Sport InjuriesSport Injuries

Types of InjuryTypes of Injury

FracturesFractures – – Occur as a result of extreme stress placed on Occur as a result of extreme stress placed on bones. bones. - Different types of fractures can occur based on the - Different types of fractures can occur based on the kind of stress (ie. Compression, bending, twisting, kind of stress (ie. Compression, bending, twisting, shear…) shear…) Management: RICE and immobilization. Healing most Management: RICE and immobilization. Healing most often requires immobilization in a cast, or soft splint. often requires immobilization in a cast, or soft splint. However, smaller bones cannot be cast and may However, smaller bones cannot be cast and may require splint. require splint.

Sport InjuriesSport Injuries

Stress FractureStress Fracture- Result from overuse rather than trauma.Result from overuse rather than trauma.- Repetitive forces transmitted through the bones Repetitive forces transmitted through the bones

produce irritations at specific spots on the bone produce irritations at specific spots on the bone (marathon runners).(marathon runners).

- Pain starts as a dull ache but progresses each day.Pain starts as a dull ache but progresses each day.- Management: RICE. Recommended to stop activity Management: RICE. Recommended to stop activity

for at least 14 days. Can become fractures in time. for at least 14 days. Can become fractures in time.

Sport InjuriesSport InjuriesDislocationsDislocations- Occurs when one bone in a joint is forced out of its Occurs when one bone in a joint is forced out of its

normal alignment (ie. shoulder).normal alignment (ie. shoulder).- Often results in rupture of surrounding tissue.Often results in rupture of surrounding tissue.- Joint is vulnerable to more dislocation.Joint is vulnerable to more dislocation.- Dislocations should never be immediately reduced, Dislocations should never be immediately reduced,

need to rule out fracture possibilityneed to rule out fracture possibility- Management: RICE. Reduced by physician only! Management: RICE. Reduced by physician only!

Before taken to physician, injury should be splinted.Before taken to physician, injury should be splinted.

Sport InjuriesSport InjuriesSprainsSprains

- Injury to a ligament. Ligaments connect bone Injury to a ligament. Ligaments connect bone to bone. to bone.

Grade 1 SprainGrade 1 Sprain

- Some stretching of ligaments occursSome stretching of ligaments occurs

- Expect mild to moderate pain, localized Expect mild to moderate pain, localized swelling, joint stiffness swelling, joint stiffness

Sport InjuriesSport InjuriesGrade 2 SprainGrade 2 Sprain- Some tearing and separation of the ligamentSome tearing and separation of the ligament- Moderate joint instabilityModerate joint instability- Moderate to severe pain, general swellingModerate to severe pain, general swelling

Grade 3 SprainGrade 3 Sprain- Total tearing of ligament, major joint instabilityTotal tearing of ligament, major joint instability- Usually need exceptional loadUsually need exceptional load- Severe pain may be followed by no painSevere pain may be followed by no pain- Swelling may be great, joint becomes very stiff, may Swelling may be great, joint becomes very stiff, may

require surgeryrequire surgery

- Initial management of sprains: RICE

-Weight-bearing activity as soon as can be endured

-Heat can be applied after initial 48 hrs. of RICE to relax tight ligaments

Sport InjuriesSport Injuries

ContusionsContusions

- An external blow causes soft tissue to be An external blow causes soft tissue to be compressed against hard bone underneathcompressed against hard bone underneath

- Capillaries are torn, which allows bleeding Capillaries are torn, which allows bleeding into tissues causing blue-purple discolorationinto tissues causing blue-purple discoloration

- Calcium deposits may result with repeated Calcium deposits may result with repeated traumatrauma

Management: RICE and protect this injuryManagement: RICE and protect this injury

Sports InjuriesSports Injuries

Concussion (Brain Contusion)Concussion (Brain Contusion)

- An external blow to the head which causes an An external blow to the head which causes an injury to the braininjury to the brain

- A mild concussion may involve no loss of A mild concussion may involve no loss of consciousness (being "dazed") or a very brief consciousness (being "dazed") or a very brief loss of consciousness (being "knocked out").loss of consciousness (being "knocked out").

