splash screen. section 1 civil lawsuits civil lawsuits may involve property disputes, a breach of...
TRANSCRIPT
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Splash Screen
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Section 1
Civil Lawsuits
Civil lawsuits may involve property disputes, a breach of contract, family matters, or personal injury.
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Section 1
Civil Lawsuits (cont.)
• In a civil case, a plaintiff brings a lawsuit against a defendant.
• The plaintiff:
– Claims to have suffered loss
– Usually seeks damages
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Section 1
• The defendant:
– Argues the loss did not occur
– Argues the defendant is not responsible
Civil Lawsuits (cont.)
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Section 1
• Civil lawsuits may involve:
– Property disputes
– Breaches of contracts
– Family matters involving two or more parties
Civil Lawsuits (cont.)
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Section 1
• Negligence or personal injury
• Negligence suit filed when:
– Someone injured or killed
– Property destroyed
Civil Lawsuits (cont.)
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Section 1
The Process in a Civil Case
Civil lawsuits follow a specified legal procedure.
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Section 1
The Process in a Civil Case (cont.)
• There are specific legal procedures that civil lawsuits follow.
• Plaintiff retains a lawyer, who files a complaint with the court
Civil Cases
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Section 1
• Defendant:
– Receives a summons
– May file an “answer” to complaint
The Process in a Civil Case (cont.)
• Complaint and answer referred to as pleadings
Civil Cases
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Section 1
• The process of discovery to check facts and gather evidence
• Pretrial hearing:
The Process in a Civil Case (cont.)
– Helps to explain differences between two sides
– Plaintiff may decide to drop case
– Defendant may offer settlement
Civil Cases
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Section 1
• Mediation and arbitration are ways to resolve disputes.
• Most civil cases settled before trial because of time and money.
The Process in a Civil Case (cont.)
Civil Cases
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Section 1
• Trial:
– Jury or judge may hear case
– Plaintiff has to present a “preponderance of evidence”
– Remedy set if plaintiff wins
– Plaintiff gets nothing and must pay court costs if defendant wins
The Process in a Civil Case (cont.)
Civil Cases
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Section 1
• Appeal:
– Losing side may appeal to a higher court
– Defendant or defendant’s insurance company may appeal to reduce awards
The Process in a Civil Case (cont.)
Civil Cases
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Section 2-Main Idea
Guide to Reading
Big Idea
The Constitution of the United States establishes and protects the individual’s fundamental rights and liberties.
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Section 2
What Is a Criminal Case?
In criminal cases, defendants are charged with crimes, and if convicted, they are sentenced as punishment.
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Section 2
What Is a Criminal Case? (cont.)
• In a criminal case, the state or federal government charges someone with a crime.
• Government is the prosecution in a criminal case.
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Section 2
• Crime is an act that:
– Breaks a federal or state criminal law
– Causes harm to people or society
What Is a Criminal Case? (cont.)
U.S. Regional Crime Rates in 2004
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Section 2
• Criminal justice system includes courts, police and prisons.
• A separate juvenile justice system
What Is a Criminal Case? (cont.)
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Section 2
• Penal code:
What Is a Criminal Case? (cont.)
– Written criminal laws in each state
– Federal penal code defines federal crimes
– Spells out the punishments that go with each crime
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Section 2
• People convicted of misdemeanors:
– May be fined
– May be sentenced to one year or less in jail
What Is a Criminal Case? (cont.)
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Section 2
• People convicted of felonies:
– May be imprisoned for a year or more
– May be punished by death in the case of murder
– May lose certain civil rights
– May lose employment opportunities in some careers
What Is a Criminal Case? (cont.)
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Section 2
• Misdemeanors sometimes treated as felonies
What Is a Criminal Case? (cont.)
– Example: drunk driving repeat offense
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Section 2
• Criminal penalties:
– Provide punishment so that a criminal pays for offense
– Protect society by confining dangerous lawbreakers in prison
– Can serve as warnings to deter other people
– Can help prepare lawbreakers to reenter society after prison terms
What Is a Criminal Case? (cont.)
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Section 2
• Determining the sentence:
– System of indeterminate sentences used in the past
– Some prisoners eligible for parole
– Mandatory sentencing imposing whatever sentence the law directs
What Is a Criminal Case? (cont.)
