≠n hcpw. Ch-cpsS hnZym-̀ -ymkm-h-i-y-߃, \ne-\n¬°p∂
{]Xn-k-‘nIƒ, ̀ mhn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ImgvN-∏mSv F∂n-h-sb-√mw ]mT-y-]-≤Xn
e£-y-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-̂ -en-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-
∂-h-cpsS hnZym-̀ ymkmh-iy-߃, \ne-\n¬°p∂ {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ, `mhn-sb-
°p-dn-®p≈ ImgvN-∏mSv F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-ØnemWv e£y߃
cq]oIcn®n´p≈Xv. khn-ti-j-h-y-‡n-Xzap≈ CØcw Ip´n-Iƒ°mbn Xbm-dm-
°p∂ ]mT-y-]-≤Xn Xmsg ]d-bp∂ e£-y-߃ apt∂m´v hbv°p-∂p.
(i) `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-ambpw hnZym-̀ ymk Ah-Imi \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®pw F√m
Ip´n-Iƒ°pw e`n-t°≠ Ah-Im-i-ßfpw Ah-k-c-ßfpw _p≤n-]-c-amb
sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°pw Dd∏p hcp-Øp-I.
(ii) {]tXy-Im-h-iy-ßfp≈ Ip´n-Iƒ A\p-̀ -hn-°p∂ _lp-Xe kv]¿in-bmb
{]iv\-߃°v km[yamb ]cn-lmc {]h¿Ø\w F∂ coXn-bn¬ hnZym-
`ym-ksØ kao-]n-°p-Ibpw sXmgn¬, ]p\-c-[n-hm-kw, kmaqly kpc-
£, XpS-ßnb LS-I-ß-fpsS ]n¥pW- hnZym-̀ ymk {]{In-b-bpsS `mK-
am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
(iii) Hmtcm Ip´n°pw Xt‚-Xmb coXn-bn¬ ]Tn-°m\pw apt∂-dm\pw kzbw
Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p-I.
(iv) _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h-cpsS hnZym-̀ ymk {]iv\-ß-
sf-°p-dn®pw ]cn-lmc coXn-I-sf-°p-dn®pw kPo-h-amb N¿®-Iƒ°pw
\n¿tZ-i-߃°pw hgn-sbm-cp-°p-Ibpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp hnZym-̀ ymk
{Iaw cq]o-I-cn-°p∂-Xn-\p≈ B¥-cnI kΩ¿Zhpw t{]c-W-bpw hf¿Øp-
Ibpw sNøp-I.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn60
Experimental V
ersion
3.5 ]mT-y-hnj-b-߃
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-I-ƒ°p≈ ]mT-y-hn-j-b-߃ F¥m-
IWw? Fß-s\-bm-IWw? F∂Xv ka-{K-amb N¿®-Iƒ°pw Btem-N-\-
Iƒ°pw hnt[-b-am-t°≠ Imc-y-am-Wv. Ip´n-Iƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw kz-̀ m-h-Ønepw,
s]cp-am-‰-Ønepw {]h¿Ø\-co-Xn-I-fnepw hy-X-y-kvX-cm-Wv. Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw
Cu hy-X-ykvXX A[-ym-]-I\v henb sh√p-hnfn-bm-Wv. Bb-Xn-\m¬ ]mTy-hn-
j-b-߃ Xocp-am-\n-°p-tºmƒ NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂ Imcy-߃ \n¿_-
‘-ambpw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
$ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfnt\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-bpsS s]mXp-hmb {]Ir-Xw.
$ Ip´n-bpsS kmaqly--amb ]›m-Øew
$ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ km[-y-X-Iƒ
$ Ip´n-bpsS Btcm-K-y-]-c-amb Ahÿ
$ sa®-s∏´ PohnXkml-N-cyw sI´n-∏-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠nbp≈ [mc-W-
Iƒ, ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ
3.5.1 ]mT-y-hnj-b-߃ ̨ taJ-e-Iƒ
kaq-l-Ønse Hcp hy‡n F∂ \ne-bn¬ hf¿∂v hnImkw {]m]n-°-W-sa-
¶n¬ Ah-iyw t\Sn-bn-cn-t°≠ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ GsX√mw hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ncn°p∂p F∂Xv N¿® sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv.
]Tn-Xmhv BZyw t\tS-≠Xv Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-hp-ambn (Communication) _‘-
s∏´ ss\]p-Wn-I-fm-Wv. kmaq-l-y-Pohn F∂ \ne-bn¬ Xs‚ Bh-i-y-߃
a‰p-≈-hsc [cn-∏n-°m\pw a‰p-≈-h¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv F¥m-sW∂v a\- n-em-°m\pw
]c-kv]cw Adn-bm\pw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-eqsS am{Xta km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q.
Bibhn\n-a-b-Øn-\p≈ kp{]-[m\ D]m-[n-bmWv `mj. Bb-Xn-\m¬ ]Tn-
Xmhv Bibhn\n-a-b-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ̀ mj-bn-ep≈ hnhn-[-ß-
fmb ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ t\Sp-∂-Xn\v Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww.
\nX-y-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂ IW-°p-Iq-́ -ep-Iƒ a\- n-em-°m\pw, ka-b-sØ-
°p-dn®pw, Znhkw ˛ amkw ˛ h¿jw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®pw Adn-bp-∂-Xn\pw
KWn-X-Øn¬ kmam-\-y-]-cn-⁄m\w thWw. KWn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-Isf kw_-
‘n®pw {]mtbm-KnI KWn-XsØ kw_-‘n-®p-ap≈ [mc-W-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ
t\SWw.
Xm≥ hkn-°p∂ ̀ qan-sb-∏‰nbpw Xs‚ sXm -́SpØ ]cn-k-csØ kw_-‘n®pw
Poh-Pm-e-ßsf kw_-‘n®pw Ip´n a\- n-em-°-Ww. Bb-Xn--\m¬ ]cn-k-c-
]T\w Hcp hnj-bambn Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 61
Experimental V
ersion
a\p-j-y≥ Hcp kmaq-l-y-Po-hn-bm-Wv. kaq-l-Øns‚ {]tX-yXIsf- kw_-‘n®pw
kmaql-y-Po-hn-XsØ kw_-‘n®pw Ip´n Adn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. \ΩpsS ̀ c-W-kw-
hn-[m-\sØ kw_-‘n®pw, P\-Iob ̀ cW-\n¿-h-l-WsØ kw_-‘n®pw Ip´n
Adn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.
Pohn-Xw Bk-z-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Blvfm-Z-I-c-amb Hcp a\- -n\v DS-a-bm-Ip-∂-
Xn\pw imco-cn-I-amb anI-hp-Iƒ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Iem ˛ ImbnI
anI-hp-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ t\tS-≠-Xp-≠v.
Btcm-K-y-I-c-amb PohnXw \bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw aqe-y-t_m[w Dƒs°m≠v
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Bh-i-y-amb ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ t\tS-≠-Xp-w AXym-h-iy-
amWv. hoSns\ Adn-bp-I, hoSp-ambn _‘-s∏´ D]-I-c-W-ßsf Ad-n-bpI,
hoSpw ]cn-k-chpw hrØn-bmbn kq£n-°p-I., sXm-gn¬ kw_-‘n® {]mYanI
[mcW-Iƒ t\SpI F∂nhbpw Gsd {]m[m-\-y-ap-≈-Xm-Wv.
hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kmt¶-XnIhnZ-y ̂ e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠nbp≈
ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ t\Sp-∂-Xn\pw ]cn-K-W\ \¬I-Ww.
C{]-Imcw Xs‚ Pohn-XsØ Icp-∏n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-i-y-amb F√m hnh-c-
ßfpw N¿® sNøm-\p≈ Ah-kcw hnhn[ ]mT-y-hn-j-b-ßfneqsS
e`yamIWw.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn62
Experimental V
ersion
hnhn-[ -hn-`m-K-°m¿°p≈]mTy-]-≤Xn ˛hni-Zmw-i-߃ 4
A[ymbw
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ Ign-hp-I-fnepw tijn-I-fnepw
a‰p Ip´n-I-fn¬ \n∂v hy-X-y-kvX-cm-Wv. hy-‡n-K-X-amb ]T-\-co-Xnbpw {i≤bpw
]cn-K-W-\bpw Ch¿°v A\n-hm-c-y-am-Ip∂p. ]e Ign-hp-Ifnepw s]mcp-Ø-t°-
Sp-Iƒ D≈- Ch¿°v s]mXp-hn-Z-ym-̀ -ym-kw hn`mh\w sNbvXncn°p∂ ]{¥≠v
h¿j hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw {]mtbm-Kn-I-a-√. AXn-\m¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ \mev L -́
߃ ChcpsS ]T\Øn\pw t_m[\Øn\pambn kzoIcn-°mhp-∂XmWv.
{]mbw L´w ¢m v
0- 6 {]o˛-ss{]adn -˛
7 - 11 ss{]adn 1 - 512 - 14 sk°‚dn 6 - 715 - 17 {]o ˛ shm-t°-j-W¬ 9 - 12
18 and above shmt°-j-W¬ ˛
Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb hf¿®-bpsS tXmXv hy-
XykvX-am-bn-cn-°pw F∂-Xn-\m¬ Hmtcm Ip´n°pw FØnt®cmhp∂ \n›nX
\ne-hm-c-Øn-se-Øn-bm¬ ASpØ L -́Øn-te°v ÿm-\-°-b‰w \¬tI-≠-Xm-
Wv. ChnsS XnI®pw Ab-hp≈ kao-]-\-amWv kzo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xv. Hmtcm L -́
Ønepw Ip´n-bpsS khn-ti-j-k-z-̀ m-hhpw Xm¬]cyhpw \ne-\n¿Øn A\p-
tbm-P-y-amb {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bhn-jvI-cn°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. Hmtcm Xe-Øn-
epw Ip´n- t\-tS≠ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈n-®p-sIm≠v ]mTy-]-≤Xnbpw
AXnse Dt±-i-y-߃ t\Sm≥ Ign-bp∂ {]h¿Ø\ ]≤-Xnbpw Xbm-dm-t°-≠-
Xm-Wv. Hmtcm L´-Øn-epw \¬tI≠- {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hniZmwi߃
t\m°mw.
4.1 {]oss{]-adn (0 ˛ 6 hb- v)
{]oss{]adn L´Ønse ]qPyw apX¬ 3 hb- p-h-sc-bp≈ Ime-b-f-hmWv
G‰hpw {][m-\w. P\n-XI sshI-ey-tØm-sS-tbm, imco-cnI Ne-\-]-c-amb
sshI-ey-tØm-sStbm P\n-°p∂ Ip´nsb t\csØ Is≠-ØpI F∂-XmWv
{][m-\w. P\n®p hogp∂ Hmtcm Ip´n-sbbpw hnZKv[ ]cn-tim-[-\bv°v hnt[-
b-am-°p-I-sb-∂Xv cmjv{S-Øns‚ _m[y-X-bm-Wv. CXn-\mbn Xmeq°v Xe-Øn¬
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 63
Experimental V
ersion
saUn-°¬ hnZ-Kv[sc Dƒs∏-SpØn Hcp ]m\¬ Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Btcm-
Ky-hIp∏v, kmaq-ly-t£-a-h-Ip∏v XpSßn hnhn[ GP≥kn-I-fpsS GtIm-]-\-
Øn-emWv Cu {]{Inb \S-t°-≠-Xv. sshI-ey-ap≈ Ip´n-Isf Is≠-Øp-∂-
Xn\v Child Development Centre s‚ klm-bhpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØWw. Cßs\
Is≠Øp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°mbn Early Intensive Intervention BWv Bh-iyw.
kmaq-lnI t_m[-h-XvI-c-Whpw c£m-I¿Ør-hn-Zym-̀ ym-khpw CXns‚ `mK-
ambn \¬I-Ww. sshI-ey-Øns‚ kz`m-hhpw \ne-hm-chpw ]cn-K-Wn®v Bh-
iy-amb klm-bI-kw-hn-[m-\-߃ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. Bip-]{Xn, kvs]jy¬
kvIqƒ tI{μo-I-cn®v \S-Øm-hp∂ Early Development Therapic Centre F∂n-hn-
S-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Cu Ip´n-Iƒ°v Bh-iy-amb {i≤bpw ]cn-N-c-Whpw Dd∏p
hcp-Ø-Ww. ChnsS hnhn[ sXdm-∏n-Ãp-I-fpsS tkh\hpw e -̀y-am°-Ww.
imkv{Xob coXn-bn-eqsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ \SØn, hf¿®-bp-sSbpw hnIm-k-
Øn-s‚bpw XpS¿{]-{In-b-Iƒ°v Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°-Ww. c£n-
Xm-hns‚ km∂n[yw IqSn Dd-∏p-h-cpØn Ip´n-bpsS hnIm-ksØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂
hne-bn-cp-ج tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Assessment Record Xbm-dm°-Ww.
4 ̨ 6 hb v L -́Øn¬ Bh-iy-amb PohnX ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I-
bmWv th≠-Xv. IEP (Individualised Educational Programme) bpsS km[y-X-I-
fmWv {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv. ]c-am-h[n 4 Ip´n-Iƒ°v Hcp A[ym-]-I≥/
A[ym-]nI F∂ coXn kzoI-cn-°Ww Self help, Motor development, Social de-velopment XpS-ßnb hnIm-k-L-́ -߃s°m∏w Pre-academic A¥-co£w Dd-
∏p-h-cp-Øp-I-bmWv th≠Xv. \nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsS Ip´n-bpsS ]T\]ptcm-
KXn Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww.
Task analysis t]mep≈ X{¥-ß-fm-bn-cn-°Ww kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xv. c£m-I¿Ør
]cn-io-e-\hpw kam-¥c-ambn \S-°-Ww. hnIm-k-L-́ -ß-fn-eqsS Xr]vXn-I-c-
ambn IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ Ip´nsb apJy-[mcmhnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn-te°v sIm≠p-t]m-
Im≥ Ah-k-chpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. sXdm-∏n-Ãv, tUmIvS¿, kmaq-ly-tk-h-
I≥, kvs]jy¬ FUyp-t°-‰¿, a\-»m-kv{X-]-cn-io-e-I≥, c£n-Xmhv F∂n-h-
cp-sS-sb√mw hni-I-e-\-Øn\pw ]n¥p-Wbv°pw Ah-kcw Cu Ime-L-́ -Øn¬
Ip´n°v e`n-°-Ww.
Multi disciplinary team eqsS Bbn-cn-°Ww Ip´n-Iƒ°v A\p-̀ -h-߃ \¬Ip-
∂Xpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xpw. Hmtcm Ip´n°pw Ah-t‚-Xmb \ne-hm-c-Øn¬
t\Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂-tijn-I-fm-IWw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv. ]c-kv]c Xmc-X-aytam
s]mXp-am-\-Z-fi-ßtfm kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xn-√. Hcp L -́Ønepw Ip´n-Iƒ°v ¢m v
Ib‰w \¬ImXncn°cpXv. Ip´n-I-fpsS hnIm-k-L-́ -ß-fpsS imkv{Xo-b-Xbpw
klm-b-km-l-N-cy-߃ Hcp-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-Xbpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂
ssI∏pkvXIw c£n-Xm-°ƒ°mbn Xbm-dm°n \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. {]oss{]-adn
bpambn _‘s∏´ ]T-\hpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw hni-Zw-i-ßfpw cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ≠-
Xp≠v.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn64
Experimental V
ersion
4.2 ss{]adn (7˛11 hb v)
Ggp hb p apX¬ 11 hb- p-hsc Primary group Bbn ]cn-K-Wn-°mw. ChnsS
1 : 6 F∂ A[ym]I hnZym¿Yn A\p-]mXw kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ip´n-
bpsS _lp-apJ km[y-X-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn®v ]c-am-h[n DZv{K-YnX coXn kzoI-cn-
°mw. tam≠n-tkmdn coXn-bpw, {]h¿Ø-\m-[n-jvTnX ]T-\-Øns‚ km[y-X-
Ifpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. ̂ o¬Uv {Sn∏v, ]T-\-bm-{X, \rØw, A`n-\-b-°-
f-cn-Iƒ, kmaq-ln-Im-tLm-j-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm°n kmaq-lnI
CS-s]-S-en\v Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww.
$ sshI-ey-Øns‚ tXmX-\p-k-cn®v Multi level activity Hcp-°-Ww.
$ `mj, ASn-ÿm-\-K-Wn-Xw, ASn-ÿm-\-imkv{Xw XpS-ßnb hnj-b-߃
]T-\-Øn-\mbn Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
$ CtXm-sSm∏w kwKotXm]-I-c-W-߃ ssIImcyw sNø¬, t\Xr-]m-Shw
Dd∏v hcp-Øp∂ s]mXp ]cn-]mSn-Iƒ, Btcm-K-y-Im-c-y-߃, hym-bmaw
XpS-ßn-bhpw ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
$ BZy c≠p-h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ c≠mw ̀ mj Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw.
IfnItfmSv Xm¬]cyw, Pn⁄mk, kwL-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Xm¬]cyw, kzbw
sNøm-\p≈ Ignhv XpSßn Cu Ime-L-́ -Ønse Ip´n-I-fpsS F√m-{]-Ir-X-
ßfpw ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. Cu Ime-L-́ -Ønse Ip´n-I-ƒ-
°mbn Xbm-dm-°mhp∂ D≈S°-Øns‚ hni-Zmw-i-߃ NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.
4.2.1. D≈-S°w ̨ hni-Zmw-i-߃
hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-Øns‚ ̀ mK-ambn Ip´n-Iƒ°v e`n-t°≠ D≈-S°w, hn\n-a-b-coXn,
hne-bn-cp-ج XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv GsXmcp ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bp-tSbpw anIhv \ne-
\n¿Øp-∂-Xv. s]mXp-hn-Z-ym-̀ -ym-k- taJebn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Hmtcm
Xe-Øn-epw Fs¥ms° D≈-S-°-amWv th≠Xv F∂v Ah-cpsS \ne-hm-c-Øn-
\-\p-k-cn®v Is≠-Ømt\m ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømt\m {]bm-k-an-√.
F∂m¬ khn-ti-j-k-z-̀ m-h-ap≈ Ip´n-Iƒ°mbn Xbm-dm-°p∂ ]mTy]≤Xn
ta¬]-d™h \n›-bn°p-tºmƒ c≠m-a-sXmcp Nn¥-IqSn th≠n-hcpw
ChnsS ]Tn-°p∂ Ip´n-Iƒ HmtcmcpØcpw khnti-j-k-z-̀ m-h-Øn¬ t]mepw
hy-X-y-kvXcmWv F∂-XmWv ImcWw. \nc-¥-c-N¿®-I-fn-eq-sSbpw IqSn-bn-cn-∏p-
I-fn-eq-sSbpw Ch-cpsS ]mT-y-]-≤Xn cq]-s∏-Sp∂p. CXns‚ D≈-S°w A[-ym-
]-I-cp-tStbm a‰v klm-b-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fp-tStbm {ia-̂ -e-amb ]q¿W-X-tbmsS
Ip´n-I-fn¬ FØn°m≥ Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. ]e-cm-P-y-ßfpw CØcw Ip´n-I-fpsS
]mTy]≤Xn \n›-bn-°p-tºmgpw AXv hn\n-abw sNøp-tºmgpw Ip´n-I-fpsS
{]I-rXsØ am\n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ IfnIƒ, \nX-y-Po-hn-XØnse ]cn-Nn-X-amb
kμ¿ -̀߃, F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn-®n-́ p-≈-Xmbn ImWmw. B coXn-Iƒ Xs∂-
bmWv \ΩpsS kml-N-c-y-Ønepw A`n-Im-a-y-am-bn-́ p-≈-Xv.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 65
Experimental V
ersion
4.2.2. ]mTy]≤Xn cq]oIcW {]{Inb
]mTy-]-≤Xn cq]o-I-c-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn cq]o-I-cW {Kq∏v BZyw N¿®
sNbvXXv CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ip´n-I-fpsS {]Ir-X-am-Wv. Ch-cpsS Hm¿an-°m-\p≈
Ign-hv, Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ tijn, [mc-W-t\-Sm-\p≈ Ign-hv, hni-I-e-\w
sNøm-\pw \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øm-\p-ap≈ Ignhv XpS-ßn-b-h-sbms° hfsc ]n∂m-
°-am-bn-cn-°pw. Cu Ip´n-I-fpsS {]IrXw hni-Z-am-bn-Øs∂ A[ymbw 2 ¬
N¿® sNbvXn-cp-∂t√m. c≠m-a-Xmbn {]m[m\yw sImSpØv N¿® sNbvXXv
khn-tij {i≤-th≠ Ip´n-Iƒ ssIh-cn-t°≠ tijn-I-sfbpw ss\]p-Wn-I-
sfbpw kw_-‘n-®m-Wv.
Xs‚ Np‰p-]m-Sn-s\ a\ nem°m\pw, ̀ mjm-]-c-ambn Fgp-Xp-hm\pw hmbn-°p-
hm\pw {]XnIcn°phm\pw AXnse khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw, sa®-
s∏´ BtcmKyw ssIh-cn-°p-hm\pw, tijn-ssI-h-cn-°p-hm\pw, \nXyPohn-X-
Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-t°-≠n-h-cp∂ AXymhiy-K-WnX hkvXp-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-hm\pw, kmaq-ly-Pohn F∂ \ne-bn¬ a‰p-≈-h-tcmSv CS-s]-Sphm\pw, X\n°v
]‰m-hp∂ sNdnb sXmgn-ep-Iƒ sNøp-hm\pw aqeyw Dƒs°m≠v {]h¿Øn-°p-
hm\pw Chsc {]m]vX-cm-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ {]Xn-̂ -
en-t°-≠-XmWv F∂v N¿®-bneqsS [mc-W-bnseØn.
Cu N¿®-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ 8 taJ-e-I-fn¬
[mcW ssIh-cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-k-c-amWv CØcw ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°v \¬tI-≠Xv
F∂ [mc-W-bn-se-ØpIbp≠mbn.
4.2.3. D≈S°taJeIƒ
1. B-tcm-K-y-Po-hn-X-ss\-]pWnbpw aqe-y-t_m[hpw
2. `mjm-ss\-]pWn
3. KWn-X-ss\-]pWn
4. ]cn-kc ss\]pWn
5. kmaq-lnI ss\]pWn
6. Iem-Im-bnI ss\]pWn
7. {]mY-anI Km¿lnI ss\]pWn
8. kmt¶-XnI ss\]pWn
Cu 8 taJ-e-I-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v A°m-Z-anI Adn-hp-Iƒ,
Ign-hp-Iƒ, ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ at\m-̀ m-h-߃ F∂nh hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈
Ah-k-c-߃ e`n-°p-∂p.
