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Chapter Introduction

Section 1: American Nationalism

Section 2: Early Industry

Section 3: The Land of Cotton

Section 4: Growing Sectionalism

Visual Summary

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Chapter Intro

Can Economics Shape Politics?

After the War of 1812, a new spirit of nationalism took hold in American society. New roads and canals helped connect the country. Industry developed in the North, while agriculture based on slave labor grew strong in the South. By the 1830s, the two regions were increasingly at odds with each other.

• Why do you think roads and canals helped build nationalism?

• How did the economic differences between North and South cause tensions?


Chapter Timeline

Chapter Intro 1

American Nationalism

Nationalism affected what three aspects of U.S. government?


Chapter Intro 2

Early Industry

What technologies contributed to early industry in America?


Chapter Intro 3

The Land of Cotton

What were the major industries of the South?


Chapter Intro 4

Growing Sectionalism

How did the Missouri Compromise address growing sectionalism?


Chapter Preview-End


Section 1-Main Idea

Big Ideas

Past and Present Increased national pride marked the years following the War of 1812.

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Section 1-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• revenue tariff

• protective tariff

Academic Vocabulary

• interpret

• finalize



Section 1-Key Terms

People and Events to Identify

• Era of Good Feelings

• John C. Calhoun

• Seminoles

• Adams-Onís Treaty

• Monroe Doctrine



A. A

B. B

Section 1-Polling Question

Can you think of a time when you felt extremely proud to be an American?

A. Yes

B. No

0%0%


Section 1

Economic Nationalism

The surge of nationalism and the survival of only one political party created an atmosphere in which some economic proposals of the Federalists were enacted.

President James Monroe


Section 1

• After the War of 1812, a strong sense of national pride swept the United States.

– The Columbian Centinel called this time the “Era of Good Feelings.”

– During the last two years of James Madison’s presidency, American launched an ambitious program to bind the nation together.

Note: The program included creating a new national bank, protecting American manufacturers from foreign competition, and building new canals and roads to improve transportation and link the country together.

Economic Nationalism (cont.)


Section 1

• Partisan infighting had largely ended in national politics because the Federalist party collapsed (1820) and only the Republicans remained.

• James Monroe was president during this time.

Note: The Republicans began adopting some Federalist principles.


Building the National Road, 1811–1838



Note: The charter of the First National Bank expired in 1811 and the Republicans opposed renewal. Without a national bank to control currency, prices rose rapidly during the War of 1812. When the government borrowed money to pay for the war, it had to pay high interest rates on the loans.

• Due to problems that arose without a national bank, John C. Calhoun introduced a bill proposing the Second Bank of the United States.

• The bill passed in 1816.


Section 1

Note: The legislation gave the bank the power to issue notes that would serve as a national currency and to control state banks.

• After the war, British goods flowed into the U.S. at such low prices that they threatened to put American manufacturers out of business.

– Congress responded with the Tariff of 1816, a protective tariff as opposed to a revenue tariff.

Note: Road and canal construction took off by private business and local and state government.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

The Republicans wanted to improve what other aspect of the U.S. after the War of 1812?

A. Housing

B. Transportation

C. Shopping

D. Education


Section 1

Judicial Nationalism

Under Chief justice John Marshall, the Supreme Court issued decisions that helped strengthen the national government.

Chief Justice John Marshall


Section 1

• Between 1816 and 1824, the Supreme Court issued rulings that established the dominance of the nation over the states.

• Three important rulings by the Supreme Court:

Judicial Nationalism (cont.)

– Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee—the Court decided that it had the authority to hear all appeals of state court decisions in cases involving federal statutes and treaties.


Section 1

– McCulloch v. Maryland—the Court ruled that the Second Bank of the United States was constitutional, even though the Constitution did not specifically give Congress the power to create one.

– It also ruled that taxing the national bank was a form of interference and, therefore, unconstitutional.



Section 1

– Gibbons v. Ogden—the Court ruled that the monopoly controlling steamboat traffic in New York, and thus New Jersey, was unconstitutional.

Note: All these cases strengthened the power of the federal government at the expense of the states. Marshall’s opinions helped make the “necessary and proper “clause and the interstate commerce clause major vehicles for expanding federal power.



A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 1

Which case centered on the “necessary and proper” clause?

A. Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee

B. McCulloch v. Maryland

C. Gibbons v. Ogden

0% 0%0%


Section 1

Nationalist Diplomacy

The surge of national pride and confidence after the War of 1812 led the United States to push to expand its borders.

