sponges and cnidarians life science. review the animal kingdom 4 major characteristics?...
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Sponges and Cnidarians
Life Science
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Review the Animal Kingdom
• 4 Major Characteristics?
• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophs
• Cells lack cell walls
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7 Essential Functions?
• Feeding
• Respiration
• Circulation
• Excretion
• Response
• Movement
• Reproduction
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Brain Encased Skull
jawsBony Skeleton
Lungs
Amniotic Egg
Hard Shells
Fur & Milk Glands
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Phylum Porifera
“Pore-Bearers”
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Sponges are the simplest of all animals.
They are multicellular, heterotrophic, have no cell walls, and have specialized cells.
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Carnivorous- eat small crustaceans
Sheet sponge
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Adult sponges are sessile.
They live attached to a single spot.
CAN”T MOVE
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Sponges are asymmetrical filter feeders
Feed on : bacteria, unicellular algae, and protists through filter feeding.
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IV. Phylum- Porifera (“pore bear”) –sponges – simplest of all animals
A. Body Plan – asymmetrical, pores all over body with large hole on top called osculum where water is pumped through, Have no mouth or gut, Have no tissues or organ systems, Simple functions are carried out by a few specialized cells
B. Protection: skeleton of spicules (glass-like material) or spongin (soft)
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Asymmetrical?
Have no front or back ends, no left and right sides
– A large, cylindrical water pump
– The body forms a wall around a large central cavity through which water flows continually
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Protection- Silica (cells of glass offer protection and support
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C. Feeding – filter feeders, trap microorganisms in water flow.
1. Collar cells - specialized cells that use flagella to move a steady current of water thru the sponge. Each collar cell digests its own food.
2. Archaeocytes - specialized cells that make spicules
3. Pore cells – Cells thru which water flows into the body of a sponge
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Major Body Functions
D. Respiration/ Circulation/ Excretion – water flow carries out all body functions (osmosis and diffusion)
• As water moves through the cavity:
1. Oxygen dissolved in the water diffuses into the surrounding cells
2. Carbon dioxide and other wastes, diffuse into the water and are carried away
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Major Body Functions
E. Response/Movement- no nervous system, do produce toxins, adults don’t move (sessile), larva swim
F. Reproduction- sexually with internal fertilization between two different sponges or asexually by budding or fragmentation
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Osculum
A large hole at the top of the sponge, through which water exits
The movement of water provides a simple mechanism for feeding, respiration, circulation and excretion
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Water flow
Collar Cell
Spicule
Pore cell
Pore
Epidermal cell
Archaeocyte
Osculum
Central cavity
Pores
The Anatomy of a Sponge
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Ecology of Sponges
1. Ideal habitats for marine animals such as snails, sea stars, sea cucumbers, and shrimp
2.Mutually beneficial relationships with bacteria, algae and plant-like protists
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Adult sponge releases sperm into the water
Sperm fertilize eggs inside the body of another sponge
The zygote develops into a free swimming larva
Sperm (N)
Egg (N)
Larva (2N)
Mature sponge (2N)
Larva attaches to a hard surface
New sponge
Haploid (N)
Diploid (2N)
FERTILIZATION
MEIOSIS
Sponge Life Cycle (Sexual Reproduction)Sponges are hermaphrodites.
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Review Questions
Answer the 4 questions on your own.
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Asexual Reproduction-Budding
A new polyp genetically identical to the parent is formed.
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Jelly fish
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Lion’s Mane Jelly
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Box Jelly
Some have eyes!
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Colony of polyps
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Deadly within 3 minutes!
Chironex fleckeri
Found off the coast of Australia
Over 100 deaths in the last 25 years
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Anemones
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Colonial Anemone
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Coral Reefs
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Brain Coral
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Orange Cup Coral
Red Sea Fan
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Sea Pen
Feathery Hydroid
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Fungiid Coral- this coral can move!
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Carpet Anemone
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Mushroom Coral
Giant Sea Fan
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Solid Table Coral
Staghorn Coral
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Phylum Cnidaria –more complex than sponges
A. Carnivorous animals with stinging tentacles around their mouths
B. Simplest animals to exhibit symmetry – cnidarians have radial symmetry
C. Simplest animals to have true tissues including nerves
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Examples: hydra, coral, sea anemone
Examples: jellyfish, portuguese man of war
Cnidarians have two body forms
Polyp - stationary, vase-shaped
Medusa - swimming, cup-shaped
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Examples: hydras, jellyfishes, sea anemones, and corals
A. Hydrozoans: Most of life as polyp ex. hydra
B. Scyphozoans: Most of life as medusa ex. jellyfish
C. Anthozoans: Only polyp stage in the life cycle ex. corals and sea anemones
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Simplest animal with true tissues.– soft bodied, have tentacles, radial symmetry,
1. Gut – gastrovascular cavity with one opening
2. Nerve net- detects stimuli
3. Hydrostatic Skeleton- movement and support with the use of muscles
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The Polyp and Medusa Stages
1. Polyp - Stationary, Examples: Hydra, Coral, and Sea Anemone
2. Medusa- Swimming, Cup Shaped. Examples: Jelly Fish and Man O War
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Epidermis
Mesoglea
Gastroderm
Bell
gut
Mouth/anus
Tentacles
Tentacles
Mouth/anus
Gut
Polyp
Medusa
The Polyp and Medusa Stages
3 tissue layers
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1. Feeding- kill small prey with stinging cells in tentacles, digest in gut, food in and waste out of one opening.
2. Respiration/Circulation/Excretion- all by diffusion (no true organs)
3. Response- have specialized sensory cells and nerve net to gather info and react to stimuli.
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Response
a. Statocysts: groups of sensory cells that help determine the direction of gravity
b. Ocelli: eyespots made of cells that detect light
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(Stinging Cell)
(StingingStructure)
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4. Movement- propel themselves with water using hydrostatic skeleton
5. Reproduction- asexually by budding, sexually by external fertilization, sperm and egg are released and meet in water
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IX. Ecology of Cnidarians
A. Source of new drugs/chemicals sunscreen 855
B. Provide habitats for marine organisms
C. Source of food for other organisms (like sea turtles)
D. Symbiotic relationships with other organisms
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Fertilization occurs in the open water, producing many diploid zygotes.
Sperm (N)
Egg (N)
Haploid
Diploid
FERTILIZATION
MEIOSIS
Male medusa(2N)
Zygote (2N)
Polyp
Buddingpolyp
Youngmedusa
Female medusa(2N)
Each zygote grows into a ciliated larva. The larva eventually attaches to a hard surface and develops into a polyp.
Swimming larva
The polypbuds to release young medusas.
Adult medusas reproduce sexually by releasing gametes intothe water.
Jellyfish Life Cycle (Sexual Reproduction)
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Answer the 2 review questions