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Splash Screen Slide 2 Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1:Section 1:Immigration Section 2:Section 2:Urbanization Section 3:Section 3:The Gilded Age Section 4:Section 4:Populism Section 5:Section 5:The Rise of Segregation Visual Summary Slide 3 Chapter Intro Why Do People Migrate? European and Asian immigrants arrived in the United States in great numbers during the late 1800s. Providing cheap labor, they made rapid industrial growth possible. They also helped populate the growing cities. How do you think life in big cities was different from life on farms and in small towns? How do you think the immigrants of the late 1800s changed American society? Slide 4 Chapter Timeline Slide 5 Slide 6 Chapter Intro 1 Immigration Why did Europeans come to America in the late 1900s? Slide 7 Chapter Intro 2 Urbanization What are some of the characteristics of cities? Slide 8 Chapter Intro 3 The Gilded Age What were the characteristics of the Gilded Age? Slide 9 Chapter Intro 4 Populism What is populism and how did it affect the United States? Slide 10 Chapter Intro 5 The Rise of Segregation What is racial segregation? Why is it inherently wrong? Slide 11 Chapter Preview-End Slide 12 Section 1-Main Idea Big Ideas Trade, War, and Migration Many people from Europe came to the United States to escape war, famine, or persecution or to find better jobs. Slide 13 Section 1-Key Terms Content Vocabulary steerage nativism Academic Vocabulary immigrant ethnic Slide 14 Section 1-Key Terms People and Events to Identify Ellis Island Jacob Riis Angel Island Chinese Exclusion Act Slide 15 A.A B.B Section 1-Polling Question Did your ancestors immigrate to the United States? A.Yes B.No Slide 16 Section 1 Europeans Flood Into America Immigrants from Europe came to the United States for many reasons and entered the country through Ellis Island. Slide 17 Section 1 In the late 1890sa period known as the new immigrationmore than half of all immigrants in the United States were from eastern and southern Europe. immigrants Europeans Flood Into America (cont.) Old and New Immigrants to the United States, 18651914 Slide 18 Section 1 Europeans emigrated to the United States for many reasons: plenty of available jobs escape from poverty and the restrictions of social class in Europe to avoid forced military service high food prices Europeans Flood Into America (cont.) Old and New Immigrants to the United States, 18651914 Slide 19 Section 1 religious persecution Moving to the United States was an easy process. to live under a democratic government Europeans Flood Into America (cont.) Old and New Immigrants to the United States, 18651914 Slide 20 Section 1 The voyage to the United States was often very difficult. Europeans Flood Into America (cont.) Most immigrants booked passage in steerage. steerage At the end of the 14-day journey, the passengers usually disembarked at Ellis Island. Slide 21 Section 1 By the 1890s, immigrants made up a large percentage of the population of major cities, including New York, Chicago, Milwaukee, and Detroit. Jacob Riis, a Danish-born journalist, observed the large number of different nationalities in New York City. Europeans Flood Into America (cont.) Immigration Settlement Patterns Slide 22 Section 1 In the cities, immigrants lived in neighborhoods that were often separated into ethnic groups.ethnic Europeans Flood Into America (cont.) Slide 23 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 About how many immigrants passed through Ellis Island between 1892 and 1954? A.2 million B.6 million C.12 million D.20 million Slide 24 Section 1 Asian Immigration Asian immigrants arrived on the West Coast, where they settled mainly in cities. Slide 25 Section 1 China was already overpopulated; then, in 1850, the Taiping Rebellion erupted and thousands of Chinese left for the west coast of the United States. Japanese immigrated due to economic problems at home. In January 1910, California opened a barracks on Angel Island for Asian immigrants. Asian Immigration (cont.) Slide 26 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 In the early 1860s, which development led to further Chinese immigration? A.Central Pacific Railroad construction B.A gold rush C.More land on the Plains became available. D.A drought in China Slide 27 Section 1 Nativism Resurges Economic concerns and religious and ethnic prejudices led some Americans to push for laws restricting immigration. Slide 28 Section 1 Eventually, the wave of immigration led to increased feelings of nativism on the part of many Americans.nativism