General Andrew Jackson


Section 1

• In the early 1800s, Spanish-held Florida was a source of anger and frustration for Southerners.

– Many runaway slaves and Creek groups retreated there—calling themselves Seminoles.

Note: The Seminoles in Spanish Florida and Americans in Georgia stages raids against each other. Spain was unable to control the border.

Nationalist Diplomacy (cont.)

Nationalism and Diplomacy, 1818–1823


Section 1

• After Andrew Jackson invaded Florida, Spain finally gave in and ceded Florida to the U.S. in the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819.

• In 1809 rebellions began to erupt in Spain’s colonies.

• By 1824, all of Spain’s colonies on the American mainland had declared independence. Spain’s once vast empire had been reduced to three islands: Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Santo Domingo.




Note: A group of European countries (Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and later France) formed the Quadruple Alliance in an effort to suppress movements against monarchies in Europe.

• Over Britain’s objection, in 1822 the alliance raised the possibility of helping Spain regain control of the overseas colonies.

• Great Britain and the United States made a great deal of money trading with Latin America and did not want the Spanish to reassert control.



• In August 1823, British officials suggested that the two nations issue a joint statement supporting the independence of the new Latin American countries.

• Secretary Adams urged Monroe to avoid working with the British when dealing with Spain and Russia.

• Secretary Adams did not want to be regarded as Britain’s junior partner.


Section 1

– In 1823, President Monroe proclaimed that the American continents were “henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power.”

– Later called the Monroe Doctrine, this statement marked the beginning of a long-term American policy of trying to prevent European powers from interfering in Latin American political affairs.

Note: The Monroe Doctrine upheld Washington’s policy of avoiding entanglements in European struggles.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Why did Andrew Jackson invade Florida?

A. The Spanish governor threatened to attack Georgia.

B. Seminoles and Americans living in Georgia were fighting.

C. Monroe wanted control of Florida due to its gold supply.

D. To retrieve any runaway slaves


Section 1-End


Section 2-Main Idea

Big Ideas

Science and Technology New manufacturing techniques reshaped the way Americans worked.



Section 2-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• free enterprise system

• interchangeable parts

• labor union

• strike

Academic Vocabulary

• transportation

• extraction



Section 2-Key Terms


• Erie Canal

• National Road

• Robert Fulton

• Industrial Revolution

• Francis C. Lowell

• Eli Whitney

• Samuel F. B. Morse



A. A

B. B


Do you feel that technological advancements are necessary in order for a society to grow?

A. Yes

B. No

0%0%


Section 2

A Revolution in Transportation

New modes of transportation unified the nation and strengthened its economy.


Section 2

• In the summer of 1817, work on the longest canal in the nation—the Erie Canal—began.

– This project spurred a wave of canal building throughout the country.

A Revolution in Transportation (cont.)

• As early as 1806, the nation took the first steps toward a transportation revolution when Congress funded the building of a major east-west highway, the National Road.

The Transportation Revolution, 1810–1840



Note: In 1811 laborers started cutting the roadbed westward from the Potomac River at Cumberland, Maryland. By 1818, the National Road would stretch to Wheeling, Virginia (now West Virginia). Conestoga Wagons drawn by teams of oxen or mules carried migrating pioneers westward while livestock and wagonloads traveled the opposite way to markets in the east.



• The National Road turned out to be the only federally funded transportation project because Madison and his successors believe in the strict construction of the Constitution and doubted that the federal government had the power to fund roads and other “internal improvements.”

President James Madison


Section 2

– States, localities, and private businesses took the initiative to build hundreds of miles of toll roads.

• The steamboat changed river travel.

• Robert Fulton and Robert R. Livingston chugged 150 miles up the Hudson River in just 32 hours.

• Another mode of transportation – the railroad – developed in the early 1800’s.

• Peter Cooper built the first American engine, Tom Thumb, that pulled the nation’s first load of train passengers.




• The advantage of the railroad was that it traveled faster than stagecoaches or wagons and, unlike steamboats, they could go nearly anywhere tracks were laid.

• Railroads sped the settlement of the American West and expanded trade more than any other form of transportation during this time.


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

As railroads expanded, the need for which two goods increased dramatically?

A. Iron and silver

B. Coal and gasoline

C. Iron and coal

D. Gold and silver


Section 2

A New System of Production

A revolution in manufacturing —the Industrial Revolution—dramatically changed the American economy and way of life.

