31,4HE#OMPLETE2EFERENCE

4HIRD%DITION

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31,4HE#OMPLETE2EFERENCE

4HIRD%DITION0AUL7EINBERG*AMES'ROFF

!NDREW/PPEL

.EW9ORK#HICAGO3AN&RANCISCO,ISBON,ONDON-ADRID-EXICO#ITY

-ILAN.EW$ELHI3AN*UAN3EOUL3INGAPORE3YDNEY4ORONTO

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!BOUTTHE!UTHORS*AMES2'ROFFIS#%/OF0"WORKSWHOSEHOSTEDCOLLABORATIONSOFTWAREHELPSTEAMSOFPEOPLEWORKTOGETHERMOREEFFECTIVELYANDEFFICIENTLY%ARLIER'ROFFWAS#%/OF4IMES4ENTHELEADINGPROVIDEROFINMEMORY31,DATABASES(ELED4IMES4ENFROMITSEARLYDAYSTHROUGHEIGHTYEARSOFGROWTHANDASUCCESSFULACQUISITIONBY/RACLEINWHEREHESERVEDASASENIORVICEPRESIDENTAND/RACLE4IMES4ENBECAME/RACLESFLAGSHIPREALTIMEDATABASEPRODUCT'ROFFWASTHECOFOUNDERWITH0AUL7EINBERGOF.ETWORK)NNOVATIONS#ORPORATIONADEVELOPEROF31,BASEDNETWORKINGSOFTWAREANDCOAUTHORWITHHIMOF5NDERSTANDING5.)8!#ONCEPTUAL'UIDEASWELLASTHISBOOK'ROFFHASALSOHELDSENIORDIVISIONMANAGEMENTANDMARKETINGPOSITIONSAT!PPLE#OMPUTERAND(EWLETT0ACKARD(EHOLDSA"3IN-ATHEMATICSFROMTHE-ASSACHUSETTS)NSTITUTEOF4ECHNOLOGYANDAN-"!FROM(ARVARD5NIVERSITY0AUL.7EINBERGISASENIORVICEPRESIDENTAT3!0WHEREHERUNSCORE-$--ASTER$ATA

-ANAGEMENTDEVELOPMENT0RIORTOWORKINGAT3!07EINBERGWASPRESIDENTOF!I)NCWHICHWASACQUIREDBY3!0INFORITSENTERPRISEWIDEPLATFORMFORPRODUCTCONTENTMANAGEMENTANDCATALOGPUBLISHING7EINBERGWASTHECOFOUNDERWITH*AMES'ROFFOF.ETWORK)NNOVATIONS#ORPORATIONAPIONEERINCLIENTSERVERDATABASEACCESSTHATWASACQUIREDBY!PPLE#OMPUTERINANDCOAUTHORWITHHIMOF5NDERSTANDING5.)8!#ONCEPTUAL'UIDEASWELLASTHISBOOK(EHASALSOHELDSOFTWAREDEVELOPMENTANDMARKETINGPOSITIONSAT"ELL,ABORATORIES(EWLETT0ACKARDAND0LEXUS#OMPUTERS)NHECOLLABORATEDON4HE3IMPLE3OLUTIONTO2UBIKS#UBETHENUMBERONEBESTSELLINGBOOKOFTHATYEARWITHOVERMILLIONCOPIESSOLD(EHOLDSA"3FROMTHE5NIVERSITYOF-ICHIGANANDAN-3FROM3TANFORD5NIVERSITYBOTHIN#OMPUTER3CIENCE!NDREW*!NDY/PPELISLEADDATAMODELERAT"LUE3HIELDOF#ALIFORNIA)NADDITIONHEHAS

SERVEDASAPARTTIMEINSTRUCTORINDATABASETECHNOLOGYWITHTHE5NIVERSITYOF#ALIFORNIAAT"ERKELEY%XTENSIONFORMORETHANYEARS!NDYHASDESIGNEDANDIMPLEMENTEDHUNDREDSOFDATABASESFORAWIDERANGEOFAPPLICATIONSINCLUDINGHEATHCAREBANKINGINSURANCEAPPARELMANUFACTURINGTELECOMMUNICATIONSWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONSANDHUMANRESOURCES(EISTHEAUTHOROF$ATABASES$EMYSTIFIED31,$EMYSTIFIEDAND$ATABASES!"EGINNERS'UIDEANDISCOAUTHOROF31,!"EGINNERS'UIDE(EHOLDSA"!IN#OMPUTER3CIENCEFROM4RANSYLVANIA5NIVERSITY,EXINGTON+9

!BOUTTHE4ECHNICAL%DITOR!ARON$AVENPORTHASBEENWORKINGWITH31,BASED2$"-3TECHNOLOGIESFOROVERTENYEARS(EISCURRENTLYAPRINCIPALAT,#34ECHNOLOGIES)NCA3ACRAMENTOAND3AN&RANCISCO"AY!READATABASECONSULTINGFIRMSPECIALIZINGINPERFORMANCETUNINGAPPLICATIONDEVELOPMENTANDDATABASEARCHITECTURE0RIORTOJOINING,#3!ARONHADTENURESAT9AHOO'AP)NCAND"LUE3HIELDOF#ALIFORNIA

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VII

#ONTENTSATA'LANCE

0ART) !N/VERVIEWOF31, )NTRODUCTION

!1UICK4OUROF31,

31,IN0ERSPECTIVE

2ELATIONAL$ATABASES

0ART)) 2ETRIEVING$ATA 31,"ASICS

3IMPLE1UERIES

-ULTITABLE1UERIES*OINS

3UMMARY1UERIES

3UBQUERIESAND1UERY%XPRESSIONS

0ART))) 5PDATING$ATA $ATABASE5PDATES

$ATA)NTEGRITY

4RANSACTION0ROCESSING

0ART)6 $ATABASE3TRUCTURE #REATINGA$ATABASE

6IEWS

31,3ECURITY

4HE3YSTEM#ATALOG

VII

VIII 3 1 , 4 H E # O M P L E T E 2 E F E R E N C E

0ART6 0ROGRAMMINGWITH31, %MBEDDED31,

$YNAMIC31,

31,!0)S

0ART6) 31,4ODAYAND4OMORROW $ATABASE0ROCESSINGAND3TORED0ROCEDURAL31,

31,AND$ATA7AREHOUSING

31,AND!PPLICATION3ERVERS

31,.ETWORKINGAND$ISTRIBUTED$ATABASES

31,AND/BJECTS

31,AND8-,

3PECIALTY$ATABASES

4HE&UTUREOF31,

0ART6)) !PPENDIXES ! 4HE3AMPLE$ATABASE

" $"-36ENDOR0ROlLES

# 31,3YNTAX2EFERENCE

)NDEX

# O N T E N T S IX

IX

#ONTENTS!CKNOWLEDGMENTS XXIII)NTRODUCTION XXV

0ART) !N/VERVIEWOF31, )NTRODUCTION

4HE31,,ANGUAGE 4HE2OLEOF31, 31,3UCCESS&ACTORS

6ENDOR)NDEPENDENCE 0ORTABILITY!CROSS#OMPUTER3YSTEMS /FlCIAL31,3TANDARDS %ARLY)"-#OMMITMENT -ICROSOFT3UPPORT 2ELATIONAL&OUNDATION (IGH,EVEL%NGLISH,IKE3TRUCTURE )NTERACTIVE!D(OC1UERIES 0ROGRAMMATIC$ATABASE!CCESS -ULTIPLE6IEWSOF$ATA #OMPLETE$ATABASE,ANGUAGE $YNAMIC$ATA$ElNITION #LIENT3ERVER!RCHITECTURE %NTERPRISE!PPLICATION3UPPORT %XTENSIBILITYAND/BJECT4ECHNOLOGY )NTERNET$ATABASE!CCESS *AVA)NTEGRATION*$"# /PEN3OURCE3UPPORT )NDUSTRY)NFRASTRUCTURE