Btcm-Ky-Po-hnX ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ CØcw Ip´n-I-fn¬ hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠Xv Ah-
cpsS apt∂m-́ p≈ F√m hnP-b-Øn\pw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Ah≥ sNtø-≠Xv
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn66
Experimental V
ersion
Ah≥ Xs∂ sNøm≥ {]m]vX-\m-°p-I-bmWv e£yw. kzbw Blmcw Ign-
°p-hm\pw, hkv{Xw-[-cn-°p-hm\pw, Hcp-ßp-hm-\pw, {]mY-anI Imcy-߃ \n¿h-
ln-°p-hm\pw Ahs\ {]m]vX-\m-°-W-sa-¶n¬ Ahs‚ kq£va-Xe t]in-hn-
Imkw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Cu ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ t\Sp∂Xn\v A\p-tbmPy-ambXpw
Xmev]-cy-ap≈Xpamb {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bh¿Øn®v sNøn-∏n®pw Bh-iy-
amb klm-bw -\¬Inbpw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kao-]-\-amWv ChnsS kzoI-
cn-t°-≠-Xv. CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-W-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-
X, hy‡n-ip-Nn-Xzw, ]cn-k-c-ip-NnXzw F∂n-h-bn-te°v \bn-°-Ww.
aqe-y-߃ Dƒs°m-≠v {]h¿Øn-°p-hm\pw, kvt\lw, kl-h¿Øn-Xzw XpS-
ßn-b-h-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb ]T\w Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃
\¬tI-≠Xpw AX-ym-h-i-y-am-Wv.
`mjm-ss\-]pWn hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS kμ¿ -̀߃°-\p-k-cn®v i_vZw D]-
tbm-Kn®v kz¥w {]Xn-I-c-W-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm\pw efn-X-amb ]Z-ßfpw
hmIy-ßfpw Xncn-®-dn™v hmbn-°p-hm\pw Fgp-Xp-hm\pw Ip´n°v Ign-b-Ww.
CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ̀ mjm ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb
]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw Bh-iy-amb klm-b-߃ ̨ t\cn´pw,
]c-kv]-chpw ̨ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp kao-]-\-amhpw ChnsS
DNn-Xw. \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠n-h-cp∂ ]Z-߃ {]mtbm-KnI
PohnX kμ¿ -̀߃ \¬In-bm-hWw hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠-Xv.
kz¥w ]cn-k-csØ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw AXn-se {]-Xn-̀ m-k-߃ \nco-£n-°m\pw
[mcW cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-Øn-eqsS Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. Pohn-Iƒ,
hml-\-߃, ]®-°-dn-Iƒ, sXmgn-ep-Iƒ, hnhn-[-ÿm-]-\-߃ XpS-ßn-bh
\nco-£n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS [mcmfw Bi-b-ßfpw hkvXp-X-Ifpw e`n-°p-hm≥ Ah-
k-c-ap-≠m-°-Ww. [mcmfw t\c-dn-hp-Iƒ e`n-°p-hm≥th≠n ]cn-k-csØ D]-
tbm-K-s∏-Sp-ØWw. ]cn-k-c-_-‘nX ]T-\-k-ao-]-\-amIpw ChnsS A\p-tbmPyw.
kaql-sØ-°p-dn®v Adn-bp-Ibpw hy-‡nbpw kaq-lhpw XΩnepw hy‡n-Iƒ
XΩnepap≈ ]c-kv]c _‘w Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-XmWv kmaq-lnI
ss\]pWn hnIm-k-Øn-eqsS Ip´n-Iƒ°v e`n-t°-≠-Xv. kaq-ly-_-‘-߃ hnI-
kn-∏n-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ BtLm-j-߃, BN-c-W-߃, NS-ßp-Iƒ
F∂n-h-bn¬ ]s¶-SpØv kmaq-lnI ss\]p-Wn-hn-Im-kw hf¿Øp∂ Hcp kao-
]-\-amWv ChnsS Bh-iyw. s]mXp-k-aqlØn¬ \n∂pw H‰-s∏-́ p-\n¬t°-≠-
h-c√ CØcw hy‡n-Iƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw F∂v Xncn®dnbm≥ ChnsS Ah-k-
c-ap-≠m-I-Ww.
Hgnhv kab߃ ^e{]Zambn D]tbmKs∏SpØm\pw hnt\mZßfn¬
]s¶Sp°m\pw Ip´nsb {]tNmZn∏n°p∂ {]h¿Ø\ßfneqsS BhWw
IemImbnI ss\]pWnIƒ hnIkn∏nt°≠Xv. X\n°pw kzX{¥ambn Nne
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 67
Experimental V
ersion
hkvXp°ƒ (]p°ƒ, Nn{X߃) \n¿Ωn°m≥Ignbpw F∂ Bflhnizmkw
Hmtcm Ip´nbnepw D≠mIp∂ XcØnembncn°Ww kao]\w.
hoSp-I-fn¬ sNdnb tPmen-Iƒ sNøm-\p≈ ]cn-io-e\w, Hmtcm tPmenbpw
sNøp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb D]-I-c-W-߃ Is≠-Øm\p≈ tijn, D]-tbm-Kn-®-
tijw bYm-ÿm-\Øv Xncn-®p-h-bv°p-hm\p≈ Ignhv, F∂nhsbms°
t\Sn°gn-bp-tºmƒ Pohn-X-Øn¬ ASp°pw Nn´bpw h∂p-tN-cpw. {]mtbm-KnI
Km¿lnI sXmgn¬ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ kzmb-Ø-am-°pI hgn X\n°pw Nne Imcy-
߃ a‰p-≈-h¿°pw X\n-°p-ambn sNøm≥ Ignbpw F∂ Bfl-hn-izmkw
D≠m°p-hm≥ Ignbpw. AXn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬Ip-I-
bmWv th≠Xv.
\nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ C∂v Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-ImØ H∂mWv kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS
hnI-k-\-̂ -e-ambn cq]s-∏-́ n-́ p≈ D]-I-c-W-߃. tdUn-tbm. Sn.hn, samss_¬
t^m¨, Im¬°p-te-‰¿ XpS-ßnb D]-I-c-W-߃ kzbw Bh-iym\p-k-cWw
D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ChnsS Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-IWw.
Hmtcm ss\]p-Wn-bpw thdn v́ Ip´n-Iƒ°v \¬I-e√, adn®v Htcm {]h¿Ø-\w
\¬Ip-tºmgpw ]cam-h[n taJ-e-I-fnse ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ t\Sm≥ klm-bn°pw,
F∂-Xm-hWw So®-dpsS e£yw.
Cu taJ-e-I-fn¬ Hmtcm h¿jhpw ]Tn-Xmhv t\tS≠ tijn-
Iƒ, [mcWIƒ, ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpƒs°m-≈p∂
]mTy-]-≤Xn Dt±-iy-ßfpw, ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw cq]-
s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp≠v. CØcØn¬ ]mTy-]-≤Xn Dt±iy-
ßfpw, ]T\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn
Ip´n-bpsS PohnX Np‰p-]m-Sp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn
NphsS sImSp-Øn-́ p≈ 5 Bi-b-ßsf tI{μo-I-cn-
®p≈ D≈-S-°-amWv AXy-¥m-t]-£nXw F∂v
Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn68
Experimental V
ersion
4.2.4 BibtaJeIƒ
A. ˛ Blmcw
B. ˛ ]m¿∏nSw
C. ˛ Pohn-Iƒ
D. ˛ hml-\-߃
E. ˛ BtLm-j-߃
Ip´n-bpsS PohnX kml-N-cy-ßfpw, ]cn-k-chpw, kmaqly kml-N-cy-ßfpw
IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠pw apºv kqNn-∏n® 8 taJ-e-Iƒ ASn-ÿm-\am-°n-bp-
amWv Cu Bi-b-taJeIƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-́ p-≈-Xv. ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ cq]-
s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ Cu Bi-b-ta-J-e-Iƒ Bkv]-Z-am°n {]h¿Ø-\-߃ cq]-
s∏-Sp-Øm-\mWv {ian-t°-≠-Xv. Hmtcm D≈-S-°-ta-J-e-bnepw Cu Bi-b-ta-J-
e-bpsS km[y-X-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-S-Ww.
4.2.5 ]mT\t\ -́߃
D≈S°taJeIsf ASnÿm\am°n Xbmdm°nbn´p≈ ]mTy]≤Xn
Dt±iy߃ NphsS sImSp°p∂p.
1. `mjm ss\]pWnIƒ
Bi-b-{]-Im-i-\-]cw (Expressive)1. {]XnIcW߃°v i_vZw D]tbmKn°p∂p.
2. hmNnIambn {]XnIcn°pItbm BwKyßfneqsS Bibhn\nabw
\SØpItbm sNøp∂p.
3. tIƒ°p∂ hm°pIƒ A\pIcn®v ]dbp∂p.
4. kzbw ]cnNbs∏SpØp∂p. (t]cp ]dbp∂p)
5. tIƒ°p∂ i_vZ߃ A\pIcn°p∂p. (D]IcWßfpsSbpw
PohnIfpsSbpw i_vZw)
6. Bibhn\nabØn\v eLphmIy߃ D]tbmKn°p∂p.
7. ]cnNnXamb hkvXp°fpsS D]tbmKw ]dbp∂p. t]cp ]dbp∂p.
8. icoc`mK߃ ]cnNbs∏SpØp∂p. /Nq≠n°m´p∂p
9. Xs∂ kw_‘n°p∂ hnhc߃ hniZambn ]d™v
]cnNbs∏SpØp∂p. (amXm]nXm°ƒ/c£I¿Ømhns‚ t]c,v sXmgn¬,
ta¬hnemkw, t^m¨ \º¿).
10. Bhiyßfpw hnImcßfpw hmNnIamtbm AwKNe\ßfneqsStbm
{]ISn∏n°p∂p.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 69
Experimental V
ersion
11. hmNnIamtbm AwKNe\ßfneqsStbm eLptNmZy߃ tNmZn°p∂p.
(F¥mWXv? F¥psIm≠v?.....)
12. kw`mjWØn¬ k¿h\ma߃ D]tbmKn°p∂p.
13. kwkmc`mjbn¬ ImekqNI]Z߃ icnbmbn D]tbmKn°p∂p. (DZm:
Rm≥ \msf t]mIpw. C∂se t]mbn...)
14. eLpkw`mjWØn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂p.
15. efn-X-amb ]m´p-Iƒ ]mSp-∂p.
16. CjvSs∏´ sSenhnj≥/tdUntbm ]cn]mSnIƒ kw{Kln®p ]dbp∂p.
17. IYIƒ/kw`h߃ icnbmb {Iaw ]men®v ]dbp∂p.
18. B\pImenI kw`h߃ hnhcn°p∂p.
`mjm¿P-\-]-c-amb tijn-Iƒ
1. i_vZt{kmX pItfmSv {]XnIcn°p∂p. (i_vZw tI´ `mKtØ°v
t\m°p∂p....)
2. t]cp hnfn tIƒ°p∂Xnt\mSv IÆpIfpsS Ne\w/apJ`mhw/i_vZw
F∂n-h-bn-eqsS {]XnIcn°p∂p
3. efnXamb \n¿tZißtfmSv {]XnIcn°p∂p.
4. ]cnNnX hkvXp°ƒ icocmhbh߃ Nn{X߃ F∂nh
Nq≠n°m´p∂p.
5. \n¿t±im\pkrXambn kz¥w {]hrØnIƒ {IaoIcn°p∂p. ({]hrØn
sNøp∂p. \n¿Øp∂p, XpScp∂p)
6. hmNnI{]XoI߃ Xncn®dn™v ]men°p∂p.
7. A]ISIcamb kμ¿`ßfpw hkvXp°fpw kzbw Xncn®dn™v
Hgnhm°p∂p.
8. tI´ IYbv°\pkrXambn Nn{X߃ {Ias∏SpØp∂p.
9. hyXykvX kμ¿`ßtfmSv (lmkyw/timIw/t{Im[w/.. . . . . . . .)
{]XnIcn°p∂p. ̀ mh/i_vZ{]IS\w)
10. Adnbn∏pIƒ/hnfw_c߃ F∂n-h -tbmS v icnbmb hn[w
{]XnIcn°p∂p.
hmb\
1. kmayap≈ hkvXp°ƒ Xncn®dnbp∂p. tbmPn∏n°p∂p. t]cp ]dbp∂p
2. hkvXp°sf Nn{Xcq]Øn¬ AhXcn∏n°p∂p.
3. Nn{X߃/hkvXp°ƒ I≠v AhbpsS t]cv kqNn∏n°p∂ ]Zw
Xncn®dnbp∂p. tbmPn∏n°p∂p. hmbn°p∂p.
4. eLp]Z߃ hmbn°p∂p. (kz¥w t]cv, hkvXp°fpsS t]cv....)
5. ]cnNnX hkvXp°fpsS BIrXn, \ndw, t]cv F∂nh Xncn®dnbp∂p.
6. kz¥w t]cpw ta¬hnemkhpw hmbn°p∂p.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn70
Experimental V
ersion
7. IpSpw_mwK߃, kplrØp°ƒ F∂nhcpsS t]cpIƒ hmbn°p∂p.
8. Ie≠dn¬ \n∂v Znhk߃, amk߃ F∂nhbpsS t]cv hmbn°p∂p.
9; ]cnNnX ]Z߃ Dƒs°m≈p∂ eLphmIy߃ hmbn°p∂p.
10. hmbn®dn™ `mKsØ Dƒs°m≈p∂ eLptNmZy߃°v DØcw
]dbp∂p.
11. ]{Xam[yaßfnse Xes°´pIƒ hmbn°p∂p. Ahsb
Bkv]Zam°nbp≈ eLp tNmZy߃°v DØcw ]dbp∂p.
12. Nn{XIYIƒ hmbn°p∂p. (eLphnhcW߃ Dƒs°m≈p∂h)
13. eLpJfinIIƒ hmbn°p∂p. (]{Xßfn¬ \n∂p≈hbpw, FgpXn
Xbmdm°nbhpw)
14. tlm´epIfnse `£Whnhc∏´nI hmbn®v Bhiyamb `£Ww
Bhi-y-s∏-Sp∂p.
15. efn-X-amb ]m´p-Iƒ ]mSp-∂p.
16. eLpIYIƒ hmbn®v tIƒ∏n°p∂p.
17. eLpIYIƒ au\ambn hmbn®v tI{μmibw ]dbp∂p.
18. Hcp Iq´w ]pkvXIßfn¬ \n∂v X\n°njvSs∏´Xv Xncn®dnbp∂p.
19. ]mNI°pdn∏pIƒ hmbn®v ]mNIw sNøp∂p.
20. \n¿tZi߃ hmbn®v AXn\\pkrXambn {]h¿Øn°p∂p. (_n¬UnwKv
tªm°pIƒ, PnKvtkm] nepIƒ....)
FgpØv
1. FgpXphm≥ A\ptbmPyamb hn[Øn¬ s]≥knepIƒ tNm°pIƒ
F∂nh ]nSn°pIbpw hcbv°pIbpw sNøp∂p.
2. amXrIbmbn \¬Inb Nn{X߃, cq]߃, A£c߃, ]Z߃
F∂nhbv°v apIfneqsS hcbv°p∂p.
3. Hu v́ sse≥ \¬Inb Nn{X߃, cq]߃, A£c߃ F∂nh hc®v
]q¿Ønbm°p∂p.
4. \nb{¥nX ]cn[n \¬Inb hcIƒ°p≈n¬, cq]߃°p≈n¬ \ndw
\¬Ip∂p.
5. \¬Is∏´ amXrIIƒ A\pIcn®v hcbv°p∂p/FgpXp∂p.
6. kz¥w t]cpw (]q¿Æambn) hnemkhpw FgpXp∂p.
7. eLp]Z߃ FgpXp∂p.
8. eLphmIy߃ FgpXp∂p.
9. sNdnb JfinIIƒ Nn”߃ Dƒs∏SpØn FgpXp∂p.
10. eLptNmZy߃°v DØcw FgpXp∂p.
11. eLp IØpIƒ (Ah[n At]£...) FgpXn Xbmdm°p∂p.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 71
Experimental V
ersion
2. ]cnkc ss\]pWnIƒ
1. ]cnNnXamb hkvXp°ƒ, PohnIƒ, ]®°dnIƒ, ]g߃, hml\߃
F∂nh Xncn®dnbpI. Ah-bpsS t]cp ]dbpItbm Nq≠n-
°mWn°pItbm sNøpI.
2. ]eXcw Blmckm[\߃ Xncn®dnbpI.
3. F√m PohPme߃°pw Blmcw BhiyamsW∂v AdnbpI.
4. \ΩpsS BlmcØn¬ sshhn[yw D≠mIWw F∂dnbpI.
5. \√ Blmcioe߃, ipNnXzw, IfnIƒ hymbmaw F∂nh
BtcmKykwc£WØn\v BhiyamsW∂v AdnbpI.
6. `£ytbmKyhpw A√mØXpamb hkvXp°ƒ Xncn®dnbpI.
7. IrjnbmWv ̀ £yhn`hßfpsS apJyt{kmX v F∂dnbpI.
8. Np‰p]mSpap≈ kky߃ AhbpsS `mK߃ F∂nh
Xncn®dnbpIbpw t]cp ]dbpIbpw sNøpI.
9. ]q°fpw ]gßfpw AdnbpI, Ahbp≠mIp∂ kkyßfpw
Xncn®dnbpI.
10. Hcp Blmckm[\w sIm≠v hnhn[ hn`h߃ D≠m°mw F∂dnbpI.
11. ]eXcw hnt\mZ߃, hnt\mtZm]m[nIƒ, BtLmj߃ F∂nh
{]NmcØnep≠v F∂dnbpI.
12. HmWw \ΩpsS tZiotbm’hamWv F∂dnbpI.
13. hnhn[ XcØnep≈ hml\ßfp≠v F∂dnbpI. (BIrXn, hep∏w).
14. PeØnepw Icbnepw hmbphnepw k©cn°p∂ hml\ßfp≠v
F∂dnbpI.
15. hf¿ØparKßfpw h\yarKßfpw Ds≠∂v AdnbpI. t]cp ]dbpI.
16. Im¿jnImhiyØn\v P¥p°sfbpw hf¿Øp∂p F∂dnbpI.
17. IpSpw_mwK߃ hnhn[ sXmgnepIfn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂p F∂dnbpI.
18. ]WnsNøpXn\v D]IcW߃ BhiyamWv F∂dnbpI.
19. Hmtcm ]Wnbmbp[Øns‚bpw D]tbmKw ]dbpI.
20. D]IcW߃ BIrXnbnepw hep∏Ønepw hyXykvXamWv
F∂dnbpI.
21. ag, shbn¬ F∂nhbn¬ \n∂v c£tXSm≥ ]m¿∏nSw klmbn°p∂p
F∂dnbpI.
22. \ap°v Np‰pap≈ hkvXp°fn¬ Nnehbv°v kmayap≠v F∂dnbpI.
23. hy‡nIƒ°v Pohn°phm≥ ]ecpsSbpw klmbw BhiyamWv
F∂dnbpI.
24. Iq´mb {]h¿Ø\w X\n°pw a‰p≈h¿°pw klmbIamIWw
F∂dnbpI.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn72
Experimental V
ersion
25. C‘\ap]tbmKn®pw A√msXbpw {]h¿Øn°p∂ hml\ßfp≠v
F∂dnbpI.
26. KXmKX\nba߃ A\pkcn®m¬ A]IS߃ Ipdbv°mw
F∂dnbpI.
27. Poh\p≈hbv°nSbn¬ \nch[n sshhn[yßfp≠v F∂dnbpI
(P¥p°ƒ, kky߃)
28. kkyßfpw P¥p°fpw ]ckv]cw B{ibn°p∂p F∂dnbpI.
29. hfcp∂hbv°v Poh\p≠v F∂dnbpI.
30. PohnIfpsS k©mccoXnbn¬ sshhn[yap≠v F∂dnbpI.
31. PohnIfpsS BlmccoXnbn¬ sshhn[yap≠v F∂dnbpI.
32. PohnIƒ BlmchkvXp°ƒ hyXykvX AfhnemWv Ign°p∂Xv
F∂dnbpI.
33. BlmcØn¬ hnhn[ tNcphIƒ ASßnbn´p≠v F∂dnbpI.
34. BlmcØnse Hmtcm tNcphbpsSbpw Afhv hyXykvXamWv
F∂dnbpI.
35. P\ßfpsS Iq´mbvabnemWv BtLmj߃ \S°p∂Xv F∂dnbpI.
36. HtcmcpØcpw AhchcpsS Ignhn\\pkcn®v hnhn[ tPmenIƒ
sNtø≠Xp≠v F∂dnbpI.
37. hnhn[ tkh-\-߃ sNøp-∂-hscbpw Ah¿ sNøp∂ tkh-\-ß-sfbpw
Xncn-®-dn-bp-I. (tUmŒ¿, So®¿, \gvkv t]mÃvam≥, Irjn°mc≥,.....).
38. Np‰p]mSpw D≈ {][m\ ÿm]\߃ Xncn®dnbpI. (t]mÃm^okv,
Bip]{Xn, kvIqƒ, sSent^m¨FIvkvtN©v, _m¶,v sdbn¬thtÃj≥,
N¥......).
39. hnhn[ D’h߃/ BtLmj߃ , tZiob {]m[m\yap≈ Zn\߃
F∂nh AdnbpI. Ah BtLmjn°p∂ kabw, BtLmjcoXnIƒ,
{]m[m\yw F∂nh Xncn®dnbpI.
40. kkyßfpsS hnhn[ `mK߃ `£WØn\p]tbmKn°p∂p
F∂dnbpI.
41. BtcmKyIcamb PohnXØn\v hoSn\p≈n¬ Im‰pw shfn®hpw
e`n°Ww F∂dnbpI.
42. hnhn[Xcw ]m¿∏nSßfp≠v F∂dnbpI.
43. ]≠p≈ ]m¿∏nSßfn¬ \n∂v ]pXnb ]m¿∏nS߃°v LS\,
\n¿ΩmWcoXn \n¿an°m\p]tbmKn® kma{KnIƒ F∂nhbn¬
am‰ßfp≠v F∂dnbpI (higher level)44. hoSpIƒ Bhiy߃°v DXIp∂Xmbncn°Ww F∂dnbpI. (ho´nse
apdnIƒ AhbpsS D]tbmKØns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ Xncn®dnbpI.)
45. Hmtcm Xcw PohnbpsSbpw IqSpIƒ°v khntijXIfp≠v F∂dnbpI.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 73
Experimental V
ersion
46. sshZypXnbpw sh≈hpw ]mgm°cpXv F∂dnbpI.
47. {]apJ tZiobt\Xm°sf Xncn®dnbpI, t]cp ]dbpI.
48. kz¥w ]©mbØv, ]´Ww, Pn√, kwÿm\w, cmPyw F∂nhbpsS t]cp
]dbpI. AhbpsS ̀ cWI¿Øm°fqsS t]cp ]dbpI.
