sport and the anti- doping debate. doping and deviance common sense and alternative understandings:...
TRANSCRIPT
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Sport and the anti-doping debate
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Doping and deviance
Common sense and alternative understandings: testing the arguments
Anti-doping policy and disciplinary society and doping in the sport media
A short history of football
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Doping and Deviance
Sociology connects criminal activity to the social environment
RulesNormsCodes
ViolationWhat are the
?
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Approaches to Deviance
The Chicago School
‘social disorganization’
lack of moral codes created by sudden social change
Merton (1957) ‘anomie’ lack of
opportunitiesdeviants are
victims
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Approaches to Deviance
Foucault (1977)deviant
behaviour defines the norm
Young, (1977), Cohen, (1979)
“deviant to whom?” , “deviant from what?”
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Doping as deviance: is there a problem?
• An estimated 42,000 steroid users in the UK
• 44% of professional North American baseball players
• Ongoing ‘Tour de France’ doping scandals
‘You’d have to be an imbecile or a hypocrite to imagine that a professional cyclist who rides 235 days a year can hold himself together without stimulants.’ Barnes, J. (2000)
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“The World Anti-Doping Agency reported that more than 100 potential Olympians were stopped from competing at the Games because of doping, and the International Olympic Committee announced a number of positive tests during the course of the Games. This is good news for clean athletes around the world”
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Case study: What is our common sense understanding of doping?
“Steroids would have made a gold taste bittersweet - Chambers”
The GuardianMonday, October 13 2008
“Dwain Chambers missed out on the Beijing Olympics after his lifetime ban was upheld by the BOA in August.”
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Athlete vs. Institution
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Doping as unhealthy
Doping as cheating
Doping as rare
Doping as simple
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Is there an alternative reading?
Doping as part of elite sporting culture?
Competitive athletes perceptions:
“It is a common secret. I suppose the majority use. Their performances show that.” (Interview No.4)
“Of course [my coach knows I’m using]. Who do you think is doing the injections?” (Interview No.14)
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Coach involvement
“Of course, we are working together. We are both trying to use them properly in order to achieve the best results and avoid health side effects. I would never use something without his guidance.” (Interview No.1)
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Doping as a normalised practice
“They (doping tests) are for lying to the people. We are not the real cheaters. Almost everybody is using at a higher level. But trying to present a false image to the society is cheating.” (Interview No.3)
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Drugs and the culture of sport
Sport cannot be separated from society
Coach-athlete relationship
Pressures to succeed
The Networked Athlete
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The paradox of doping
Citius, Altius, Fortius
Sporting institution wants records but bans means to get them
Anti-doping policy => punishment of the (athlete) offender
Responsibilities of the institution obscured
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Testing the arguments
Doping is not fair
Is sport fair?
Doping is unnatural
Are sporting bodies
natural bodies?
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Anti-Doping Policy
In what way does anti-doping policy illustrate Foucault’s ideas about disciplinary society?
SurveillanceSmall, regular
punishmentsInternalising the
gazeDocile bodies
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WADA Anti-Doping Code
Anti-Doping rulesProhibited list
TestingHearingAppeal
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World Anti-Doping Agency
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WADA- ADAMS
ADAMS videoAnti-Doping Administration & Management System is a web-based
database management systemAthlete has a personalised online profile
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Individualisation of responsibility
Monitoring the athlete
Disciplining the athlete
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Contradictions of anti-doping policy
Two apparent themes:
moral argument
protection of athletes’ health
Safest substance vs most difficult to detect
High risks from legitimate substances and techniques
Ignores most “at risk” groups such as bodybuilders
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Doping and the media
What role does the media play in the doping debate?
Agenda building
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Doping is complex but…
Doping policy ignores this complexityand has gained
global acceptance as the only reality
Why do we accept this simplistic message?
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Athens 2004
“Black shadow over the
celebration:
Night of mystery with Kenderis and
Thanou - and doping in the background”
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Thebe
“The triumph
took away the sadness:
Unrepeatable ceremony –
Tributes from the
international mass media”
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Doping in the sport media
IndividualisationSpectacularisation
Confusion/suspicionDramatisation
Lack of evidence/explanationLack of clarity – gaps in knowledgeSilences alternative perspectives
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Doping Policy and the Media
Anti-Doping policy frames a
complex phenomenon
as simple
Punishment oriented
Justifies – excessive
surveillance and control of athletes
– harsh career-ending penalties
Complexities and contradictions are obscured by repeated simplistic media message
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IS IT TIME FOR DOPING TO BE PERMITTED IN SPORT?
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A short history of football
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1
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3
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Understood sociological approaches to doping and
devianceExplored and tested the
arguments surrounding doping in sport
Considered WADA and anti-doping policy in the light of
Foucault’s concepts of discipline and surveillance
Reflected on the media’s role in shaping the policy agenda for
doping