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Issue 4 Telcordia Notes on the NetworksOctober 2000 Contents
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Contents Contents
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreword–11. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–12. Local Access and Transport Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–1
2.1 LATA Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–12.2 Design Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–22.3 LEC Relationship with Other Exchange Companies . . . . . . . . . 2–32.4 LEC, Offshore, International, and Independent LATA Assignments . 2–4
3. Numbering Plan and Dialing Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–13.1 NANP Number Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–23.2 Numbering Plan Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–23.3 Easily Recognizable Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–33.4 N11 Service Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–53.5 Central Office Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–63.6 Line Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–63.7 Dialing Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–83.8 Dialing Prefixes for Carrier Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–133.9 Operator Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–133.10 International Direct Distance Dialing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–133.11 0XX and 1XX Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–143.12 Special Characters (#) and (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–153.13 Vertical Service Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–163.14 Automatic Number Identification II Digit Assignments . . . . . . . 3–163.15 Local Number Portability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–173.16 Number Pooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–173.17 Assignment of 555 Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–18
4. Network Design and Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–14.2 Operator Services Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–104.3 Network Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–174.4 Blocking Probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–234.5 LATA Network Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–244.6 Reliability of Equipment and Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–40
5. Billing, Customer Data, and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–15.1 Billing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–15.2 Customer Network Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–125.3 Network Service Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–145.4 Customer Network Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–15
6. Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–16.2 Analog Access Line Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–26.3 Switching System Interfaces to Access Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–236.4 Interoffice In-Band Analog Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–306.5 On- and Off-Hook Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–346.6 Controlled Outpulsing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–47
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6.7 Loop Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–606.8 E&M Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–656.9 Duplex Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–846.10 Dial Pulsing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–866.11 Single-Frequency Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–976.12 Multifrequency (MF) Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–1086.13 Dual-Tone Multifrequency Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–1166.14 Switch-to-Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) Signaling . . . . . 6–1336.15 LATA Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–1396.16 Special Tandem Signaling (CAMA, OSPS, and TOPS Offices) . . . 6–1626.17 Signaling From End Offices to Operator Services Systems . . . . . 6–1686.18 Signaling to Automatic Intercept System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–2046.19 Carrier Group Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–2066.20 Call Progress Tones (Audible Tone Signals) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–2106.21 Other Miscellaneous Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–2206.22 Register Timing and Effect on Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–2436.23 Common Channel Signaling (CCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–2446.24 Network Signaling to Support Voice Services over an ATM/IP
Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–2826.25 Transport of SS7 Messaging over IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–2926.26 CCS Network Interconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–3006.27 Operator Services Using SS7 Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–310
7. Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–17.2 Network Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–17.3 Objectives and Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–37.4 Voice Transmission Impairments and their Control . . . . . . . . . . 7–57.5 Voiceband Data Transmission Impairments and Their Control . . 7–177.6 Digital Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–207.7 Digital Data Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–237.8 Transmission Aspects of Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–277.9 Adaptive Differential Pulse-Code Modulation Technology . . . . . 7–307.10 Asynchronous Transfer Mode Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–317.11 End-to-End Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–357.12 Network Transmission Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–437.13 Operator Services Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–577.14 Transmission Limits — IntraLATA Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–617.15 Loop Transmission — Design and Characterization . . . . . . . . 7–677.16 Interoperation with Other Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–74
8. Operations and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–18.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–18.2 Trunk Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–28.3 Common Channel Signaling Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–298.4 Switch Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–488.5 Switching System Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–548.6 Memory Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–568.7 Facility Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–60
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8.8 Transport System Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–608.9 Loop Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–658.10 Planned Long-Term Network Advancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–678.11 Digital Testing Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–70
9. Common Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–19.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–19.2 Cross-Connect Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–29.3 Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–199.4 Network Equipment-Building System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–24
10. Surveillance and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–110.1 Network Traffic Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–210.2 Network Service Center (NSC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–39
11. Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–111.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–111.2 Synchronization Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–111.3 Hierarchical Method of Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–311.4 Internodal Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–411.5 Intranodal Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–911.6 Reliability and Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–1111.7 Interconnection with Other Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–1211.8 Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–1311.9 Synchronization Network Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–1411.10 Synchronization Network Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–15
12. Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–112.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–112.2 Metallic Loop Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–612.3 Loop Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–712.4 Voice-Frequency Channel Terminating Equipment . . . . . . . . . 12–2112.5 Analog Loop Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–2112.6 Universal Digital Loop Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–2212.7 Integrated Digital Loop Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–2612.8 Basic Exchange Radio System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–3012.9 Integrated Services Digital Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–3312.10 Universal Digital Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–4312.11 Distribution Network Physical Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–4512.12 New Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–4612.13 The Unbundled Loop Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–51
13. Terminal Equipment and Premises Wiring Interconnection . . . . . . . . 13–113.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–113.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–213.3 Terminal Equipment Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–713.4 Grandfather Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–1113.5 Interface Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–1313.6 Incidence of Harm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–1513.7 Compatibility Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–1813.8 Testing and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–18
14. Network Architectures and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–1
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14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–114.2 Common Channel Signaling (CCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–214.3 CLASS Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–1314.4 Service Enabling Technologies — Simplifying the User Interface . 14–2114.5 Line Information Database Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–3114.6 Toll-Free Database Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–4914.7 Advanced Intelligent Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–6614.8 Intelligent Network and Advanced Intelligent Network Systems . 14–8214.9 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–9614.10 Public Switched Digital Service (PSDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–12814.11 Public Packet Switched Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–13814.12 An Introduction to Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) . . . . . 14–15314.13 Frame Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–18014.14 Switched Multi-Megabit Data Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–18614.15 Synchronous Optical Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–19214.16 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) Network . . . 14–23314.17 Enhanced 9-1-1 (E9-1-1) Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–24914.18 Number Portability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–256
15. Exchange Access and Network Interconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–115.1 Interconnecting Entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–115.2 Points of Presence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–315.3 Expanded Interconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–315.4 Switched-Access Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–415.5 Special-Access Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–1415.6 LEC-to-LEC Interconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–1715.7 Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–1915.8 Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–19
16. Wireless Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16–116.1 Wireless Network Architecture and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . 16–116.2 Wireless Services Interconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16–26
17. Open Network Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–117.1 Common ONA Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–117.2 Basic Serving Arrangement Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–317.3 Regulatory Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–22
18. IP Networking and Next Generation Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18–118.1 Introduction to Next Generation Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18–118.2 Survey of IP Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18–818.3 Next Generation Network Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18–41
19. Industry Forums and Standards Committees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19–119.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19–119.2 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . 19–119.3 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19–219.4 Intelligent Network Forum (IN Forum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19–219.5 Digital Audio-Visual Council (DAVIC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19–319.6 International Telecommunications Union -
Telecommunications (ITU-T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19–3
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19.7 International Telecommunications Advisory Committee -Telecommunications (ITAC-T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19–6
19.8 Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) . . . . . . . . . . 19–719.9 Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions . . . . . . . . 19–9
20. Interexchange Access/Local Exchange Services Ordering . . . . . . . . . 20–120.1 Access Service Ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20–120.2 Local Exchange Access Ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20–220.3 Access Service Ordering Guidelines (ASOG) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20–220.4 Local Service Ordering Guidelines (LSOG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20–7
21. Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act - CALEA . . . . . 21–121.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21–121.2 Background - Pre-CALEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21–221.3 Background - CALEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21–321.4 Core Lawful Access Network Services and Capabilities . . . . . . 21–621.5 Intercept Access Point (IAP) Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21–621.6 Surveillance Administration System (SAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21–1021.7 Implementation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21–18
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References–1
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glossary–1