49. \ΩpsS tZiob kwÿm\ Nn”߃ Xncn®dnbpI. (]pjv]w, hr£w,
arKw, Km\w)
50. tZiob ]XmIbpsS \nd߃ Xncn®dnbpI , Hmtcm \ndhpw F¥ns\
kqNn∏n°p∂p F∂dnbpI, ]dbpI.
51. kqcy≥, N{μ≥, \£{X߃ F∂nhtbmSp _‘s∏SpØn cm{Xn ]I¬
Ch Xncn®dnbpI ]dbpI.
52. Imet`Z߃ Xncn®dnbpIbpw AhbpsS {]tXyIXIƒ ]dbpIbpw
sNøpI (h¿jImew, th\¬°mew˛ Cu kabßfn¬ [cn°p∂
hkv{X߃, FSpt°≠ ap≥IcpXepIƒ).
53. hnhn[ Xcw BlmccoXnIfpw (kkymlmcw, ktkyXcw)
`£yhkvXp°fpw ([m\y߃, ]bdph¿K߃, ]ehyRvP\߃,
kpK‘hyRvP\߃....) Xncn®dnbpI, ]dbpI.
54. hoSpw ho´nse D]IcWßfpw Xncn®dnbpIbpIbpw ]dbpIbpw sNøp-
I.
55. IpSpw_hpw IpSpw__‘ßfpw Xncn®dnbpIbpw ]dbpIbpw sNøpI.
(henb IpSpw_w, sNdnb IpSpw_w, A—≥, AΩ......)
56. Km¿lnI D]IcW߃ ssIImcyw sNøptºmƒ Adntb≠ Imcyßfpw
ap≥ IcpXepIfpw AdnbpI. (ASp°fbnse D]IcW߃, tai,
Itkc sshZyptXm]IcW߃,...........)
57. Pet{kmX pIƒ AdnbpIbpw ]dbpIbpw sNøpI.
58. hnhn[ am[yaßfpw AhbpsS D]tbmKhpw Xncn®dnbpI.
59. tdmUv kpc£bpsS {]m[m\yw AdnbpIbpw Ah ]men°pIbpw
sNøpI.
3. KWnXss\]pWnIƒ
H∂mw h¿jw
1. ÿe]camb AhÿIƒ hniZoIcn°p∂Xn\v A\ptbmPyamb
]Z߃ D]tbmKn°p∂p.
(apIfn¬/Xmsg, AIØv/]pdØv, Zqsc/AcnIn¬, ASpØv/AIse,
CSØv/heØv, BZyw/Ahkm\w, ap∂n¬/]n∂n¬
2. XmcXayØn\v A\ptbmPyamb ]Z߃ D]tbmKn°p∂p.
(hepXv/sNdpXv, IqSpX¬/Ipdhv, \ofwIqSnbXv/Ipd™Xv
3. Hcp Iq´Øn¬ F{Xbp≠v F∂dnbp∂Xn\v FÆnt\m°Ww
F∂dnbpI.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn74
Experimental V
ersion
4. \n›nX FÆw hkvXp°ƒ FÆnsbSp°p∂p. (1 ˛ 2)
5. kwJyIsf 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 F∂o A°ßƒ D]tbmKn®v
kqNn∏n°p∂p.
6. kwJyIƒ hmbn°p∂p, FgpXp∂p. (1 ˛9)
7. kwJyIƒ {IaoIcn°p∂p. 1 ˛ 2)
8. Hcp kwJytbmSv H∂v Iq´nbm¬ ASpØkwJy In´pw F∂v
Xncn®dnbp∂p.
9. kwJyIfn¬ hepXpw sNdpXpw Is≠Øp∂p.
10. Hcp Iq´sØ hyXykvX XcØn¬ c≠v Iq´ßfm°p∂p.
11. hkvXp°sf BIrXn°\pkcn®v Xcw Xncn°p∂p.
c≠mw h¿jw
1. 9 t\mSv 1 Iq´nbm¬ 10 In´pw F∂v a\ nem°p∂p.
2. 10 t\°mƒ henb kwJyIƒ 10 ˛ ambn _‘n∏n®v ]dbp∂p.
hkvXp°ƒ FÆnsbSp°p∂p. (20 hsc)
3. 2 ]Øns‚ Iq´ßƒ tN¿∂m¬ 20 BIp∂p F∂v Xncn®dnbp∂p.
4. Hcp Iq´sØ AXn¬ Xmsgbp≈ kwJyIfpsS Iq´ambn hyXykv
XXcØn¬ Iq´ßfm°p∂p.
5. Hcp Iq´tØmSv as‰mcphn[ Iq´w tNcptºmƒ henb Hcp Iq´amIp∂p.
F∂v a\ nem°p∂p.
6. ct≠m AXne[nItam Iq´ßfnse BsI FÆw Is≠Øp∂Xn\v
k¶e\{Inb D]tbmKn°p∂p F∂v Xncn®dnbp∂p.
7. c≠v Iq´ßsf Iq´nt®¿°p∂Xv kqNn∏n°m≥ "+' Nn”w tN¿°p∂p.
8. {Inbbpw {Inbm^ehpw XΩnep≈ XpeyXsb "=' Nn”w tN¿Øv
kqNn∏n°p∂p. F∂v a\ nem°p∂p.
9. Hcp kwJytbmSv as‰mcp kwJy Iq´p∂p. (Hc°w + Hc°w)
10. Hcp Iq´Øn¬\n∂v FSpØpam‰ptºmƒ Iq´Ønse FÆw Ipdbp∂p
F∂v a\ nem°p∂p.
11. hyhIe\{Inbsb kqNn∏n°m≥ "˛' - Nn”w D]tbmKn°p∂p. F∂v
Xncn®dnbp∂p.
12. kwJyIsf hep∏Øn\\pkcn®v {IaoIcn°p∂p.
13. Hcp Iq´Ønse Nn{Xßsf BIrXn°\pkcn®v Xcw Xncn°p∂p.
aq∂mw h¿jw
1. Iq´Øn¬ \n∂v \n›nX FÆw hkvXp°ƒ FÆnsbSp°p∂p.
2. H∂p apX¬ 100 hsc kwJyIƒ FgpXp∂p. hmbn°p∂p.
3. 100 hsc kwJyIsf XmcXayw sNøp∂p.
4. Hcp Iq´Øn¬ \n∂v apgph≥ FSpØpam‰nbm¬ _m°n H∂pap≠mhn√
F∂v a\ nem°p∂p.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 75
Experimental V
ersion
5. "H∂pan√' F∂Xns\ kqNn∏n°m≥ "0' D]tbmKn°p∂p.
6. Hcp Iq´sØ Xpey FÆap≈ H∂ne[nIw Iq´ßfm°p∂p.
7. H‰kwJyIfpw Cc´ kwJyIfpw Xncn®dnbp∂p.
8. c≠°kwJyIsf H∂pIfpw ]ØpIfpambn ]ncn®p ]dbp∂p.
9. c≠v kwJyIfpsS XpI ImWp∂p. (c≠°w + Hc°w) XpI 20 ˛ ¬
Xmsg
10. BgvNbnse ZnhkßfpsS t]cv ]dbp∂p.
11. h¿jØnse amkßfpsS t]cv ]dbp∂p.
12. {Iaw kqNn∏n°p∂Xn\v kwJy D]tbmKn°p∂p.
13. eLpkwJym]mt‰WpIfn¬ Is≠Øp∂p.
\memw h¿jw
1. c≠°kwJytbmSv c≠°kwJy Iq´p∂p. XpI (40 hsc)
2. H‰ kwJybn¬ \n∂v as‰mcp kwJy Ipdbv°p∂p. (20 ¬ Xmsg)
3. Ie≠¿ t\m°n Znhkw, amkw, XobXn, Ah[n Znhk߃, hntij
Znhk߃ ]dbp∂p.
4. 2 hkvXp°fpsS ̀ mcw XmcXayw sNøp∂Xn\v {Xmkv D]tbmKn°p∂p.
5. t\m´pIfpw \mWbßfpw Xncn®dnbp∂p.
6. hm°pIfpsS khntijXIƒ°\pkcn®v hkvXp°sf Xcw Xncn°p∂p.
7. hnhn[ cq]߃ tN¿Øv h®v at\mlcamb cq]߃ D≠m°p∂p.
8. D≈fhpIƒ XmcXayw sNøp∂p.
9. \ofw XmcXayw sNøp∂p.
A©mw h¿jw
1. c≠°kwJytbmSv c≠°kwJy Iq´p∂p. (XpI 99 hsc)
2; {Ibhn{Ib߃°v \mWbßfpw t\m´pIfpw D]tbmKn°p∂p.
3. kvsIbn¬ h®v t\sc hcbv°p∂p.
4. \ofw Af°p∂Xn\v kvsIbn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂p.
5. kwJym]mt‰WpIsf°pdn®v [mcWbp≠mIp∂p.
6. Ie≠dn¬ \n∂v hnhn[]mt‰WpIƒ Is≠Øn FgpXp∂p.
7. kabw t\m°p∂Xn\p≈ D]IcWw t¢m°msW∂dnbp∂p.
8. Hcp kwJybn¬ \n∂v as‰mcp kwJyIpdbv°p∂p. (c≠°w ̨ c≠°w)
4. {]mYanI Km¿lnI sXmgn¬ ss\]pWn
1. \n¿tZim\pkcWw Km¿lnI amen\yw thÃv _mkv°‰n¬
\nt£]n°pI.
2. kz¥w hkvXp°ƒ bYmÿm\Øv IrXyambn hbv°pI.
3. kz¥w Np‰p]mSpIƒ ASp°pw Nn´bmbpw kq£n°pI.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn76
Experimental V
ersion
4. hkvXp°ƒ AhbpsS {]tXyIXIƒ°\pkcn®v XcwXncn®v AXmXns‚
ÿeØv hbv°pI.
5. `£Ww Ign°p∂Xn\mhiyamb tπ‰pIfpw •m pIfpw kzbw
{IaoIcn°pI.
6. `£Wtijw tπ‰pw •m pw IgpIn bYmÿm\Øv hbv°pI.
7. ]gßfpw ]®°dnIfpw sXmenIf™v apdn°pI.
8. Sm∏n¬ \n∂v _°‰n¬ sh≈w tiJcn®v sIm≠phcnI.
9. IpSpw_mwK߃°pw AXnYnIƒ°pw hnfºnb ̀ £Ww sIm≠phcnI.
10. Ce°dnIƒ ]mNIØn\mbn Hcp°pI.
11. ]mNItPmenIfn¬ apXn¿∂hsc klmbn°pI. (]®°dnIƒ,
akmeIƒ FSpØpsImSp°pI, Nmb/Im∏n F∂n-hbv°v Bhiyamb
sh≈w Af∂psImSp°pI).
12. Hcp {]hrØn XS w IqSmsX sNøphm≥ km[n°pI.
13. hyXykvX ̀ mKßfp≈ hkvXp°sf Hcpan®v tN¿°pI.
14. Hcp {]hrØn ]q¿Ønbm°n Ignbptºmƒ D]IcWßfpw hkvXp°fpw
bYmÿm\ßfn¬ Xncn®p hbv°pI.
15. Bhiysa∂p hcptºmƒ Hcp {]hrØn Ahkm\n∏n°pI.
16. {Kq∏nse a‰wKßfpambn klIcn®v Hcp {]hrØn sNøpI.
17. Hcp {]hrØnbn¬ \n∂v as‰mcp {]hrØnbnte°v
amdm\mhiys∏Sptºmƒ hnapJX ImWn°msX sNøpI.
18. ta¬t\m´hpw hna¿i\ßfpw AwKoIcn°pI.
19. ssZ\wZn\ {]hrØnIfpsS `mKambn \ntbmKn°s∏´ as‰mcp
ÿetØ°v Hm¿Ωs∏Spج IqSmsX t]mIpI.
20. eLpb{¥ßƒ D]tbmKn°m≥ {]m]vXcmIpI (]©nwKv sajo≥,
tÃπ¿ ...).
21. ho´n¬ D]tbmKn°p∂ Bbp[߃ ssIImcyw sNøm≥ {]m]vXcmIpI.
(I{XnI, BWn, Np‰nI, kv{Iq ss{Uh¿)
22. kΩm\s∏mXnIƒ Ae¶cn®v Hcp°pI.
23. ho´nse InS° Hcp°pI. IgpIn DW°nb hkv{X߃ aS°n
Aeamcbn¬ hbv°pI.
24. efnXamb {]Ya ip{iqjIƒ sNøpI.
25. ]q°ƒ \qen¬ tIm¿Øv ]qame D≠m°pI.
5. kmaplnI ss\]pWn
1. Xs∂ a‰p≈h¿°v kzbw ]cnNbs∏SpØpI.
2. kwL°fnIfn¬ Iq´tcmSv klIcn°pI, Ah\hs‚ Dugw
ImØp\n¬°pI.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 77
Experimental V
ersion
3. kz¥w Bhiy߃ a‰p≈htcmSv hy‡am°pI.
4. ]cnNbap≈htcmSv ASp∏w Im´pI.
5. apXn¿∂hsc A`nhmZ\w sNøpI.
6. Iq´Ønep≈hcpsS {]IS\ßfn¬ Ahsc t{]m’mln∏n°pI.
(ssIsIm´n t{]m’mln∏n°¬, tj°vlm≥Uv \¬I¬)
7. kz¥w hkvXp°ƒ a‰p≈hcpambn ]¶phbv°pI.
8. X\n°v Bhiyap≈Xv Xncs™Sp°m\p≈ Ignhv.
9. a‰p≈hcpsS hkvXp°ƒ D]tbmKn°pXn\v ap≥]v AhcpsS A\phmZw
tNmZn°pI.
10. a‰p≈hcpsS hkvXp°ƒ D]tbmKØn\ptijw tISpIqSmsX
Xncn®psImSp°pI.
11. kz¥w hkvXp°ƒ \„s∏SmsX kq£n°m\p≈ Ignhv B¿Pn-°p-I.
12. sNdnb tPmenIfn¬ G¿s∏SpI.
13. s]mXp]cn]mSnIfn¬ ]s¶Sp°ptºmƒ ]ment°≠ acymZIƒ
]men°pI.
14. a‰p≈hcpsS hnImc߃ am\n®v s]cpamdpI.
15. _‘p°ƒ, kplrØp°ƒ, A]cnNnX¿, ho´n¬ hnhn[ tkh\m¿Yw
FØp∂h¿ F∂nhsc th¿Xncn®dn™v s]cp-am-dp-I.
16. A\ptbmPyamb coXnbn¬ {]XnIcn°pI, s]cpamdpI.
17. {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ DØchmZnXztØmSpIqSn ]s¶Sp°pI.
18. BtLmj]cn]mSnIfn¬ Xm¬]cytØmsS ]s¶Sp°pI.
19. ktμi߃ (t^m¨) kzoIcn°pIbpw a‰p≈h¿°v ssIamdpIbpw
sNøpI.
6. BtcmKyPohnX ss\]pWn
1. ]eXcw tcmKßfp≠v F∂-dn-bpI.
2. tcmKßfp≠mIm≥ ImcW߃ ]eXmWv F∂-dn-bpI.
3. imcocnImkzmkvYyw a‰p≈hsc Adnbn°pI.
4. BtcmKy kwc£WØn¬ hoSn\p ]¶p≠v F∂-dn-bpI.
5. BtcmKyIcamb PohnXØn\v ip≤Pehpw ]cnkcipNnXzhpw
BhiyamWv F∂-dn-bpI.
6. A{i≤ A]IS߃°p ImcWamIp∂p. A]ISØn¬ s]´h¿°v Nne
{]Yaip{iqjIƒ sNtø≠Xp≠v F∂v a\- n-em-°pI.
7. hy‡nipNnXzw t]mse kmaplnI ipNnXzhpw {][m\s∏´XmWv F∂-
dn-bpI.
8. Zn\NcyIƒ {Iaambn sNøpI.
9. aqeyw Dƒs°m≠v s]cp-am-dp-I.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn78
Experimental V
ersion
ÿqe-N-e\tijn-Iƒ (Gross Motor)1. Hcp ssIsIm≠v hkvXp°ƒ ]nSn°pI, kzX{¥am°pI.
2. hkvXp°ƒ FdnbpI, ]nSn°pI.
3. ssIIƒ Db¿Ønbpw XmgvØnbpw hkvXp°ƒ FdnbpI.
4. \S°pI.
5. hcbneqsS \S°pI.
6. ]SnIƒ IbdpIbpw CdßpIbpw sNøpI.
7. HmSpI.
8. IpØnbncn°pI.
9. s]cphncen¬ s]mßn \n∂v DbcØnep≈ hkvXp°ƒ IsøØn®v
FSp°pI.
10. Imepb¿Øn NmSpI.
11. H‰°men¬ NmSpI.
12. Zqtcbv°p NmSpI.
13. DbcØnte°pw, DbcØn¬ \n∂pw NmSpI.
14. hißfnte°v NmSpI.
15. hkvXp°ƒ ImepsIm≠v X´n FdnbpI (]¥v)
16. ssk°nƒ Nhn´pI.
17. \o¥pI.
kq£va-N-e\tijn-Iƒ (Fine Motor)1. hkvXp°ƒ HcpssIsIm≠v ]nSn°pI.
2. Zqscbp≈ hkvXp°ƒ FØn∏nSn°pI, hnSpI.
3. hkvXp°ƒ c≠pssIbpw D]tbmKn®v ]nSn°pI, hnSpI.
4. X≈hncepw Nq≠phncepw D]tbmKn®v sNdnb hkvXp°ƒ FSp°pI.
5. \qen¬ apØptIm¿°pI.
6. hkvXp°ƒ ASp°n shbv°pI.
7. ]m\ob߃ Cf°pI, Ie°pI.
8. hmXn¬ Xpd°pI/ HmSmº¬ {]h¿Øn∏n°pI/sImfpØnSpI.
9. Ip∏nIfpsS AS∏pIƒ Xpd°pI.
10. {ZmhIw \nd™ncn°p∂ •m v, t]∏¿I∏v XpS-ßn-bh Ncn™v
t]mImsXbpw Xqhnt∏mImsXbpw FSpØpsIm≠pt]mhpI.
11. Hcp ]m{XØn¬ \n∂v as‰mcp ]m{XØnte°v {ZmhIw Xqhnt∏mImsX
]IcpI.
12. tk v̂‰n]n≥ IcpXtemsS D]tbmKn°m≥ IgnbpI.
13. Nn{X߃ sh´n H´n°pI.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 79
Experimental V
ersion
Blmcw Ign-°¬ (Eating)1. Blmcw \neØp IfbmsX hrØnbmbn Ign°pI.
2. sh≈w \neØp XqhmsX {i≤tbmsS IpSn°pI.
3. BlmcØn\p ap≥]pw ]n≥]pw ssIIfpw hmbpw hrØnbmbn IgpIpI.
4. Blmcw BhiyØn\p am{Xw FSpØp Ign°pI.
5. _m°n h∂ `£Wtam, F®ntem AXn\mbp≈ ]m{XØn¬
\nt£]n°pIbpw ]m{Xw hrØnbmbn IgpIn bYmÿm\Øp
hbv°pIbpw sNøpI.
6. ]g߃ sXmen\o°n Ign°pI.
7. IqSpX¬ ̀ £Ww Bhiyambn h∂m¬ acymZm]q¿hw Bhiys∏SpI.
8. s]mXpÿeßfn¬ IpSnsh≈w e`n°p∂ CSw kzbw Is≠Øm≥
IgnbpI.
9. F√mhcpw tN¿∂v Blmcw Ign°p∂ Ahkcßfn¬ BhiyØn\p
am{Xw ̀ £Ww FSp°m≥ {ian°pI.
hkv{Xw [cn-°¬
1. ]mZc£Iƒ icnbmb coXnbn¬ AWnbm\pw Agn®p bYmÿm\Øp
hbv°m\pw IgnbpI (jq sebvkv sI´pI, _°nƒ CSpI.......)
2. hkv{X߃ icnbmbn AWnbm\pw Agn®p aS°n CSm\pw IgnbpI.(
_´¨ CSpI, h≈n sI´pI, kn∫v CSpI.......)
3. ]eXcØnep≈ hkv{Xßfpw AWnbm≥ ]Tn°pI.
4. ASnhkv{X߃ icnbmbpw hrØnbmbpw D]tbmKn°m≥ IgnbpI.
{Kqanßv (Grooming)1. Hcptß≠ icnbmb coXn AdnbpI (apJØp ]uU¿ D]tbmKnt°≠
coXn, apSn NoIn hbvt°≠ hn[w...... )
2. hy‡n ipNnXzØns‚ ImcyØn¬ kzbw ]cym]vXamIpI. (\Jw
sh´pI, sNhnIƒ hrØnbm°pI, XeapSn NoIn hrØnbm°pI, FÆ
tXbv°pI, Ipfn°pI, Ipfn Ign™v SuΔ¬ D]tbmKn®v Xebpw
icochpw XpSbv°pI, ssItekv D]tbmKn®v aq°p hrØnbm°pI,
tkm∏v D]tbmKn®v ssIbpw apJhpw IgpIpI, ]√ptXbv°pI,..........)
3. hm®p sI´pI.
4. XpΩpItbm aq°p No‰pItbm tIm´phmbnSpItbm sNøptºmƒ
ssItekv D]tbmKnt®m ssI D]tbmKnt®m hmbpw aq°pw ad®p
]nSn°pI.
5. Dudnhcp∂ Dan\o¿ kzbw ssItekv D]tbmKn®v XpS®p am‰pI.
6. s]¨Ip-́ n-Isf kw_-‘n®v amkapd Xncn®dnbpI, Adnbn°pI.
7. s]¨Ip-́ n-Isf kw_-‘n®v amkapd kabØv ]mUpIƒ icnbmbn
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn80
Experimental V
ersion
D]tbmKn°m\pw am‰m\pw Ah icnbmbn \n¿am¿P\w sNøm\pw
AdnbpI.
hnk¿P\w ( Toileting)1. tSmbve‰pIƒ D]tbmKnt°≠ icnbmb coXnIƒ AdnbpI (hmXneS®p
D]tbmKn°pI, D]tbmKn°pXn\p ap≥]pw ]n≥]pw sh≈w Hgn°pI.
hnk¿÷n®Xn\p tijw hrØnbmbn IgpIpI,.........)
2. tSmbve‰n¬ t]mIp∂Xn\p ap≥]v ASnhkv{Xw Agn®phbv°pI tijw
AWnbpI.
3. ]cklmban√msX tSmbve‰v D]tbmKn°m≥ IgnbpI.
4. tSmbve‰v kw_‘nbmb {]iv\߃ hcptºmƒ a‰p≈hcpsS klmbw
tXSpI.
5. ]cnNnXa√mØ ÿeØv tSmbve‰v FhnsSbmsW∂p At\zjn®v
I≠p]nSn®v D]tbmKn°pI.