Eli Whitney


Section 2

• The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain in the mid-1700s, consisted of several basic developments:– Manufacturing shifted from hand tools to

large, complex machines.

– Skilled artisans gave way to often unskilled workers, organized by specific tasks.

– Factories replaced home-based workshops.

– Manufacturers sold their wares nationwide or abroad instead of just locally

A New System of Production (cont.)


Section 2

• Industry developed quickly in the U.S. due to the American free enterprise system.

• The free enterprise system also encouraged industrialization because companies in competition with each other were willing to experiment with new technologies to make good cheaper and to transport them more quickly.

• Beginnings in the 1830’s, many states encouraged industrialization by passing general incorporation laws.

• Industrialization began in the Northeast, where many streams and rivers could provide mills with waterpower.



Section 2

• Importing British technology was not easy in the late 1700’s. Britain had passed strict laws making it illegal to share industrial technology with foreigners.

• Samuel Slater , an English textile worker, illegally would sneak out of Great Britain and bring the secrets of the Industrial Revolution to a wealthy merchant, Moses Brown, in Rhode Island.

• The American textile industry took a huge step forward when entrepreneur Francis C. Lowell began opening a series of mills in northeast Massachusetts in 1814.



Section 2

• A wave of inventions and technological innovations further spurred the nation’s industrial growth.

– Eli Whitney—most famous for inventing the cotton gin—also popularized the concept of interchangeable parts, transforming gun-making from a one-by-one process into a factory process.



Section 2

• Communications improved as well.

– American inventor Samuel F. B. Morse began work on the telegraph in 1832 and developed the Morse code for sending messages.

Note: By 1844 the first long-distance telegraph line connected Washington D.C. And Baltimore. Morse publicly demonstrated the device, tapping out the words “What hath God wrought?” From Baltimore came a reply “What is the news from Washington?”




• Spurred by the demands of journalists and other businesses that needed quick reliable communications with distant markets, more than 50,000 miles of telegraph wire connected most parts of the country by 1860.

• Many city populations doubled or tripled during this time because of industrialization.

• The publishing industry grew to meet demand for reading materials.

• Sarah Buell Hale and Lydia Howard Huntley Sigourney were leading editors and literary figures.


Section 2

• Factory workers numbered 1.3 million by 1860.

– Hoping to improve working conditions, some workers began to join together in labor unions.

– Unions had little success during this time—they had little power or money to support strikes to achieve their goals.




Note: Unions did make some gains.• In 1840, Martin Van Buren showed his gratitude

for labor’s political support by reducing the workday for federal employees to 10 hours.

• Two years later, in Commonwealth v. Hunt, the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that union strikes were legal


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

By 1844, the first long-distance telegraph line connected which two cities?

A. Washington D.C. and Philadelphia

B. Philadelphia and Baltimore

C. Baltimore and Washington D.C.

D. Philadelphia and Boston


Section 2

Life in the North

The rise of industrialization and the growth of cities led to change and reform in American society.


Section 2

• The population growth in urban centers provided many challenges to city leaders.

• Some of the problems in cities included:

Life in the North (cont.)

– crime

– fires

– unsanitary conditions

– disease

– overcrowding Wealth Distribution in Boston, 1833



Note: To combat rising crime and frequent labor riots, many cities established police departments. Professional fire departments began to develop in cities during this period. Unsanitary urban conditions led to diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and yellow fever. Water supplies were made safe only after medical advances in the latter nineteenth century.


Section 2

• Until the 1850s, public schools did not exist in many cities, or attendance was not mandatory.

• Northern cities became havens for runaway slaves as well as free African Americans, but most African Americans remained poor.

• Many African American women worked as domestic servants, as maids, or laundresses. Many African American men found work in New England’s shipping industry, as sailors or dock workers. In larger cities, a small African American middle class developed, including carpenters, shoemakers, school teachers, and ministers.




• Even though industry and cities expanded in the Northeast during the first half of the nineteenth century, agriculture remained the country’s leading economic activity.

• On most farms, the entire family shared the work.

• Northern farmers produced enough to sell their surplus in the growing Eastern cities and towns.

Note: As parts of the North began concentrating on manufacturing, the South continued to tie its fortunes to agriculture – and to the institution of slavery.


A. A

B. B

Section 2

Education was equally available for boys and girls.

A. True

B. False

0%0%


Section 2-End


Section 3-Main Idea

Big Ideas

Science and Technology The invention of the cotton gin made cotton a key part of the South’s economy and ensured that slavery continued to shape the South’s society and culture.



