spm chemistry form 4 chapter 2 structure of atom
DESCRIPTION
SPM Chemistry Form 4 notes (Structure of Atom).TRANSCRIPT
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The Structure of The Structure of The AtomThe Atom
Chapter 2Chapter 2
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Matter and SubstanceMatter and Substance
Matter is anything that has mass and Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.occupies space.
Made up of Made up of tiny and discrete tiny and discrete particlesparticles ( (atoms, molecules and ionsatoms, molecules and ions))
Atoms
Molecules
Ions
The smallest particle, which can participate in a chemical reaction
Group of two or more atoms which are chemically bonded together
Positively or negatively charged particles
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Kinetic theory of matterKinetic theory of matter
Explain the energy and forces between Explain the energy and forces between particles in matterparticles in matter
Three basic assumptions:– Matter is made up of _____ particles.Matter is made up of _____ particles.– The tiny particles are in constant ______.The tiny particles are in constant ______.– When the temperature is _______, the When the temperature is _______, the
particles gain particles gain more kinetic energymore kinetic energy and move and move in in greater speedsgreater speeds..
tinyspeed
higher
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DiffusionDiffusion
A process in which the particles of A process in which the particles of substance move and _________ the substance move and _________ the spaces in between the particles of spaces in between the particles of another substance.another substance.
Occurs in gases, _______ and solids.Occurs in gases, _______ and solids.
occupy
liquids
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Diffusion – Brownian MotionDiffusion – Brownian Motion
The movement of particles in all The movement of particles in all _______ caused by the _______ among _______ caused by the _______ among the particles or between particles and the particles or between particles and the container wall.the container wall.
direction collision
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Diffusion – Brownian MotionDiffusion – Brownian Motion
Examples:Examples:– Movement of smoke particles in airMovement of smoke particles in air– Movement of pollen grains in waterMovement of pollen grains in water– Pouring concentrated sugar solution Pouring concentrated sugar solution
in waterin water
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DiffusionDiffusion
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Diffusion in solid, liquid and gasDiffusion in solid, liquid and gas
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Diffusion in solid, liquid and gasDiffusion in solid, liquid and gas
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SOLIDSOLID
Arrangement Arrangement of particlesof particles DescriptionDescription PropertyProperty
Particles are held together Particles are held together by very strong _______ of by very strong _______ of attractionattraction
Cannot be Cannot be compressedcompressed
Closely packed together in Closely packed together in an orderly ________ an orderly ________
Has a fixed Has a fixed shape and shape and volumevolume
The kinetic energy of the The kinetic energy of the particles is _____.particles is _____.
Particle can vibrate and Particle can vibrate and rotate in their fixed rotate in their fixed position.position.
--
forcesforces
mannermanner
lowlow
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LIQUIDLIQUID
Arrangement Arrangement of particlesof particles DescriptionDescription PropertyProperty
The forces of attraction The forces of attraction between particles are between particles are _______ than in ________ _______ than in ________ but stronger than in gas but stronger than in gas statestate
Cannot be Cannot be compressed compressed easilyeasily
Packed closely but not in Packed closely but not in an orderly ________ an orderly ________
Has a fixed Has a fixed volume and volume and takes the shape takes the shape of its containerof its container
The kinetic energy of the The kinetic energy of the particles is greater than in particles is greater than in ______ state. ______ state.
Particle can vibrate, rotate Particle can vibrate, rotate and move.and move.
--
weakerweaker solidsolid
mannermanner
solidsolid
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GASGAS
Arrangement Arrangement of particlesof particles DescriptionDescription PropertyProperty
______ forces of attraction ______ forces of attraction between particlesbetween particles
Can be Can be compressed compressed easilyeasily
Particles are very _____ Particles are very _____ apart from each other.apart from each other.
Has no fixed Has no fixed volume and volume and takes the shape takes the shape of its containerof its container
The particles have very The particles have very ________ kinetic energy. ________ kinetic energy.
Particles can move freely Particles can move freely in ________ motion.in ________ motion.
--
WeakWeak
farfar
highhigh
randomrandom
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Inter-conversion of matterInter-conversion of matter
Gas
LiquidSolidA
BC
D
EF
Heating
Cooling
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Changes in the state of matterChanges in the state of matter
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MeltingA
BoilingB
SublimationC
Inter-conversion process
D Freezing
E Condensation
F Sublimation
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Inter-conversion ProcessesInter-conversion Processes
ProcessProcess DescriptionDescriptionMeltingMelting Solid to liquid, heat is absorbed, particles gain energy Solid to liquid, heat is absorbed, particles gain energy
and vibrate vigorously to break away from their fixed and vibrate vigorously to break away from their fixed position.position.
Evaporation / Evaporation / BoilingBoiling
Liquid to vapour, heat is absorbed, particles gain Liquid to vapour, heat is absorbed, particles gain enough energy to break away completely from the enough energy to break away completely from the liquid to form steam.liquid to form steam.
SublimationSublimation Solid to vapour, heat is absorbed, particles get enough Solid to vapour, heat is absorbed, particles get enough energy to break away completely from the solid and energy to break away completely from the solid and form a gas.form a gas.
FreezingFreezing Liquid to solid, heat is liberated, particles slow down Liquid to solid, heat is liberated, particles slow down their vibration and stop moving.their vibration and stop moving.
CondensationCondensation Vapour to liquid, heat is liberated, particles lose Vapour to liquid, heat is liberated, particles lose energy and move more and more slowly to form liquid.energy and move more and more slowly to form liquid.
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The heating curve of a substanceThe heating curve of a substance
Temperature (°C)
Time (Min)
Boiling pointBoiling point
Melting pointMelting point
A
B C
D E
F
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The cooling curve of a substanceThe cooling curve of a substanceTemperature (°C)
Time (Min)
Boiling pointBoiling point
Freezing pointFreezing point
U
TS
RQ
P
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