!1UICK4OUROF31, !3IMPLE$ATABASE 2ETRIEVING$ATA 3UMMARIZING$ATA !DDING$ATATOTHE$ATABASE $ELETING$ATA 5PDATINGTHE$ATABASE 0ROTECTING$ATA #REATINGA$ATABASE 3UMMARY

IX

X 3 1 , 4 H E # O M P L E T E 2 E F E R E N C E

31,IN0ERSPECTIVE 31,ANDTHE%VOLUTIONOF$ATABASE-ANAGEMENT !"RIEF(ISTORYOF31,

4HE%ARLY9EARS %ARLY2ELATIONAL0RODUCTS )"-0RODUCTS #OMMERCIAL!CCEPTANCE

31,3TANDARDS 4HE!.3))3/3TANDARDS /THER%ARLY31,3TANDARDS /$"#ANDTHE31,!CCESS'ROUP *$"#AND!PPLICATION3ERVERS 31,AND0ORTABILITY

31,AND.ETWORKING #ENTRALIZED!RCHITECTURE &ILE3ERVER!RCHITECTURE #LIENT3ERVER!RCHITECTURE -ULTITIER!RCHITECTURE

4HE0ROLIFERATIONOF31, 31,ON-AINFRAMES 31,ON-INICOMPUTERS 31,ON5.)8"ASED3YSTEMS 31,ON0ERSONAL#OMPUTERS 31,AND4RANSACTION0ROCESSING 31,AND7ORKGROUP$ATABASES 31,$ATA7AREHOUSINGAND"USINESS)NTELLIGENCE 31,AND)NTERNET!PPLICATIONS

3UMMARY

2ELATIONAL$ATABASES %ARLY$ATA-ODELS

&ILE-ANAGEMENT3YSTEMS (IERARCHICAL$ATABASES .ETWORK$ATABASES

4HE2ELATIONAL$ATA-ODEL 4HE3AMPLE$ATABASE 4ABLES 0RIMARY+EYS 2ELATIONSHIPS &OREIGN+EYS

#ODDS2ULESFOR2ELATIONAL$ATABASES 3UMMARY

# O N T E N T S XI

0ART)) 2ETRIEVING$ATA 31,"ASICS

3TATEMENTS .AMES

4ABLE.AMES #OLUMN.AMES

$ATA4YPES #ONSTANTS

.UMERIC#ONSTANTS 3TRING#ONSTANTS $ATEAND4IME#ONSTANTS 3YMBOLIC#ONSTANTS

%XPRESSIONS "UILT)N&UNCTIONS -ISSING$ATA.5,,6ALUES 3UMMARY

3IMPLE1UERIES 4HE3%,%#43TATEMENT

4HE3%,%#4#LAUSE 4HE&2/-#LAUSE

1UERY2ESULTS 3IMPLE1UERIES

#ALCULATED#OLUMNS 3ELECTING!LL#OLUMNS3%,%#4 $UPLICATE2OWS$)34).#4 2OW3ELECTION7(%2%#LAUSE 3EARCH#ONDITIONS 4HE#OMPARISON4EST

4HE2ANGE4EST"%47%%. 4HE3ET-EMBERSHIP4EST). 4HE0ATTERN-ATCHING4EST,)+% 4HE.ULL6ALUE4EST)3.5,, #OMPOUND3EARCH#ONDITIONS!.$/2AND./4

3ORTING1UERY2ESULTS/2$%2"9#LAUSE 2ULESFOR3INGLE4ABLE1UERY0ROCESSING

#OMBINING1UERY2ESULTS5.)/. 5NIONSAND$UPLICATE2OWS 5NIONSAND3ORTING -ULTIPLE5.)/.S

3UMMARY

XII 3 1 , 4 H E # O M P L E T E 2 E F E R E N C E

-ULTITABLE1UERIES*OINS !4WO4ABLE1UERY%XAMPLE 3IMPLE*OINS%QUI*OINS

0ARENT#HILD1UERIES !N!LTERNATIVE7AYTO3PECIFY*OINS *OINSWITH2OW3ELECTION#RITERIA -ULTIPLE-ATCHING#OLUMNS .ATURAL*OINS 1UERIESWITH4HREEOR-ORE4ABLES /THER%QUI*OINS

.ON%QUI*OINS 31,#ONSIDERATIONSFOR-ULTITABLE1UERIES

1UALIlED#OLUMN.AMES !LL#OLUMN3ELECTIONS 3ELF*OINS 4ABLE!LIASES

-ULTITABLE1UERY0ERFORMANCE 4HE3TRUCTUREOFA*OIN

4ABLE-ULTIPLICATION 2ULESFOR-ULTITABLE1UERY0ROCESSING

/UTER*OINS ,EFTAND2IGHT/UTER*OINS /LDER/UTER*OIN.OTATION

*OINSANDTHE31,3TANDARD )NNER*OINSIN3TANDARD31, /UTER*OINSIN3TANDARD31, #ROSS*OINSIN3TANDARD31, -ULTITABLE*OINSIN3TANDARD31,

3UMMARY

3UMMARY1UERIES #OLUMN&UNCTIONS

#OMPUTINGA#OLUMN4OTAL35- #OMPUTINGA#OLUMN!VERAGE!6' &INDING%XTREME6ALUES-).AND-!8 #OUNTING$ATA6ALUES#/5.4 #OLUMN&UNCTIONSINTHE3ELECT,IST .5,,6ALUESAND#OLUMN&UNCTIONS $UPLICATE2OW%LIMINATION$)34).#4

'ROUPED1UERIES'2/50"9#LAUSE -ULTIPLE'ROUPING#OLUMNS 2ESTRICTIONSON'ROUPED1UERIES .5,,6ALUESIN'ROUPING#OLUMNS

# O N T E N T S XIII

'ROUP3EARCH#ONDITIONS(!6).'#LAUSE 2ESTRICTIONSON'ROUP3EARCH#ONDITIONS .5,,6ALUESAND'ROUP3EARCH#ONDITIONS (!6).'7ITHOUT'2/50"9

3UMMARY

3UBQUERIESAND1UERY%XPRESSIONS 5SING3UBQUERIES

7HAT)SA3UBQUERY 3UBQUERIESINTHE7(%2%#LAUSE /UTER2EFERENCES

3UBQUERY3EARCH#ONDITIONS 4HE3UBQUERY#OMPARISON4EST 4HE3ET-EMBERSHIP4EST). 4HE%XISTENCE4EST%8)343 1UANTIlED4ESTS!.9AND!,,

3UBQUERIESAND*OINS .ESTED3UBQUERIES #ORRELATED3UBQUERIES 3UBQUERIESINTHE(!6).'#LAUSE 3UBQUERY3UMMARY !DVANCED1UERIES

3CALAR6ALUED%XPRESSIONS 2OW6ALUED%XPRESSIONS 4ABLE6ALUED%XPRESSIONS 1UERY%XPRESSIONS

31,1UERIES!&INAL3UMMARY

0ART))) 5PDATING$ATA $ATABASE5PDATES

!DDING$ATATOTHE$ATABASE 4HE3INGLE2OW).3%243TATEMENT 4HE-ULTIROW).3%243TATEMENT "ULK,OAD5TILITIES

$ELETING$ATAFROMTHE$ATABASE 4HE$%,%4%3TATEMENT $ELETING!LL2OWS $%,%4%WITH3UBQUERY

-ODIFYING$ATAINTHE$ATABASE 4HE50$!4%3TATEMENT 5PDATING!LL2OWS 50$!4%WITH3UBQUERY

3UMMARY

XIV 3 1 , 4 H E # O M P L E T E 2 E F E R E N C E

$ATA)NTEGRITY 7HAT)S$ATA)NTEGRITY 2EQUIRED$ATA 3IMPLE6ALIDITY#HECKING

#OLUMN#HECK#ONSTRAINTS $OMAINS

%NTITY)NTEGRITY /THER5NIQUENESS#ONSTRAINTS 5NIQUENESSAND.5,,6ALUES

2EFERENTIAL)NTEGRITY 2EFERENTIAL)NTEGRITY0ROBLEMS $ELETEAND5PDATE2ULES #ASCADED$ELETESAND5PDATES 2EFERENTIAL#YCLES &OREIGN+EYSAND.5,,6ALUES