Section 3-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• cotton gin

• yeoman farmer

• task system

Academic Vocabulary

• annual

• ambiguous



Section 3-Key Terms


• Frederick Douglass

• Gabriel Prosser

• Nat Turner



A. A

B. B


Do you feel that there are lessons to be learned from America’s history of slavery?

A. Yes

B. No

0%0%


Section 3

The Southern Economy

The cotton gin made cotton the most important cash crop in the South and deepened the region’s dependency on enslaved labor.


The Southern Economy (cont.)

• Cotton was grown in a wide belt stretching from inland South Carolina, west through Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, and into eastern Texas.

• During a visit to the South in 1793, Eli Whitney, the inventive young New Englander, noticed that removing cotton seeds by hand from the fluffy bolls was so tedious that it took a worker an entire day to separate a pound of cotton lin.

• In only 10 days, Whitney built a simple cotton gin that quickly and efficiently combed the seeds out of cotton.



Note: The cotton gin pulled the cotton through a rotating cylinder with openings that were too small for the seeds to pass through.

• The invention of the cotton gin happened at the same time that textile mills were expanding in Europe.


Section 3

• After Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, the South increased its cotton production from 6,000 to 100,000 bales annually.

Note: Cotton soon dominated the region.– By 1860 production reached almost 4

million bales.


• While the cotton gin made some Southern planters rich, it also strengthened the institution of slavery.

Cotton Production in the South



Note: The spread of cotton plantations across the Deep South made the demand for slave labor skyrocket.


Section 3

– Between 1820 and 1850, the number of people who were enslaved in the South rose from about 1.5 million to nearly 4 million.

• Although the South became prosperous from agriculture, it did not industrialize as quickly as the North.

Note: The South remained a region of rural villages and plantations with only three large cities: Baltimore, Charleston, and New Orleans.

Industry such as coal, iron, salt, and copper mines, as well as ironworks and textile mills existed in the South.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which of the following was not a large city in the South?

A. Baltimore

B. Charleston

C. New Orleans

D. Savannah


Section 3

Society in the South

In contrast to the North, the South had a rigid social class system dominated by a planter elite.

Drayton Plantation, South Carolina


Section 3

• The economy of the South resulted in a society with a rigid and clearly defined class structure.

• The following classes existed:

Society in the South (cont.)

– Planter elite—the smallest group, but the most influential

– Yeoman farmers—most of the white population

Slaveholding in the South


Section 3

– White, rural poor—less than 10 percent of the white population

– African Americans—93 percent were enslaved

Society in the South (cont.)

• There was also a small urban class of lawyers, doctors, merchants, and other professionals.


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which percentage of the South did not own slaves?

A. 5 percent

B. 25 percent

C. 56 percent

D. 64 percent


Section 3

Slavery

Enslaved African Americans had no legal rights; resistance and rebellion were two ways of coping with enslavement.


Slavery (cont.)

• The overwhelming majority of enslaved African Americans toiled in the South’s fields.

• Other enslaved African Americans worked in the few industrial plants or as skilled workers, such as blacksmiths, carpenters, and coopers. Some enslaved African Americans became house servants.

• Enslaved people had few legal rights. State slave codes took away the following rights.


Slavery (cont.)

Rights Taken Away by State Slave Codes:• Enslaved African Americans were not allowed to own

property.• They could not bring a lawsuit or sign a contract.• They could not possess firearms or testify in court

against a white person.• Laws also banned enslaved African Americans from

learning to read and write.

Note: Southern Society during this period viewed enslaved persons as property.


Slavery (cont.)

Why do you think this signs like this were common in the South during the antebellum period?


Section 3

• Enslaved African Americans working in the fields were organized using two basic labor systems.– On farms and small plantations that held few

enslaved people, the task system was used.

– Slaveholders who owned large plantations adopted the gang system of labor. Under this system, enslaved person labored from sunup to sundown – plowing, planting, cultivating, or picking, depending on the season.

Slavery (cont.)

Slavery in America, 1800–1860


Section 3

• Frederick Douglass, who rose from slavery to become a prominent leader of the antislavery movement, wrote a book entitled Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass.

• African American women did not have an easier time than men as enslaved people. They worked long, hard days in the fields or in the plantation house, where they served as maids, nannies, or cooks.

• As soon as young enslaved children were able, they were given chores. They were not allowed to attend school.

Slavery (cont.)

