sportsmanship what is sportsmanship? a behaviour and attitude that shows respect for the rules of a...

SPORTSMANSHIP

What is sportsmanship?

• A behaviour and attitude that shows respect for the rules of a game and the other players.

• The idea that the activity will be enjoyed for its own sake, with proper consideration for fairness, ethics, respect and a sense of fellowship with the other competitors.

General examples

• Full commitment to participation:

1. Showing up at races and training sessions.

2. Working hard during all practices.

3. Acknowledging one’s mistakes.

4. Trying to improve.

General examples

• Respect and concern for rules and officials.

General examples

• Respect and concern for social conventions:

1. Shaking hands.

2. Recognizing the good performance of an opponent.

General examples

• Respect and concern for the opponent:

1. Lending one’s equipment to the opponent.

2. Agreeing to play even if the opponent is late.

3. Not taking advantage of injured opponents.

General examples

• Avoiding poor attitudes toward participation:

1. Not adopting a win-at-all-costs approach.

2. Not showing temper after a mistake.

3. Not competing solely for individual prizes.

GAMESMANSHIP

What is gamesmanship?

• The opposite of sportsmanship• The art or practice of winning a game by clever

methods and tactics which are not against the rules but are very close to cheating.

• The use of dubious but legal tactics, such as distracting an opponent, or misrepresenting their own skill level in order to make opponents over-or underestimate them to gain an extra advantage.

by Chiara, Rebecca, Enea and Nicola

WHAT IS DOPING AND WHAT IS IT USED FOR?

Doping is used to enhance athletic performance.

People look for a help from organic chemistry at every level of the game.

International and national

sports organizations in

collaboration with laboratories

are trying very hard to

crack down on drug abuse.

WHAT ARE STEROIDS?Steroids are the most popular kind of doping.People use them both in competitive sports and in recreational weight training.They are composed of synthetic derivates of human testosterone so that they may remain intact in the body for a longer period of time.They increase muscle mass. The increase of muscle mass is due to muscle hypertrophy and the formation of new muscle fibres.The anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) and the structure of testosterone are banned in international sports.

HOW CAN DRUGS BE DETECTED?

Detecting their presence is very difficult.Tests can identify also very small concentrations of drugs even if its use is discontinued.Tests need to be done both during and before the competition times.The best sample to be taken

for testing is athlete’s urine.The method used for the

detection is mass spectrometry coupled to gas chromatography.

WHAT ARE STIMULANTS?Stimulants are used for enhancing

performances through a reduction in feelings of fatigue.

The best known stimulants are amphetamines which are mostly banned, but also coffee and coke in every day’s life.

Amphetamines stimulate the Central Nervous System and mimic the sympathetic nervous system activities.

Their effects are an increase in blood pressure, heart rate and metabolic rate. The athletes reported also an improvement in hand-eye coordination, strength and endurance.

WHAT ARE DIURETICS?Diuretics are another class of banned enhancing drugs.They are mainly taken by wrestlers or competitive weight lifters.Diuretics are capable of rapid water loss resulting in a reduction of weight, which is advantageous to the athletes who are allowed to compete in lower weight classes.They increase renal flow and muscle temperature during exercise. Diuretics are taken before the weight classification process and then the athlete re-hydrates himself to regain lost weight.Detecting them is harder because diuretics may be used as a method of masking the presence of other drugs.

CATCHING THE CHEATERSTwo urine samples are collected according to a strict international protocol for doping control.

The first sample is sent to the lab and analyzed until it gives a positive result for a banned substance.

The athlete is contacted and at this point he or she has the right to request the opening and the testing of the second sample in front of witnesses.

The two methods used for identifying banned sustances are Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry: they perform very different tasks but they act together for a common purpose.

CONCLUSION

While new performance drugs and harder to detect derivates are sure to emerge in

the next few years, we hope that technology can improve its current

detection methods. The hope of many athletes and sport organizations is that all cheaters will be caught and we wish there will be only fair games to be played for the

rest of time.