- A severe concussion may involve prolonged A severe concussion may involve prolonged loss of consciousness with a delayed return to loss of consciousness with a delayed return to normal. normal.

Sports InjuriesSports Injuries

Management: Management: - Apply ice to area of impact and limit victim movement- Apply ice to area of impact and limit victim movement- No activity until asymptomaticNo activity until asymptomatic- Return to activity followsReturn to activity follows concussion protocol. concussion protocol. Risks:Risks:- Post-concussion Syndrome: experience of headache, Post-concussion Syndrome: experience of headache,

nausea, or difficulty concentrating for weeks after injurynausea, or difficulty concentrating for weeks after injury- Second Impact Syndrome: repeated concussions Second Impact Syndrome: repeated concussions

(especially in quick succession) can result in fatal brain (especially in quick succession) can result in fatal brain swellingswelling

Sport InjuriesSport Injuries

StrainsStrains

- Tearing of the muscle fiberTearing of the muscle fiber

- Occur when a muscle is overstretched or Occur when a muscle is overstretched or forced to contract against too much resistanceforced to contract against too much resistance

Grade 1 StrainGrade 1 Strain

- Some muscle fibers stretched or tornSome muscle fibers stretched or torn

- Movement is painful but full range is possibleMovement is painful but full range is possible

Sport InjuriesSport InjuriesGrade 2 StrainGrade 2 Strain- A number of muscle fibers have been tornA number of muscle fibers have been torn- Movement is extremely painfulMovement is extremely painful- Swelling and discoloration may occurSwelling and discoloration may occurGrade 3 StrainGrade 3 Strain- Complete rupture of the muscleComplete rupture of the muscle- May be total loss of movementMay be total loss of movement- Pain is intense then subsides due to nerve Pain is intense then subsides due to nerve

damagedamage

-Hamstring is most common strain (rapid contraction in stretched position). Often due to muscle imbalance.

Management: RICE. Heat and ultrasound may be used for long term rehabilitation. Rehab is longer than sprain because complete muscle rest is required.

Sport InjuriesSport Injuries

Muscle Spasms (Cramps)Muscle Spasms (Cramps)- Involuntary contraction of the muscle (ie. Involuntary contraction of the muscle (ie.

Gastrocnemius) Gastrocnemius) - Pain and tightness associatedPain and tightness associated- May be result of dehydration, loss of electrolytes, or May be result of dehydration, loss of electrolytes, or

muscle fatiguemuscle fatigue- Can last seconds or a number of minutes. Can last seconds or a number of minutes. - Muscle should be manually stretched and massaged to Muscle should be manually stretched and massaged to

help relax the muscle. Hold the muscle in stretched help relax the muscle. Hold the muscle in stretched position until the spasm eventually stops.position until the spasm eventually stops.

- Chronic spasms (ie. Lower back) should be treated Chronic spasms (ie. Lower back) should be treated with RICE and a good stretching program. Heat / with RICE and a good stretching program. Heat / muscle relaxants provides temporary relief.muscle relaxants provides temporary relief.

Sport InjuriesSport Injuries

Muscle SorenessMuscle Soreness

- Overexertion in strenuous muscular exercise Overexertion in strenuous muscular exercise results in muscular painresults in muscular pain

- Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) occurs 12-48 hrs. after exercise occurs 12-48 hrs. after exercise

- Muscular pain, stiffness, and resistance to Muscular pain, stiffness, and resistance to stretching is presentstretching is present

- Preventable by gradually increasing exercise Preventable by gradually increasing exercise from moderate to intense over timefrom moderate to intense over time

Sport InjuriesSport Injuries

Management: RICE and PNF stretchingManagement: RICE and PNF stretching