!DVANCED#ONSTRAINT#APABILITIES !SSERTIONS 31,#ONSTRAINT4YPES $EFERRED#ONSTRAINT#HECKING

"USINESS2ULES 7HAT)SA4RIGGER 4RIGGERSAND2EFERENTIAL)NTEGRITY 4RIGGER!DVANTAGESAND$ISADVANTAGES 4RIGGERSANDTHE31,3TANDARD

3UMMARY

4RANSACTION0ROCESSING 7HAT)SA4RANSACTION 4HE!.3))3/31,4RANSACTION-ODEL

4HE34!2442!.3!#4)/.AND3%442!.3!#4)/.3TATEMENTS 4HE3!6%0/).4AND2%,%!3%3!6%0/).43TATEMENTS 4HE#/--)4AND2/,,"!#+3TATEMENTS

4RANSACTIONS"EHINDTHE3CENES 4RANSACTIONSAND-ULTIUSER0ROCESSING

4HE,OST5PDATE0ROBLEM 4HE5NCOMMITTED$ATA0ROBLEM 4HE)NCONSISTENT$ATA0ROBLEM 4HE0HANTOM)NSERT0ROBLEM #ONCURRENT4RANSACTIONS

,OCKING ,OCKING,EVELS 3HAREDAND%XCLUSIVE,OCKS $EADLOCKS !DVANCED,OCKING4ECHNIQUES

# O N T E N T S XV

6ERSIONING 6ERSIONINGIN/PERATION 6ERSIONING!DVANTAGESAND$ISADVANTAGES

3UMMARY

0ART)6 $ATABASE3TRUCTURE #REATINGA$ATABASE

4HE$ATA$ElNITION,ANGUAGE #REATINGA$ATABASE 4ABLE$ElNITIONS

#REATINGA4ABLE#2%!4%4!",% 2EMOVINGA4ABLE$2/04!",% #HANGINGA4ABLE$ElNITION!,4%24!",%

#ONSTRAINT$ElNITIONS !SSERTIONS $OMAINS

!LIASESAND3YNONYMS#2%!4%$2/0!,)!3 )NDEXES#2%!4%$2/0).$%8 -ANAGING/THER$ATABASE/BJECTS $ATABASE3TRUCTURE

3INGLE$ATABASE!RCHITECTURE -ULTIDATABASE!RCHITECTURE -ULTILOCATION!RCHITECTURE $ATABASESON-ULTIPLE3ERVERS

$ATABASE3TRUCTUREANDTHE!.3))3/3TANDARD #ATALOGS 3CHEMAS

3UMMARY

6IEW 7HAT)SA6IEW (OWTHE$"-3(ANDLES6IEWS !DVANTAGESOF6IEWS $ISADVANTAGESOF6IEWS

#REATINGA6IEW#2%!4%6)%7 (ORIZONTAL6IEWS 6ERTICAL6IEWS 2OW#OLUMN3UBSET6IEWS 'ROUPED6IEWS *OINED6IEWS

5PDATINGA6IEW 6IEW5PDATESANDTHE!.3))3/3TANDARD 6IEW5PDATESIN#OMMERCIAL31,0RODUCTS #HECKING6IEW5PDATES#(%#+/04)/.

XVI 3 1 , 4 H E # O M P L E T E 2 E F E R E N C E

$ROPPINGA6IEW$2/06)%7 -ATERIALIZED6IEWS 3UMMARY

31,3ECURITY 31,3ECURITY#ONCEPTS

5SER)DS 3ECURITY/BJECTS 0RIVILEGES

6IEWSAND31,3ECURITY 'RANTING0RIVILEGES'2!.4

#OLUMN0RIVILEGES 0ASSING0RIVILEGES'2!.4/04)/.

2EVOKING0RIVILEGES2%6/+% 2%6/+%ANDTHE'2!.4/04)/. 2%6/+%ANDTHE!.3))3/3TANDARD

2OLE"ASED3ECURITY 3UMMARY

4HE3YSTEM#ATALOG 7HAT)STHE3YSTEM#ATALOG

4HE#ATALOGAND1UERY4OOLS 4HE#ATALOGANDTHE!.3))3/3TANDARD #ATALOG#ONTENTS

4ABLE)NFORMATION #OLUMN)NFORMATION 6IEW)NFORMATION 2EMARKS 2ELATIONSHIP)NFORMATION 5SER)NFORMATION 0RIVILEGES)NFORMATION 4HE31,)NFORMATION3CHEMA /THER#ATALOG)NFORMATION 3UMMARY

0ART6 0ROGRAMMINGWITH31, %MBEDDED31,

0ROGRAMMATIC31,4ECHNIQUES $"-33TATEMENT0ROCESSING %MBEDDED31,#ONCEPTS $EVELOPINGAN%MBEDDED31,0ROGRAM 2UNNINGAN%MBEDDED31,0ROGRAM

# O N T E N T S XVII

3IMPLE%MBEDDED31,3TATEMENTS $ECLARING4ABLES %RROR(ANDLING 5SING(OST6ARIABLES

$ATA2ETRIEVALIN%MBEDDED31, 3INGLE2OW1UERIES -ULTIROW1UERIES

#URSOR"ASED$ELETESAND5PDATES #URSORSAND4RANSACTION0ROCESSING 3UMMARY

$YNAMIC31, ,IMITATIONSOF3TATIC31, $YNAMIC31,#ONCEPTS $YNAMIC3TATEMENT%XECUTION%8%#54%)--%$)!4% 4WO3TEP$YNAMIC%XECUTION

4HE02%0!2%3TATEMENT 4HE%8%#54%3TATEMENT

$YNAMIC1UERIES 4HE$%3#2)"%3TATEMENT 4HE$%#,!2%#523/23TATEMENT 4HE$YNAMIC/0%.3TATEMENT 4HE$YNAMIC&%4#(3TATEMENT 4HE$YNAMIC#,/3%3TATEMENT

$YNAMIC31,$IALECTS $YNAMIC31,IN/RACLE

$YNAMIC31,ANDTHE31,3TANDARD "ASIC$YNAMIC31,3TATEMENTS 4HE3TANDARD31,$! 4HE31,3TANDARDAND$YNAMIC31,1UERIES

3UMMARY

31,!0)S !0)#ONCEPTS 4HEDBLIB!0)31,3ERVER

"ASIC31,3ERVER4ECHNIQUES 31,3ERVER1UERIES 0OSITIONED5PDATES $YNAMIC1UERIES

/$"#ANDTHE31,#,)3TANDARD 4HE#ALL,EVEL)NTERFACE3TANDARDIZATION #,)3TRUCTURES #,)3TATEMENT0ROCESSING #,)%RRORSAND$IAGNOSTIC)NFORMATION #,)!TTRIBUTES #,))NFORMATION#ALLS

XVIII 3 1 , 4 H E # O M P L E T E 2 E F E R E N C E

4HE/$"#!0) 4HE3TRUCTUREOF/$"# /$"#AND$"-3)NDEPENDENCE /$"##ATALOG&UNCTIONS %XTENDED/$"##APABILITIES

4HE/RACLE#ALL)NTERFACE/#) /#)(ANDLES /RACLE3ERVER#ONNECTION 3TATEMENT%XECUTION 1UERY2ESULTS0ROCESSING $ESCRIPTOR(ANDLING 4RANSACTION-ANAGEMENT

*AVA$ATABASE#ONNECTIVITY*$"# *$"#(ISTORYAND6ERSIONS *$"#)MPLEMENTATIONSAND$RIVER4YPES 4HE*$"#!0)