DOPING SCANDAL IN CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING

AND BIATHLON

The Olympic doping scandal in Turin

Six Austrian athletes were banned for life after the Olympics Games of Turin.

The decision came after an investigation by the International Olympic Committee.

Which athletes were involved in the doping conspiracy?

• The athletes involved were the biathletes Wolfang Perner and Wolfang Rottmann, and cross-country skiers Martin Tauber, Juergen Pinter, Johannes Eder and Roland Diethart

How could the Italian police find the illegal substance?

• The Italian police raided the Austrian lodgings outside Turin.

How did the Austrian Ski Federation react?

In Vienna, the head of the Austrian Ski Federation vowed to “get to the bottom” of the Turin scandal.

The president said that if the scandal was true, the athletes would be punished.

In case they were innocent, the Federationwould defend them.

What happened to the Austrian coach Walter Mayer?

Walter Mayer fled after the Italian raid. He crashed his car into a police roadblock after crossing into Austria.

Mayer was banned by the IOC from the Turin Olympics after the blood-doping scandal in 2002.

He ended up briefly in a psychiatric hospital.

What did the Italian police find in the athletes’ rooms?

The report of the police showed that a great quantity of medical equipment had been seized: material for collecting, storing, freezing and transfusing blood.

How long will the athletes be disqualified?

The athletes have been banned from involvement in any capacity at the Olympics, including athletes, coaches or officials.

The athletes also face possible punishment from the International Ski Federation.

BLOOD DOPING

Definition

Blood doping is the practice of illicitly boosting the number of red blood cells (RBCs) in the blood circulation in order to enchance athletic performance.

There are 2 types of transfusion:

• Homologous: the RBCs from a compatible donour are harvested, concentrated and then transfused into the athlete’s circulation.

• Autologous: the athlete’s own RBCs are harvested well in advance of a competition and then reintroduced before a critical event.

Example of research into blood doping

“Abnormal hematologic profiles in elite cross-country skiers”

By Stray-Gundersen J, Videman t, Penttilä I, Lereim I.

ObjectiveTo examine the prevalence of abnormal

ematologic profile in elite cross-country skiers.

Setting and participants68% of all skiers and 92% of those finishing

in the top 10 places of the World Ski Championships.

Results• 17% had highly abnormal hematologic

profiles

• 19% had abnormal values

• 64% were normal

ConclusionsBlood doping is both prevalent and effective

in cross-country ski racing, and current testing programmes for exposing blood doping are ineffective.

SimoneGinevra

Federico Folco

done by

Year 2 survey results

58 students

Ski College

Leibniz

Questionnaire resultsQuestionnaire results

Every day 52

A few times each week

6

A few times each month

0

Rarely 0

Question 1

52

60 0

0102030405060

Every day A few timeseach w eek

A few timeseach month

Rarely

Question 1

90%

10%0%

0%

Every day

A few times eachw eek

A few times eachmonth

Rarely

Question 1

How often do you participate in sport?

Every day 10

A few times each week 32

A few times each month 12

Rarely 4

Question 2

10

32

12

4

05

101520253035

Every day A few timeseach w eek

A few timeseach month

Rarely

Question 2

17%

55%

21%7%

Every day

A few times each w eek

A few times each month

Rarely

Question 2

How often do you watch sport ?

Agree Neutral Disagree

Football 5 8 45

Skiing 38 17 2

Ice-skating 19 27 12

Athletics 21 28 9

Question 3

5

38

1921

8

17

27 28

45

2

129

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Football Skiing I ce-skating Athletics

AgreeNeutralDisagree

Question 3

Do you think Sportsmen/women generally behave fairly when playing their sport?


