sprinkler systems - · pdf filesprinkler systems fire brigades will be called into buildings...
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Sprinkler systems
A presentation for fire brigade staff
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Sprinkler systems
Content
Sprinkler system benefits Operation by fire brigade FAQ System description Basic system design
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Sprinkler systems
In this presentation the pictures shown are taken from “classical” sprinkler system, only, due to their wide presence.
Nevertheless, it shall be understood that the general concept of system operation also applies to watermist systems.
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Sprinkler systems
Fire brigades will be called into buildings with or without an installed sprinkler system
If you find a sprinkler system installed in the building, you are lucky! The sprinkler system will help you by having controlled the fire while you were driving to the building by further controlling the fire while you are rescuing the people from
the building by allowing you to locate the fire by identifying the section by limiting the amount of smoke produced by keeping the fire small by limiting the heat produced by the fire and thus preventing the
building to collapse
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Operation by fire brigade
Turning the system on The fire brigade does not have to
turn on a sprinkler system. The sprinkler system is always in stand-by.
Sprinklers will open and discharge water onto the fire, whenever the temperature at ceiling level reaches excessive values, typically 68°C
Upon release the sprinkler system will generate an alarm and remain on until manually turned off.
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Operation by fire brigade
Gate valve
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Operation by fire brigade
Turning the system off
The fire brigade should only turn the sprinkler system off after the fire is extinguished.
Never turn off the system until the fire is under control! Otherwise a dangerous situation for fire development and building stability may be generated.
To turn off the sprinkler system, just close the main control valve of the relevant section.
There are different configurations of the main control valve: Gates valves and butterfly valves and ball valves Valves installed below the alarm valve and valves installed with the
wheel outside the building and valves installed in the yard
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Operation by fire brigade
There are different configurations of the main gate valve: Gates valves and
butterfly valves and ball valves
Valves installed below the alarm valve and valves installed with the wheel outside the building and valves installed in the yard
Butterfly valve
Gate valve
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Alarm devices (I)
Sprinkler systems may be divided into different sections with individual alarm device. Each section has its dedicated alarm valve.
Upon release of a sprinkler in one of the sections, the relevant alarm valve will provide water flow to a water motor alarm and/or pressurise an alarm pressure switch to
allow identification of the section where the fire is
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Alarm devices (II)
The separation into different sections is unique for every individual sprinkler system.
Typically separate sections are used for individual floors individual fire zones, separated by fire walls individual buildings within a plant large racks
Separate alarms allow for a quicker location of the fire by the fire
brigade to take appropriate means (like shutting down
machinery)
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Technical opportunities –Alarm devices (III)
Sprinkler systems may be equipped with devices (flow switches) that allow to electrically indicate the portion of a sprinkler section where sprinklers have released
Typically portions within sections identifiyable by flow switches are individual shops within a shoppings center individual floors where sections incude
multiple floors
Flow switches are typically installed outside the pump room
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Technical opportunities –Alarm devices (IV)
There are different ways to identify the section (valve) involved
Check which water motor is driven and
ringing the alarm gong Check where water is flowing from the
water motor alarm piping Check which indicating light at the section
valve is lit Check which section is released on the
alarm panel
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Basic operation – Turning off Alarm devices
In case of fire the fire brigade may turn off the alarm upon arrival by closing the valve in the water motor alarm
piping by pushing the alarm-off button on the alarm
panel
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FAQ
Does the sprinkler system extinguish a fire? In ~98% of the cases where a sprinkler system is released it will
successfully fight the fire In more than 80% of the cases only 1-5 sprinkler heads will
release and control or suppress the fire.
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FAQ
Do all sprinklers in a room open in case of a fire? Sprinkler heads will only release when exposed to high
temperature. Consequently, only the sprinklers in the vicinity of the fire will open and spray water onto the fire.
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FAQ
Does fire or smoke kill the people? Most people are killed by the smoke produced by a large fire. Sprinklers are not directly acting on the smoke, although the water
drops will wash out some of the smoke particles, but sprinkler systems will help to keep the fire small and,
consequently, will reduce the amount of smoke produced.
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FAQ
What should be done, if the sprinkler system is protecting equipment including electric items? Normally electric power is not automatically shut off upon sprinkler
system activation, because modern equipment is self protected against over-current or faults.
