spring exam 2007 review. geology 1. describe faults and earthquakes. include information on seismic...
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Spring exam 2007 review
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Geology
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1. Describe faults and earthquakes. Include information on seismic waves and the scales used to describe earthquake
strength.
• Fault- break in the crust where slabs of crust slip past each other
• Earthquake- shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth’s surface
• ****Earthquake is caused by shift in lithosphere• Moment Magnitude is the current scale used to
describe earthquake size. It is based on seismic information. Above 5.0 is destructive
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1. Seismic waves carry the energy of an earthquake- P waves,
S waves, surface waves
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2. Describe Igneous rocks p. 342
• Forms when magma or lava cools and hardens
• Intrusive- formed from magma beneath the surface (large crystals)
• Extrusive- forms from lava on surface (ocean floor)
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3. Describe Metamorphic rocks.P. 345
• Heat and pressure deep beneath Earth’s surface
• Different from the rock that formed it (chemical reactions)
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4. Describe Sedimentary rocks. P. 343
• Forms when particles of rock and other materials are pressed and stuck together
• Sediments
• Erosion- flowing water, waves, wind, ice
• Deposition- sediment is laid down (rest)
• Cementation- compact
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5. Draw and label the rock cycle.P. 347
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6. Label the volcano diagram p. 376
Crack through which the magma rises
Where Magma leaves pipe
collects Lava
Large underground pocket
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7. Describe the Theory of Plate Tectonics. Include information on plate boundaries,
Wegener’s super-continent and plate movements.
• Earth’s plates are in constant, slow motion
• Explains how plates move, form and interact
• Producing volcanoes, mountains, earthquakes, features on the ocean floor
• Wegener called the supercontinent PANGAEA
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• Compression- two continental plates collide they form mountain range
• Subduction- one plate melts and becomes magma- volcanic activity
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Continental Movements The supercontinent
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8. Draw and label the layers of the earth and describe what each is made of. P. 329
• Inner coreSolid nickel & iron• Outer coreLiquid• MantelSolid magma• Lithosphere includesCrust and upper mantel
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Chemistry
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1. List the element’s name for each of the symbol: p. 604-605
Symbol Elements name
symbol Element name
symbol Element name
O Oxygen He Helium Al Aluminum
H Hydrogen N Nitrogen Au Gold
Fe Iron Ca Calcium S Sulfur
Ne Neon K Potassium Na Sodium
C Carbon Si Silicon Cl Chlorine
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2. Elements • Element- substance that can not
be broken down into other substances by chemical or physical means
Examples- H (Hydrogen) Na (Sodium)
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2. Mixtures
• Mixture- two or more substances that are mixed together but not chemically combined
Examples- sand, soil, saltwater
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2. Compounds
• Compound- substance made of two or more element chemically combined
• Examples- Salt (NaCl), water (H2O)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
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2. chemical bond-
• Force that holds two atoms together
Chemical bond
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2. molecule -a particle made of two or more atoms bonded
together • H2O
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3. Who developed the Atomic Theory?
• John Dalton
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4. Draw and label the parts of the box on the periodic table.
Protons and electrons
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5. Describe the parts of an atom, location and the charge of each.
• Protons- positive charge, located in the nucleus
• Neutrons- neutral charge, located in the nucleus
• Electrons- negative charge, located in electron clouds
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neutronneutronprotonprotonelectronelectron
Atom of element Nitrogen
Atom of element Nitrogen
7 protons ***count7 neutrons7electrons
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6. Draw a picture of the arrangement of atoms in each of
the states of matter
STATES OF MATTER
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SOLID• definite volume and a definite
shape
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LIQUID• has no shape of its own, takes
on the shape of its container• it has definite volume
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Gases•particles spread apart,
has neither definite shape nor volume
•gas will fill the container you put it in
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7. Describe what happens in each change in state of matter. Include if thermal energy is
increased or decreased. • Freezing- liquid to solid, decrease
• Vaporization- (what is the difference between evaporation and boiling?) liquid to gas, increase
evaporization is on the surface
• Sublimation- solid to gas, increase
• Melting- solid to liquid, increase
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condensation
freezing
sublimati
on
meltingsublim
ation
evaporation
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8. Chemical change/reaction
• A change in matter that produces new substance with properties different from the original substance
• Souring of milk• Burning of wood• Lighting a match• Baking a cake• Eating
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9. Chemical properties
• Burning or flammability
• Rusting• Tarnishing• milk curdling (spoils-
solid particles)
• Characteristic that is observed when a substance interacts with another substance
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10. Physical changes
• A change that alters the form or appearance of a substance but does not make the material into another substance
• Paper becomes confetti
• Cutting a cake• Onion cut into slices• Trees cut down into
furniture• Butter melting• Oranges into juice
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11. Physical properties
• characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing the substance into something else
• Color• Texture• Odor• Density• Hardness• Melting• Boiling• Freezing• Change in size
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12. Density- how much mass in a given volume
Calculate density of the cube if one side measures 5cm and the mass is 250 grams.