3UMMARY

0ART6) 31,4ODAYAND4OMORROW $ATABASE0ROCESSINGAND3TORED0ROCEDURAL31,

0ROCEDURAL31,#ONCEPTS !"ASIC%XAMPLE 5SING3TORED0ROCEDURES

#REATINGA3TORED0ROCEDURE #ALLINGA3TORED0ROCEDURE 3TORED0ROCEDURE6ARIABLES 3TATEMENT"LOCKS &UNCTIONS 2ETURNING6ALUESVIA0ARAMETERS #ONDITIONAL%XECUTION 2EPEATED%XECUTION /THER&LOWOF#ONTROL#ONSTRUCTS #URSOR"ASED2EPETITION (ANDLING%RROR#ONDITIONS

!DVANTAGESOF3TORED0ROCEDURES 3TORED0ROCEDURE0ERFORMANCE 3YSTEM$ElNED3TORED0ROCEDURES %XTERNAL3TORED0ROCEDURES 4RIGGERS

!DVANTAGESAND$ISADVANTAGESOF4RIGGERS 4RIGGERSIN4RANSACT31, 4RIGGERSIN)NFORMIX30, 4RIGGERSIN/RACLE0,31, /THER4RIGGER#ONSIDERATIONS

# O N T E N T S XIX

3TORED0ROCEDURES&UNCTIONS4RIGGERSANDTHE31,3TANDARD 4HE31,03-3TORED0ROCEDURES3TANDARD 4HE31,03-4RIGGERS3TANDARD

3UMMARY

31,AND$ATA7AREHOUSING $ATA7AREHOUSING#ONCEPTS

#OMPONENTSOFA$ATA7AREHOUSE 4HE%VOLUTIONOF$ATA7AREHOUSING

$ATABASE!RCHITECTUREFOR7AREHOUSING &ACT#UBES 3TAR3CHEMAS -ULTILEVEL$IMENSIONS 31,%XTENSIONSFOR$ATA7AREHOUSING

7AREHOUSE0ERFORMANCE ,OAD0ERFORMANCE 1UERY0ERFORMANCE

3UMMARY

31,AND!PPLICATION3ERVERS 31,AND7EB3ITES%ARLY)MPLEMENTATIONS !PPLICATION3ERVERSAND4HREE4IER7EB3ITE!RCHITECTURES $ATABASE!CCESSFROM!PPLICATION3ERVERS

%*"4YPES 3ESSION"EAN$ATABASE!CCESS %NTITY"EAN$ATABASE!CCESS %*"%NHANCEMENTS %*"%NHANCEMENTS /PEN3OURCE!PPLICATION$EVELOPMENT

!PPLICATION3ERVER#ACHING 3UMMARY

31,.ETWORKINGAND$ISTRIBUTED$ATABASES 4HE#HALLENGEOF$ISTRIBUTED$ATA-ANAGEMENT $ISTRIBUTING$ATA0RACTICAL!PPROACHES

2EMOTE$ATABASE!CCESS 2EMOTE$ATA4RANSPARENCY 4ABLE%XTRACTS 4ABLE2EPLICATION 5PDATEABLE2EPLICAS 2EPLICATION4RADE/FFS 4YPICAL2EPLICATION!RCHITECTURES

$ISTRIBUTED$ATABASE!CCESS 2EMOTE2EQUESTS 2EMOTE4RANSACTIONS $ISTRIBUTED4RANSACTIONS $ISTRIBUTED2EQUESTS

XX 3 1 , 4 H E # O M P L E T E 2 E F E R E N C E

4HE4WO0HASE#OMMIT0ROTOCOL .ETWORK!PPLICATIONSAND$ATABASE!RCHITECTURE

#LIENT3ERVER!PPLICATIONSAND$ATABASE!RCHITECTURE #LIENT3ERVER!PPLICATIONSWITH3TORED0ROCEDURES %NTERPRISE!PPLICATIONSAND$ATA#ACHING (IGH6OLUME)NTERNET$ATA-ANAGEMENT

3UMMARY

31,AND/BJECTS /BJECT/RIENTED$ATABASES

/BJECT/RIENTED$ATABASE#HARACTERISTICS 0ROSAND#ONSOF/BJECT/RIENTED$ATABASES /BJECTSANDTHE$ATABASE-ARKET

/BJECT2ELATIONAL$ATABASES ,ARGE/BJECT3UPPORT ,/"SINTHE2ELATIONAL-ODEL 3PECIALIZED,/"0ROCESSING

!BSTRACT3TRUCTURED$ATA4YPES $ElNING!BSTRACT$ATA4YPES -ANIPULATING!BSTRACT$ATA4YPES

)NHERITANCE 4ABLE)NHERITANCE)MPLEMENTING/BJECT#LASSES

3ETS!RRAYSAND#OLLECTIONS $ElNING#OLLECTIONS 1UERYING#OLLECTION$ATA -ANIPULATING#OLLECTION$ATA #OLLECTIONSAND3TORED0ROCEDURES

5SER$ElNED$ATA4YPES -ETHODSAND3TORED0ROCEDURES /BJECT3UPPORTINTHE31,3TANDARD 3UMMARY

31,AND8-, 7HAT)S8-, 8-,"ASICS 8-,FOR$ATA

8-,AND31, %LEMENTSVS!TTRIBUTES

5SING8-,WITH$ATABASES 8-,/UTPUT 8-,)NPUT 8-,$ATA%XCHANGE 8-,3TORAGEAND)NTEGRATION

# O N T E N T S XXI

8-,AND-ETADATA $OCUMENT4YPE$ElNITIONS$4$S 8-,3CHEMA

8-,AND1UERIES 81UERY#ONCEPTS 1UERY0ROCESSINGIN81UERY

8-,$ATABASES 3UMMARY

3PECIALTY$ATABASES 6ERY,OW,ATENCYAND)N-EMORY$ATABASES

!NATOMYOFAN)N-EMORY$ATABASE )N-EMORY$ATABASE)MPLEMENTATIONS

#ACHINGWITH)N-EMORY$ATABASES #OMPLEX%VENT0ROCESSINGAND3TREAM$ATABASES

#ONTINUOUS1UERIESIN3TREAM$ATABASES 3TREAM$ATABASE)MPLEMENTATIONS 3TREAM$ATABASE#OMPONENTS

%MBEDDED$ATABASES %MBEDDED$ATABASE#HARACTERISTICS %MBEDDED$ATABASE)MPLEMENTATIONS

-OBILE$ATABASES -OBILE$ATABASE2OLES -OBILE$ATABASE)MPLEMENTATIONS

3UMMARY

4HE&UTUREOF31, $ATABASE-ARKET4RENDS

%NTERPRISE$ATABASE-ARKET-ATURITY -ARKET$IVERSITYAND3EGMENTATION 0ACKAGED%NTERPRISE!PPLICATIONS 3OFTWAREASA3ERVICE3AA3 (ARDWARE0ERFORMANCE'AINS $ATABASE3ERVER!PPLIANCES 31,3TANDARDIZATION

31,INTHE.EXT$ECADE $ISTRIBUTED$ATABASES -ASSIVE$ATA7AREHOUSINGFOR"USINESS/PTIMIZATION 5LTRAHIGH0ERFORMANCE$ATABASES )NTERNETAND.ETWORK3ERVICES)NTEGRATION %MBEDDED$ATABASES /BJECT)NTEGRATION #LOUD"ASEDAND(ORIZONTALLY3CALABLE$ATABASES

3UMMARY

XXII 3 1 , 4 H E # O M P L E T E 2 E F E R E N C E

0ART6)) !PPENDIXES ! 4HE3AMPLE$ATABASE

" $"-36ENDOR0ROlLES

# 31,3YNTAX2EFERENCE $ATA$ElNITION3TATEMENTS !CCESS#ONTROL3TATEMENTS "ASIC$ATA-ANIPULATION3TATEMENTS 4RANSACTION0ROCESSING3TATEMENTS #URSOR"ASED3TATEMENTS 1UERY%XPRESSIONS 3EARCH#ONDITIONS %XPRESSIONS 3TATEMENT%LEMENTS 3IMPLE%LEMENTS