The fire brigade may shut off the electric supply to the area of the fire before entering that area, provided, that the power supply to the sprinkler system is maintained.
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FAQ
What about the smoke venting? Except in very specific cases, smoke venting systems and sprinkler
systems do not significantly interfere with each other. Special cases require engineering to the actual situation.
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FAQ
Do sprinklers produce false releases? Except from the case of a direct mechanical damage of a
sprinkler head, sprinkler systems have a proven history not to produce accidental releases.
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FAQ
Do sprinklers support the work of the fire brigade or make it more difficult? The sprinkler system will send an early alarm in case of fire locate and indicate the location of the fire zone prevent from a flashover in the room, allowing the fire fighters to
enter for rescue and extinguishing activities prevent the building to collapse by limiting the temperatures below
critical values, whichever the structural elements are made of (e.g. steel or prefabricated concrete)
buy the fire fighters more time to evacuate people from the building
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Links
What do fire brigades say about sprinklers? Jersey fire brigade
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mv2cRK0pcRA
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Annex
General layout of a sprinkler system
Water tank
Sprinkler pump
Water motor alarm
Alarm valve
Sprinklers
Main control valve
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System design – Hazard classes
Sprinkler systems are designed acc. to private rules from the insurance world (e.g. CEA 4001 or FM Global datasheets) or standards (e.g. EN 12845)
Such rules classify the building to be protected, based on their type (residential, production, storage) their use (e.g. Hotel, retail shop, car park) their content (metal goods, flammable liquids,
wood or plastic goods)
Based on such characteristics each individual building is given a Hazard Class
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System design – Design characteristics
The higher the hazard class, the more demanding the requirements: Minimum amount of water to be sprayed
onto 1m² Minimum area of sprinklers to be supplied
simultanuously Minimum duration, which the water source
has to be capable of supplying the values stated above
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System design – Examples
Hotel, acc. to CEA 4001 Minimum amount of water to be sprayed onto 1m²:
5 l/min per m2 Minimum area of sprinklers to be supplied:
72m², i.e. ~6 sprinklers Minimum duration:
30min
Chipboard factory, acc. to CEA 4001 Minimum amount of water to be sprayed onto 1m²:
10 l/min per m2 Minimum area of sprinklers to be supplied:
260m², i.e. ~29 sprinklers Minimum duration:
90min
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System design – Hydraulic design
The hydraulic calculation of the sprinkler system for an individual building has to show that the required number of sprinklers can be
supplied simultanously that there is enough water pressure available
at every sprinkler, even when several sprinklers are open at the same time
that the tank size is enough for the required duration time
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System design – Water/Energy supply
Depending on Hazard Class, the size of the building and local regulations additional requirements may need to be fulfilled: More than one sprinkler pump Use of diesel driven pumps to be independent
of the electric mains More than one water tank
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Sprinkler - Function
Each sprinkler has a temperature-
sensitive element and is individually activated by heat.
Sprinkler systems are the ultimate fire safety technology available today. Experts agree the most comprehensive protection from fire is a total system of safety: Early warning Connection to fire brigade Fire control or suppression
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Wet alarm valve - Function
Function of a wet alarm valve
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Wet alarm valve - Function
Function of a wet alarm valve
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Wet alarm valve - Function
Function of a wet alarm valve
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Wet alarm valve - Function
Function of a wet alarm valve
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Wet alarm valve - Function
Function of a wet alarm valve
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Wet alarm valve - Function
Function of a wet alarm valve
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Wet alarm valve - Function
Function of a wet alarm valve
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Dry alarm valve - Function
Function of a dry alarm valve
Leonardos file
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Dry alarm valve - Function
Function of a dry alarm valve
Leonardos file
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Dry alarm valve - Function
Function of a dry alarm valve
Leonardos file
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Dry alarm valve - Function
Function of a dry alarm valve
Leonardos file
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Dry alarm valve - Function
Function of a dry alarm valve
Leonardos file
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Dry alarm valve - Function
Function of a dry alarm valve
Leonardos file
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Dry alarm valve - Function
Function of a dry alarm valve
Leonardos file
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Dry alarm valve - Function
Function of a dry alarm valve
Leonardos file
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Dry alarm valve - Function
Function of a dry alarm valve
Leonardos file
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Dry alarm valve - Function
Function of a dry alarm valve
Leonardos file