Nativists opposed immigration for many reasons: Nativism Resurges (cont.) fear that the influx of Catholics would swamp the mostly Protestant United States Labor unions argued that immigrants undermined American workers because they would work for low wages and accept jobs as strikebreakers. Slide 29 Section 1 Increased feelings of nativism led to the founding of anti-immigrant organizations such as the American Protective Association. Enacted in 1882, a new federal law banned convicts, paupers, and the mentally disabled from immigrating to the U.S. Nativism Resurges (cont.) Slide 30 Section 1 In the West, Denis Kearney organized the Workingmans Party of California in the 1870s to fight Chinese immigration. Nativism Resurges (cont.) In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act. The law was not repealed until 1943. Slide 31 Section 1 On October 11, 1906, the San Francisco Board of Education ordered all Asian children to attend a racially segregated school. Nativism Resurges (cont.) Japan took great offense at the treatment of its people. In response, Theodore Roosevelt proposed a deal known as the Gentlemans Agreementhe would limit Japanese immigration if the school board would end segregation. Slide 32 Section 1 Although Presidents Taft and Wilson both vetoed legislation to require literacy from immigrants, the legislation eventually passed in 1917. Nativism Resurges (cont.) Slide 33 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 The American Protective Association vowed not to hire or vote for which type of immigrant? A.German B.Asian C.Irish D.Polish Slide 34 Section 1-End Slide 35 Section 2-Main Idea Big Ideas Government and Society The growth of and problems in major cities led to political machines that controlled local politics. Slide 36 Section 2-Key Terms Content Vocabulary skyscraper tenement political machine party boss graft Academic Vocabulary incentive trigger Slide 37 Section 2-Key Terms People and Events to Identify Louis Sullivan George Plunkitt William Boss Tweed Slide 38 A.A B.B Section 2-Polling Question Do you think that cities are still divided by classes? A.Yes B.No Slide 39 Section 2 Americans Migrate to the Cities Rural Americans and immigrants moved to the cities where skyscrapers and mass transit were developed to deal with congestion. Slide 40 Section 2 After the Civil War, the urban population of the United States grew from around 10 million in 1870 to more than 30 million in 1900. The physical appearance of cities also changed dramatically. Americans Migrate to the Cities (cont.) Skyscrapers began to appear as demand raised for the price of land.Skyscrapers No one contributed more to the design of skyscrapers than Chicagos Louis Sullivan. Slide 41 Section 2 The following kinds of mass transit developed: Americans Migrate to the Cities (cont.) horsecars cable cars the electric trolley car elevated railroads subway systems Slide 42 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 Where was the first subway system built? A.New York B.Boston C.Chicago D.San Francisco Slide 43 Section 2 Separation by Class In the cities, society was separated by classes, with the upper, middle, and working classes living in different neighborhoods. Slide 44 Section 2 During the last half of the 1800s, the wealthiest families established fashionable districts in the heart of a city. The nations rising middle class included doctors, lawyers, engineers, managers, social workers, architects, and teachers. Few families in the urban class could hope to own a home. Separation by Class (cont.) Most spent their lives in crowded tenements.tenements Slide 45 Section 2 Within the working class, white native-born men earned higher wages than anyone else. Many times the entire family, including the children, worked. Separation by Class (cont.) Slide 46 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 The largest source of employment for women was which of the following? A.Teaching B.Nursing C.Domestic service D.Factories Slide 47 Section 2 Urban Problems Major problems plagued the cities; political machines provided help for some residents but were frequently corrupt. Slide 48 Section 2 Crime, both major and minor, was a growing problem in American cities. Urban Problems (cont.) Alcohol contributed to violent crime, both inside and outside the home. Disease and pollution posed even bigger threats. Slide 49 Section 2 The political machine came about partly because cities had grown much faster than their governments.political machine Urban Problems (cont.) In exchange for votes, political machines and the party