6. s]mXpÿeßfn¬ ]pcpj≥am¿°pw kv{XoIƒ°pap≈ kuIcy߃
Adn™p D]tbmKn°pI.
7. IemImbnI ss\]pWn
1. ]q∏m{XØn¬ ]q°ƒ {IaoIcn°p∂p.
2. ]mh \n¿ΩmWw, BiwkmIm¿Uv \n¿ΩmWw, HdnKman, Xø¬,
Fwt{_mbnUdn, Ir{Xna ]q°ƒ \n¿ΩmWw, CXc eLp
IcIuiehkvXp°fpsS \n¿ΩmWw AdnbpI.
3. eLpIfnIfn¬ G¿s∏SpI. (Hm´w, Xhf®m´w, HmSnsØm´pIfn .........)
4. aWepw sh≈hpw D]tbmKn®p≈ IfnIfn¬ G¿s∏SpI.
5. eLphmb hnt\mZßfn¬ ]s¶Sp°pI. (ItkcIfn, Hfn®pIfn,
]m nwKv Zn ]mgvk¬, IpfwIc, ............)
6. s]mXpIfnÿeØp≈ Ifn D]IcW߃ D]tbmKn°pI.( …uIƒ,
PwKnƒ Pnw, Du™m¬,........)
7. hml\bm{X BkzZn°m≥ IgnbpI (ssk°nƒ, kvIq´¿, _kv, Im¿,
Xoh≠n..)
8. e£yÿm\Øv Fdn™psIm≈n°p∂ XcØnep≈ IfnIfn¬
G¿s∏SpI.
9. sIm∂n°fn/ sXm≠n°fn, …o∏nwKv sKbnw XpSßnbhbn¬
G¿s∏-SpI.
10. Iºyq´dns‚ ̀ mKßfpw AhbpsS D]tbmKhpw AdnbpI. (Io t_m¿Uv,
aukv, tamWn´¿, kzn®v, bp ]n Fkv, s{]mk ¿...)
11. apXn¿∂htcmsSm∏w ISIfn¬ t]mbn km[\߃ hmßpI.
12. Dbcap≈ ÿeßfn¬/sNdnb Ip∂pIfn¬/sNdnb acßfn¬ Ibdm≥
IgnbpI.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 81
Experimental V
ersion
13. apXn¿∂h¿s°m∏w tlm´¬, Xntb‰¿ F∂nhnSßfn¬ t]mhpI.
14. IpSpw_mwK߃s°m∏tam kplrØp°ƒs°m∏tam hnt\mZ-
bm{XIfn¬ ]s¶Sp°pI.
15. IpSpw_mwK߃s°m∏w kn\na ImWpI.
16. k¬°mc߃ Bkq{XWw sNbvXp \S∏m°p∂Xn¬ ]¶mfnbmIpI.
17. hmtZym]IcW߃ D]tbmKn°pI.
18. ]m´n\p AIºSnbmbn hmtZym]IcW߃ D]tbmKn°pI.
19. sSenhnj\n¬ ]cn]mSnIfpw ]ckyßfpw ImWpI.
20. tdUntbm Sn hn ]cn]mSnIƒ I≠v IqsS XmfanSpIbpw \rØw
sNøpIbpw sNøpI.
21. tªm°pIƒ D]tbmKn®v Ifn°pI. (cq]߃ D≠m°pI, Agn°pI)
22. s]≥kn¬, {Itbm¨ F∂nh D]tbmKn®v Nn{X߃ hcbv°pI/ \ndw
sImSp°pI.
23. A\pIcW IfnIfn¬ G¿s∏SpI (AΩ/So®¿/ss{Uh¿/
I®hS°mc≥/t]meokv/.......)
24. kz¥w km[\߃ bYmÿm\Øv ASp°n hbv°pI.
25. amknIIƒ IodmsX adn®pt\m°pI.
26. XpS¿®bmbn 30 an\n´v t\cw hsc sSenhnj≥ ]cn]mSnIƒ ImWpI.
27. sImض√v, GWnbpw ]mºpw t]mep≈ IfnIƒ ct≠m aqt∂m
t]tcmsSm∏w a‰p≈hcpsS klmbtØmsStbm A√msXtbm Ifn°pI.
28. amXrIIƒ t\m°n Xncn°p∂ tªm°pIƒ D]tbmKn®v cq]߃
\n¿Ωn°pI.
29. Nn{X߃ hc®v \ndw sImSp°pI.
30. ]gb amknIIfn¬ \n∂v Nn{X߃ sh´nsbSpØv _p°n¬ H´n°pI.
31. Nn{X]pkvXIßfpw tIman°pIfpw ImWpI.
32. apdnIfn¬ km[\߃ icnbmbn {IaoIcn®v Hcp°pI.
33. hf¿ØparKßsf ]cn]men°pIbpw Ahbv°v ̀ £Ww \¬IpIbpw
sNøpI.
34. sSenhnj≥ ]cºcIƒ I≠v XpS¿®Iƒ AdnbpI.
35. Bhiyamb D]IcWßtfm hkvXp°tfm \¬Inbm¬ XpS¿®bmbn
5 an\n´v hnt\mZßfn¬ G¿s∏Sm≥ IgnbpI.
36. ]¥v ]nSn°m\pw Fdnbm\pw X´n°fnIm\pw IgnbpI.
37. hnc¬/{_jv D]tbmKn®v Nn{XcN\ \SØm≥ IgnbpI.
38 a‰p≈h¿°v ieyap≠m°msX sSenhnj≥ ]cn]mSnIƒ ImWpI.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn82
Experimental V
ersion
39. kwL\rØKm\C\ßfn¬ ]s¶Sp°pI.
40. eLp\nba߃ Dƒs°m≈p∂ sKbnapIfn¬ ]s¶Sp°pI.
41. ]qt¥m´\n¿ΩmWw ]®°dntØm´\n¿ΩmWw XpSßnbhbn¬
]s¶Sp°pI.
8. kmt¶XnIhnZym ss\]pWnIƒ
1. samss_¬ t^m¨/ em≥Uv t^m¨ ]cnNbs∏SpI.
2. samss_¬ t^mWn¬/ em≥Uv t^mWn¬ kwkmcn°pI.
3. samss_en¬ kv]oUv Ub¬ kwhn[m\w D]tbmKn°m≥ AdnbpI.
4. FgpXn \¬Inb \º¿ Ub¬ sNbvXv tImƒ hnfn°pI.
5. samss_en¬ D≈ tIm≠mIv‰n¬ \n∂v Bhiyamb \º¿ Ub¬
sNbvXp hnfn°pI.
6. tdUntbm Hm¨ sNøm\pw Hm^v sNøm\pw AdnbpI.
7. tdUntbmbn¬ i–w {IaoIcn°m≥ AdnbpI.
8. tdUntbmbn¬ tÃj≥ Syq¨ sNbvXv C„ap≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ
tIƒ°pI.
9. tS∏v sdt°m¿U¿/ kn.Un sπb¿ Hm¨ sNøm\pw Hm^v sNøm\pw
AdnbpI.
10. tS∏v sdt°m¿U¿/kn.Un sπbdns‚ i–w {IaoIcn°m≥ AdnbpI.
11. tS]v sdt°m¿U¿/ kn.Un sπb¿ Chbn¬ Imk‰v/ kn Un C´v tπ
sNøm≥ AdnbpI.
12. kn Un sπbdn¬ kn.Un temUv sNbvXv dntam´v D]tbmKn®v
{]h¿Øn∏n°m≥ AdnbpI.
13. sSenhnj≥ Hm¨ sNøm\pw Hm v̂ sNøm\pw AdnbpI.
14. sSenhnjs‚ πKv kzn®v t_m¿Un¬ Dd∏n°pI.
15. Sn hn dntam´v {]h¿Øn∏n°m≥ AdnbpI.
16. Iºyq´dns‚ ̀ mKßfpw AhbpsS D]tbmKhpw AdnbpI. (In t_m¿Uv,
aukv,
17. Iºyq´¿ Hm¨ sNøm\pw Hm^v sNøm\pw AdnbpI.
18. Iºyq´dn¬ sk‰v sNbvX t]Pn¬ ]mt‰WpIƒ hc®v kvt{] s]bn‚ v
sNøpI.
19. Iºyq´dn¬ kzbw t]Pv sk‰v sNbvXv ]mt‰WqIƒ hc®v kvt{] s]bn‚ v
sNøpI.
20. Iºyq´dn¬ Iot_m¿Uv D]tbmKn®v A£c߃ ssS∏v sNøpI.
21. Iºyq´dn¬ Iot_m¿Uv D]tbmKn®v kz¥w t]cv ssS∏v sNøpI.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 83
Experimental V
ersion
22. Iºyq´dn¬ hnhc߃/Nn{X߃ tkhv sNøpI eLp FUn‰nwKv
sNøpI (A]q¿W Nn{X߃ ho≠pw Xpd∂v ]q¿Ønbm°pI)
23. Im¬°pte‰¿ Hm¨ sNøm\pw Hm v̂ sNøm\pw AdnbpI.
24. Im¬°pte‰dn¬ D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂ \ºdpIfpw Nn”ßfpw
AdnbpI.
25. Im¬°pte‰dn¬ eLp {InbIƒ sNøm≥ AdnbpI. (Hc°
kwJyIfpsS k¶e\w, hyhIe\w KpW\w).
4.3. amXrIm]T\{]h¿Ø\߃
]mTy]≤Xn Dt±iy߃ t\Sp∂Xn\pth≠nbp≈ Nne amXrIm
]T\{]h¿Ø\߃ NphsS sImSp°p∂p.
{]h¿Ø\w 1
Iq-Sp-tX-Smw]mT\t\ -́߃
$ hy-Xy-kv-X Po-hn-I-fp-sS hm-k-ÿ-e-߃ th¿-Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂p.
$ ]m¿-∏n-Sw kp-c-£-bpw kw-c-£-W-hpw \¬-Ip-∂p F-∂v Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂p.-
L-́ w-̨ 1
km-a-{Kn-Iƒ
sXm-gp-Øv, tIm-gn-°q-Sv, ]-́ n-°q-Sv, Kp-l, In-fn-°q-Sv F-∂n-h-bp-sS Im¿-Uv-
t_m¿-Un¬ \n¿-Ωn-® am-Xr-I-Iƒ/`n-Øn-bn¬ H-́ n-°m-hp-∂ h-en-b Nn-{X-
߃, ta¬-∏-d-™ Iq-Sp-I-fn¬ h-kn-°p-∂ Po-hn-I-fp-sS ap-Jw-aq-Sn-Iƒ,
Po-hn-I-fp-sS sN-dn-b Nn-{X-߃, ]-›m-Ø-e-kw-Ko-Xw, a-g, C-Sn-sh-́ v, Im-
‰v F-∂n-h-bp-sS i-–w.
{]-h¿-Ø-\-{I-aw
$ I-fn-ÿ-e-Øv ]m¿-∏n-S-ß-fp-sS am-Xr-I-Iƒ/Nn-{X-߃ sh-°p-∂p.
$ kq-N-\-°m-bn Iq-Sn-\p-k-ao-]w A-Xn¬ ]m¿-°q-∂ Po-hn-bp-sS Nn-{Xw sh-
°p-∂p.
$ Ip-́ n-Iƒ C-„-ap-≈ ap-Jw-aq-Sn-Iƒ A-Wn-™v, kz-¥w Iq-Sp-I-fn¬ sN-∂v
\n¬-°p-∂p.
$ Hm-tcm Ip-́ n-bpw Xm≥ B-cm-sW-∂pw- -kz-¥w ]m¿-∏n-S-Øn-s‚ t]-cv F-
¥m-sW-∂pw ]-d-bp-∂p.
D-Zm: ""Rm≥ ]-ip. F-s‚ ho-Sv sXm-gp-Øv""
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn84
Experimental V
ersion
]-›m-Ø-e-kw-Ko-Xw Xp-S-ßp-tºmƒ Po-hn-Iƒ Iq-́ n¬ \n-∂v C-d-ßn-h-∂v ssa-
Xm-\-Øv I-fn-°p-∂p.
Ip-d-®p I-gn-bp-tºmƒ C-Sn-bpw a-g-bpw h-cp-∂p. (i-–w)
""C-Sn h-cp-t∂, a-g h-cp-t∂'' A-≤ym-]n-I hn-fn-®p Iq-hp-∂p.
Hm-tcm Po-hn-bpw kz-¥w Iq-Sp-I-fn-te-°v Hm-Sn-°-b-dp-∂p.
sX-‰p h-cp-Øp-∂ Ip-́ n-I-sf A-≤ym-]n-I k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.
F-√m-h-cpw tN¿-∂v ]m-Sp-∂p.
""a-g-bpw sh-bn-epw sIm-≈m-sX
C-Sn-bpw an-∂-ep-ta¬-°m-sX
ho-Sn-∂p-≈n-en-cn-°m-tem
A-Ω-°-cn-In-en-cn-°m-tem''
L-´w-˛2
{]-h¿-Ø-\-{I-aw
Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂ hy-Xym-k-߃ Hgn-
®m¬ L-́ w 1 ̨ -te-Xp-t]m-se.
Iq-Sp-Iƒ-°-cn-In-ep-≈ kq-N-\m-
Nn{X-߃ So-®¿ F-Sp-Øv am-‰p-∂p.
Im-‰v, a-g C-h-bv°p ]-I-cw i-{Xp-
°ƒ (knw-lw, ]p-en) h-cp-∂-Xm-
bn I-fn-bn¬ am-‰w h-cp-Øp-∂p.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 85
Experimental V
ersion
L-́ w-̨ 3
km-a-{Kn-Iƒ
I-S-em-kv, s]≥-kn¬, \n-d-߃
{]-h¿-Ø-\-{I-aw
So-®-dp-sS k-lm-b-tØm-sS Hm-tcm Ip-́ n-bpw kz-¥w ho-Sn-s‚ Nn-{Xw h-c-°p-∂p.
]q¿-Øn-bm-b Nn-{Xw So-®-dpw Ip-́ n-bpw tN¿-∂v Np-h-cn¬ H-́ n-°p-∂p.
ho-Sn-\-cn-In¬ H-cp Ip-́ n-bp-sS Nn-{Xw h-c-®p-tN¿-Øv So-®¿ A-Xn-\-Sn-bn¬ Ip-́ n-
bp-sS t]-sc-gp-Xp-∂p. (D-Zm: A-∏p)
ho-Sn-s‚ Nn-{X-Øn-\p Xm-sg ""C-Xv A-∏p-hn-s‚ ho-Sv'' F-∂p-sa-gp-Xn-sh-°p-∂p.
Nn-{X-Øn-\-cn-In¬ \n-∂v Ip-́ n ]-d-bp-∂p. ""Rm≥ A-∏p. C-Xv F-s‚ ho-Sv""
F-√m Nn-{X-ß-fpw H-́ n-®p-I-gn-™v So-®-dpw Ip-́ n-I-fpw ssI-tIm¿-Øp-\n-∂v ]m-Sp-
∂p.
hoSv \√ hoSv
Rm≥ hc® hoSv
F¥p \√ hoSv
Fs‚ kz¥w hoSv
hn-e-bn-cp-ج kq-N-I-߃
$ hn-hn-[ Po-hn-I-fp-sS ]m¿-∏n-S-߃ Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂p.
$ ]m¿-∏n-Sw kp-c-£-bpw kw-c-£-W-hpw \¬-Ip-∂p F-∂v a-\- n-em-°p-∂p.
{]-_-e-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃
$ ]-cn-io-e-\ tkm-̂ v-‰v-sh-b-dn¬ Cu {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\v A-\p-_-‘-am-bn
sIm-Sp-Øn-́ p-≈ A-̀ ym-k-߃ Hm-tcm Ip-́ n-bpw ]-cn-io-en-°p-∂p.
$ dn-tkm-gv-kv kn.Un bn¬ \¬-In-bn-́ p-≈ h¿-°v-jo-‰p-Iƒ Hm-tcm Ip-́ n-bpw
]q¿-Øo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
Xp-S¿-{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃
hn-hn-[ Po-hn-I-fp-sS hm-k-ÿ-e-ß-fp-sS t^m-t´m-Iƒ, hn-Un-tbm F-∂n-h Ip-́ n-
I-sf Im-Wn-°p-∂p.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn86
Experimental V
ersion
{]h¿Ø\w 2
]®°dn°mc≥]mT\t\ -́߃
$ hnhn-[-bn\w ]®°dnIƒ Xncn®dn™v Ah-bpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂-
Xn-\p≈ Ignhv t\Sp-∂p.
$ \n›nX XpIbv°v ]®-°dn hmßp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ignhv B¿Pn-°p-∂p.
L´w˛1
kma{KnIƒ
km[mcWbmbn D]tbmKn°p∂ hnhn[Xcw ]®°dnIƒ, ]®°dn°mc\p-
Sp°m≥ sNdnb ap≠v, tXmfnenSm≥ tXm¿Øv, ]®°dnIƒ C´psImSp°m≥
t]∏¿_mKpIƒ, Ffp∏Øn¬ X≈n\o°mhp∂ \mepN{Iap≈ Ãm≥Uv.
{]h¿Ø\-{Iaw
$ Hcp Ip´n ]®°dn°mc\mbn thjanSp∂p.
$ So®dpsS klmbtØmsS ]®°dnIƒ h≠nbn¬ ASp°n sh°p∂p.
$ a‰pIp´nIƒ hcnbmbn ItkcIfn¬ Ccn°p∂p.
$ ]®°dn°mc\pw So®dpw ]m´v ]mSn h≠nbpw X≈n hcp∂p.
hcphn≥ hcphn≥ hmßnt°mfq
XpSpXpsSbps≈mcp ]®°dnIƒ
sNmIsNmI tNms∂mcp X°mfn
\o≠p saens™mcp sh≠°
B¿°pthWw, B¿°pthWw
an\pans\bps≈mcp I{Xn°
\\p\s\ Acnbm≥ Nocbne
ap≈pIfps≈mcp ]mh°
hcphn≥ hcphn≥ hmßnt°mfq
XpSpXpsSbps≈mcp ]®°dnIƒ
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 87
Experimental V
ersion
Hmtcm Ip´nbpsSbpw AcnInseØn ]®°dn°mc≥ tNmZn°p∂p. ""F¥v
thWw?''
Ip´n Bhiys∏Sp∂ ]®°dnIƒ ]®°dn°mc≥ Hcp _mKnen v́ \¬Ip∂p.
F√mhcpw hmßn°gn™m¬ ASpØIp´n hnev]\°mc\mIp∂p.
F√m Ip´nIƒ°pw ]®°dn°mc\mI\p≈ Ahkcw \¬Ip∂p.
L´w˛2
kma{KnIƒ
]®°dnIƒ, t]∏¿ _mKv, Ifnt\m´pIƒ, tXm¿Øv,
ap≠v
{]h¿Ø\-{Iaw
$ ¢m vapdnbn¬ HcnSØv Hcp
]®°dn°S k÷oIcn°p∂p.
$ ]®°dn°mc≥ hnev]\°mbn
\n¬°p∂p.
$ Ip´nIƒ HmtcmcpØtcmSpw
Hmtcm ]®°dn, \n›nX FÆw
hmßn hcphm≥ A≤ym]nI
\n¿t±in°p∂p.
$ Hmtcm Ip´n°pw ]®°dn
hßm\p≈ ]Ww (Ifnt\m´pIƒ)
\¬Ip∂p.
$ ]®°dn°mc≥ Hmtcm Ip´nbpw Bhiys∏Sp∂{]Imcw ]®°dn \¬In
]Ww hmßp∂p. (XpI IrXyamIWsa∂n√)
$ sX‰p IqSmsX km[\߃ hmßn hcp∂hsc So®¿ A\ptamZn°p∂p.
L´w˛3
{]h¿Ø\{Iaw
L´w˛2 teXp t]mse Ifn°p∂p.
CØhW ]®°dn°mc≥ Bhiys∏Sp∂ XpIbpw Ip´n \¬Ip∂ XpIbpw
Xpeyambncn°Ww.
hnebncpج kq-NI߃
]®°dnIƒ Xncn®dnbp∂p. (L´w 1,2,3)
]®°dnIƒ Xcw Xncn°p∂p (L´w 1,2,3)
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn88
Experimental V
ersion
kμ¿t`mNnXambn {]XnIcn°p∂p. (L´w 1,2,3)
\mWb߃/t\m´pIƒ Xncn®dnbp∂p (L´w 2,3)
]Ww IrXyambn FÆnsbSp°p∂p (L´w 3)
{]_e\{]h¿Ø\߃
$ ]cnioe\ tkm^v‰vshbdn¬ Cu {]h¿Ø\Øn\v A\p_‘ambn
sImSpØn´p≈ A`ymk߃ Hmtcm Ip´nbpw ]cnioen°p∂p.
$ dntkmgvkv kn.Un bn¬ \¬Inbn´p≈ h¿°vjo‰pIƒ Hmtcm Ip´nbpw
]q¿ØoIcn°p∂p.
XpS¿{]h¿-Ø\߃
$ enÃv {]Imcap≈ ]®°dnIƒ hmßp∂p.
$ Xq°w A\pkcn®v hm-ßp-∂p
4.4. ]T-\-coXn
GsXmcp ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bp-tSbpw D≈-S°w hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®mhpw
AXns‚ ^e-{]m-]vXn. ]T\w F∂Xv A\p-̀ -h-ß-fp-tSbpw ]cn-ioe\ßfp-
tSbpw ^e-ambn ]Tn-Xm-hn¬/Ip´n-bn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ am‰-am-Wv. imcocn-Ihpw
am\-kn-I-hp-ambn ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp≈ Ip´n-I-fn¬ CØcw am‰w hcpØpI {ia-I-
c-am-Wv. CØcw Ip´n-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn®dn™v A\p-tbm-P-y-amb
]T\-\-coXn \n›-bn-°p-I-bmWv A`n-Im-a-yw. hnhn[ cmP-y-ß-fn¬ \ne-
\n¬°p∂ ]T-\-coXnIƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Ifn-Iƒ°pw ]cnkcØn\pw {]m[m-
\yw \¬In-sIm-≠p≈ Hcp ]T-\-coXnbmWv \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv F∂v ImWmw.
B coXn-X-s∂-bmWv \ap°pw A`nImayw. 5 Bi-b-ta-J-eIsf ASn-ÿm-\-
am°n [mcmfw Ifn-I-fn-eqsSbpw {]h¿Ø\ßfneqsSbpw Ip´n-Iƒ IS∂p-
t]m-IpI hgn \n›-bn-°-s∏´ F´v tijn taJ-e-Ifnse ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ
t\Sm\mIpw.