Footballers 1 5 51

Skiers 37 20 0

Ice-skaters 31 22 4

Athletes 24 31 1

Question 4

1

37

31

24

5

2022

31

51

0

41

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Footballers Skiers I ce-skaters Athletes

Agree

Neutral

Disagree

Question 4

Do you think Spectators behave responsibly by agreeing with decisions made by Officials when watching sport?


Footballers 9 16 33

Skiers 41 16 1

Ice-skaters 28 27 3

Athletes 26 28 4

Question 5

9

41

2826

16 16

27 28

33

13 4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45



Question 5

Do you think that Officials behave fairly when making decisions on the pitch/track?


Footballers 2 6 50

Skiers 32 22 5

Ice-skaters 18 33 7

Athletes 17 31 10

Question 6

2

32

18 17

6

22

3331

50

57

10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


Agree

Neutral

Disagree

Question 6

Do you think Players/Competitors always show that they accept the decisions of Officials, even if they don’t really agree?


Footballers 44 7 8

Skiers 10 18 28

Ice-skaters 13 30 15

Athletes 8 32 18Question 7

44

10

13

87

18

3032

8

28

15

18

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50



Question 7

Do you think Players/Competitors often dispute the decisions made by Officials?

Question 8Do you think the use of technology impacts fairly on Officials’

decisions?


Footballers 35 15 8

Skiers 38 16 4

Ice-skaters 32 22 5

Athletes 33 22 4

Question 8

35

38

32 33

15 16

22 22

8

4 5 4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40



Question 9Do you think the

use of technology has increased the level of fair

play?


Footballers 13 13 32

Skiers 22 20 14


Athletes 22 20 16

Question 9

13

2223

22

13

2021

20

32

14 1416

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35



Question 10Who do you feel is

primarily responsible for ensuring fair play in

sport?

Players + Competitors 45

Trainers + Managers 10

Officials 2

Spectators 2

Question 10

45

10

2 2

05

101520253035404550

Pla

ye

rs +

Co

mpe

tito

rs

Tra

iners

+M

an

age

rs

Offi

cials

Sp

ect

ato

rs

Question 10

77%

17%

3% 3%

Players +Competitors

Trainers +ManagersOfficials

Spectators

Question 11 Do you think the

behaviour of Sportsmen/women on the

pitch/track sets a good example for young

people?


Footballers 6 6 46

Skiers 41 16 1

Ice-skaters 30 25 3

Athletes 23 31 4

Question 11

6

41

30

23

6

16

25

31

46

13 4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50



Question 12 Do you think the behaviour

of Sportsmen/women off the pitch/track sets a good

example for young people?


Footballers 6 15 37

Skiers 29 24 5

Ice-skaters 21 30 7

Athletes 20 34 4

Question 12

6

29

2120

15

24

30

34

37

57

4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


Agree

Neutral

Disagree

Question 13Do you think the amount of money

involved in sport has an adverse effect on fair

play?


Footballers 47 3 8

Skiers 12 23 21


Athletes 17 31 10

Question 13

47

12 12

17

3

23

30 31

8

21

16

10

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50



Question 14 Do you think that

intense media coverage and the

scrutiny of foul play discourages

unfair practice?


Footballers 17 18 23

Skiers 18 30 10


Athletes 15 33 10

Question 14

1718

19

15

18

3029

33

23

10 10 10

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35



ConclusionsIn conclusion, we can say that most of our students practice a lot of

sport regularly rather than watch sports events. They think that there’s good fair play in winter sports and athletics, but not in football, where both players and spectators don’t always accept the officials’ decisions or represent a good model of behaviour for young people. Although the use of technology has contributed to increase fair play, the lack of it in football is probably due to the amount of money involved in this sport. In all sports, players and competitors remain the prime responsible for ensuring fair play behaviour on the field.

sportsmanship what is sportsmanship? a behaviour and attitude that shows respect for the rules of a...

Documents

sportsmanship slide

gamesmanship slide

nicola slide

general examples respect

increase of muscle mass

muscle hypertrophy

international sports

competitive sports