An Economy Built on Enslaved Labor, c. 1850


Section 3

• Although most African Americans of the time lived in slavery, some did not.– By 1850, some 225,000 free African Americans

resided in the South.

Free African Americans for the following reasons:

- Descendants of African Americans before the slave system became universal.

-Fought in the Revolution and earned their freedom

-Freed by slaveholder or bought their freedom.

Slavery (cont.)


Slavery (cont.)

– The experiences of freed African Americans differed from state to state, making their position in Southern Society ambiguous.

– Some were successful enough to own slaves themselves.

Note: One such African American was Cecee McCarty, who amassed a fortune in New Orleans by retailing imported dry goods. She eventually had a sales force of 32 enslaved African Americans who she sent across the state to sell her wares.


Slavery (cont.)

• Another 196,000 free African Americans lived in the North, where slavery had been outlawed.

• Africans Americans in the North were not accepted into white society.

• Free African Americans could organize their own churches and voluntary associations, and publish newspapers, as well as earn money from the jobs they held.

• James Forten became a wealthy sailmaker from Philadelphia. He devoted much of his wealth to the cause of abolishing slavery.


Section 3

• African Americans dealt with the horrors of slavery in a variety of ways:

– songs

– religion

– resistance

– rebellion

Slavery (cont.)


Section 3

• The first major slave uprising in the U.S. occurred in 1800 and was organized by an enslaved man named Gabriel Prosser.

– He and his men (34) were caught and hanged.

In 1822 Denmark Vesey, a free African American was accused of planning a revolt in South Carolina to free the region’s slaves. Whether he actually planned an uprising is not known but he was convicted and hanged.

Slavery (cont.)


Slavery (cont.)

• A group of African Americans in Virginia, led by Nat Turner, carried out an armed uprising on August 22, 1831. Turner was an enslaved minister who believed God had chosen him to bring his people out of bondage. They killed more than 50 white people before state and local troops put down the uprising.


A. A

B. B

Section 3

Under which system were slaves given a specific set of jobs to accomplish everyday?

A. Task system

B. Gang system

0%0%


Section 3-End


Section 4-Main Idea

Big Ideas

Government and Society The rise of a new political party represented a disagreement between those who wanted to expand federal power and those who wanted to limit it.

John Quincy Adams



Section 4-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• favorite son

• corrupt bargain

• mudslinging

Academic Vocabulary

• controversy

• ignorance



Section 4-Key Terms


• Missouri Compromise

• Henry Clay

• William Crawford

• American System



A. A

B. B


Do you agree that compromise is an important tool?

A. Agree

B. Disagree

0%0%


Section 4

The Missouri Compromise

The Missouri Compromise tried to resolve, at least temporarily, the growing disagreement between Northern and Southern states over the issue of slavery.


The Missouri Compromise (cont.)

• In 1819 the Union consisted of 11 free and 11 slave states.

• Missouri’s entrance into the union would tip the balance between free and slave states.

• James Tallmadge Jr. of New York proposed a resolution that prohibited slaveholders from bringing new slaves into Missouri. The resolution also called for all enslaved children currently living in Missouri to be freed at 25.

• The House accepted the proposal, but the Senate rejected it.


Section 4

• The Missouri Compromise provided the following solution to the problem of slave states versus free states:

– Maine would be admitted to the Union as a free state.

– Missouri would be admitted as a slave state.

– Slavery would be prohibited in the Louisiana Purchase territory north of Missouri’s southern border.


The Missouri Compromise


Section 4

• By a very close vote, carefully managed by Henry Clay of Kentucky, the House voted to accept the Compromise.

• A new controversy developed when pro slavery members of the Missouri constitutional convention added a clause to a proposed state constitution prohibiting free African Americans from entering the state.

• Clay again engineered a solution by getting the Missouri legislature to state that they would not honor the spirit of the clause’s wording.




• Despite Clay’s efforts, many leaders feared that the Missouri Compromise was a temporary solution.

Henry Clay


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Pro-slavery members of the Missouri constitutional convention added which of the following clauses to the proposed state constitution?

A. Free African-Americans must leave Missouri.

B. Free African-Americans could not enter Missouri.

C. No slave in Missouri could ever be granted his or her freedom.

D. All of the above


Section 4

The Elections of 1824 and 1828

The presidential elections of 1824 and 1828 highlighted the growing sectionalism in the nation.


Section 4

• Four candidates ran for President in 1824, all of whom belonged to the Republican Party and were “favorite sons.”