)NDEX

) N T R O D U C T I O N XXIII

XXIII

!CKNOWLEDGMENTS

3PECIALTHANKSTO!NDY/PPELOURNEWCOAUTHORFORTHISTHIRDEDITIONOF31,4HE#OMPLETE2EFERENCE(ISIMPRESSIVEHIGHLEVELMASTERYOFTHESUBJECTMATTERCOUPLEDWITHHISMETICULOUSATTENTIONTODETAILMADETHISABETTERBOOKANDWEAREFORTUNATETOHAVEHADHISINVOLVEMENT

*IMAND0AUL

)TSANHONORTOJOINSUCHANACCOMPLISHEDTEAMOFAUTHORSFORTHISEDITIONOF31,4HE#OMPLETE2EFERENCE-YTHANKSFORTHEEXCELLENTSUPPORTOFTHEENTIRE-C'RAW(ILLTEAMFORTHEIRTIRELESSSUPPORTINTHISEFFORT)NPARTICULAR)WISHTOTHANKTECHNICALEDITOR!ARON$AVENPORTANDCOPYEDITOR*AN*UEFORTHEIRPERSISTENCEANDATTENTIONTODETAILWHICHCONTRIBUTEDSOMUCHTOTHEOVERALLQUALITYOFTHISBOOK

!NDY

XXIII

This page intentionally left blank

XXV

)NTRODUCTION

31,4HE#OMPLETE2EFERENCE4HIRD%DITIONPROVIDESACOMPREHENSIVEINDEPTHTREATMENTOFTHE31,LANGUAGEFORBOTHTECHNICALANDNONTECHNICALUSERSPROGRAMMERSDATAPROCESSINGPROFESSIONALSANDMANAGERSWHOWANTTOUNDERSTANDTHEIMPACTOF31,INTODAYSCOMPUTERINDUSTRY4HISBOOKOFFERSACONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKFORUNDERSTANDINGANDUSING31,DESCRIBESTHEHISTORYOF31,AND31,STANDARDSANDEXPLAINSTHEROLEOF31,INVARIOUSCOMPUTERINDUSTRYSEGMENTSFROMENTERPRISEDATAPROCESSINGTODATAWAREHOUSINGTOWEBSITEARCHITECTURES4HISNEWEDITIONCONTAINSNEWCHAPTERSSPECIALLYFOCUSEDONTHEROLEOF31,INAPPLICATIONSERVERARCHITECTURESANDTHEINTEGRATIONOF31,WITH8-,ANDOTHEROBJECTBASEDTECHNOLOGIES

4HISBOOKWILLSHOWYOUSTEPBYSTEPHOWTOUSE31,FEATURESWITHMANYILLUSTRATIONSANDREALISTICEXAMPLESTOCLARIFY31,CONCEPTS4HEBOOKALSOCOMPARES31,PRODUCTSFROMLEADING$"-3VENDORSDESCRIBINGTHEIRADVANTAGESBENEFITSANDTRADEOFFSTOHELPYOUSELECTTHERIGHTPRODUCTFORYOURAPPLICATION-OSTOFTHEEXAMPLESINTHISBOOKAREBASEDONTHESAMPLEDATABASEDESCRIBEDIN!PPENDIX!4HESAMPLEDATABASECONTAINSDATATHATSUPPORTSASIMPLEORDERPROCESSINGAPPLICATIONFORASMALLDISTRIBUTIONCOMPANY!PPENDIX!ALSOCONTAINSINSTRUCTIONSFORDOWNLOADINGTHE31,STATEMENTSREQUIREDTOCREATEANDPOPULATETHESAMPLEDATABASETABLESINA$"-3OFYOUCHOICESUCHAS/RACLE31,3ERVER-Y31,AND$"4HISALLOWSYOUTOTRYTHEEXAMPLESINTHEBOOKYOURSELFANDGAINACTUALEXPERIENCEWRITINGANDRUNNING31,STATEMENTS

)NSOMEOFTHECHAPTERSTHESUBJECTMATTERISEXPLOREDATTWODIFFERENTLEVELSAFUNDAMENTALDESCRIPTIONOFTHETOPICANDANADVANCEDDISCUSSIONINTENDEDFORCOMPUTERPROFESSIONALSWHONEEDTOUNDERSTANDSOMEOFTHEINTERNALSBEHIND31,4HEMOREADVANCEDINFORMATIONISCOVEREDINSECTIONSMARKEDWITHANASTERISK9OUDONOTNEEDTOREADTHESESECTIONSTOOBTAINANUNDERSTANDINGOFWHAT31,ISANDWHATITDOES

XXV

XXVI 3 1 , 4 H E # O M P L E T E 2 E F E R E N C E

(OW4HIS"OOK)S/RGANIZED4HEBOOKISDIVIDEDINTOSIXPARTSTHATCOVERVARIOUSASPECTSOFTHE31,LANGUAGE

s 0ART)h!N/VERVIEWOF31,vPROVIDESANINTRODUCTIONTO31,ANDAMARKETPERSPECTIVEOFITSROLEASADATABASELANGUAGE)TSFOURCHAPTERSDESCRIBETHEHISTORYOF31,THEEVOLUTIONOF31,STANDARDSANDHOW31,RELATESTOTHERELATIONALDATAMODELANDTOEARLIERDATABASETECHNOLOGIES0ART)ALSOCONTAINSAQUICKTOUROF31,THATBRIEFLYILLUSTRATESITSMOSTIMPORTANTFEATURESANDPROVIDESYOUWITHANOVERVIEWOFTHEENTIRELANGUAGEEARLYINTHEBOOK

s 0ART))h2ETRIEVING$ATAvDESCRIBESTHEFEATURESOF31,THATALLOWYOUTOPERFORMDATABASEQUERIES4HEFIRSTCHAPTERINTHISPARTDESCRIBESTHEBASICSTRUCTUREOFTHE31,LANGUAGE4HENEXTFOURCHAPTERSSTARTWITHTHESIMPLEST31,QUERIESANDPROGRESSIVELYBUILDTOMORECOMPLEXQUERIESINCLUDINGMULTITABLEQUERIESSUMMARYQUERIESANDQUERIESTHATUSESUBQUERIES

s 0ART)))h5PDATING$ATAvSHOWSHOWYOUCANUSE31,TOADDNEWDATATOADATABASEDELETEDATAFROMADATABASEANDMODIFYEXISTINGDATABASEDATA)TALSODESCRIBESTHEDATABASEINTEGRITYISSUESTHATARISEWHENDATAISUPDATEDANDHOW31,ADDRESSESTHESEISSUES4HELASTOFTHETHREECHAPTERSINTHISPARTDISCUSSESTHE31,TRANSACTIONCONCEPTAND31,SUPPORTFORMULTIUSERTRANSACTIONPROCESSING

s 0ART)6h$ATABASE3TRUCTUREvDEALSWITHCREATINGANDADMINISTERINGA31,BASEDDATABASE)TSFOURCHAPTERSTELLYOUHOWTOCREATETHETABLESVIEWSANDINDEXESTHATFORMTHESTRUCTUREOFARELATIONALDATABASE)TALSODESCRIBESTHE31,SECURITYSCHEMETHATPREVENTSUNAUTHORIZEDACCESSTODATAANDTHE31,SYSTEMCATALOGTHATDESCRIBESTHESTRUCTUREOFADATABASE4HISPARTALSODISCUSSESTHESIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHEDATABASESTRUCTURESSUPPORTEDBYVARIOUS31,BASED$"-3PRODUCTS

s 0ART6h0ROGRAMMINGWITH31,vDESCRIBESHOWAPPLICATIONPROGRAMSUSE31,FORDATABASEACCESS)TDISCUSSESTHEEMBEDDED31,SPECIFIEDBYTHE!.3)STANDARDANDUSEDBY)"-/RACLE)NGRES)NFORMIXANDMANYOTHER31,BASED$"-3PRODUCTS)TALSODESCRIBESTHEDYNAMIC31,INTERFACETHATISUSEDTOBUILDGENERALPURPOSEDATABASETABLESSUCHASREPORTWRITERSANDDATABASEBROWSINGPROGRAMS&INALLYTHISPARTDESCRIBESTHEPOPULAR31,!0)SINCLUDING/$"#THE)3/STANDARD#ALL,EVEL)NTERFACEAND*$"#THESTANDARDCALLLEVELINTERFACEFOR*AVAASWELLASPROPRIETARYCALLLEVELINTERFACESSUCHAS/RACLES/#)!0)