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Section 2
• Many states giving judges more sentencing options:
– Shock incarceration
– Intensive-supervision probation or parole
– House arrest
What Is a Criminal Case? (cont.)
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Section 2
Criminal Case Procedure
Criminal cases follow several steps, including arrest, hearing, indictment, arraignment, verdict, sentencing, and appeal.
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Section 2
Criminal Case Procedure (cont.)
• Criminal cases follow several steps.
• Defendants entitled to the protections of due process
Criminal Cases
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Section 2
• Arrest begins a criminal case
• Officers make an arrest when:
Criminal Case Procedure (cont.)
– They have witnessed suspected crime
– A citizen has made complaint or report of a crime
– A judge has issued arrest warrant
Criminal Cases
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Section 2
• The booking process:
– Police fingerprint and photograph suspect
– Suspect allowed to call a lawyer
– State provides lawyer if the suspect cannot afford lawyer
Criminal Case Procedure (cont.)
Criminal Cases
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Section 2
• A few hours after being booked:
– Suspect informed of charges
– Prosecution must show probable cause for believing the accused committed the crime
– Judge either sends accused back to jail, sets bail, or releases the accused
Criminal Case Procedure (cont.)
Criminal Cases
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Section 2
• Preliminary hearings and grand jury decide indictments
• “Information” claims sufficient evidence to bring accused to trial
Criminal Case Procedure (cont.)
Criminal Cases
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Section 2
• Arraignment:
– Defendant formally presented with charges and enters a plea
– If defendant pleads not guilty, case continues
Criminal Case Procedure (cont.)
Criminal Cases
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Section 2
– If defendant pleads guilty, he or she is convicted and punishment is determined.
– If defendant pleads no contest, effect is much the same as guilty plea
Criminal Case Procedure (cont.)
Criminal Cases
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Section 2
• Trial procedure:
– Defense lawyer interviews witnesses, studies laws affecting the case, and gathers information.
– Defendants have right to a jury trial, although many choose a bench trial.
– Selection of potential jurors
Criminal Case Procedure (cont.)
Criminal Cases
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Section 2
– Opening statements outlining the case
– Prosecution and defense present cases
Criminal Case Procedure (cont.)
Criminal Cases
• Calling witnesses who give testimony
• Cross-examine witnesses
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Section 2
– Closing statements highlighting testimony
– Judge explains law relating to case to the jury
Criminal Case Procedure (cont.)
Criminal Cases
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Section 2
• Reaching a verdict:
– Jury chooses foreperson to lead discussion
– Reviews evidence and arguments
– Deliberates secretly and without time limit
– Votes whether defendant is guilty or not guilty
Criminal Case Procedure (cont.)
Criminal Cases
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Section 2
– To reach guilty verdict, evidence must convince “beyond a reasonable doubt”
– Verdict must be unanimous in most criminal cases
– Acquittal is a vote of not guilty
– Hung jury is a jury that cannot agree on a verdict
Criminal Case Procedure (cont.)
Criminal Cases
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Section 2
• Jury or judge decides on sentence, which often specifies period of prison time
• Defendant can appeal guilty verdict
Criminal Case Procedure (cont.)
Criminal Cases
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Section 3-Main Idea
Guide to Reading
Big Idea
The Constitution of the United States establishes and protects the individual’s fundamental rights and liberties.
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Section 3
Causes of Juvenile Delinquency
All states and the federal government have a separate justice system for young people.
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Section 3
Causes of Juvenile Delinquency (cont.)
• In most states, anyone under the age is 18 is considered a juvenile.
• Juvenile delinquents are young people who commit crimes
• Juvenile delinquents treated somewhat differently from adults who commit crimes
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Section 3
• Factors that can contribute to juvenile delinquency:
– Abuse or neglect
– Emotional or mental problems
– Poverty
Causes of Juvenile Delinquency (cont.)
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Section 3
The Juvenile Justice System
The juvenile justice system is similar to the adult system, with some important differences.
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Section 3
The Juvenile Justice System (cont.)
• Juvenile courts try to rehabilitate juveniles, rather than punish them.
• Two types of cases handled by juvenile courts:
– Neglect, which involves caregivers neglecting or abusing juveniles
– Delinquency, which involves juveniles committing crimes
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Section 3
• Police officers handling juvenile cases
• Special programs for juveniles:
The Juvenile Justice System (cont.)