bosses who ran them eagerly provided necessities.party bosses Slide 50 Section 2 The party bosses who ran the political machines also controlled the citys finances. Urban Problems (cont.) Many machine politicians grew rich as the result of fraud or graft.graft George Plunkitt was one of New Yorks most powerful party bosses. Slide 51 Section 2 Tammany Hall, the New York City Democratic political machine, was the most infamous such organization. Urban Problems (cont.) William Boss Tweed was its leader during the 1860s and 1870s. Slide 52 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 From 1880 to 1900, the murder rate jumped by how much? A.20 million B.55 million C.75 million D.100 million Slide 53 Section 2-End Slide 54 Section 3-Main Idea Big Ideas Past and Present Ideas about wealth during the last part of the 1800s continue to affect society today. Slide 55 Section 3-Key Terms Content Vocabulary individualism Social Darwinism philanthropy settlement house Americanization Academic Vocabulary evolution publish Slide 56 Section 3-Key Terms People and Events to Identify Gilded Age Gospel of Wealth Mark Twain Social Gospel Jane Addams Slide 57 A.A B.B Section 3-Polling Question Do you feel that people have total control over the direction of their lives or that outside forces play a role as well? A.Total control B.Outside forces Slide 58 Section 3 Social Darwinism Individualism and Social Darwinism shaped Americans attitudes toward industrial society. Slide 59 Section 3 In 1872, Mark Twain and Charles Warner wrote a novel entitled The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today. By calling this era the Gilded Age, they were warning others that something might appear to sparkle, but the inside is probably made of cheaper material. Social Darwinism (cont.) Whether the era was golden or merely gilded, it was certainly a time of great cultural activity. Slide 60 Section 3 One of the strongest beliefs of the era was the idea of individualism.individualism Social Darwinism (cont.) Horatio Alger wrote more than 100 rags to riches stories. Another powerful idea was Social Darwinism.Social Darwinism British philosopher Herbert Spencer applied Charles Darwins theory of evolution and natural selection to human society.evolution Slide 61 Section 3 For many devout Christians, however, Darwins conclusions were upsetting and offensive. Andrew Carnegie advocated a gentler version of Social Darwinism that he called the Gospel of Wealth. Social Darwinism (cont.) This philosophy held that wealthy Americans should engage in philanthropy and use their great fortunes to create conditions that would help people help themselves.philanthropy Slide 62 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3 Andrew Carnegie helped fund the creation of which of the following in order to help people better themselves? A.Museums B.Schools C.Public libraries D.Parks Slide 63 Section 3 A Changing Culture Artists and writers began portraying life in America more realistically, and cities offered new forms of entertainment. Slide 64 Section 3 A new movement in art and literature called realism began in the 1800s. Artists and writers tried to portray the world realistically. Perhaps the best-known American painter was Thomas Eakins. William Dean Howells and Mark Twain are two famous writers from this era. A Changing Culture (cont.) Slide 65 Section 3 Popular culture changed considerably in the late 1800s. A Changing Culture (cont.) As a place for social gathering, saloons played a major role in the lives of male workers. Amusement parks and watching professional sports also became popular during the late 1800s. Slide 66 Section 3 Playing tennis, golf, and croquet became popular. Vaudeville and ragtime music echoed the hectic pace of city life. A Changing Culture (cont.) Slide 67 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3 Which sport was invented in 1891? A.Soccer B.Baseball C.Basketball D.Volleyball Slide 68 Section 3 Politics in Washington The two major parties were closely competitive in the late 1800s; tariff rates and big business regulation were hotly debated political issues. Slide 69 Section 3 When Rutherford B. Hayes became president in 1877, he tried to end patronage by firing officials who had been given their jobs under the spoils system. Politics in Washington (cont.) His actions divided the Republican Party between Stalwarts (who supported patronage) and the Halfbreeds (who opposed it). Slide 70 Section 3 When James A. Garfield became president, his assassination turned public opinion against the spoils system and in 1833 Congress passed the