A[-ym-]n-I- \n-c-¥-c-amb \nco-£-W-Øn-eqsSbpw hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eq-sSbpw Bbn-
cn-°-Ww Hmtcm Ip´n°pw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb coXn Xnc-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xv. hy-
‡n-]-c-amb coXn-I-fn-eqsS ]T\w apt∂dn {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Xc-
Øn-te°v Ip´nsb sIm≠v t]mtI-≠-Xp-≠v. At∏mgpw Nne Ip´n-Iƒs°-¶nepw
hy-‡n-KX t_m[\w Bh-i-y-ambn hcpw. Ip´n-I-fpsS A`n-cp-Nn°pw Xm¬]-
c-y-ß-ƒ°pw A\p-kr-X-ambn 5 Xoap-Ifn¬ \¬Inbn´p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃
A\p-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS \S-Øp-hm≥ A[-ym-]n-Ibv°v Igntb-≠-Xp-≠v. \n›n-
X-amb Hcp ]T-\-coXn kzo-I-cn-°-Ww F∂v ChnsS Ch¿°mbn \n¿tZ-in-
°m≥ Ign-bn-√. adn®v Xs‚ Ip´n°v A\p-tbm-P-y-amb ]T-\-coXn Xnc-s™-Sp-
°m\p≈ {]m]vXn A[-ym-]nI t\Sp-I-bmWv {][m-\w. IqSp-X¬ hni-Zmw-i-
߃ A[ymbw 6˛ ¬ \¬In-bn-́ p≠v.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 89
Experimental V
ersion
4.5. hne-bn-cp-ج
Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-epw Ip´n-Iƒ G¿s∏-Sp-tºmƒ \n¿tZ-in-°-s∏´ ss\]p-
Wn-Iƒ F{X-am{Xw t\Sn F∂v Is≠Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp≠v. CXn\v
klm-b-I--ambn Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚bpw Ah-km\w Nne kqN-I-߃
\¬In-bn-́ p-≠v. CXv amXr-I-bmbn am{Xw kzo-I-cn®v IqSpX¬ kqNI߃
Is≠Øn hne-bn-cp-ج \n¿hln°m≥ \ap°v Ign-b-Ww. \nco-£Ww,
tNmZym-hen, {]h¿Ø\-߃ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw \ne-hmc
]cn-tim-[\ \SØn Hmtcm Ip´nbpw \n›nX ss\]pWn F{X-am{Xw t\Sn
F∂v hnebncp-Ø-ens‚ ̀ mK-ambn So®¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. ICT- km-[-y-
X-bpsS ]c-am-h[n D]tbm-Khpw ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. (hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚
IqSp-X¬ hni-Zmw-i-߃ A[-ymbw 7 ̨ ¬ \¬Inbn´p≠v.
4.6. ]n¥pWm kwhn-[m\w
hnZ-ym`ym-k-cw-K-sØ-∂√ GXv cwKØmbmepw am‰-߃ hcp-tºmƒ {i≤-
tbmsSbpw Bkq-{XWtØmtSbpw Xøm-dm-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-∏m-°p∂
Hmtcm L -́Ønepw AXn-s‚ Dt±iysØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°nb hne-bn-cp-Øepw
]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ adn-I-S°m≥ X¬k-a-b- klmbIkwhn-[m-\-ßfpw A\n-hm-c-y-
am-Wv. F¶n¬ am{Xsa \mw B{K-ln-°p∂ e£yØnte°v FØn-t®-cm≥
Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q. khn-tij kz-̀ mhw D≈ Ip´n-Iƒ°mbn Xbmdm-°p∂ Hcp
]mT-y-]-≤Xn \S-∏m-°p-tºmƒ kzm-̀ m-hn-I-ambpw {]iv\-߃ D≠m-Ipw. AXv
]cnl-cn-°phm≥ klm-bI-kw-hn-[m\w D≠v F∂ hni-zmkw CXv \S-∏m-°p-
∂-h¿°v Bizmk-am-Ipw. AXn-\mbn SSA, RMSA XpS-ßnb hnZym-̀ ymk
t{]mPIvSv kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ SIEMAT, SCERT, DPI,IT@School XpS-ßnb ÿm]-\-ßfpw Pn√m-X-e-Øn¬ R.C, DDE, Ub‰v, DEO,AEO F∂o kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw Dƒt®¿∂v {]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ Hcp
i‡-amb tamWn-‰-dnwKv kwhn-[m\w {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv A`n-Im-ayamIpw. Fkv.-
sF.-Fw.-kn.-bmIWw CØcw tamWn-‰-dnw-Kns‚ Bkq-{XWw \n¿h-ln-t°≠Xv.
]T\w KpW-ta-∑-bp-≈Xpw Imc-y-£-a-am-bXpamIp-hm≥ A°m-Z-anI ]n¥pW,
X¬k-ab klmbw, tUmIvS¿amcpsS tkh\w XpSßn hnhn-[-ta-J-e-bn¬
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂-hcpsS Iq´mb {iaw Bh-i-y-amWv. _p≤n]c-ambn ]n∂m°w
\n¬°p∂hcpsS F√m ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw ]cn-K-Wn®psIm≠p≈ Hcp ]mT-y-]-≤-
Xn°v am{Xta Chsc°qSn s]mXp-[m-c-bn¬ sIm≠v hcm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈p.
At∏mƒ am{X-ta RTE - bpsS A¥- Ø t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q.
(A[-ymbw 8˛¬ ]n¥pWm kwhn-[m\w kw_-‘n® IqSp-X¬ hniZmwi߃
\¬In-bn-́ p-≠v.)
4.7 sk°-≠dn (12 ˛ 14 hb v)
sk°-≠dn L´-Øn¬, ss{]adn L´-Øn¬ \n¿h-ln-®-Xn\v kam-\-amb
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn90
Experimental V
ersion
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ Xs∂ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. F∂m¬ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v
Ip´n-I-fpsS [mc-Wbv°pw hnI-k-\-Øn\pw A\p-k-cn-®p≈ hf¿®bv°v Ah-
kcw D≠m-I-Ww. imco-cn-I-ambn hf¿®bn¬ FØn-bXp sIm≠v Xs∂ kmaq-
ln-I-hpw, sshIm-cn-I-hp-amb tijn-I-fpsS hnIm-k-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ Du∂¬
\¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.
sk°-≠dn Xe-Ønse hnj-b-ta-J-e-Iƒ
$ Btcm-K-y-Im-bnI ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ
$ `mjm-ss\-]p-Wn-Iƒ
$ Iem ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ
$ KWnX ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ
$ imkv{X ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ
$ Km¿ln-I, ]cn-kc ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ
$ kmt¶-XnI, hnh-c-hn-\n-ab ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ
Cu taJ-e-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ D≈-S° hni-Zmw-i-߃, hn\n-a-b-co-Xn, hne-
bn-cp-ج coXn XpS-ßn-bh cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xp≠v.
4.8 {]oshm-t°-j-W¬ (15˛17 hb v)
Cu L´w {]o shmt°-j-W¬ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-t‚-XmWv. Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw
Ignhpw A`n-cp-Nnbpw Is≠Øn ̀ mhn Pohn-X-Øn\v klm-b-I-amb sXmgn¬
taJ-e-bn-te°v \bn-°p-I-bmWv {][m-\w. X\n°v ]‰nb sXmgn¬ta-Je
Xncn-®-dn-bpI F∂-Xpw Cu L -́Øn¬ {]m[m-\-y-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. Pohn-X-Np-‰p-]m-
Sp-I-fn¬ \n∂p amdn bm{¥n-I-ambn GsX-¶nepw sXmgn¬ ss\]pWn t\Sp-∂-
Xv Ch¿°v ̀ mhn-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ klm-b-I-am-h-W-sa-∂n-√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂
A\p-tbm-Py-amb sXmgn¬ km[y-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øn, AXmXv sXmgn-en-Sßfn¬
Xs∂ Ah-k-c-߃ Hcp-°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv.
4.9 shm-t°-j-W¬ (18 hb pw AXn-\p-ap-I-fnepw)
18 hb p apX-ep≈ shmt°-j-W¬ L´Øn¬ hnhn[ k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-
I-fp-sSbpw k¿°m-¿ CXc GP≥kn-I-fp-sSbpw GtIm-]-\-Øn-eqsS Ch¿°v
In´m-hp∂ Ah-k-c-߃ Is≠-Øp-Ibpw AXn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn¬
shmt°-j-W¬ ssKU≥kpw s{Sbn-\nwKpw \¬Ip-Ibpw thWw. Pn√m-X-e-
Øn¬ Ch¿°v hg-ßp∂ hyXykvX sXmgn¬ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ Dƒs∏-SpØn
shmt°-j-W¬ sk‚dp-Iƒ cq]oIcn°pIbpw thWw.
Ipdn∏v : Ct∏mƒ Xbm-dm-°p∂ ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ss{]adn (7 ̨ 11 hb v) ¢m nseIp´n-Iƒ°v th≠n Xbm-dm-°nbn´p≈XmWv. CXp-t]mse {]tXyIw]mTy-]-≤Xn a‰v hn`m-K-߃°pw Xbm-dm-t°-≠XmWv.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 91
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√phnfnt\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°p≈
kvIqfnse A[ym-]-I¿ 5A[ymbw
KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw {]Zm\w sNøp-∂-Xn¬ A[-ym-]-Is‚ tdmƒ
]c-a-{]-[m-\-am-Wv. Xs‚ hnjbw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w hy-‡n-hn-Im-k-
Øn\pw, kmaq-l-y-{]-Xn-_-≤-Xbv°pw Du∂¬ sImSp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈
{]h¿Ø\w A[-ym-]-Is‚ `mKØv \n∂v D≠m-I-Ww. _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-
hn-fn -t\-cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS A[-ym-]-I¿ Gsd -{i-≤bpw, ]cn-Nc-Whpw Dd-
∏m-°m≥IqSn -{i-≤n-t°-≠-Xp≠v.
5.1. ]cn-io-e\w kn≤n® A[ym-]-I¿
khn-ti-j-hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ A[-ym-]I¿ {]tX-yI ]cn-io-e\w
t\Sn-b-hcmIWw. _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-I-fp-sS {]tXy-
I-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw, A\ptbmP-y-amb ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Bhn-
jvIcn°m\pw ss\]pWn kn≤n-®-h-cpam-I-Ww. Ip´n-IfpsS {]Ir-X-Øn-\-
\p-k-cn®v ]T-\-t_m-[-\-co-Xn-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-°m\pw, Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw \ne-
hn-ep≈ Ah-ÿ ]cn-K-Wn®v hy-‡n-KX -]-T-\-{Iaw Xbm-dm-°m\pw Ah
\S-∏n-em-°m\pw {]mho-Wyw t\Sn-b-h-cm-IWw khn-ti-j-hn-Z-ym-e-b-Ønse
A[-ym-]-I¿. hnhn[ß-fmb s]cp-am‰ kz-`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ h®p
]pe¿Øp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v ssIØmßv \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\pw, amt\Pv sNøp-
∂Xn\pap≈ X{¥-߃ kzm-b-Ø-am-°n-bn-́ p-≈-h-cmIWw CØcw hnZ-ym-e-
bßfnse A[-ym]I¿.
5.2. A[ym-]-I≥ /A[-ym-]n-I-bpsS tdmƒ
Ip´n-Isf ]T-\-]-c-ambn anI-hn-te°v
\bn-°pI F∂-Xn-\-∏pdw A[-ym-]nI
Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw imco-cn-Ihpw
am\-kn-I-hp-amb Bh-i-y-߃°\p-k-
cn®v CS-t]-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. Ip´nIƒ°v
kpc-£n-X-X-z-t_m-[hpw, Bfl-hn-i-zm-
khpw P\n-∏n-°pI F∂Xv ]c-a-{]-[m-
\-am-Wv. Hcp IqSpw-_mw-KsØ t]mse
c£m-I¿Øm-°-fpsS hnizmkw
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn92
B¿Pn-°-Ww. Ip´n-Iƒ°mbn Hcp-°p∂ ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ c£-mI¿Øm-
°-fp-sSbpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fp-sSbpw A\p-Iq-e-amb CSs]-S-en\v Ahsc
k÷-cm-°-Ww. Ip´n-I-fpsS \ne-hn-ep≈ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂v Ah¿ B¿Pn-
°p∂ t\´-ßfpw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw c£mI¿Øm-°ƒ°v t_m[-y-s∏-SpØn
Ahsc {]Xo-£bpw Bfl-hn-i-zm-khpw D≈hcm°n-am-‰m≥ A[-ym-]n-Ibv°v
km[n-°-Ww. Ip´n-bpsS ]T-\-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°mbn B[p-\nI kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y-
Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-ØWw. CØcw Ip´n-I-fpsS ]T-\-t_m-[\ {]{In-b-bn¬
Imen-I-ambn kw -̀hn-°p∂ am‰-߃ kzmwio-I-cn®v Ah¿°mbn {]h¿Ø-
\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhnjv-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNtø≠XmWv.
5.3. Iq´mbva ˛ {]h¿Ø\w
khn-tij hnZ-ym-e-b-Ønse apgp-h≥ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpw ^e-{]-Zmbn \S-∏m-
°-W-sa-¶n¬ hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS i‡-amb Iq´m-bva A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv.
amt\-Pvsa‚ v, PTA, LSGD,. a‰v k∂≤ kwL-S-\-Iƒ F∂n-h-sc-sb√mw hnZym-
e-b-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ IÆn tN¿t°-≠Xp≠v. hnZ-ym-e-b-Øn-\-IØv \S-
°p∂ hnhn[ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ (sXdm∏n, sXmgn¬ ]cn-io-e\w, ss\]pWn
hnImkw, XpS-ßn-b-h) \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnhn[ taJe-I-fn¬
{]mhoWyap≈ A[ym-]-IcpsS Iq´mbva Bh-i-y-am-Wv. s]mXp-hn-Z-ym-e-b-ß-
fn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ kvIqƒ dntkmgvkv {Kq∏v (SRG), kvIqƒ kt∏m¿´v
{Kq∏v (SSG) F∂n-h- khn-ti-j-hn-Z-ym-e-b-Ønepw kPo-h-am-tI-≠-Xp≠v.
]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃, hy-‡nKX]T-\-]-≤Xn, kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y-bpsS D]-
tbmKw F∂n-ßs\bp≈ Imc-y-ß-fn¬ A[ym]nIbpsS im‡o-I-cWw
(Teacher Empowerment) Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p∂ A[-ym-]I
Iq´mbvaIƒ D≠m-h-Ww.
5. 4. at\m-̀ mhw
khn-ti-j-hn-Z-ym-e-b-ß-fnse A[-ym-]I¿°v Ip´n-Isf Ah-cpsS Zu¿_-ey-
߃ AwKo-I-cn®v Hmtcm Ip´n-bnepw anI-hp-Iƒ (t\ -́߃, Ign-hpIƒ.....)
\nco-£n-°m≥ km[n-°-Ww. kl-Xm]w, klm-\p-̀ qXn F∂nh {]I-Sn-∏n-
°p-∂-Xn\v ]Icw Ip´n-bn¬ \n£n-]vX-amb Ign-hp-I-fp-sS- hn-Im-k-Øn-\p≈
`mh-\m-]q¿W-amb Btem-N-\bpw AXn-\p≈ Bkq-{X-W-hp-amWv A[-ym-
]nI \n¿hlnt°-≠-Xv. Ip´nIfpsS c£m-I¿Øm-°-fpsSbpw IpSpw-_mw-K-
ß-fpsSbpw {]bm-k-߃ Dƒs°m-≈m≥ km[n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ at\m-
`mhw ]pe¿Øm≥ A[-ym-]n-Ibv°v km[n-°-Ww.
khntij hnZymebßtfmSpw AhnsS {]h¿Øn°p∂ A[ym]I-
cS°ap≈htcmSpw Ip´nItfmSpw kaqlØns‚bpw ̀ cWhn`mKØns‚bpw
\nehnep≈ at\m`mhØn¬ A\pIqeamb am‰hpw A\nhmcyamWv.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 93
5.5 A[ym-]-I-cpsS tbmKyX
Cu cwKØv {]h¿Øn-°p∂ A[ym-]-I¿, RCI \njvI¿jn-°p∂ \n›nX
tbmK-yX t\Sn-b-h-cm-bn-cn-°-Ww. Ip´n-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v
(Hm´nkw, skdn-{_¬ ]mƒkn, ]T-\ _lp-ssh-I-eyw...) {]tX-y-I -]-cn-io-
e\w t\Sn-b-h-cm-bn-cn-°-Ww A[ym-]-I¿. _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-t\-cn-Sp∂
Ip´n-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-sf-°p-d®v {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-bn a\- n-em-°n-
bn´p≈hcm-IWw Ah¿. AØ-c-Øn¬ tbmK-yX t\Sn-bn-́ p≠v F∂v Dd∏v
hcp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kmt¶-XnI hnZy D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn ¢m p-
Iƒ ssIIm-cyw sNøm-\p≈ Ignhpw A[-ym-]-I¿ B¿Pn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
A[ym-]I ]cn-io-e\ tImgvkp-I-fpsS kne_kv Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]cn-jvI-
cn®v A[-ym-]-\-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hmcw Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØWw. P\-d¬ _n.FUv/
Un.FUv Ic-ÿ-am°n hcp∂ A[-ym-]-I¿°v CØcw Ip´n-Isf ssIIm-
cyw sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ _p≤n-ap v́ a\- n-em-°n-s°m≠v AØ-c-Øn-ep-≈-h¿°v
th≠n Hcp amk-sa-¶nepw \o≠p\n¬°p∂ {]tX-yI ]cn-io-e\w \¬tI-
≠-XmWv. P\-d¬ _n.F-Uvv/ Un.FUv Ic-ÿ-am-°n-b-h¿°v _p≤n-]-c-amb
]cn-an-Xn-bp≈ Ip´nIsf ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ A[nI ]cn-io-e\
tImgvkp-Iƒ (Untπm-am-t{]m-{Kmw) SIMC bvt°m, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.bvt°m
\S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
5.6 C≥˛ k¿hokv A[ym-]I ]cn-io-e\w
k¿ho-kn-ep≈ apgp-h≥ A[y-m]-I¿°pw ]cn-io-e\w \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.
{]mcw` ]cn-io-e-\-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp∂ taJ-e-Iƒ NphsS \¬Ip-∂p.
]cn-io-e\ taJ-e-Iƒ
$ _p≤n-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-Xbp≈ Ip´n-I-fpsS kmaq-ln-Ihpw sshIm-
cn-I-hp-amb hnImkw.
$ ]T\w Imcy-£-a-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ \qX\ A[ym-]\X{¥-߃.
$ sF.kn.-‰n. D]-tbmKw t_m[-\-Øn¬.
$ tamWn-‰-dnwKpw ]n¥pW kwhn-[m-\hpw.
$ _p≤n-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-Xbp≈ Ip´n-I-fpsS ]T--\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v
Kth-j-W-]-c-ambn Is≠-Øn-bn-́ p≈ Imcy-߃.
$ c£-mI¿Øm-hn-s‚bpw kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw tdmƒ.
$ Pohn-X-ss\-]p-WnIfpw sXmgn¬ ss\]p-WnIfpw t\S¬.
AXmXp taJ-e-I-fn¬ hnZ-Kv[-cmb Bfp-Isf D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn ka-{K-amb
A[ym-]-I-]cn-io-e\ samUyqƒ Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-Ibpw
thWw. CØcw Ip´n-I-fpsS ]T\w Dd-∏m°n sa®-s∏´ Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-
߃ Dd-∏m-°m\pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb sXmgn¬ taJe Is≠-Øm\pw Ign-b-
Ww.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn94
Hmtcm h¿jhpw 5 apX¬ 10 Znhkw hsc \o≠p \n¬°p∂ ]cn-io-e-\-]-cn-
]m-Snbpw kwL-Sn-∏n-°-Ww. CXns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzw Fkv.-kn-.-C-.B¿.-Sn. °v
Gs‰-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
5.7 A[ym-]-I-cpsS tkh-\-th-X\ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ
s]mXp-hnZyme-b-ß-fn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ A[ym-]-I-sc-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ {i≤bpw
]cn-N-c-Whpw kvt\lhpw Chn-Sp≈ A[ym-]-I¿ Ip´n-Iƒ°v \¬tI-≠-Xp-
≠v. Ip´n-Iƒ°v hy‡n-]-c-amb {i≤bpw ]cn-K-W-\bpw \¬I-Ww. ka-btam
kμ¿`tam t\m°msX tkh-\-k-∂-≤-X-tbmsS I¿Ω-\n-c-X-cm-bn-cn-°p∂
A[ym-]-I-cmWv th≠-Xv. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn¬ \¬In
hcp∂ thX-\-\n-c-°n-t\-°mƒ sa®-s∏´ thX\w CØcw A[ym-]-I¿°v
\¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. km[m-c-W-bp≈ hm¿jnI C≥{In-sa‚ v, t{KUv F∂n-
hbv°p ]pdsa kvs]jy≥ Ae-h≥kv \¬Ip∂ Imcyhpw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-
Xm-Wv. kvXpXy¿l-amb tkh\w \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-hsc AwKoIcn-°p-∂-Xn-
\p≈ \S-]-Snbpw kzo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
5. 8. hy-‡n-Xzw
A[-ym-]-I¿ anI® hy-‡n-X-z-Øns‚ DS-a-I-fm-IWw. NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-
°p∂ hy-‡n-Xz khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ at\m-̀ mhw AX-y-
¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.
$ khn-tij hnZ-ym-e-b-Ønse A[-ym-]nI F∂ \ne-bn¬ Nn¥-bnepw
at\m-̀ m-h-Ønepw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw Ip´n-Isf anI-hn-te°v \bn-°m-
\p≈ Xs‚ _m[-yX \nd-th-t‰≠Xp≠v.
$ Ip´n-I-tfmSpw Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-tfmSpap≈ Xs‚ {]Xn-_-≤X
A[-ym-]n-I-bpsS Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw {]I-S-am-I-Ww.
$ ]pXnb Bi-b-ßfpw Nn¥-Ifpw Xpd∂ a\-t msS kzo-I-cn-°m\pw
Ah icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m-\p-ap≈ Ignhv A[-ym]nI
B¿Pn-°-Ww.
$ Xs‚ Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\sØbpw hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw
Bh-i-y-amb am‰-߃ hcp-Øm-\p-ap≈ k∂-≤X ]pe¿Ø-Ww.
$ Xpd∂ a\-ÿn-Xn-bpw kpXm-c-y-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]pe¿Øp-∂-tXm-
sSm∏w Iq´mbn {]h¿Øn°m\pw Ip´n-Iƒ, kl-{]-h¿Ø-I¿, IpSpw_w,
kaqlw F∂n-h-bn-te°v ^e-{]-Z-ambn Bi-b-ssI-am‰w \S-Øm\pw
A[-ym-]I¿°v km[n-°-Ww.
kvIqfnse Ip´n-I-fpsS anIhv A[-ym-]-I-cpsS Iq´m-bva-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-
Wv. slUvSo®¿ Dƒs∏sS Hcp Soambn {]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ at\m-`mhw
A[-ym-]-I¿°p-≠m-I-Ww. AXn-\mbp≈ N¿®-I-fpw, Xocp-am-\-ßsfSp-°epw
\S-∏m-°-ep-I-fp-amWv Hcp kvIqfns‚ anI® hnP-b-Øns‚ BWn-°-√v.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 95
hn\nabcoXn 6A[ymbw
]T-\-t_m-[\ {]{In-b-bn¬ hn\n-abcoXn°v kp{]-[m\ ÿm\-am-Wp-≈-Xv.