s 0ART6)h31,4ODAYAND4OMORROWvEXAMINESTHEUSEOF31,INSEVERALOFTODAYShHOTTESTvAPPLICATIONAREASANDTHECURRENTSTATEOF31,BASED$"-3PRODUCTS4WOCHAPTERSDESCRIBETHEUSEOF31,STOREDPROCEDURESANDTRIGGERSFORONLINETRANSACTIONPROCESSINGANDTHECONTRASTINGUSEOF31,FORDATAWAREHOUSING&OURADDITIONALCHAPTERSDESCRIBE31,BASEDDISTRIBUTEDDATABASESTHEINFLUENCEOFOBJECTTECHNOLOGIESON31,SPECIALTYDATABASESANDTHEINTEGRATIONOF31,WITH8-,TECHNOLOGIES&INALLYTHELASTCHAPTEREXPLORESTHEFUTUREOF31,ANDSOMEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTTRENDSIN31,BASEDDATAMANAGEMENT

) N T R O D U C T I O N XXVII

#ONVENTIONS5SEDIN4HIS"OOK31,4HE#OMPLETE2EFERENCE4HIRD%DITIONDESCRIBESTHE31,FEATURESANDFUNCTIONSAVAILABLEINTHEMOSTPOPULAR31,BASED$"-3PRODUCTSANDTHOSEDESCRIBEDINTHE!.3))3/31,STANDARDS7HENEVERPOSSIBLETHE31,STATEMENTSYNTAXDESCRIBEDINTHISBOOKANDUSEDINTHEEXAMPLESAPPLIESTOALLDIALECTSOF31,7HENTHEDIALECTSDIFFERTHEDIFFERENCESAREPOINTEDOUTINTHETEXTANDTHEEXAMPLESFOLLOWTHEMOSTCOMMONPRACTICE)NTHESECASESYOUMAYHAVETOMODIFYTHE31,STATEMENTSINTHEEXAMPLESSLIGHTLYTOSUITYOURPARTICULARBRANDOF$"-3

4HROUGHOUTTHEBOOKTECHNICALTERMSAPPEARINITALICSTHEFIRSTTIMETHEYAREUSEDANDDEFINED31,LANGUAGEELEMENTSINCLUDING31,KEYWORDSTABLEANDCOLUMNNAMESANDSAMPLE31,STATEMENTSAPPEARINAN500%2#!3%-/./30!#%FONT31,!0)FUNCTIONNAMESAPPEARINALOWERCASEMONOSPACEFONT0ROGRAMLISTINGSALSOAPPEARINMONOSPACEFONTANDUSETHENORMALCASECONVENTIONSFORTHEPARTICULARPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGEUPPERCASEFOR#/"/,AND&/242!.LOWERCASEFOR#AND*AVA.OTETHATTHESECONVENTIONSAREUSEDSOLELYTOIMPROVEREADABILITYMOST31,IMPLEMENTATIONSWILLACCEPTEITHERUPPERCASEORLOWERCASESTATEMENTS-ANYOFTHE31,EXAMPLESINCLUDEQUERYRESULTSWHICHAPPEARIMMEDIATELYFOLLOWINGTHE31,STATEMENTASTHEYWOULDINANINTERACTIVE31,SESSION)NSOMECASESLONGQUERYRESULTSARETRUNCATEDAFTERAFEWROWSTHISISINDICATEDBYAVERTICALELLIPSISxFOLLOWINGTHELASTROWOFQUERYRESULTS

7HY4HIS"OOK)SFOR9OU31,4HE#OMPLETE2EFERENCE4HIRD%DITIONISTHERIGHTBOOKFORANYONEWHOWANTSTOUNDERSTANDANDLEARN31,INCLUDINGDATABASEUSERSDATAPROCESSINGPROFESSIONALSANDARCHITECTSPROGRAMMERSSTUDENTSANDMANAGERS)TDESCRIBESINSIMPLEUNDERSTANDABLELANGUAGELIBERALLYILLUSTRATEDWITHFIGURESANDEXAMPLESWHAT31,ISWHYITISIMPORTANTANDHOWYOUUSEIT4HISBOOKISNOTSPECIFICTOONEPARTICULARBRANDORDIALECTOF31,2ATHERITDESCRIBESTHESTANDARDCENTRALCOREOFTHE31,LANGUAGEANDTHENGOESONTODESCRIBETHEDIFFERENCESAMONGTHEMOSTPOPULAR31,PRODUCTSINCLUDING/RACLE-ICROSOFT31,3ERVER)"-S$"5NIVERSAL$ATABASEAND)NFORMIX3YBASEAND-Y31,)TALSOEXPLAINSTHEIMPORTANCEOF31,BASEDSTANDARDSSUCHAS/$"#AND*$"#ANDTHE!.3))3/STANDARDSFOR31,AND31,RELATEDTECHNOLOGIES4HISTHIRDEDITIONCONTAINSNEWCHAPTERSANDSECTIONSTHATCOVERTHELATEST31,INNOVATIONSINTHEAREASOFOBJECTRELATIONALTECHNOLOGIES8-,ANDAPPLICATIONSERVERARCHITECTURES

)FYOUARENEWTO31,THISBOOKOFFERSCOMPREHENSIVESTEPBYSTEPTREATMENTOFTHELANGUAGEBUILDINGFROMSIMPLEQUERIESTOMOREADVANCEDCONCEPTS4HESTRUCTUREOFTHEBOOKWILLALLOWYOUTOQUICKLYSTARTUSING31,BUTTHEBOOKWILLCONTINUETOBEVALUABLEASYOUBEGINTOUSETHEMORECOMPLEXFEATURESOFTHELANGUAGE9OUCANCREATETHESAMPLEDATABASEUSINGAN31,SCRIPTAVAILABLEONTHE-C'RAW(ILLWEBSITESEE!PPENDIX!ANDUSEITTOTRYOUTTHEEXAMPLESANDBUILDYOUR31,SKILLS

)FYOUAREADATAPROCESSINGPROFESSIONALARCHITECTORMANAGERTHISBOOKWILLGIVEYOUAPERSPECTIVEONTHEIMPACTTHAT31,ISHAVINGACROSSTHEINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYINDUSTRYFROMPERSONALCOMPUTERSTOMAINFRAMESTODATAWAREHOUSINGTO)NTERNETWEBSITESAND)NTERNETBASEDDISTRIBUTEDAPPLICATIONS4HEEARLYCHAPTERSDESCRIBETHEHISTORYOF31,ITSROLEINTHEMARKETANDITSEVOLUTIONFROMEARLIERDATABASETECHNOLOGIES,ATERCHAPTERSDESCRIBETHEFUTUREOF31,ANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFNEWDATABASETECHNOLOGIESSUCHASDISTRIBUTEDDATABASESOBJECTORIENTEDEXTENSIONSTO31,BUSINESSINTELLIGENCEDATABASESANDDATABASE8-,INTEGRATION

XXVIII 3 1 , 4 H E # O M P L E T E 2 E F E R E N C E

)FYOUAREAPROGRAMMERTHISBOOKOFFERSAVERYCOMPLETETREATMENTOFPROGRAMMINGWITH31,5NLIKETHEREFERENCEMANUALSOFMANY$"-3PRODUCTSITOFFERSACONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKFOR31,PROGRAMMINGEXPLAININGTHEWHYASWELLASTHEHOWOFDEVELOPINGA31,BASEDAPPLICATION)TCONTRASTSTHE31,PROGRAMMINGINTERFACESOFFEREDBYALLOFTHELEADING31,PRODUCTSINCLUDINGEMBEDDED31,DYNAMIC31,/$"#*$"#ANDPROPRIETARY!0)SSUCHASTHE/RACLE#ALL)NTERFACE4HEDESCRIPTIONANDCOMPARISONOFPROGRAMMINGTECHNIQUESPROVIDESAPERSPECTIVENOTFOUNDINANYOTHERBOOK