Pendleton Act. Politics in Washington (cont.) This marked the beginning of professional civil service. Slide 71 Section 3 In 1884, the Democratic Party nominated Grover Cleveland for president and the Republican Party nominated James G. Blaine. As the first elected Democratic president since 1856, Grover Cleveland faced a horde of supporters who expected him to reward them with jobs. Politics in Washington (cont.) However, Mugwumps expected him to increase the number of jobs protected by the civil service system. Slide 72 Section 3 Many Americans were concerned by the power of large corporations, especially the railroads. Many states passed laws regulating railroad rates, but the Supreme Court ruled that only the federal government could regulate interstate commerce. In 1887, Cleveland signed the Interstate Commerce Act, which created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). Politics in Washington (cont.) Slide 73 Section 3 In December 1887, President Cleveland proposed lowering tariffs, which became a major issue in the election of 1888. Harrisons victory in the election of 1888 gave the Republicans control of both houses of Congress as well as the White House. Politics in Washington (cont.) The McKinley Tariff lowered federal revenue causing a budget deficit. Slide 74 Section 3 In 1890, Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act; however, the law had little impact. Politics in Washington (cont.) Slide 75 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3 Who ran against Grover Cleveland in the election of 1888? A.William McKinley B.Benjamin Harrison C.Chester A. Arthur D.James A. Garfield Slide 76 Section 3 The Rebirth of Reform Reformers developed new methods and philosophies for helping the urban poor. Slide 77 Section 3 In 1879, journalist Henry George published Progress and Poverty, a book challenging Social Darwinism.published In 1883, Lester Frank Ward published Dynamic Sociology, in which he argued that humans were different from animals because they had the ability to make plans to produce future outcomes they desired. The Rebirth of Reform (cont.) Wards ideas came to be known as Reform Darwinism. Slide 78 Section 3 In 1888, Edward Bellamy published Looking Backward, a book about a perfect socialistic society. Criticism of industrial society also appeared in a new style of writing known as naturalism. The Rebirth of Reform (cont.) Naturalists believed that some people failed in life due to circumstances beyond their control. Famous writers include Stephen Crane, Jack London, and Theodore Dreiser. Slide 79 Section 3 The plight of the urban poor prompted some reformers to find new ways to help. The Rebirth of Reform (cont.) Their efforts gave rise to the Social Gospel movement, the Salvation Army, the YMCA, and settlement houses.settlement houses Jane Addams opened a famous settlement house in Chicagothe Hull Housein 1889. Slide 80 Section 3 Public schools were crucial to the success of immigrant children. The Rebirth of Reform (cont.) They were taught English and learned about American history and culture, a process known as Americanization.Americanization Slide 81 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3 Which of the following worked to better conditions in cities according to the biblical ideals of charity and justice? A.The Social Gospel Movement B.The Salvation Army C.The YMCA D.Settlement houses Slide 82 Section 3-End Slide 83 Section 4-Main Idea Big Ideas Economics and Society The Populist movement and its presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan strongly supported silver as the basis for currency. Slide 84 Section 4-Key Terms Content Vocabulary populism greenbacks inflation deflation cooperatives graduated income tax Academic Vocabulary bond currency strategy Slide 85 Section 4-Key Terms People and Events to Identify Farmers Alliance Peoples Party William Jennings Bryan William McKinley Slide 86 A.A B.B Section 4-Polling Question Do you feel that presidential candidates must be eloquent speakers in order to run for office? A.Yes B.No Slide 87 Section 4 Unrest in Rural America Deflation, low crop prices, and tariffs hurt farmers economically. Slide 88 Section 4 Populism was a movement to increase farmers political power and to work for legislation in their interest.Populism Some farmers thought adjusting the money supply would solve their economic problems. Unrest in Rural America (cont.) During the Civil War the federal government issued millions of dollars in greenbacks.greenbacks This increase in the money supply without an increase in goods for sale caused