– Counseling
– Job training
– Drug-treatment
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Section 3
• Trials for juveniles:
– Preliminary hearings
– Juveniles not entitled to a jury trial
– Juvenile cases normally closed to the public
– Juvenile offenders’ identities and criminal records kept secret
– If found guilty court holds sentencing
The Juvenile Justice System (cont.)
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Section 3
• Sentencing for juveniles:
– Court holds hearing that is the same as sentencing
– Some offenders sent home with a stern lecture
– Some offenders with previous history of delinquency placed in special training schools, reformatories, treatment centers, or teen shelters
The Juvenile Justice System (cont.)
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Section 3
• Successful probation leading to dropped charges and removal of charges from record
• Neglected juveniles can become wards of the court
• Rules for juvenile criminal cases established by the Supreme Court
• Juveniles generally have same or similar rights as adults
The Juvenile Justice System (cont.)
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Section 3
Do you think special programs are effective in rehabilitating juvenile delinquents?
A. Yes
B. No A. A
B. B0%0%
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VS 1
Civil Law
• Civil law includes disputes over rights, property, and agreements.
• In a civil lawsuit, the plaintiff files a complaint against the defendant, and the defendant responds.
• The legal system has established a procedure that everyone must follow to settle civil disputes.
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VS 2
Criminal Law
• In criminal law cases, the government charges someone with a crime.
• A crime is an act that breaks a federal or state criminal law and causes harm to people or society in general.
• Criminal cases are divided into two main groups—felonies and misdemeanors.
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VS 3
Juveniles and the Court System
• When a juvenile is arrested, the police must notify his or her parents or caregivers.
• A preliminary hearing is held, followed by a court appearance.
• At sentencing, juveniles may be sent home, put on probation, made a ward of the court, or sent to a reformatory.
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VS 4
Juveniles and the Court System (cont.)
• There is no jury in juvenile court cases.
• The primary goal of juvenile courts is to try to rehabilitate, or correct the behavior of, offenders.
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Figure 2
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Figure 3
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TIME Trans
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DFS Trans 1
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DFS Trans 2
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DFS Trans 3
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Vocab1
complaint
a formal notice that a lawsuit is being brought
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Vocab2
summons
a notice directing someone to appear in court to answer a complaint or a charge
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Vocab3
discovery
process by which attorneys have opportunity to check facts and gather evidence
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Vocab4
settlement
in a legal case, the amount of money the defendant agrees to pay the plaintiff
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Vocab5
file
to submit or register
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Vocab6
retain
to keep or to hold secure
![Page 68: Splash Screen. Section 1 Civil Lawsuits Civil lawsuits may involve property disputes, a breach of contract, family matters, or personal injury](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103023/56649de55503460f94addd67/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Vocab7
respond
to answer or react
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Vocab8
prosecution
party who starts the legal proceedings against another party for a violation of the law
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Vocab9
crime
an act that breaks a law and causes harm to people or society in general
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Vocab10
penal code
a state’s written criminal laws
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Vocab11
parole
to grant a prisoner an early release from prison, with certain restrictions
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Vocab12
mandatory sentencing
punishment that judges must impose according to what the law directs
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Vocab13
arraignment
a hearing in which a suspect is charged and pleads guilty or not guilty
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Vocab14
testimony
the statement a witness makes under oath
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Vocab15
cross-examine
to question a witness at a trial or a hearing to check or discredit the testimony
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Vocab16
acquittal
a vote of not guilty
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Vocab17
hung jury
a jury that cannot agree on a verdict
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Vocab18
function
to serve a purpose
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Vocab19
confine
to restrict or imprison
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Vocab20
sufficient
to be adequate for a purpose
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Vocab21
juvenile
a person not yet legally an adult
![Page 83: Splash Screen. Section 1 Civil Lawsuits Civil lawsuits may involve property disputes, a breach of contract, family matters, or personal injury](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022103023/56649de55503460f94addd67/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Vocab22
juvenile delinquent
a child or teenager who commits a serious crime or repeatedly breaks the law
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Vocab23
rehabilitate
to correct a person’s behavior
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Vocab24
emphasis
placing stress or special importance on something
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Vocab25
preliminary
coming before the main part or item
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Vocab26
equivalent
alike or equal to in number or meaning
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