)FYOUARESELECTINGA$"-3PRODUCTTHISBOOKOFFERSACOMPARISONOFTHE31,FEATURESADVANTAGESANDBENEFITSOFFEREDBYTHEVARIOUS$"-3VENDORS4HEDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHELEADING$"-3PRODUCTSAREEXPLAINEDNOTONLYINTECHNICALTERMSBUTALSOINTERMSOFTHEIRIMPACTONAPPLICATIONSANDTHEIREVOLVINGCOMPETITIVEPOSITIONINTHEMARKETPLACE4HEhSAMPLEDATABASEvCANBEUSEDTOTRYTHESEFEATURESINAPROTOTYPEOFYOUROWNAPPLICATION

)NSHORTBOTHTECHNICALANDNONTECHNICALUSERSCANBENEFITFROMTHISBOOK)TISTHEMOSTCOMPREHENSIVESOURCEOFINFORMATIONAVAILABLEABOUTTHE31,LANGUAGE31,FEATURESANDBENEFITSPOPULAR31,BASEDPRODUCTSTHEHISTORYOF31,ANDTHEIMPACTOF31,ONTHEFUTUREDIRECTIONOFTHEINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYINDUSTRY

*!N/VERVIEWOF31,

4HEFIRSTFOURCHAPTERSOFTHISBOOKPROVIDEAPERSPECTIVEANDAQUICKINTRODUCTIONTO31,#HAPTERDESCRIBESWHAT31,ISANDEXPLAINSITSMAJORFEATURESANDBENEFITS)N#HAPTERAQUICKTOUROF31,SHOWSYOUMANYOFITSCAPABILITIESWITHSIMPLERAPIDFIREEXAMPLES#HAPTEROFFERSAMARKETPERSPECTIVEOF31,BYTRACINGITSHISTORYDESCRIBINGTHE31,STANDARDSANDTHEMAJORVENDORSOF31,BASEDPRODUCTSANDBYIDENTIFYINGTHEREASONSFOR31,SPROMINENCETODAY#HAPTERDESCRIBESTHERELATIONALDATAMODELUPONWHICH31,ISBASEDANDCOMPARESITWITHEARLIERDATAMODELS

#(!04%2)NTRODUCTION$)"15&3!1UICK4OUROF31,$)"15&331,IN0ERSPECTIVE$)"15&32ELATIONAL$ATABASES

0!24

This page intentionally left blank

)NTRODUCTION

4HE31,LANGUAGEANDRELATIONALDATABASESYSTEMSBASEDONITCONSTITUTEONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTFOUNDATIONTECHNOLOGIESINTHECOMPUTERINDUSTRY/VERTHELASTTHREEDECADES31,HASGROWNFROMITSFIRSTCOMMERCIALUSEINTOACOMPUTERPRODUCTANDSERVICESMARKETSEGMENTWORTHTENSOFBILLIONSOFDOLLARSPERYEARAND31,STANDSTODAYASTHESTANDARDCOMPUTERDATABASELANGUAGE(UNDREDSOFDATABASEPRODUCTSNOWSUPPORT31,RUNNINGONCOMPUTERSYSTEMSFROMMAINFRAMESTOPERSONALCOMPUTERS!31,BASEDDATABASEMAYEVENBEEMBEDDEDINYOURMOBILEPHONEOR0$!ORINTHEENTERTAINMENTSYSTEMOFYOURCAR!NOFFICIALINTERNATIONAL31,STANDARDHASBEENADOPTEDANDEXPANDEDSEVERALTIMES%VERYMAJORENTERPRISESOFTWAREPRODUCTRELIESON31,FORITSDATAMANAGEMENTAND31,ISATTHECOREOFTHEFLAGSHIPDATABASEPRODUCTSFROM-ICROSOFT/RACLEAND)"-THREEOFTHELARGESTSOFTWARECOMPANIESINTHEWORLD31,ISALSOATTHEHEARTOFOPENSOURCEDATABASEPRODUCTSSUCHAS-Y31,AND0OSTGRESTHATAREHELPINGTOFUELTHEPOPULARITYOF,INUXANDTHEOPENSOURCEMOVEMENT&ROMITSOBSCUREBEGINNINGSASAN)"-RESEARCHPROJECT31,HASGROWNTOBECOMEBOTHANIMPORTANTPIECEOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDAPOWERFULMARKETFORCE

7HATEXACTLYIS31,7HYISITIMPORTANT7HATCANITDOANDHOWDOESITWORK)F31,ISREALLYASTANDARDWHYDOWEHAVESOMANYDIFFERENTVERSIONSANDDIALECTS(OWDOPOPULAR31,PRODUCTSLIKE31,3ERVER/RACLE-Y31,3YBASEAND$"COMPARE(OWDOES31,RELATETO-ICROSOFTSTANDARDSSUCHAS/$"#AND.%4(OWDOES*$"#LINK31,TOTHEWORLDOF*AVAANDOBJECTTECHNOLOGY7HATROLEDOESITPLAYINTHE3ERVICE/RIENTED!RCHITECTURE3/!ANDWEBSERVICESBEINGEMBRACEDBYENTERPRISE)4ORGANIZATIONS$OES31,REALLYSCALEFROMMAINFRAMESTOHANDHELDDEVICES(ASITREALLYDELIVEREDTHEPERFORMANCENEEDEDFORHIGHVOLUMETRANSACTIONPROCESSING(OWWILL31,IMPACTTHEWAYYOUUSECOMPUTERSANDHOWCANYOUGETTHEMOSTOUTOFTHISIMPORTANTDATAMANAGEMENTTOOL4HISBOOKANSWERSTHOSEQUESTIONSBYGIVINGYOUACOMPLETEPERSPECTIVEANDASOLIDWORKINGKNOWLEDGEOF31,

#(!04%2

0 A R T ) ! N / V E R V I E W O F 3 1 ,

4HE31,,ANGUAGE31,ISATOOLFORORGANIZINGMANAGINGANDRETRIEVINGDATASTOREDBYACOMPUTERDATABASE4HEORIGINALNAMEGIVENITBY)"-WAS3TRUCTURED%NGLISH1UERY,ANGUAGESHORTENEDTOTHEACRONYM3%15%,7HEN)"-DISCOVEREDTHAT3%15%,WASATRADEMARKOWNEDBYTHE(AWKER3IDDELEY!IRCRAFT#OMPANYOFTHE5NITED+INGDOMTHEYSHORTENEDTHEACRONYMTO31,4HEWORDh%NGLISHvWASTHENDROPPEDFROMTHESPELLEDOUTNAMETOMATCHTHENEWACRONYM4OTHISDAYYOUWILLHEARTHEACRONYM31,PRONOUNCEDASEITHERAWORDhSEQUELvORASASTRINGOFLETTERSh31,vANDWHILETHELATTERISGENERALLYPREFERREDBOTHARECONSIDEREDCORRECT!STHENAMEIMPLIES31,ISACOMPUTERLANGUAGETHATYOUUSETOINTERACTWITHADATABASE)NFACT31,WORKSWITHONESPECIFICTYPEOFDATABASECALLEDARELATIONALDATABASEWHICHHASBECOMETHEMAINSTREAMWAYTOORGANIZEDATAACROSSAVERYBROADRANGEOFCOMPUTERAPPLICATIONS

&IGURESHOWSHOW31,WORKS4HECOMPUTERSYSTEMINTHEFIGUREHASADATABASETHATSTORESIMPORTANTINFORMATION)FTHECOMPUTERSYSTEMISINABUSINESSTHEDATABASEMIGHTSTOREINVENTORYPRODUCTIONSALESORPAYROLLDATA/NAPERSONALCOMPUTERTHEDATABASEMIGHTSTOREDATAABOUTTHECHECKSYOUHAVEWRITTENLISTSOFPEOPLEANDTHEIRPHONENUMBERSORDATAEXTRACTEDFROMALARGERCOMPUTERSYSTEM4HECOMPUTERPROGRAMTHATCONTROLSTHEDATABASEISCALLEDADATABASEMANAGEMENTSYSTEM$"-3