inflation.inflation Slide 89 Section 4 To get inflation under control, the federal government stopped printing greenbacks, began paying off its bonds, and stopped making silver coins. As the economy expanded, deflation began and hit farmers especially hard.deflation Unrest in Rural America (cont.) Slide 90 Section 4 In 1867, Oliver H. Kelley founded the first national farm organization, the Patrons of Husbandry, better known as the Grange. Grangers responded to the recession in 1873 by pressuring state legislatures to regulate railroad and warehouse rates. Unrest in Rural America (cont.) Why Were Farmers Having Problems? They also tried to create cooperatives.cooperatives Slide 91 Section 4 None of the strategies the Grangers employed improved farmers economic conditions. As the Grange began to fall apart, the Farmers Alliance began to form. Unrest in Rural America (cont.) When Charles W. Macune became the leader of the Alliance, he announced a plan to organize very large cooperatives, which he called exchanges. Ultimately, the large cooperatives failed. Slide 92 A.A B.B Section 4 In the case of Wabash v. Illinois which decision did the Supreme Court make? A.States could regulate railroads and commerce that crossed state lines. B.States could not regulate railroads and commerce that crossed state lines. Slide 93 Section 4 The Rise of Populism Farmers started the Peoples Party to fight for their interests and attracted many supporters when a depression hit in the 1890s. Slide 94 Section 4 Members of the Kansas Alliance formed the Peoples Party, also known as the Populists, and nominated candidates to run for Congress and the state legislature. To get the Southern Democrats to support the Alliance, Charles Macune introduced the subtreasury plan. The Rise of Populism (cont.) Macune believed the plan would enable farmers to hold their crops off the market in large enough quantities to force prices up. Slide 95 Section 4 The Populists nominated James B. Weaver to run for president in 1892. The Populist platform endorsed the following: The Rise of Populism (cont.) a return to unlimited coinage of silver at a ratio that gave 16 ounces of silver the same value as one ounce of gold federal ownership of railroads Slide 96 Section 4 a graduated income taxgraduated income tax proposals designed to appeal to organized labor The Rise of Populism (cont.) Grover Cleveland won the election. Slide 97 A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E Section 4 The Peoples Party called for which of the following? A.Free coinage of silver B.An end to protective tariffs and national banks C.Tighter regulation of railroads D.A and B E.All of the above Slide 98 Section 4 The Election of 1896 Although William Jennings Bryan had the support of the Populists and the Democrats, Republican William McKinley defeated him. Slide 99 Section 4 The Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan as their candidate. The Election of 1896 (cont.) He transformed the campaign for silver into a crusade. The Populists decided to support Bryan instead of possibly splitting the silver vote. Election of 1896 Slide 100 Section 4 The Republicans nominated William McKinley as their candidate. The Election of 1896 (cont.) Due to McKinleys reputation as a moderate on labor issues and as tolerant toward ethnic groups, he won the campaign. The Populist Party declined after 1896. Election of 1896 Slide 101 A.A B.B Section 4 Which of the candidates launched a Front Porch Campaign? A.William Jennings Bryan B.William McKinley Slide 102 Section 4-End Slide 103 Section 5-Main Idea Big Ideas Individual Action Several prominent African Americans led the fight against racial discrimination. Slide 104 Section 5-Key Terms Content Vocabulary poll tax segregation Jim Crow laws lynching Academic Vocabulary discrimination Slide 105 Section 5-Key Terms People and Events to Identify Ida B. Wells Booker T. Washington W.E.B. Du Bois Slide 106 A.A B.B Section 5-Polling Question Would you fight for your rights or earn your education first? A.Rights B.Education Slide 107 Section 5 Resistance and Repression Many African Americans fled the South, but some stayed and joined the Populist Party. Slide 108 Section 5 In the mid-1870s, Benjamin Pap Singleton became convinced that African Americans would never be given a chance to get ahead in the South. He urged African Americans to move west, specifically to Kansas. In 1886, African American farmers established the Colored Farmers National Alliance. Resistance and Repression (cont.) The Exodus to Kansas Slide 109 Section 5 Many African Americans also joined the Populist