5 x 5 x 5 = 125
250/125
= 2 g/cm3
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13. MATTER
• Anything that has mass and takes up space
• Examples: you, air, water, table
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13. mass
• How much matter or “stuff” an object has
• Unit = grams g
• Measure with triple beam balance
• Does not change
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13. weight
• Measure of the force gravity on an object
• Relative to Earth = weight would change if you leave Earth
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13. volume
• Amount of space an object occupies
• Unit = cm3 = ml
• V= l x w x h
• Measure with graduated cylinder/beaker/flask
• Period 1
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Force & Motion
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1. What is motion? How do you describe motion?
• An object is in motion when the distance from another object changes
• Leave reference point• Describe distance and time
in a line graph
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2. What is a force? Describe the 5 types of forces
•Force is a push or pull
•Types of forces pages 100-101
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2. Contact Force (5 forces on page 100-101)
• two objects are touching, they push each other away.
• Obi-One went through the window- his body is in contact with the window
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2. Friction• force that one object applies on another.
• Kicking a soccer ball, the grass is the friction force.
• Friction produces heat • Air resistance
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2. Gravitational Force
• force between all objects in the universe.
• Weight
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2. Electrical force
•Results from moving electrons
• pull between charged particles – atoms
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2. Magnetic Force
•attracts to metals.
• North pole and south poles attract
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3. Speed formula• Distance divide by time• Constant speed (p. 90)- stays the
same • Average speed (p. 91) total distance
divide by total time• Units for distance = meters, km, cm,
miles• Units for time = hours, minutes,
days
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Riding a bike 800 m, stop for 4 minutes, continue riding 800 m
4. Speed on a graph- line graph that displays distance over time
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5. Newton’s Laws of motion
Sir Isaac Newton
lived during the 1600s
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5. Newton’s 1st Law • An object in
motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
• Inertia
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5. Newton’s 2nd Law
• Force = Mass x Acceleration
• Gravity accelerates all objects at the same rate, so the elephant and the rock would hit the ground at the same time. (only in a vacuum effect)
• The difference in forces would be caused by the different masses.
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5. Newton’s 3rd Law
• For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
The skaters' forces on each other are equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions
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6. Balanced force- no movement
• Equal forces acting on one object in opposite directions
• Tug- of –war = only when the rope does not move
• You sitting in a chair
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6. unbalanced
• Force changes an object’s motion
• Causes movement
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6. Net force
• Overall force on an object when all the individual forces acting on an object are added together.
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#7 speed
• Distance in a given amount of time
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7. Velocity
•Speed in a given direction
• (N, S, E, W)
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7. acceleration
• Rate at which velocity changes
• Speeding up
• Slowing down (deceleration)
• Changing direction
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Space review
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1. Describe the features found on the surface of the sun.
• 1. sun spots
• 2. prominence
• 3. solar flares
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sunspot
• Areas of gas on the sun that are cooler
• Look darker
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prominence
•Huge loop of hydrogen gas
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solar flare
• Huge explosions on the sun
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p. 541
corona
chromosphere
sunspot
Core- nuclear fusion
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2. Describe the layers of the sun.
•Photosphere
•Chromosphere
•Core
•Corona
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photosphere • Sphere that
makes light
• Part we can see in a photograph
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chromosphere • Middle layer
• Means color
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core
nuclear fusion reactions = energy
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corona
• Outer layer “crown of light”
• Only visible during eclipses
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3. What is the difference between a Heliocentric system and a
Geocentric system. Explain your answer.
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geocentric system
• Ptolemy – • 140 A.D. Greek
Astronomer
• believed that Earth was the center of the universe
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heliocentric system
• sun is at the center of the system- current model
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4. Name the 9 planets in order starting at the sun.