7HENYOUNEEDTORETRIEVEDATAFROMADATABASEYOUUSETHE31,TOMAKETHEREQUEST4HE$"-3PROCESSESTHE31,REQUESTRETRIEVESTHEREQUESTEDDATAANDRETURNSITTOYOU4HISPROCESSOFREQUESTINGDATAFROMADATABASEANDRECEIVINGTHERESULTSISCALLEDADATABASEQUERYHENCETHENAME3TRUCTURED1UERY,ANGUAGE

h3TRUCTURED1UERY,ANGUAGEvISACTUALLYSOMEWHATOFAMISNOMER&IRSTOFALL31,ISFARMORETHANAQUERYTOOLALTHOUGHTHATWASITSORIGINALPURPOSEANDRETRIEVINGDATAISSTILLONEOFITSMOSTIMPORTANTFUNCTIONS31,ISUSEDTOCONTROLALLOFTHEFUNCTIONSTHATA$"-3PROVIDESFORITSUSERSINCLUDING

1, 1}-+v`>>L>i>VVi

# H A P T E R ) N T R O D U C T I O N

0!24)

s $ATADEFINITION 31,LETSAUSERDEFINETHESTRUCTUREANDORGANIZATIONOFTHESTOREDDATAANDRELATIONSHIPSAMONGTHESTOREDDATAITEMS

s $ATARETRIEVAL 31,ALLOWSAUSERORANAPPLICATIONPROGRAMTORETRIEVESTOREDDATAFROMTHEDATABASEANDUSEIT

s $ATAMANIPULATION 31,ALLOWSAUSERORANAPPLICATIONPROGRAMTOUPDATETHEDATABASEBYADDINGNEWDATAREMOVINGOLDDATAANDMODIFYINGPREVIOUSLYSTOREDDATA

s !CCESSCONTROL 31,CANBEUSEDTORESTRICTAUSERSABILITYTORETRIEVEADDANDMODIFYDATAPROTECTINGSTOREDDATAAGAINSTUNAUTHORIZEDACCESS

s $ATASHARING 31,ISUSEDTOCOORDINATEDATASHARINGBYCONCURRENTUSERSENSURINGTHATCHANGESMADEBYONEUSERDONOTINADVERTENTLYWIPEOUTCHANGESMADEATNEARLYTHESAMETIMEBYANOTHERUSER

s $ATAINTEGRITY 31,DEFINESINTEGRITYCONSTRAINTSINTHEDATABASEPROTECTINGITFROMCORRUPTIONDUETOINCONSISTENTUPDATESORSYSTEMFAILURES

31,ISTHUSACOMPREHENSIVELANGUAGEFORCONTROLLINGANDINTERACTINGWITHADATABASEMANAGEMENTSYSTEM

3ECOND31,ISNOTREALLYACOMPLETECOMPUTERLANGUAGELIKE#/"/,##OR*AVA)NSTEAD31,ISADATABASESUBLANGUAGECONSISTINGOFABOUTSTATEMENTSSPECIALIZEDFORDATABASEMANAGEMENTTASKS4HESE31,STATEMENTSCANBEEMBEDDEDINTOANOTHERLANGUAGESUCHAS#/"/,OR#TOEXTENDTHATLANGUAGEFORUSEINDATABASEACCESS!LTERNATIVELYTHESTATEMENTSCANBEEXPLICITLYSENTTOADATABASEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMFORPROCESSINGVIAACALLLEVELINTERFACEFROMALANGUAGESUCHAS##OR*AVAORVIAMESSAGESSENTOVERACOMPUTERNETWORK

31,ALSODIFFERSFROMOTHERCOMPUTERLANGUAGESBECAUSEITDESCRIBESWHATTHEUSERWANTSTHECOMPUTERTODORATHERTHANHOWTHECOMPUTERSHOULDDOIT)NMORETECHNICALTERMS31,ISADECLARATIVEORDESCRIPTIVELANGUAGERATHERTHANAPROCEDURALONE31,CONTAINSNO)&STATEMENTFORTESTINGCONDITIONSANDNO'/4/$/OR&/2STATEMENTSFORPROGRAMFLOWCONTROL2ATHER31,STATEMENTSDESCRIBEHOWACOLLECTIONOFDATAISTOBEORGANIZEDORWHATDATAISTOBERETRIEVEDORADDEDTOTHEDATABASE4HESEQUENCEOFSTEPSTODOTHOSETASKSISLEFTFORTHE$"-3TODETERMINE

&INALLY31,ISNOTAPARTICULARLYSTRUCTUREDLANGUAGEESPECIALLYWHENCOMPAREDWITHHIGHLYSTRUCTUREDLANGUAGESSUCHAS#0ASCALOR*AVA)NSTEAD31,STATEMENTSRESEMBLE%NGLISHSENTENCESCOMPLETEWITHhNOISEWORDSvTHATDONTADDTOTHEMEANINGOFTHESTATEMENTBUTMAKEITREADMORENATURALLY4HE31,HASQUITEAFEWINCONSISTENCIESANDALSOSOMESPECIALRULESTOPREVENTYOUFROMCONSTRUCTING31,STATEMENTSTHATLOOKPERFECTLYLEGALBUTTHATDONTMAKESENSE

$ESPITETHEINACCURACYOFITSNAME31,HASEMERGEDASTHESTANDARDLANGUAGEFORUSINGRELATIONALDATABASES31,ISBOTHAPOWERFULLANGUAGEANDONETHATISRELATIVELYEASYTOLEARN4HEQUICKTOUROF31,IN#HAPTERWILLGIVEYOUAGOODOVERVIEWOFTHELANGUAGEANDITSCAPABILITIES

0 A R T ) ! N / V E R V I E W O F 3 1 ,

4HE2OLEOF31,31,ISNOTITSELFADATABASEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMNORISITASTANDALONEPRODUCT9OUCANNOTGOTOACOMPUTERRETAILERORAWEBSITESELLINGCOMPUTERSOFTWAREANDBUY31,)NSTEAD31,ISANINTEGRALPARTOFADATABASEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMALANGUAGEANDATOOLFORCOMMUNICATINGWITHTHE$"-3&IGURESHOWSSOMEOFTHECOMPONENTSOFATYPICAL$"-3ANDHOW31,LINKSTHEMTOGETHER

4HEDATABASEENGINEISTHEHEARTOFTHE$"-3RESPONSIBLEFORACTUALLYSTRUCTURINGSTORINGANDRETRIEVINGTHEDATAINTHEDATABASE)TACCEPTS31,REQUESTSFROMOTHER$"-3COMPONENTSSUCHASAFORMSFACILITYREPORTWRITERORINTERACTIVEQUERYFACILITYFROMUSERWRITTENAPPLICATIONPROGRAMSANDEVENFROMOTHERCOMPUTERSYSTEMS!STHEFIGURESHOWS31,PLAYSMANYDIFFERENTROLES

s 31,ISANINTERACTIVEQUERYLANGUAGE5SERSTYPE31,COMMANDSINTOANINTERACTIVE31,PROGRAMTORETRIEVEDATAANDDISPLAYITONTHESCREENPROVIDINGACONVENIENTEASYTOUSETOOLFORADHOCDATABASEQUERIES

s 31,ISADATABASEPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGE0ROGRAMMERSEMBED31,COMMANDSINTOTHEIRAPPLICATIONPROGRAMSTOACCESSTHEDATAINADATABASE"OTHUSERWRITTENPROGRAMSANDDATABASEUTILITYPROGRAMSSUCHASREPORTWRITERSANDDATAENTRYTOOLSUSETHISTECHNIQUEFORDATABASEACCESS

1, iv>V>`>>L>i>>}iii

# H A P T E R ) N T R O D U C T I O N

0!24)

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