Party when it formed in 1891. To win back the poor white vote, Democratic leaders began appealing to racism, warning whites that support for Populism would return the South to Black Republican rule. Resistance and Repression (cont.) In addition, election officials began using various methods to make it harder for African Americans to vote. Slide 110 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 5 The African Americans who migrated to Kansas came to be known by which of the following names? A.Nomads B.Wanderers C.Exodusters D.Hebrews Slide 111 Section 5 Imposing Segregation Southern states passed laws that imposed segregation and denied African American men their voting rights. Slide 112 Section 5 In the late 1800s, Southern states began imposing restrictions that, while not mentioning race, were designed to make it difficult or impossible for African Americans to vote. In 1890, Mississippi began requiring all citizens registering to vote to pay a poll tax of $2.poll tax Mississippi also instituted a literacy test, requiring voters to read and understand the state constitution. Imposing Segregation (cont.) Slide 113 Section 5 Other Southern states adopted similar restrictions, and the number of voters declined significantly. African Americans in the North were often barred from public places, but segregation in the South was far worse.segregation Imposing Segregation (cont.) Southern states passed Jim Crow laws.Jim Crow laws Slide 114 Section 5 In 1883, the Supreme Court set the stage for legalized segregation when it overturned the Civil Rights Act of 1875. Southern states then passed a series of laws that established racial segregation in virtually all public places. Imposing Segregation (cont.) In the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court set out a new doctrine of separate but equal facilities for African Americans. Slide 115 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 5 Whom did the grandfather clause allow to vote? A.People over 70 regardless of race B.Anyone whose ancestor could vote in 1867 C.Women D.White men whose ancestor could read before 1850 Slide 116 Section 5 The African American Response Some African American leaders focused on practical vocational education, while others pushed for full civil rights and education opportunities. Slide 117 Section 5 Between 1890 and 1899, there was an average of 187 lynchings each year.lynchings In 1892, Ida B. Wells launched a crusade against lynching. Mary Church Terrell fought a lifelong battle against lynching, racism, and sexism. The African American Response (cont.) She helped found the National Association of Colored Women and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Slide 118 Section 5 She also formed the Women Wage- Earners Association. Booker T. Washington proposed that African Americans concentrate on achieving economic goals rather than political ones. Bookers Atlanta Compromise speech provoked a strong challenge from W.E.B. Du Bois, who saw no advantage to giving up civil rights, even temporarily. The African American Response (cont.) Slide 119 A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 5 Who wrote The Souls of Black Folk? A.Ida B. Wells B.Mary Church Terrell C.Booker T. Washington D.W.E.B. Du Bois Slide 120 Section 5-End Slide 121 VS 1 Effects of Industrialization 1. Immigration and Urbanization Rise of large factories greatly increases the demand for labor in the United States, encouraging immigrants to move to America in large numbers. The increase in industrial jobs encourages large numbers of Americans and immigrants to settle in cities. As cities grow large, pollution, crime, disease, and fire become serious problems. Slide 122 VS 2 Effects of Industrialization 1. Immigration and Urbanization New industrial technology allows cities to grow even larger with the development of the skyscraper, the elevator, and the trolley car. Large urban areas change the nature of politics creating corrupt urban political machines such as Tammany Hall in New York. Slide 123 VS 3 Effects of Industrialization 2. Farm Problems Industrialization and new technology increases farm production and creates the ability to ship farm products across the country. Farmers produce huge surpluses, driving down food prices, while a money shortage leads to high interest rates; farmers grow deeper in debt while income falls. Slide 124 VS 4 Effects of Industrialization 2. Farm Problems High railroad rates in the West combine with high rents for tenant farmers in the South to create a crisis for farmers. Farmers form the Grange, the Alliance, and the