• My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas
• Mercury• Venus• Earth• Mars• Jupiter• Saturn• Uranus• Neptune• Pluto
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6. Describe each of the inner planets.
• terrestrial planetsMercury, Venus, Earth & Mars
• small and have rocky surfaces
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Mercury
• 1st planet Shortest revolution (orbit around the sun) _ year
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Venus
• Know as morning or evening star• Called Earth’s twin because they are the
same in size• Venus rotates backwards, east to west-
retrograde rotation- may have been struck by a large object
• it’s full of carbon dioxide- greenhouse effect
• Hottest planet
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Earth
• 70% of Earth is covered in water
• We are the ONLY planet with oceans!
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Mars
• Called the “red planet”
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6. Describe each of the outer planets. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus & Neptune
• Gas giants do not have solid surfaces
–They are made from gas!
–In the middle, they have a solid core Large outer planets with stronger gravity
• Keeps gases from escaping
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Jupiter• Largest planet• The Great Red Spot- storm similar to
a hurricane
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Saturn
• The second largest planet
• Has rings around the planet– Made of chunks of ice and rocks – Saturn has 5 moons with craters
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Uranus
• Cold, blue planet - methane
• Uranus rotates from top to bottom
• Uranus has many moons that have icy and cratered surfaces
• Also has rings
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Neptune
• Has a clearly visible atmosphere
• Was found by accident- mathematically
• Great Dark Spot- a giant storm
• Neptune has 8 moons
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7. Inertia
• Tendency of a moving object to continue moving in a straight line or a stationary object to remain in place
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7. Gravity
• The force that pulls objects toward each other
• Measurement of weight
• Different for each planet
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7.system
•Each planet and its moons form a system
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7. Meteoroid• chunk of rock or dust in space
• They come from the tail of comets or asteroids
• When it burns = meteor – streak of light
Meteoroid
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7. Meteorites-
• when the meteor hits the Earth– This happens all the time.– People think they are just heavy rocks– One huge one landed in Arizona 40,000 years
ago and left a big crater
Meteorite
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7. rotation • Spinning motion of a planet about it’s own
axis
• ONE DAY
• DIFFERENT FOR EACH PLANET
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7. revolution • One year
• Earth 365.25 days (365)
• February 29 2008 leap year every 4th year
• Movement of an object going around another object
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7. ellipse
• elongated circle, oval shape
Path of orbit
• Not a perfect circle
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Water and weather review
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1. Describe the water Cycle. Draw the cycle. Explain what happens at each
step.• Precipitation – rain, snow, sleet, hail (any
water that falls from the sky)
• Evaporation – process by which molecules absorb enough energy to change from liquid to gas
• Condensation – changing from gas to liquid; forms clouds
• Collection – the accumulation of water
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2. Define the following terms:
• Watershed – land area that supplies water to a river system
• Surface Water – water found on the surface of the ground; includes rivers, lakes, streams
• Ground Water – water that is absorbed into the ground
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3. Use your textbook to draw the weather symbols
• Cold front- brings brief storms and cooler weather
• Stationary front- long periods of precipitation
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3. Use your textbook to draw the weather symbols
• Warm front- precipitation and warm air
• Occluded – precipitation
• High pressure- sunny days, little or no rain, calm weather
• Low pressure- storm, cloudy
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4. What gases are found in the Atmosphere?
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5. Describe each of the instruments below. Explain what they are used for in weather forecasting. What are the
units for each?
• Barometer – used to measure air pressure; 2 kinds (Mercury & Aneroid); units are inches, cm or millibars
• Thermometer – used to measure temperature (the average amount of energy an object has); units are degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit
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5. Describe each of the instruments below. Explain what they are used for in weather forecasting. What are the
units for each?
• Psychrometer – used to measure relative humidity; compares the temperature of a wet & dry thermometer; given as a percent
• Rain Gauge – used to measure the amount of precipitation; in or cm
• Anemometer – measures wind speed in mph or kmph; wind forms when air moves from high pressure to low pressure
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6. Describe the 3 main types of clouds.
• Cumulus clouds – puffy clouds that form during fair weather - cumulonimbus clouds = cumulus clouds that have grown into rain clouds
• Stratus clouds – low layer clouds that often cover much of the sky;- cause drizzle or rain
• Cirrus Clouds – wispy, feathery, high clouds- made from ice crystals
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