_u≤nI-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn -Sp∂ Ip´n -IfpsS ¢mkv apdn -bn¬
]mTy]≤Xnbnse D≈S°w hn\nabw sNøpI F-∂Xv Gsd {ia-I-c-am-Wv.
Ip´n-bpsS {i≤ BI¿jn-®p-sIm≠v, AhcpsS CjvS-߃°pw am\-knI
\ne-hm-c-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®pw thWw hn\n-abcoXn Xnc-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xv.
6.1 hn\n-a-b-coXn Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ
hn\n-a-b-coXn Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Imcy-߃
{i≤n-°Ww.
$ Ip´n-bpsS {]Ir-X-Øn\v CW-ßp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
$ Ip´n-bpsS Xm¬]-cy-ta-J-e-Iƒ°v A\p-krX-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.
$ tijn/ss\]pWn _‘n-X-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.
$ ¢m nse samØw Ip´n-I-sfbpw IW-°n-se-Sp-°p∂Xns\m∏w
hy‡nKX ]cnKW\Iƒ°v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂Xmbncn°Ww.
$ BÀm-Z-I-c-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.
$ H‰-bvt°m, Iq´mtbm \n¿h-ln-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
$ Ip´n-I-fpsS kPoh ]¶m-fn-Ø-Øn\p km[y-X-bp-≈-Xm-I-Ww.
$ ]T-\sØ {]tNm-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
$ bm{¥n-I-a-√mØ hn\n-a-b-co-Xn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww.
6.2. hn\n-ab km[y-X-Iƒ
C{]-Imcw hn\n-ab coXn-Iƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp∂ hn\n-
a-b-km-[y-X-Iƒ GsXm-s°-sb∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
6.2.1. hy‡n-KX hn\n-a-b-coXn
¢mkvap-dn-bn-em-bm-epw, ]pd-Øm-bmepw Ip´n°v \¬Ip∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬
hy‡n-\njvTX (Individualisation) AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. \¬Ip∂
{]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ kPoh ]¶m-fn-bm-Im≥ km[n-°p-∂pt≠m? F¥v
{]iv\amWv Ip´n t\cn-Sp-∂Xv? {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ a‰p-≈-h-tcm-Sp≈ kl-I-
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn96
cWw Fßs\? XpSßnb Imcy-߃ a\- n-em-°m-\mbn \nc-¥-c-amb \nco-
£Ww \S-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bnse hy‡n-KX ]cn-K-W\ h¿[n-
∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp sa‚-dpsS klmbw Dd∏p hcp-Øp-∂Xpw DNnXamIpw.
Sow So®nwKv coXnbpw {]tbm-Kn-°mw. Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw ]T-\-]p-tcm-KXn
hy‡n-K-X-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw ]ptcm-KXn {]Z¿in-∏n-°p∂ L -́Øn¬
hy‡n-K-X-ambn A`n-\-μn-°p-Ibpw thWw. GXv Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]T-\-
coXnbmbmepw hy‡n-K-X-amb ]cn-K-W\ \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]Sn {Ia-
߃ ]men®vsIm≠v apt∂m´p t]mIWw.
6.2.2. {]I-S-\m-[njvTnX hn\n-a-b-coXn
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb
hn\n-ab coXn-bmWv {]I-S-\m-flI coXn. Hmtcm Pohn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-ta-J-e-bn-
sebpw {]I-S-\-߃°v (Performance) km[y-X-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ IqSp-
X¬ Is≠-Ø-Ww. Bh¿Ø\ hnc -kX D≠m-ImØ Xc-Øn¬
hyXykvXßfpw, k¶o¿WX C√m-Ø-Xp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv Bkq-
{XWw sNtø-≠-Xv. Hmtcm {]I-S-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw F¥v ss\]p-Wn-bmWv
t\Sm≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv F∂v ap≥Iq´n ImWp-Ibpw AXv t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠
aps∂mcp°ßƒ \SØp-Ibpw thWw. {]I-S-\m-flI {]h¿Ø-\-ßfn¬ ]d-
bm-\pw, Fgp-Xm-\pap≈ Ah-kchpw D≠m-I-Ww. hy‡n-KX {]h¿Ø-\-
߃°pw, Iq´mb {]h¿Ø-\-߃°pw Ah-kcw Hcp-°-Ww. AXp-t]mse
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ Hcp-°p-tºmƒ Xmgv∂ \nehmcØn¬ \n∂pw Db¿∂ Xe-
Øn-te°v t]mIm-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS km[y-Xbpw ImW-Ww. Nne Ip´n-
Iƒ°v ASnÿm\ XeØn¬ am{Xta FØm≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q. F∂m¬
a‰p Nne¿°v XpS¿∂v hcp∂ L -́ß-fn-te°v \oßm≥ km[n-°pw. A{]-Im-
c-ap≈ km[y-X-Iƒ Xpd-∂n-Sp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xv.
6.2.3. Bkzm-Z-\-tijn h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hn\n-a-b-coXn
]T-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hn\n-a-b-coXn ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Bkzm-Z-\-
tijn h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-I-Ww. Bkzm-Z-\-Øn\v km[y-am-Ip∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈
ct≠m, aqt∂m hmNIß-fn-ep≈ eLp-I-Y-Iƒ, kw -̀h-߃ IYm-I-Y-\-co-
Xn-bn¬ `mh-tØmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Bkzm-Z-\-tijn h¿[n-∏n-°pw.
Bib kºp-jvS-amb Ip´n-°-hn-X-Iƒ, \mS≥]m-́ p-Iƒ F∂nh Xmf-t_m-[-
tØmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°¬, sNdp kw -̀h-߃ \mSI-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n°¬,
{]bmkw Gsd-bn-√mØ Ifn-I-fn-te¿s∏-S¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-eqsS Bkzm-Z-\-
tijn h¿[n-∏n-°mw. ]cn-k-c-_-‘n-X-amb ]T-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn arK-ß-
sf-°p-dn®pw a‰p-ap≈ ]T\w Hcp arK-ime kμ¿in-®p-sIm-≠m-Imw. ]q°-
sf-°p-dn-®pw, sNSn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ ]T\w Hcp ]qt¥m´w kμ¿in-®p-sIm-
≠mImw. Im¿jnI hn`-h-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p≈ ]T\w Hcp Irjn-bnSw
kμ¿in-t®m, Hcp Im¿jnI hn]-W\ tI{μw kμ¿in-®p-sIm-t≠m BImw.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 97
CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ah-k-c-ß-fn-se√mw Ip´n-bn¬ hnhn-[-ß-fmb A\p-̀ -h-ß-
fn-eq-sS, Bkzm-Zy-amb ]T\w \S-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. CØcw kμ¿ -̀
߃ ]T-\-Øn¬ ]c-am-h[n {]tbmP-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.
6.2.4. Blvfm-Z-I-c-amb hn\n-a-b-coXn
]T-\-{]-h¿Ø\߃ Blvfm-Z-I-c-amb A\p-̀ -h-߃ BI-W-sa-¶n¬ Iq´m-
b-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃°v ]T-\-{]-{Inb-bn¬ ]c-am-h[n Ah--k-c-߃ \¬I-Ww.
Iq´m-b-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS Ip´n-I-fpsS kl-I-cW at\m-̀ mhw h¿[n-°p-∂p.
am\-kn-I-amb kt¥mjw D≠m-Ip-∂p. Iq´mbn {]h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ ]c-kv]cw
klm-bn-°m-\pw, Bi-b-߃ ssIam-dm-\pw, a‰p-≈-h-tcmSv s]cp-am-dm-\p-ap≈
A\p-̀ -hm-[n-jvTnX ]T-\-Øn\v Ah-kcw Hcp-ßp-∂p. Blvfm-Z-I-c-amb A\p-
-̀h-߃ {]Zm\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ F√m kμ¿ -̀ßfpw A[ym-]-I¿ ]c-am-
h[n D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
Blvfm-Z-I-c-amb ]T-\-Øn\v DXIp∂ Nne DZm-l-c-W-߃ NphsS sImSp-
°p-∂p.
˛ Ipd-™-k-a-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m-hp∂ Ifn-I-fn¬ G¿s∏S¬.
˛ Iq´m-bva-tbm-sS-bp≈ A w-ªnMv (tbmPn-∏n-°¬) {]h¿Ø-\-߃.
Ifn-∏m-́ -ß-fpsS `mKw tbmPn-∏n-°¬, hoSv \n¿am-Ww, hml-\-ß-fpsS
tamU¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-°¬, XpS-ßn-b-h.
˛ sNdnb Zqc-tØ-°p≈ ]T-\-bm-{X-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°¬.
˛ sNdp-kw-̀ -h-ß-fpsS \mS-Io-IcWw.
˛ Nn{Xhmb\
˛ ck-I-c-amb hoUntbm {]Z¿i-\-߃ ImW¬.
˛ {]Z¿i\w I≠-Xn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ A\p-̀ -h-߃ ]d-b¬.
C{]-Im-c-ap≈ hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb A\p-̀ -h-ß-fn-eqsS BlvfmZ-I-c-amb hn\n-
a-b-coXn {]Zm\w sNøm≥ km[n-°pw.
6.2.5. {]h¿Ø-\m[njvTnX hn\n-a-b-coXn
]Tn-Xm-hns‚ {]IrXw IW-°n-se-Sp-°m-sX-bp≈ A[ym-]-Is‚ GI-]-£o-
b-amb kwkm-c-ßfpw Ah-X-c-W-ßfpw _p≤n]camb sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂
Ip´nIƒ°v hfsc {]bm-k-ap-≠m-°p∂ Imcy-ß-fm-Wv. Bb-Xn-\m¬ ]Tn-Xm-
hns‚ Ign-hp -Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp -Øp∂ Xc-Øn¬, ]Tn -Xm-hns‚
Xm¬]-cy-߃ IW-°n-se-SpØv sIm≠v {]h¿Ø-\m-fl-I-amb hn\n-ab coXn
D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. Hmtcm ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-Ønepw ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°v hmNn-I-
ambn ]d-bm-\pw, {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn {]h¿Øn-°m-\pw, kz¥-ambn cN\ \n¿h-
ln-°m-\p-ap≈ kml-N-cy-߃ D≠m-I-Ww.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn98
{]h¿Ø-\m-[njvTnX hn\n-a-b-co-Xnbv°v Nne DZm-l-c-W-߃
$ eLp {Kq∏v {]h¿Ø-\߃ Gs‰-Sp-°¬.
$ {Kq∏v Bbp≈ ASp-°-f-tØm´ \n¿am-Ww.
$ ]qt¥m´ \n¿am-Whpw ]cn-]m-e-\hpw
$ Iºyq-́ ¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ Nn{X-c-N-\, \ndw-sIm-Sp-°¬
$ Iq´n-bn-́ p≈ hkvXp-°-fn¬ \n∂v Htc C\-Øn-ep-≈h Is≠Øn th¿Xn-
cn-°¬
$ ]pkvX-I-Ønse t]Pn¬\n∂v Htc hm°p-Iƒ Is≠-ج
$ Hcp sNSn-bnse ]q°-fpsS FÆw, \ndw, hen∏w sNSnbpsS t]cv
F∂nh Is≠-ج.
C{]-Imcw {]h¿Ø-\m-fl-I-am-bp≈ ]T\w km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-kcw
Hcp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
hn\n-a-b-coXn Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-tSbpw Ign-hpw, Xm¬]-cyhpw IW-°n-se-SpØp
sIm≠p≈Xm-I-Ww. Bkz-Zn®v ]Tn-°m-\pw, A\p-̀ -h-Øn-eqsS ]Tn-°m-\p-
ap≈ Ah-k-c-amWv Hcp-t°-≠-Xv.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 99
hne-bn-cp-ج 7A[ymbw
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√phnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-IfpsS ]T\w Bkq-{XWw sNøp-
∂Xpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂Xpw Gsd {ia-I-c-amb {]hr-Øn-bm-Wv. C°m-cy-Øn¬
A[ym-]-I-cpsS tdmƒ ]c-a-{]-[m-\-am-Wv. Bh-iym-[n-jvTnX coXn-bn¬, Ir{Xn-
a-Xz-ß-fn-√msX {]h¿Ø-\m-fl-I-ambn ]T\w \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-
k-c-߃ Hcp-°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. Hmtcm Ip´n°pw ]c-am-h[n Ah-k-c-߃
\¬In-s°m≠v kzX-{¥-ambn {]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv ]T-\-t_m-
[\ {]{In-b-bpsS `mK-ambn \n¿h-ln-t°-≠-Xv. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ]T-\-t_m-
[\ {]{In-b-bpsS Ahn-̀ m-Py-L-S-I-amWv hne-bn-cp-ج. Hmtcm ]Tn-Xmhpw
]T\w F{X-tØmfw Imcy-£-a-ambn \n¿h-ln®p? ]T\w `mKn-I-ambn \n¿h-
ln-®-h¿ Bscms°? C\nbpw ]T\w \n¿h-ln-°m-Ø-h¿ Bscms°? t\cn-
Sp∂ {]bm-k-߃ Fs¥√mw? ]cn-lm-c-am¿K-߃ Fs¥√mw? F∂v XpSßn
At\Iw Nn¥-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ `mK-ambn \n¿h-ln-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
hnebncpØens\ c≠v XcØn¬ ImtW≠Xp≠v. H∂v \nc¥c
hnebncpج. c≠v \n›nX CSthfIfn¬ \St°≠ ka{K
hnebncpج. _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS hne-bn-cp-
ج kw_-‘n® hni-Zmw-i-ß-fmWv Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ N¿® sNøp-∂-Xv.
7.1. hne-bn-cp-ج F¥v?
]T-\-{]-{Inb-bpsS `mK-am-bp≈ hnhn-[-ß-fmb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw,
A\p-̀ -hm-[n-jvTn-X-amb ]T-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw F{X-tØmfw Pohn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-
Iƒ t\Sm≥ km[n-®n-́ p-≠v F∂ ]cn-tim-[-\-bmWv hne-bn-cp-ج. AXv
]T-\sØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xm-I-Ww. ]T-\sØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-I-Ww.
]T\w kzbw \n¿h-ln-°p-hm≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-I-Ww.
7.2 hne-bn-cp-ج Fßs\?
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-I-fn¬ Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw {]iv\-
߃ hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°pw. Bb-Xn-\m¬ CØcw Ip´n-I-fpsS hne-bn-cp-
ج hy‡n\n-_≤w (Individualised) BI-Ww. Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw hy‡n-
KX anI-hp-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ Xc-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-ج {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v
Ah-kcw Hcp-°-Ww. \n¿tZ-in-°-s∏´ Bi-b-ta-J-e-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn
hnhn[ PohnX ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ F{X-tØmfw t\Sn F∂v hne-bn-cp-
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn100
Øp∂Xn\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ cp]-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ t{KUUv BbmWv Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xv. Hmtcm PnhnX ss\]pWo
hnImk taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw hnhn[ t{KUUv {]h¿Ø-\-߃
Xbm-dm-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXn¬ G‰hpw Xmgv∂ \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp∂
{]h¿Ø-\-w BZyhpw XpS¿∂v sXm´papIfnep≈ t{KUnep≈Xv F∂o {Ia-
Øn¬ \ne-hmcw IqSn hcp-∂-Xp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-߃ BI-Ww. CØ-c-Øn¬
Hmtcm ¢mkn-te°pw/seh-en-te°pw th≠n-bp≈ hnhn[ Pohn-X-ss\-]pWo
taJ-e-I-fnse hnhn[ \nehmcØnep≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Xbm-dm-°-Ww.
Hmtcm hne-bn-cp-ج {]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw Bi-b-߃ hmNn-I-ambn ]d-bm-
\pw, {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn {]h¿Øn-°m-\pw, Fgp-Xm-\p-ap≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬
km[y-am-bXv Dƒt®¿°p-I. t{KUUv {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ \ne-
hm-c-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®p≈ {]h¿Ø\amWv hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-\mbn \¬tI-≠-Xv.
7.3. ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ {]th-inX \ne-hm-c-Øns‚ (Entry level)hne-bn-cp-ج
Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hn-t‚bpw Hmtcm h¿jsØbpw {]th-inX \ne-hmcw Fs¥∂v
Is≠-tØ-≠Xv AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. CXv Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v NphsS
sImSp-Øn-́ p≈ Sqfp-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
$ Ip´n-bpsS BtcmKyw kw_-‘n® saUn-°¬ dnt∏m¿´v
$ Ip´n-bpsS hy‡n-K-X-amb hnh-c-߃ ˛ dnt∏m¿´v
$ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-bpsS tXmXv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv.
$ ap≥ ¢mknse anIhv kw_-‘n® hne-bn-cp-ج dnt∏m¿´v
$ Cu ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb ap≥[m-c-W-Iƒ kw_-‘n®
{]osSÃv ˛ kvtIm¿.
{]th-inX \ne-hmcw \n›-bn-°p-tºmƒ "ssh⁄m-\n-I-Xew', "sshIm-cn-I-
Xew', hy‡n-K-X-̨ -km-aq-ly-Xew' F∂n-ßs\ th¿Xn-cn®v I≠p-sIm-≠p≈
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ D≠m-I-Ww. Ch D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v ]Tn-Xm-hns‚
Hcp ¢mkn-te-°p≈ {]th-inX \ne-hmcw Xn -́s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. \ne-
hmcw Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ kvtImdp-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v ]Icw \ne-hmcw
kw_-‘n® Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ hmNn-I-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw DNn-Xw.
Ch samØ-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ t{KUp-Iƒ \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. C{]-
Imcw Hcp kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ F√m Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw {]th-inX \ne-hmcw
kw_-‘n® hniZmwi-߃ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ A[ym-]-I≥ hiw D≠m-I-Ww.
Cu {]th-inX \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠mWv Db¿∂ Xe-Øn-tebv°v
apt∂-dm≥ Ip´nsb i‡n-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv. Hmtcm A[y-b\ h¿jmw-cw-̀ -Ønepw
Ip´n-bpsS {]th-inX \ne-hmcw kw_-‘n® hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ \SØn Ah
hy‡-ambn tcJ-s∏-SpØn kq£n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. sF.kn.‰n A[n-jvTn-X-ambn
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 101
{]th-inX \ne-hmcw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-I-sf-°p-dn®v Btem-Nn-
°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
7.4 \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v G‰hpw A`n-Im-ay-am-bn-́ p-
≈Xv \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج BWv. Hmtcm PohnX ss\]pWo taJ-e-bp-
ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ]T\w \n¿h-ln-°p-tºmgpw F{X-tØmfw anI-hp-Iƒ
t\Sm≥ km[n®p F∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-emWv th≠-Xv. Hmtcm PohnX ss\]pWo
taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw \nc-¥-c -hn-e-bn-cp-ج C\-߃
Is≠Øn Ah-bnse ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ {]I-S\w F{X-tØm-f-sa-∂mWv hne-bn-
cp-tØ-≠-Xv. eLp-t{]m-P-IvSp-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-°¬, Ifn-bp]-I-c-W-߃ \n¿an-
°¬, {]I-S-\m-flI {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Gs‰-Sp-°¬, eLp Ah-X-c-W-߃,
Xcw-Xn-cn-°¬ XpS-ßnb hnhn[ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬Imw.
7.5 Pohn-X-ss\-]pWo hnIm-k-Øns‚ hne-bn-cp-ج
hnhn[ Bi-b-ta-J-e-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Is≠-Øn-bn-́ p≈ Pohn-X-
ss\-]pWo hnIm-k-ta-J-e-Iƒ°v A\p-Kp-W-amb hne-bn-cp-ج {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ t{KUUv Bbn cq]s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fp-ambn _‘-
s∏´ Cu {]h¿Ø-\-ß-tfm-tcm-∂nepw ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ anIhv F{X-am-{X-sa∂v
td‰v sNøp-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. tijn-Iƒ/ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ ]q¿W-ambn ssIh-
cn-®-h¿ Bsc√mw? ̀ mKn-I-ambn ssIh-cn-®-h¿ Bsc√mw? H´pw Xs∂ ssIh-
cn-°m≥ km[n-°m-Ø-h¿ Bsc√mw? F∂ coXn-bn¬ hne-bn-cp-ج \S-
Øp-Ibpw ̀ mKn-I-ambn ssIh-cn-®-h¿°pw H´pw Xs∂ ssIh-cn-°m≥ km[n-
°m-Ø-h¿°p-ap≈ ]cn-lm-c-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬In Ah-scbpw ss\]pWn
t\Sp∂ Xe-Øn-te°v FØn-°p-Ibpw thWw. F√m Ip´n-Ifpw C{]-Imcw
F√m PohnX ss\]p-Wn-Ifpw \n¿ZnjvS \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ t\Sn F∂v Dd-∏m-
t°≠ _m[yX A[ym-]-I-\p-≠v. hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsS ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ \ne-
hn-ep≈ Ahÿ Adn-bp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Bhn-jvI-cn-
°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Ifpw ap≥Iq´n ImtW-≠-Xm-Wv. CØ-c-Øn¬ Pohn-X-
ss\-]p-Wn-Iƒ Bscms° F{X-am{Xw t\Sn F∂ hnebncpØn¬ tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Nne t^m¿am-‰p-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw thWw.
s]mXp\nehmcw Af°p∂Xn\v \n›nX CSthfIfn¬ \StØ≠
{]h¿Ø\߃
\nc¥chpw ka{Khpamb hnebncpØeneqsS Hmtcm ]T\{]h¿Ø\-
Ønepap≈ Ip´nbpsS ]¶v, ]T\{]h¿Ø\Øns‚ Dt±iy߃
kzmwioIcn°p∂ Xew, Ah {]tbmKn°p∂Xew, F∂nhsbms°
hnebncpØp∂p≠v. F∂m¬ Hcp ]T\{]h¿Ø\Øns‚bpw ]T-\-t\´w
XpS¿∂pw Ip´nbn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂pt≠m F∂pw hnebncpØs∏tS≠Xp≠v.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn102
]T\{]h¿Ø\Øn¬ Ip´nbpsS ]¶mfnØw \n›nX CSthfIfn¬
hnebncpØs∏tS≠XmWv. CXv Hcp amkØn¬ Hcp XhWtbm
aq∂pamkØnsemcn°tem \SØmhp∂XmWv. s]mXp\nehmcw Af°m≥
th≠n D]tbmKn°p∂ {]h¿Ø\w Hcp FgpØp]co£ BhWsa∂n√.
Nnet∏mƒ Hcp {]IS\m[njvTnX {]h¿Ø\amImw. s]mXp\nehmcw
Af°p∂Xn\v A[ym]nIbv°v DNnXamb coXn kzoIcn°mhp∂XmWv.