Populist Party to help address their concerns. Slide 125 VS 5 Effects of Industrialization 3. Changes in Culture Industrial society initially leads to a strong belief in individualism; Social Darwinism emerges as the idea that government should not interfere in society. Ongoing social problems caused by industrialization lead to Reform Darwinism and the emergence of reformers who want to use government to help solve societys problems and regulate the economy. Slide 126 VS 6 Effects of Industrialization 3. Changes in Culture New forms of realist and naturalist art and literature depict industrial life in serious and realistic ways. Slide 127 VS-End Slide 128 Figure 1 Slide 129 Figure 2 Slide 130 Figure 3 Slide 131 Figure 4 Slide 132 Figure 5 Slide 133 Chapter Trans Menu Chapter Transparencies Menu Why It Matters Cause-and-Effect Transparency Unit Time Line Transparency Select a transparency to view. Slide 134 Why It Matters Trans Slide 135 C & E Trans Slide 136 Unit Timelines Trans Slide 137 DFS Trans 1 Slide 138 DFS Trans 2 Slide 139 DFS Trans 3 Slide 140 DFS Trans 4 Slide 141 DFS Trans 5 Slide 142 Vocab1 steerage cramped quarters on a ships lower decks for passengers paying the lowest fares Slide 143 Vocab2 nativism hostility toward immigrants Slide 144 Vocab3 immigrant one who enters and becomes established in a country other than that of their original nationality Slide 145 Vocab4 ethnic relating to large groups of people classed according to common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin or background Slide 146 Vocab5 skyscraper a very tall building Slide 147 Vocab6 tenement multifamily apartments, usually dark, crowded, and barely meeting minimum living standards Slide 148 Vocab7 political machine an organization linked to a political party that often controlled local government Slide 149 Vocab8 party boss the person in control of a political machine Slide 150 Vocab9 graft the acquisition of money in dishonest ways, as in bribing a politician Slide 151 Vocab10 incentive something that motivates a person into action Slide 152 Vocab11 trigger to cause an action that causes a greater reaction Slide 153 Vocab12 individualism the thought that no matter what a persons background was, they could still become successful Slide 154 Vocab13 Social Darwinism based on Charles Darwins theories of evolution and natural selection, states that humans have developed through competition and natural selection with only the strongest surviving Slide 155 Vocab14 philanthropy providing money to support humanitarian or social goals Slide 156 Vocab15 settlement house institution located in a poor neighborhood that provided numerous community services such as medical care, child care, libraries, and classes in English Slide 157 Vocab16 Americanization causing someone to acquire American traits and characteristics Slide 158 Vocab17 evolution the scientific theory that humans and other forms of life have evolved over time Slide 159 Vocab18 publish to make a document available to the general public Slide 160 Vocab19 populism political movement founded in the 1890s representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other large industries Slide 161 Vocab20 greenback a piece of U.S. paper money first issued by the North during the Civil War Slide 162 Vocab21 inflation the loss of value of money Slide 163 Vocab22 deflation a decline in the volume of available money or credit that results in lower prices, and, therefore, increases the buying power of money Slide 164 Vocab23 cooperative store where farmers buy products from each other; an enterprise owned and operated by those who use its services Slide 165 Vocab24 graduated income tax tax based on the net income of an individual or business and which taxes different income levels at different rates Slide 166 Vocab25 bond a note issued by the government that promises to pay off a loan with interest Slide 167 Vocab26 currency paper money used as a medium of exchange Slide 168 Vocab27 strategy a plan or method for achieving a goal Slide 169 Vocab28 poll tax a tax of a fixed amount per person that had to be paid before the person could vote Slide 170 Vocab29 segregation the separation or isolation of a race, class, or group Slide 171 Vocab30 Jim Crow laws statutes or laws created to enforce segregation Slide 172 Vocab31 lynching an execution performed without lawful approval Slide 173 Vocab32 discrimination to make a difference in treatment or favor on a basis other than individual merit Slide 174 Help Click the Forward button to go to the next slide. 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