• The four candidates were:

The Elections of 1824 and 1828 (cont.)

– Henry Clay—he favored the American System: He represented the West.

– Andrew Jackson; He was also from the West.

– John Quincy Adams: He represented the Northeast.

– William Crawford: He represented the South.


Section 4

• On election day, Jackson won the popular vote but did not receive a majority of the Electoral College. Clay threw his support behind John Q. Adams and the House elected him.

• After John Quincy Adams was elected; he made Clay his secretary of state.

– They were accused on striking a “corrupt bargain,” but denied this charge.

– Two parties—the Democrats and the National Republicans—then formed.



Section 4

• Adams announced an ambitious program of nationalist legislation, but Congress only granted him funds for improving rivers and harbors and for extending the National Road westward.

• Adams and Jackson ran against each other in the election of 1828.


– Both candidates engaged in mudslinging.

– Jackson was elected this time.


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which two candidates in the election of 1824 represented the South?

A. Clay and Jackson

B. Adams and Crawford

C. Adams and Clay

D. Jackson and Adams


Section 4-End


VS 1

Effects of Nationalism

Economic Nationalism

• Second Bank of the United States is created.

• Tariff of 1816 is passed to protect the nation’s industries.

• The federal government funds the National Road, and states fund other roads and canals, helping to tie the nation together.


VS 1

Effects of Nationalism (cont.)

Judicial Nationalism

• In Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, Supreme Court asserts right to hear appeals from state courts in cases involving federal law.

• In McCulloch v. Maryland, Supreme Court establishes that the “necessary and proper” clause has broad meaning and that the federal government is supreme in its own sphere.

• In Gibbons v. Ogden, the Supreme Court gives the federal government broad power to regulate interstate commerce.


VS 1

Effects of Nationalism (cont.)

Nationalism in Foreign Policy

• Andrew Jackson invades Florida; Spain cedes the territory to the United States in 1819.

• The United States issues the Monroe Doctrine, telling Europeans they may no longer colonize the Americas.


VS 2

Causes of Sectionalism

Life in the North

• Construction of canals, roads, and railroads is widespread.

• Development of steam engine leads to the first railroads and extensive use of steamboats.

• Industrialization begins, and factories begin to be built to manufacture textiles and other goods.

• Large cities develop as does an urban working class.

• Northern farmers live on individual family farms.


VS 2

Causes of Sectionalism (cont.)

Life in the South

• Eli Whitney’s cotton gin makes cotton production with slave labor feasible; cotton becomes main product of the South.

• Southern society is generally divided into elite planters, yeoman farmers, and enslaved African Americans.

• Enslaved Americans generally live on plantations helping to plant and harvest cotton, rice, and sugarcane, although some are employed in other industries.

• A distinct African American culture develops among the enslaved who develop many strategies to cope with and resist slavery.


VS-End


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ANSWER: Most rural and small-town men believed Jackson would best represent their interests. He was a hero and he identified himself as a common man.

Vocab1

revenue tariff

tax on imports for the purpose of raising money

Vocab2

protective tariff

tax on imports designed to protect American manufacturers

Vocab3

interpret

to explain the meaning of complex material

Vocab4

finalize

to put in finished form

Vocab5

free enterprise system

market economy in which privately owned businesses have the freedom to operate for a profit with limited government intervention

Vocab6

interchangeable parts

uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces

Vocab7

labor union

an organization of workers formed for the purpose of advancing its members’ interests

Vocab8

strike

work stoppage by workers to force an employer to meet demands

Vocab9

transportation

method of travel from one place to another

Vocab10

extraction

the act or process of drawing or pulling something out

Vocab11

cotton gin

a machine that removed seeds from cotton fiber

Vocab12

yeoman farmer

owner of a small farm with four or fewer enslaved persons, and usually none

Vocab13

task system

a method of organizing enslaved labor wherein workers were given a specific set of jobs to accomplish every day, after which they were allowed to spend their time as they chose

Vocab14

annual

occurring or happening every year

Vocab15

ambiguous

to lack a definitive purpose

Vocab16

favorite son

men who enjoyed the support of leaders from their own state and region

Vocab17

corrupt bargain

an illegitimate agreement between politicians

Vocab18

mudslinging

attempt to ruin an opponent’s reputation with insults

Vocab19

controversy

a prolonged public dispute

Vocab20

ignorance

the state of being uneducated, uninformed, or unaware

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american nationalism

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economic nationalism

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president james monroe