Cßs\ Hmtcm L´Øntebpw hnebncpØepIƒ t{KUpIfm°n Xcw
Xncn®v BXy¥nI t{KUv \evImhp∂XmWv.
7.6 hne-bn-cp-ج coXn
hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v t{KUnwKv k{º-Zmbw kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. 5 t]mbn‚ v
t{KUnwKv BWv \n¿tZin°p∂Xv.
t{KUnwKv \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]´n-I- NphsS sImSp-°p-∂p.
t{KUv t]mbn‚ v iX-am\w t{KUv
75 - 100 A
60 - 74 B
45 - 59 C
33 - 44 D
33 ¬ Xmsg E
Hmtcm Pohn-X-ss\-]pWn taJ-e-bnepw Ip´n-bpsS t{KUv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-
∂-Xm-Wv. t{KUv Ipd-™-hsc kw_-‘n®v t\Sn-bn-´p≈ t{KUn¬ \n∂v
Db¿∂ t{KUn-te°v FØn-°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-bmWv kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xv.
7.7 hne-bn-cp-ج tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج
]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS hne-bn-cp-ج IrXy-am-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, kpXm-cy-am-°p-∂-Xn-\pw,
dnt∏m¿´nwKv ̂ e-{]-Z-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠n-bmWv hne-bn-cp-ج tcJ-s∏-Sp-
ج \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv.
7.7.1 tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج B¿s°ms° Bh-iy-amWv?
$ ]Tn-Xm-hn\v ˛ Xs‚ t{KUpw \ne-hm-chpw Adn-bm≥
$ c£-I¿Øm-hn\v ˛ Xs‚ Ip´n-bpsS anI-hv, hf¿® F∂nh Adn-
bm≥
$ So®¿°v ˛ H‰-t\m-́ -Øn¬ F√m Ip´n-I-sfbpw Adn-bm≥
$ kvIqƒ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v ˛ kvIqfns‚ s]mXp-hmb anIhv Xn -́s∏-
Sp-Øm≥
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 103
$ sXdm-∏n-Ãv, ¢n\n-°¬ sskt°m-f-PnÃv F∂n-h¿°v ˛ Ip´n-bpsS
]ptcm-KXn Adn-bp-∂-Xn\v
F√m Pohn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-ta-J-e-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-
ep-Iƒ Bh-iy-ambn hcpw. hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ t{ImUo-I-cn®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂-Xn-\p≈ t^m¿am-‰p-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah D]-tbm-Kn®v hne-bn-cp-
ج IrXy-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw thWw. sF.kn.‰n bpsS klm-b-Øm¬ hne-
bn-cp-ج t{ImUo-I-cn®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS A[ym-]-Is‚ tPmen-̀ mcw
eLq-I-cn-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
7.8 hne-bn-cp-ج dnt∏m¿´nwKv
]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Hmtcm h¿j-sØbpw anI-hp-Iƒ /ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ t{ImUo-I-
cn®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw AXv dnt∏m¿ v́ cq]-Øn¬ Xbm-dm-°pIbpw thWw.
CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ anI-hns‚ dnt∏m¿´v cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ 3 `mK-߃ D≠m-
I-Ww.
A. ]-TnXm-hns‚ hy‡n-]-c-amb hni-Zmw-i-߃
B. ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Btcm-Ky-]-c-hpw, sshIm-cn-I-]-c-hp-amb hni-Zmw-i-߃
C. ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ A°m-Z-an-Ihpw sXmgn¬]-c-hp-amb anI-hp-I-fpsS hni-
Zmw-i-߃
CXns‚ hniZmwi߃ NphsS sImSp°p∂p.
A. ]TnXm-hns‚ hy‡n-]-c-amb hni-Zmw-i-ß-fn¬ ]Tn-Xm-hns\
kw_‘n®p≈Xpw IpSpw-_-]-c-am-b-Xp-amb F√m hni-Zmw-i-ßfpw Dƒs∏-
Sp-ØWw.
B ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Btcm-Ky-]-c-hpw, sshIm-cn-I-hp-amb hni-Zmw-i-ß-fn¬
Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-ß-sf kw_-‘n-®pw, _p≤n]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-bpsS
tXmXns\ kw_-‘n-®pw, Ip´n-bpsS \ne-hn-ep≈ sshIm-cn-I-amb
Ahÿsb kw_-‘n®pw kqNn-∏n-°-Ww. sshIm-cn-I-amb Ahÿ
kqNn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Ip´n c£-mI¿Øm-°-fn¬ \n∂v AI∂v Ign-bp-I-
bmtWm? am\-kn-I-amb km¥z\w e`n-°m-\p≈ km[y-X-Iƒ, XpS-ßn-
b-h-sbms° tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
C A°m-Z-anI/sXmgn¬]c anI-hp-I-fn¬ sS¿an-\¬ Bbn ss\]p-Wn-IfpsS
anIhv t{ImUo-I-cn-°-Ww. H∂mw tSanse Ip´n-bpsS anIhv F{]Im-c-
amWv F∂v t{KUv sNøp-Ibpw ]cn-lm-c-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬Ip-Ibpw
sNøWw. XpS¿∂v 2 -̨mw tSw, 3˛mw tSw F∂n-ßs\ sS¿an-\¬ Bbn
anI-hp-Iƒ dnt∏m¿´v sNø-Ø-°-hn-[-Øn-ep≈ dnt∏m¿´nwKv coXn D≠m-
I-Ww. ]Tn-Xm-hn\v F√m-hn-[-Øn-ep-ap≈ ]T\ ]n¥pW \¬Ip∂
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn104
A[ym-]-Is‚ s]mXp A`n-{]mbw hni-Z-am-bn-Øs∂ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw
dnt∏m¿´ns‚ t^m¿am-‰n¬ Ah-kcw D≠m-I-Ww. D t{KUv F¶nepw
t\Sm-Ø-hsc A[n-I-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬In/]cn-lm-c-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃
\¬In \n›nX t{KUn¬ FØn-°p -∂-Xn -\p≈ \S-] -Snbpw
kzoIcnt°≠Xm-Wv.
7.9. {]tamj\pw k¿´n^nt°j\pw
ss{]a-dn-X-e-Øn¬ 7 apX¬ 11 hb v hscbp≈ Ip´nIsf Hcp bqWn‰v
Bbn I≠psIm≠p≈ 5 h¿jsØ Hcp ]T\]mt°PmWv Ip´nIƒ°v
\¬Ip∂Xv. CXn¬ Hmtcm h¿jhpw hnhn[ PohnXss\]pWo
taJeIfpambn _‘s∏SpØn t\tS≠ tijnIfpw/[mcWIfpw
t\Sp∂Xn\p≈ {]h¿Ø\߃ t{KUUv Bbn Xbmdm°nbXv
t_m[\imkv{X {]{InbbpsS `mKambn \S∏m°p∂p. Cu
{]h¿Ø\ßfnse ]TnXmhns‚ anIhv F{XtØmfsa∂v t{KUv cq]Øn¬
sS¿an\¬ Bbn tcJs∏SpØmhp∂XmWv. C{]Imcw t\Snb t{KUv
hm¿jnIambn t{ImUoIcn°mhp∂XmWv. Cßs\ t{KUv \¬Iptºmƒ
Hmtcm taJebnepw 5 t]mbn‚ v t{KUn¬ an\naw D t{KUv (33˛44%) F¶nepw
t\Sp∂p F∂v Dd∏m°Ww.
C{]-Imcw t{KUv \¬In Xbm-dm-°nb anI-hns\ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ dnt∏m¿´v
Im¿Uv Hmtcm Ip´n°pw \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. kvIqƒ amdp-tºm-tgm, hn´p-t]m-Ip-
tºmtgm Cu dnt∏m¿ v́ Im¿Uv IqSn hnSp-X¬ k¿´n-̂ n-°-‰n-t\m-sSm∏w \¬tI-
≠-Xm-Wv. Hcp \n›nX seh¬ (12 hb v/18 hb- v) Ign-bp-tºmƒ Ip´n-
bpsS anI-hp-Isf kw_-‘n-°p∂ k¿´n-̂ n-°‰v \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ip´n-
bpsS Ign-hp-Iƒ, {]tXyI ss\]p-Wn-ta-J-e-Iƒ, sXmgn¬]-c-amb ss\]p-
Wn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh kw_‘n® kqN-\-Iƒ k¿´n-̂ n-°-‰n¬ D≠m-I-Ww.
Cu k¿´n-̂ n-°-‰ns‚ t^m¿am‰v cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-
cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
7.10. sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb hne-bn-cp-ج:
]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS hne-bn-cp-ج \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah hne-bn-cp-Øn
kvtIm¿/t{KUv \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw sSIvt\m-fPn ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv. hne-bn-cp-ج kw_-‘n® dn°m¿UnwKv \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn\pw,
am\-Z-fi-߃°-\p-k-cn®v k¿´n-̂ n-°-‰p-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw sSIvt\m-f-Pn-
bpsS km[-y-X-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
7.11. khntij hnZym-eb ]co£m t_m¿Uv (Board of Special School Examination Kerala)
hnZym-e-b-X-e-Øn¬ Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw \ne-hmcw \nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 105
amb (CCE) hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. hnh-c-
hn-\n-ab kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Pn√m-X-e-Ønepw kwÿm-
\-X-e-Ønepw CXv ssIam-td-≠-XmWv.
\nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-ambn hne-bn-cp-tØ≠ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf GtIm-]n-∏n-
°p-∂Xn\pw \n›nX CS-th-f-I-fn¬ Ip´n-I-fpsS \ne-hmc ]cn-tim-[\ \S-
Øp-∂-Xn\pw SIMC -bpsS `mK-ambn Hcp ]co-£m-t_m¿Uv {]h¿Øn-t°-
≠-Xp-≠v. CCE, s]mXp-\n-e-hmc ]cn-tim-[\ F∂n-hbv°v Bh-iy-amb
Sqfp-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-I, hne-bn-cp-ج {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf GtIm-]n-∏n-°pI,
t{]m{Kkv dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ, k¿´n-̂ n-°-‰p-Iƒ F∂nh hnX-cWw sNøp-I, ¢mkv
Ib-‰-Øns‚ am\-Z-fi-߃ A\p-k-cn®v {]tam-j≥ enÃn\v AwKo-Imcw
\¬IpI, XpS-ßnb Npa-X-e-Iƒ Cu t_m¿Uv \n¿h-ln-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ CØcw kvIqfp-I-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
GIo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw t_m¿Uv {]h¿Ø-\-ØneqsS km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
C{]-Imcw _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-bpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
\nc-¥-chpw ka{K-hp-am-I-Ww. ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Ign-hp-Iƒ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°m-\pw,
anI-hp-Isf ho≠pw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsS km[n-°-Ww.
]T-\-Øn-\p-tijw Xs‚ Xm¬]cy-ta-J-e-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v sXmgn-en¬
G¿s∏´v PohnXw apt∂m´v \bn-°m-\p≈ at\m-̀ mhw krjvSn-°m≥ ]Tn-Xm-
hn\v km[n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn106
tamWn-‰-dnwKpw]n¥p-Wm-kw-hn-[m-\hpw 8
A[ymbw
8.1 Bkq{XWw
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ymkw cq]-I-ev]\
sNøp-∂Xpw {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-∂Xpw Hcp sh√p-hn-fn-X-s∂-bm-Wv. Imc-Ww,
Hmtcm Ip´nbpw tijn-Ifn¬ ̀ n∂ \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂-hcpw hyXy-kvXcp-
am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ IrXy-amb Bkq-{XWw ¢m v dqw {]h¿Ø-\-
ß-fn¬ Bh-iy-am-Wv. `uXnI kuIcy-߃ Hcp-°n-s°m≠pw ]n¥pWm
kwhn-[m-\-߃ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p-amWv kvIqf-[n-Ir-X¿°v Chsc
klm-bn-°m≥ Ign-bp-I. A[ym-]n-I-bm-Is´ ¢m nse Hmtcm Ip´n-sbbpw
{]tXyIw I≠psIm≠v ]mTy-]-≤Xn {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw sNtø-
≠-Xpap-≠v. sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-I-fn-¬ Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw {]iv\-
߃ ̀ n-∂-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw. Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw am\-kn-I-h-b pw hyXy-kvX-
am-bn-cn-°mw. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw \ne-hmcw IW-°n-
se-SpØv thWw ]mTy-]-≤Xn Bkq-{XWw sNøm≥. ̀ n∂\ne-hm-c-°m-scbpw
Ah-cpsS {]iv\-ß-sfbpw I≠-dn™v Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw tN¿∂ ]mTm-
kq{XWw \n¿h-ln-°p-hm≥ A[ym-]n-Ibv°v Ign-b-Ww. AXm-bXv ]mTm-kq-
{XWw Hmtcm Ip´n°pw {]tXy-I-am-bp-≈XmI-Ww. CØ-c-Øn¬ hnZym-e-
bhpw, A[ym-]-Icpw t\cn-Sp∂ {]bm-k-ßfn¬ Ahsc klm-bn-°p-hm\pw
Bfl-hn-izmkw D≠m-°m\pw DX-Ip∂ i‡-amb ]n¥pWm kwhn-[m\w
D≠m--tI-≠-Xm-Wv.
8.2 tamWn-‰-dnwKpw X¬k-ab ]n¥p-Wbpw
^e{]-Z-amb tamWn-‰-dnwKv kwhn-[m\w Dd-∏m-°n-bm¬ am{Xta ]mTy-]-
≤XnbpsS Dt±iy e£y-ßfn¬ FØn-t®-cm≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q. X¬kab
klm-b-Ikwhn[m\hpw CXp-t]mse {][m-\-am-Wv. kvIqƒX-e-Ønepw
Db¿∂ Xe-Ønepw \SØp∂ Bkq-{X-W-ßfpw ]≤-Xn-Ifpw bYm¿Y Xe-
Øn¬ ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-∂pt≠m F∂ ]cn-tim-[n°m\pw ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Ds≠-
¶n¬ AXv hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw tamWn-‰-dnw-Kn-eqsS Ign-bpw.
AXn-\mbn Hmtcm Pn√bnepw tamWn-‰n-dnwKv kwhn-[m\w cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww.
kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ SIMC bp-tSbpw Pn√m-X-e-Øn¬ {]mtZ-in-I-tI-{μ-ß-fp-
sSbpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tamWn-‰-dnwKv \S-°-Ww. CXn-\mbn SIMC, doPn-b-W¬
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 107
sk‚-dp-Iƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ hnZ-Kv[sc \nb-an-°p-Ibpw \ne-hn-ep≈
^m°¬‰n-Isf im‡o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw. c≠p Pn√-Iƒ°v Hcp {]mtZ-
in-I-tI{μw F∂ \ne- BIp-∂-Xphsc Cu taJ-e-bn¬ e`y-amb hnZ-Kv[sc
Dƒs∏-SpØn Pn√m tamWn-‰-dnwKv kan-Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww. Pn√m-Xe tamWn-
‰-dnwKv kanXn F√m amkhpw tNcp-Ibpw dnt∏m¿ v́ Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw thWw.
kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ Ch ]cn-tim-[n-°m\pw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ \n¿tZ-i-
߃ \¬Im\pap≈ kwhn-[m-\hpw thWw.
tamWn-‰-dnwKv t]mse Xs∂ {][m-\-amWv X¬kabk-lm-bhpw. ]T\w
KpW-ta-∑-bp-≈Xpw Imcy-£-a-am-°m\pw th≠n-bp≈ ]n¥pWm ]cn-]m-Sn-I-
fmWv \S-∏m-t°-≠-Xv. AXn-\mbn `uXnI kml-N-cy-߃ Hcp-°¬, A°m-
Z-anI ]n¥p-W, X¬kab-k-lm-bw, tUmIvS¿am-cpsS tkh\w XpS-ßn-b-h-
sbms° Hcp-°-Ww. ]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Imcy-£-a-am-°m≥ A[ym-]-Isc
klm-bn-°p∂ sF.kn.‰n klmb kwhn-[m\-ßfpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
X¬k-ab klm-b-Øn-\mbn dntkmgvkv {Kq∏p-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°pbpw ¢mkv
dqan¬ X¬k-ab A°m-Z-anI ]n¥pW Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ \¬Im≥ Ahsc
k÷-cm-°p-Ibpw thWw. _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v
Ah-cpsS {]iv\-߃ Xncn-®--dn™v ]T-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNøp--
∂-Xn¬ saUn-°¬ hn`m-K-Øns‚ klm-bhpw KpW-I-c-am-Ipw.
8.3 A[ym-]I ]cn-io-e\w
]cn-io-e-\-߃ A[ym]-\-ti-jo-hn-Im-k-Øn\pw im‡o-I-c-W-Øn\pw Hgn-
®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hm-Ø-Xm-Wv. ]pXp-Xmbn \ne-hn¬ hcp∂ ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw AXns‚
e£y-ßfpw {]{In-bm-X-{¥-ßfpw ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eq-sSam{Xta A[ym-]-I-cn-
se-Øq. _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°mbn Xbm-dm-°p∂
]pXnb ]mTy-{I-ahpw ]T-\-co-Xn-Ifpw A[ym-]-I--cn-se-Øp-∂Xpw Nn -́bmb
]cn-io-e-\-ß-fn--eq-sS-bm-Wv. ]pXnb ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS
Ip´nbn¬ hf¿tØ≠ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ˛ A°mZan-Ihpw A√m-Ø--Xp-am-b-h-̨ -
F-s¥m-s°-sb∂pw Ah Fßs\ Ip´n-Iƒ°v hn\n-abw sNøm-sa-∂pap≈
X{¥-߃ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eqsS t\Sm≥ Ign-b-Ww. Cu taJ-e-bnse F√m
A[ym-]-I¿°pw ]cn-io-e\w Dd-∏m-°-Ww. ]cn-io-e-\-߃ XpS¿®-bp≈Xpw
\n›nX CS-th-f-Iƒ h®v D≈-Xp-am-Ip-∂Xv A`nImay-am-Ipw.
]cn-io-e\w Fßs\?
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym-e-b-ß-fnse
A[ym-]-I¿°p≈ ]cn-io-e-\-ß-fpsS Npa-Xe kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ Fkv.-
sF.-Fw.-kn., Fkv.kn.C.-B¿.Sn F∂o ÿm]-\-߃°m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ dntkmgvkv {Kq∏v cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww. ]cn-io-e\w Fß-
s\-bm-hWw F∂Xv dntkmgvkv {Kq∏pw taJ-e-bnse hnZ-Kv[cpw tN¿∂v Bkq-
{XWw \S-Ø-Ww. AX-\p-k-cn®v ]cn-io-e-\-sam-Uyqƒ Xbmdm-°p-Ibpw Pn√m-
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn108
X-e-Øn¬ khn-tij hnZym-e-b-ß-fnse A[ym-]--I¿ tN¿∂p≈ Pn√mXe
dntkmgvkv {Kq∏v cq]o-I-cn®v Ah¿°v ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ipbpw thWw. Xmsg
Xe-Øn¬ A[ym-]--I¿°v ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-∂Xv Pn√m dntkmgvkv {Kq∏v
AwK-ß-fm-bn-cn-°-Ww. kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ Xbm-dm-°nb samUyqƒ Xs∂-
bmWv ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\mbn kwÿm-\Øv F√m-bn-SØpw D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠Xv.
Pn√m-X-e-Øn¬ ]cn-io-e-\-Øns‚ Npa-Xe B¿.-kn./Ub-‰p-Iƒ F∂n-h-cpsS
t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ thWw. `c-W-]-chpw A°m-Z-anIhp-amb tamWn‰ndnwKv
AXXp ka-bØv Npa-X-e-s∏-́ -h¿ \n¿h-ln-°p∂p-s≠∂v Dd∏p hcp-Ø-Ww.
8.4 kmaq-ly-]n-¥pW
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Isf kaq-l-Øns‚ `mK-ambn
Dƒs°m-≈m\pw Ah-cpsS D∂-a\w kaq-l-Øns‚ IqSn _m[y-X-bm-sW∂v
ImWm-\pap≈ Nn¥ Hcp ]cn-jvIrX kaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂v D≠m-th-≠-Xp-≠v.
Zp¿_-e-tcm-Sp≈ klm-\p-̀ q-Xn-b√ adn®v Ah-sc-°qSn H∏w Iq´n apt∂m-́ p-
t]m-Im-\p≈ am\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-bmWv kaq-l-Øn-\p-≠m-tI-≠-Xv. `c-W-L-S-
\m-]-c-ambn Ah¿°v e`n-°p∂ Ah-Im-i-߃ Dd--∏m°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-cpsS
Ign-hp-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v Poh-k-‘m-c-W-Øn\v kuI-cy-sam-cp-°m\pw kaq-l-
Ønse hnhn[ GP≥kn-Iƒ°v ]¶p-≠v.
CXn¬ H∂m-asØ Npa-Xe c£n-Xm-hn--t‚Xv Xs∂-bm-Ipw. Ip´n-bpsS kmaq-
lo-I-cW {]{In-b-bn¬ \n¿Wm-bI ]¶v c£n-Xm-hn-\m-Wp-≈-Xv. sh√p-hnfn
t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´nsb s]mXp kaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂v Hcn-°epw am‰n \n¿Ø-cp-Xv.
CXv Ip´nsb H‰-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw AI-‰n-\n¿Øm\pw am{Xta CS hcp-Øq. c£n-
Xm-°ƒ Ip´n-bpsS Xm¬]-cy-ßfpw Ignhpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw Xncn-®--dn™v Ah-
k-c-߃ Hcp°ns°mSp-°-Ww. c£nXm-°-fpsS {ia-߃°v kaq-lØns‚
]n¥pW Dd-∏m-°-Ww.
Xt±-i-kzbw`cW ÿm]-\-߃ Ah-cpsS `c-W-]--cn-[n-bn-ep≈ _p≤n-]-c-
amb sh√p-hn-fn-t\-cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Isf Is≠-Øp-Ibpw, Ah-cpsS hnZym-̀ ym-k-
-̨km-aq-ly-amb D∂-a-\-Øn\v th≠ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw.
{]mtZ-inI `c-W-Iq-S-ß--fpsS Npa-X-e-I-fn¬s∏Sp∂ H∂m-WnXv. AXpsIm-
≠p-Xs∂ ]T-\-Øn-\pw, sXmgn¬ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\pw, sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-Xn\pw
kuI-cy-ß--sfm-cp-°m-\pff ]cn--]m-Sn-Iƒ Ah¿ Bkq-{XWw sNø-Ww. AtXm-
sSm∏w sshZy-k-lmbw th≠-h¿°v XpS¿®-bmbn acp∂pw klm-bhpw
FØn®v \¬I-Ww. hnhn[ Kh¨sa‚ vklm-b-߃ GtIm-]n-∏n-°m\pw
^e-{]-Z-ambn \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ta¬t\m´w hln-°m\pw P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-
Iƒ°pw {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°pw Ign-bpw. AXmXp {]tZ-isØ
sh√phnfn A\p-̀ -hn-°p∂ hy‡n-Isf apJy-[m-c-bn-te°v sIm≠p-h-cm≥
CØcw CSs]SeneqsS Ign-bpw.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 109
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS kwc-£-W-sØ-°p-dn®v kaq-
lsØ t_m[-h¬°-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-cpsS ]n¥pW Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\pw
k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ, ¢∫p-Iƒ, hmb-\-im-e-Iƒ, IpSpw-_-{io, Ab¬°q´w
XpS-ßnb kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpsS klmbw D]--tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-mw. CØcw kwhn-
[m-\-߃°v Ip´n-Iƒ°v th≠ acp∂n\pw sshZy-k-lmbØn\pw kuI-cy-
ß-sfm-cp-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
8.5 Iu¨kenwKv; ssKU≥kv
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Isf km[m-cW Pohn-X-Øn-te°v
sIm≠p hcp-∂-Xn\v Iu¨k-enwKv Gsd klm-b-I-c-am-Wv. CØcw ÿm]-
\-ß-fn¬ Iu¨k-enw-Kn\v {]tXyI kuI-cy-߃ Hcp-°Ww. Ip´n-I-fn¬
{]I-S-am-Ip∂ Ign-hp-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v GXv ]cn-io-e\w \¬IWw F∂
[mcW \¬Ip-hm≥ Iu¨kenw-Kn-eqsS km[n-°pw. s]mXp-Po-hn-X-Øn-te°v
Ip´nsb \bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Bfl-hn-izmkw \¬Ip-∂Xn\pw CXv klm-bn-
°pw. Iu¨k-enw-Kn-t\m-sSm∏w ssKU≥kpw \¬In Ip´nsb Xs‚ tijn-
°-\p-k-cn®v sXmgn-en-tet°m a‰v {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-tet°m \bn-°m≥ Ign-
bpw.
Ip´n-sb-t∏mse Xs∂ c£n-Xm-°ƒ°pw Iu¨k-enwKv Bh-iy-am-Wv. Ip´n-
bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw Ign-hp-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw AXn-\-\p-k-cn®v t{]m’m-
l\w \¬Im\pw Iu¨k-enw-Kn-eqsS c£n-Xm-hn\v km[n-°pw. ap≥hn-[n-
tbmsS Ip´n-bpsS {]iv\-߃ ImWp∂ c£n-Xm-°-fn¬ am‰-ß-fp-≠m-°m\pw
hf¿®-bv°-\p-k-cn®v Ip´nsb ]cn-io-en-∏n-°m-\pap≈ Ah-t_m[w Ah-cn-
ep-≠m-°m≥ CXn-eqsS km[n-°pw.
^manen Iu¨kenwKmWv kzoIm-cy-amb as‰mcp coXn. IpSqw-_-Ønse a‰v
AwK-߃°v _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-bpsS {]iv\-ß-fpw,
Bh-iy-ßfpw, AhtcmSp≈ kao-]-\hpw Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v CXv
t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øpw. IpSpw_Øn¬ {]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\bpw klm-b-hpw
kvt\lhpw F{XtØmfw CØcw Ip´n-Iƒ°m-h-iy-am-sW∂ Aht_m[w
IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fn¬ D≠mhWw.
A[ym-]I¿°pw Iu¨k-enwKv Bh-iy-ambn hcpw. hn`n∂ \ne-hm-c--ap≈
Ip´n-Isf ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ {]iv\-߃°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm≥
A[ym-]-I¿°p≈ Iu¨kenwKv klm-b-I-c-am-Ipw.
]cn-N-b-k-º-∂cpw imkv{Xo-b-ambn Iu¨kenwKv coXn-Iƒ ]cn-io-en-®n-
´p≈hcp-amb Hcp Iu¨kenwKv Sow BhWw CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v
t\XrXzw \¬tI≠-Xv.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn110
8.6 Btcm-Ky-]-cn-tim-[\
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ym-ksØ kw_-‘n-
®n-S-tØmfw Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hmØXpw {]Ya ]cn-K-W\ \¬tI-≠-Xp-amb taJ-
e-bmWv Btcm-Ky-]cntim[\. CØcw Ip´n-Iƒ Btcm-Ky-]-c-ambn Ht´sd
{]iv\-߃ t\cn-Sp∂Xmbn ImWmw. hnZymeb-Øn¬ Xs∂ Ahsc ]cn-
tim-[n-°m\pw acp-∂pƒs∏sS \¬Im-\p-ap≈ kuI-cy-ß-sfm-cp-°-Ww. amk-
Øn-sem-cn-°tem c≠m-gvN-bn-sem-cn-°tem hnZ-Kv[-cmb saUn-°¬ kwL-
Øns‚ klmbw e`y-am°n Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e\w Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ømw. XpS¿®-
bmbn Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-߃ t\cn-Sp∂p F∂-Xn-\m¬ ]cn-io-e\w e`n®
\gvkns‚ klmbw ÿnc-ambn e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ Xs∂
kuIcyw thWw. AtXm-sSm∏w ka-bm-k-a-b-ß-fn¬ kuP-\y-ambn acp-
∂p-Iƒ FØn®v sImSp-°-Ww. Cu klm-b-ß-sf√mw IrXy-ambn e`n-
°p∂pt≠m F∂ ]cn-tim-[\ tamWn-‰-dnwKv Sow sNtø≠Xp≠v. {]tXy-
In®pw A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-Sp∂ klm-b-ßfpw acp-∂p-Ifpw e`n-°p∂p F∂Xv
Dd∏p hcp-ØWw.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 111
_p≤n-]-c-ambsh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂
Ip´n-Iƒ°p≈ hnZym-ebw 9A[ymbw
kvIqƒ F∂Xv ]TnXmhns‚ c≠masØ `h\amWv (Second home). Hcp
hoSv \¬Ip∂ kuIcyßfpw, kpc£nXXzhpw, BlvfmZhpw kvIqfn¬
\n∂pw e`nt°≠XmWv. _p≤n-]-c-ambn sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿ ]Tn-°p∂
hnZ-ym-e-b-ß-fnse kuI-c-y-߃ s]mXp-hnZym-e-b-ß-fp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂v sa®-
s∏-́ -Xm-h-Ww F∂-Xn¬ B¿°pw c≠-̀ n-{]m-b-ap-≠m-hn-√. ¢m v apdnbnse
kzX{¥amb Ne\w, Ccn∏nSw, ¢mkvdq-ans‚ hep∏w XpS-ßnb kuI-c-y-
߃ Ip´n-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-P-y-am-b coXn-bn¬ Bbn-cn-°-Ww. Ip´n°v kz-X-
{¥-ambn k©-cn-°p-hm\pw Ifn-°p-hm\pw hn{i-an-°p-hm\pap≈ kuIcy߃
Hcp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
SCERT \S-Ønb ]T-\-ßfnepw, tUm. Fw.sI.Pb-cmPv IΩo-j≥
dnt∏m¿´nepw tIc-f-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ CØcw ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS ̀ uXn-
I-ku-I-cyw kw_‘n®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-́ p-≠v. Hcp sNdnb kmºnƒ ASn-ÿm-
\-am-°n-bmWv ]T-\-߃ \S∂n´p≈Xv F¶nepw AXv tIc-f-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-
°p∂ CØcw ÿm]-\-ß-fpsSsb√mw Hcp ]cn-tOZw Xs∂-bm-Wv. \ne-
hn-ep≈ ̀ uXn-I-ku-I-c-y-߃ ]cn-tim-[\m hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xn¬ \n∂v FØn-
t®-¿∂ \nK-a-\-߃ Nph-sS tN¿°p-∂p.
9.1. kvs]jy¬ kvIqfpIfpsS C∂sØ Ahÿ
`uXnI kuI-c-y-߃
ASn-ÿm\ kuI-c-y-߃ Ct∏m-gsØ Ahÿ
$ anI® kuIcyßfp≈
¢m v apdnIƒ C√
$ {]h¿Ø\k÷amb LC D Projector C√
$ ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃ C√
$ Ifn D]-I-c-W-߃ `mKnIw
$ Building blocks D≠v
$ Ifn-ÿ-e-߃ `mKnIw
$ hn{i-a-ap-dn-Iƒ `mKnIw
$ em_v C√
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn112
$ sse{_dn C√
$ Iº-yq-´¿ dqw `mKnIw
$ Iu¨k-enwKv dqw `mKnIw
$ c£m-I¿Øm-°ƒ°p≈ apdn `mKnIw
$ dntkmgvkv dqw `mKnIw
$ Btcm-K-y-{]-h¿Ø-I¿°p≈ apdn C√
$ dolm-_n-en-t‰-j≥
sk‚¿ `mKnIw
$ ]®-°-dn-tØm´w `mKnIw
$ sXmgn¬ ]cn-io-e\ tI{μ-߃ `mKnIw
$ Ip´n-I-fpsS ]m¿°v `mKnIw
Cu kuI-c-y-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v KpWta∑bp≈ Hcp ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-
\S∏m°m≥ {]bmkamWv. ]mT-y-]-≤Xn apt∂m´v hbv°p∂ e£-y-߃
km[yamIp∂Xn\v A\p-tbm-P-y -amb `uXnI kuI-c-y -߃ Cu
ÿm]\ßfn¬ Hcp-t°-≠Xv A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv.
9.2. Bh-i-y-amb `uXn-I-ku-I-c-y-߃
]cn-io-e-\-߃ sImt≠m- B-h-i-y-amb tamWn-‰-dnwKv sImt≠m am{Xw ]mTy-
]-≤Xn bmYm¿Yy-am-°p-hm≥ Ign-bn-√. A\p-tbm-P-y-hpw AXymh-i-y-hp-amb
`uXn-I-ku-I-c-y-߃ Dd-∏m-°p-tºmƒ am{Xta \ap°v ]mT-y-]-≤Xn Imc-y-
£-a-ambn \S-∏m-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q. khntij-k-z-̀ mhw D≈ Ip´n-I-
ƒ°v CW-ßp∂ F√m kuI-c-y-ßfpw Hcp°pI F∂Xv {]bm-k-I-c-am-sW-
¶nepw ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-e-£-y-߃ bmYm¿Yy-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ \mw CØcw kuI-
c-y-߃ IqSn Hcp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
9.2.1. inip kulr-Z-¢m- p-Iƒ
_p≤n-]-c-ambpw imco-cn-I-hp-amb ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v kz-
X{¥-ambn Nen-°p-hm\pw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ sNøp-∂-Xn\pw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb
¢mkv apdn-Iƒ, Bhiym\pkcWw Nen-∏n-°m-hp∂ Ccn-∏n-S-߃, kzbw
cq]-s∏-Sp∂ hkvXp-X-Iƒ {]Z¿in-∏n-°phm-\pw kq£n®v hbv°m-\p-ap≈
kuI-c-y-߃, kz-X-{¥-ambn hc-bv°m\pw Fgp-Xm\pw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb
t_m¿Up-Iƒ (`nØn-Iƒ Xs∂ t_m¿Umbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ XcØn¬ Ip´n-
I-fpsS Db-c-Øn¬ {Iao-I-cn-®-Xv) Ah-cpsS hkvXp-°ƒ kpc-£n-Xambn
hbv°m-hp∂ sj¬^p-Iƒ XpS-ßnbh tN¿∂-Xm-hWw inip-ku-lr-Z-¢mkv
apdnIƒ. Im‰pw shfn®hpw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ P\-ep-Iƒ, ^m\p-Iƒ XpS-
ßnb kuI-c-y-ßfpw Cu ¢mkv dqan¬ {Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-t°≠-Xm-Wv.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 113
9.2.2. anI® D]-I-c-W-߃
]T\Øn¬ Xm¬]cyw D≠m-°p-hm≥ A\p-tbm-P-y-amb D]-I-c-W-߃ \n¿_-
‘-ambpw D≠m-tI-≠-Xm-Wv. F¬.-kn.-Un. s{]mP-IvS¿, Iº-yq-́ ¿, hmtZym-]-
I-c-W-߃, Ifn D]-I-c-W-߃, tS∏v dn°m¿Up-Iƒ, kn.Un tπb¿, a‰p
]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃ F∂nh D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
9.2.3. em_v, sse{_dn, Iºyq-́ ¿ dqap-Iƒ
kz-X-{¥-ambn sNdnb {]h¿Ø\-߃ sNøm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ D]-I-c-W-
߃sIm≠v k÷-am-°n-bn-́ p≈ em_v dqw, Nn{X-߃, Nn{XIY-Iƒ, I´v
Hu´p-Iƒ XpSßn Ip´n°v Xm¬]cyw P\n-∏n-°p∂ (hmb-\-bnepw Fgp-Øn-
epw) F√m hkvXp-°fpw Hcp-°n-bn-́ p≈ sse{_dn dqw, Bh-i-y-amb tkm v̂‰v
shb¿ C≥Ãmƒ sNbvXn-́ p≈ Iº-yq-́ ¿, Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆ-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v
{Iao-I-cn-®n-́ p≈ Iºyq´¿ dqw F-∂nh ]T\w Ip´n-Iƒ°v B-bm-k-c-ln-X-am-
°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°pw.
9.2.4. Ifn-ÿ-e-߃
Ip´n-Isf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Ifn-Iƒ F√m-b vt∏mgpw Xm¬]-cyw
DW¿Øp-∂-h-bm-Wv. ¢m v dqanse {]h¿Ø-\-߃ sIm≠pam{Xw Ip´n-bpsS
imco-cnI hnImkw km[y-a-√. Bb-Xn-\m¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°v kz-X-{¥-ambn Ifn-
°p-∂-Xn\v A\p-tbm-P-y-amb Ifn-ÿ-e--߃ A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv. Ifn-ÿ-e-ß-
fpsS Np‰pw XW¬ hr£-߃ h®v ]nSn-∏n®v BI¿jIam°p∂Xpw KpW-
IcamWv. hr£-ß-fpsS Nph-́ n¬ Ccn-∏n-S-߃ {Iao-I-cn-°p∂Xpw ^e-{]-Z-
am-bn-cn°pw
9.2.5. dntkmgvkv dqw
Ip´n-I-fpsS ]cn-an-Xn-I-fpsS Xo{hX ]c-am-h[n Ipdbv°p∂-Xn\v A\p-tbm-
P-y-amb D]IcW߃ sIm≠v k÷-am-°n-bn´p≈XmIWw dntkmgvkv dqw.
Ch-bn¬ G‰hpw {][m\s∏-́ -Xv ̂ nkn-tbm-sX-dm-∏n BWv. A\p-tbm-P-y-amb
[mcmfw D]-I-c-W-߃sIm≠v k÷-am-IWan-Xv. CXp-t]mse kv]o®v
sXdm∏n, tπ sXdm∏n, ayq-knIv sXdm∏n, H°pt∏jW¬ sXdm∏n XpS-ßnb
hnhn[ sXdm-∏n-Iƒ \S-Øp∂Xn\v klm-b-I-c-amb D]-I-c-W-߃ sIm≠v
kºp-jvT-amb Hcp dntkmgvkv dqw Cu ]mT-y-]-≤Xn-bpsS hn\n-a-b-Øn\v
A\nhmcyamWv.
9.2.6. Iu¨kenwKv dqw
kz-̀ mh cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v A\p-tbm-P-y-amb H∂mWv Iu¨k-enwKv. {]iv\w
A\p-̀ -h-s∏-Sp∂ Ip´n°pw/hy-‡n°pw {]iv\w -]-cn-l-cn-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-
°p∂ Iu¨ke¿°pw kuI-c-y-{]-Z-ambn Ccn-°p-hm≥ th≠n k÷am-°n-
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn114
bn-́ p≈ apdnbmWv CXv. bmsXm-cp-hn[ XS- -ßfpw C√m-Xn-cn-°m≥ (A[nI
i_vZw, shfn-®w) {]tX-yIw {Iao-I-c-W-߃ D≠m-h-Ww.
9.2.7. hn{i-a-ap-dn-Iƒ
hn{ia kabw Ip´n-Iƒ°v ^e-{]-Z-ambn sNehnSp-∂-Xn\v A\p-tbm-P-y-
amb apdn-bm-Wn-Xv. Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ifn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ sN-dnb D]-I-c-W-߃/
hkvXp-°ƒ (]¥p-Iƒ, PnIvtkm XpSßnb ) Cu apdn-bn¬ k÷o-I-cn-®n-́ p-
≠m-bn-cn-°Ww.
9.2.8. Btcm-K-y-{]-h¿Ø-I¿°p≈ apdn
Btcm-Ky {]h¿Ø-I-cpsS \nc-¥-c-k-μ¿i-\hpw {i≤bpw CØcw Ip´n-I-
fpsS imco-cnI am\-knI {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p∂Xn\v A\nhm-c-y-am-Wv.
c≠m-gvN-bn¬ Hcn-°tem amkØn¬ Hcn-°tem Hcp saUn-°¬ Sow Hmtcm
ÿm]--\hpw kμ¿in®v Ip´n-Isf ]cntim[n®v Bh-i-y-amb acp-∂p-Iƒ
\¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. Hcp \gvkns‚ km∂n[yw F∂pw D≠m-hp-Ibpw thWw.-
sa-Un-°¬ Soan\v Ccn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ip´n-Isf ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠p∂
kuI-c-y-ßtfmSv IqSnb apdn-bmIWw CXv. Bh-i-y-ap≈ acp-∂p-Iƒ kq£n-
°p-hm\p≈ kuI-c-yhpw apdn-bn¬ D≠m-h-Ww.
9.2.9. hrØn-bp≈ ]mN-I-ÿew
Ip´n-Iƒ°v t]mj-ILS-I-߃ ASßnb `£Ww \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v A\p-
tbm-P-y-amb apdn-bm-Wn-Xv. `£Ww ]mNIw sNøp-∂-Xn-\m-h-i-y-amb ]m{X-
߃ a‰v kuI-c-y-߃ F∂nh D≠m-th-≠-Xm-Wv.
9.2.10. `£Ww Ign-°p-hm-\p≈ ÿew
Xbm-dm-°p∂ ̀ £Ww F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw Hcpan®ncp∂p Ign-°p-hm≥ ]‰p∂
Hcp ÿew Bh-i-y-am-Wv. Ip´n-I-fpsS Db-c-Øn\v A\p-tbm-P-y-amb Ccn-∏n-S-
߃, IpSn-sh-≈ -kw-hn[m\w, ssII-gp-Ip-hm-\p≈ Sm∏p-Iƒ F∂nh {Iao-
I-cn°Ww. `£Ww Ign-°p-hm-\p≈ ]m{X-߃ kq£n®v hbv°p-hm-\p≈
kuI-c-y-߃ D≠mh-Ww.
9.2.11. ]®-°-dn-tØm´w
`£Ww Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v th≠n ]®-°dn km[-\-߃ kzbw D≠m-°p-
hm≥ k-lm-bn-°p∂ Hcp ]®-°-dn-tØm´w D≠m-Ip-∂Xv \√-Xm-Wv. IoS-\m-
in-\n-c-ln-X-amb ]®-°-dn- e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\-∏pdw Ip´n-I-fn¬ Irjn-tbmSv Xm¬]-
cyw hf¿ØpI, ]cn-kcw BI¿j-I-am°pI F∂o KpW-߃ hf-cp-hm≥
CXv klm-b-I-am-Ipw.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 115
9.2.12. sXmgn¬ ]cnioe\ tI{μ߃
_p≤n-]-c-ambn sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿ ASn-ÿm-\-ss-\-]p-Wn-Iƒ t\Sn-
°-gn-™m¬ GsX-¶nepw Hcp sXmgn-en-te°v Ahsc \bn-t°≠Xp-≠v.
CXn\v klm-bn-°p-∂-XmWv sXmgn¬ ]cn-io-e-\-tI-{μ-߃. Ip´n-Iƒ°v
Xm¬]cy-ap≈ GsX-¶nepw Hcp sXmgn¬ ]cn-io-en®v Ah-cpsS PohnXw
kzbw apt∂m´v \bn-°p-hm≥ {]m]vX-cm-°pI F∂-XmWv CØcw Ip´n-I-
fpsS hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-Øns‚ BX-y-¥nI e£-yw. AXv t\Sp-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-
°p∂ Hcp sXmgn¬ ]cn-io-e-\-tI{μw F√m ÿm]-\ßfnepw A\n-hm-c-y-
am-Wv.
9.2.13. Ip´n-I-fpsS ]m¿°v
Ip´n-Iƒ°v hn{i-akabw ̂ e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m\pw {]Ir-Xn-kvt\lw
hf-¿-Øm\pw Ip´n-I-fp-sS -]m¿°v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
9.2.14. hnhn-t[m-t±-i-y-߃°p≈ apdn
Ip´n-Iƒ°v tbmK, saUn-t‰-j≥, hym-bmaw XpS-ßnbh sNøm≥ A\p-tbm-
P-y-amb apdn-bm-Wn-Xv. CXn\v klm-b-I-c-amb {Iao-I-c-W-߃ ChnsS D≠m-
h-Ww.
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°mbn Hcp ]mT-y-]-≤Xnbpw
]mT-y-{I-ahpw \S-∏m-°m≥ {ian-°p-tºmƒ apI-fn¬ ]d™ `uXn-I-ku-I-
cy-߃ IqSn IW-°nseSpØn-s√¶n¬ \mw \S-Øp∂ F√m {ia-ßtfbpw
hnP-b-Øn-te°v \bn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. Bb-Xn-\m¬ CXn\pw {]tXyI {i≤
\¬In Cu ]≤Xn \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v ap≥]v CXv F√m ÿm]-\-Ønepw
D≠v F∂v Dd-∏m-t°-≠-Xv A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv. CXn-\p≈ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ
hnZym`ymk hIp∏ns‚ `mKØv \n∂v D≠m-tI-≠-Xm-Wv.
_p≤n-]-c-amb]cn-anXn A\p-̀ -hn-°p∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-ebw BI¿j-I-
ambn ]cn-]m-en-°p-∂-Xm-I-Ww. BÀm-Z-I-c-ambn IS-∂p-h-cm-\p≈ at\m-̀ mhw
Ip´n°v D≠m-I-Ww. Ifn-ÿ-e-ß-fpw, Ifn D]-I-c-W-ß-fpw, sXmgn¬ ÿe-
ß-fpw, sXmgn¬ D]-I-c-W-ß-fpw, kvt\lw hnf-ºp∂ A[ym-]-I-cpw, a‰v
Poh-\-°m-cpw XpSßn F√mw sIm≠pw Ip´nsb kvIqfn-te°v \nXyhpw hcp-
hm≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp ÿm]-\-ambn hnZym-ebw h¿Øn-°-Ww. Cu Ip´n-
Iƒ B{K-ln-°p∂ kvt\lhpw ]cn-em-f-\bpw \¬Im≥ hnZym-e-b-Øn-\-
√msX as‰m-∂n\pw Ign-bp-I-bn-√.