Splash Screen Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1:Section 1:American Nationalism Section 2:Section 2:Early Industry Section 3:Section 3:The Land of Cotton Section 4:Section 4:Growing Sectionalism Visual Summary Chapter Intro Can Economics Shape Politics? After the War of 1812, a new spirit of nationalism took hold in American society. New roads and canals helped connect the country. Industry developed in the North, while agriculture based on slave labor grew strong in the South. By the 1830s, the two regions were increasingly at odds with each other. Why do you think roads and canals helped build nationalism? How did the economic differences between North and South cause tensions? Chapter Timeline Chapter Intro 1 American Nationalism Nationalism affected what three aspects of U.S. government? Chapter Intro 2 Early Industry What technologies contributed to early industry in America? Chapter Intro 3 The Land of Cotton What were the major industries of the South? Chapter Intro 4 Growing Sectionalism How did the Missouri Compromise address growing sectionalism? Chapter Preview-End Section 1-Main Idea Big Ideas Past and Present Increased national pride marked the years following the War of 1812. Section 1-Key Terms Content Vocabulary revenue tariff protective tariff Academic Vocabulary interpret finalize Section 1-Key Terms People and Events to Identify Era of Good Feelings John C. Calhoun Seminoles Adams-Ons Treaty Monroe Doctrine A.A B.B Section 1-Polling Question Can you think of a time when you felt extremely proud to be an American? A.Yes B.No Section 1 Economic Nationalism The surge of nationalism and the survival of only one political party created an atmosphere in which some economic proposals of the Federalists were enacted. Section 1 After the War of 1812, a strong sense of national pride swept the United States. The Columbian Centinel called this time the Era of Good Feelings. Partisan infighting had largely ended in national politics because only the Republicans remained. James Monroe was president during this time. Economic Nationalism (cont.) Building the National Road, 18111838 Section 1 Due to problems that arose without a national bank, John C. Calhoun introduced a bill proposing the Second Bank of the United States. The bill passed in Economic Nationalism (cont.) Section 1 After the war, British goods flowed into the U.S. at such low prices that they threatened to put American manufacturers out of business. Congress responded with the Tariff of 1816, a protective tariff as opposed to a revenue tariff.protective tariff revenue tariff Economic Nationalism (cont.) A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 The Republicans wanted to improve what other aspect of the U.S. after the War of 1812? A.Housing B.Transportation C.Shopping D.Education Section 1 Judicial Nationalism Under Chief justice John Marshall, the Supreme Court issued decisions that helped strengthen the national government. Section 1 Between 1816 and 1824, the Supreme Court issued rulings that established the dominance of the nation over the states. Three important rulings by the Supreme Court: Judicial Nationalism (cont.) Martin v. Hunters Lesseethe Court decided that it had the authority to hear all appeals of state court decisions in cases involving federal statutes and treaties. Section 1 McCulloch v. Marylandthe Court ruled that the Second Bank of the United States was constitutional, even though the Constitution did not specifically give Congress the power to create one. It also ruled that taxing the national bank was a form of interference and, therefore, unconstitutional. Judicial Nationalism (cont.) Section 1 Gibbons v. Ogdenthe Court ruled that the monopoly controlling steamboat traffic in New York, and thus New Jersey, was unconstitutional. Judicial Nationalism (cont.) A.A B.B C.C Section 1 Which case centered on the necessary and proper clause? A.Martin v. Hunters Lessee B.McCulloch v. Maryland C.Gibbons v. Ogden Section 1 Nationalist Diplomacy The surge of national pride and confidence after the War of 1812 led the United States to push to expand its borders. Section 1 In the early 1800s, Spanish-held Florida was a source of anger and frustration for Southerners. Many runaway slaves and Creek groups retreated therecalling themselves Seminoles. After Andrew Jackson invaded Florida, Spain finally gave in and ceded Florida to the U.S. in the Adams-Ons Treaty of Nationalist Diplomacy (cont.) Nationalism and Diplomacy, 18181823 Section 1 Secretary Adams urged Monroe to avoid working with the British when dealing with Spain and Russia. In 1823, President Monroe proclaimed that the American continents were henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power. Nationalist Diplomacy (cont.) Section 1 Later called the Monroe Doctrine, this statement marked the beginning of a long- term American policy of trying to prevent European powers from interfering in Latin American political affairs. Nationalist Diplomacy (cont.) A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 Why did Andrew Jackson invade Florida? A.The Spanish governor threatened to attack Georgia. B.Seminoles and Americans living in Georgia were fighting. C.Monroe wanted control of Florida due to its gold supply. D.To retrieve any runaway slaves Section 1-End Section 2-Main Idea Big Ideas Science and Technology New manufacturing techniques reshaped the way Americans worked. Section 2-Key Terms Content Vocabulary free enterprise system interchangeable parts labor union strike Academic Vocabulary transportation extraction Section 2-Key Terms People and Events to Identify Erie Canal National Road Robert Fulton Industrial Revolution Francis C. Lowell Eli Whitney Samuel F. B. Morse A.A B.B Section 2-Polling Question Do you feel that technological advancements are necessary in order for a society to grow? A.Yes B.No Section 2 A Revolution in Transportation New modes of transportation unified the nation and strengthened its economy. Section 2 In the summer of 1817, work on the longest canal in the nationthe Erie Canalbegan. This project spurred a wave of canal building throughout the country. A Revolution in Transportation (cont.) As early as 1806, the nation took the first steps toward a transportation revolution when Congress funded the building of a major east-west highway, the National Road. The Transportation Revolution, 18101840 Section 2 States, localities, and private businesses took the initiative to build hundreds of miles of toll roads. The steamboat changed river travel Robert Fulton and Robert R. Livingston chugged 150 miles up the Hudson River in just 32 hours. Railroads sped the settlement of the American West and expanded trade more than any other form of transportation during this time. A Revolution in Transportation (cont.) A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 As railroads expanded, the need for which two goods increased dramatically? A.Iron and silver B.Coal and gasoline C.Iron and coal D.Gold and silver Section 2 A New System of Production A revolution in manufacturing the Industrial Revolutiondramatically changed the American economy and way of life. Section 2 The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain in the mid-1700s, consisted of several basic developments: Manufacturing shifted from hand tools to large, complex machines. Skilled artisans gave way to often unskilled workers, organized by specific tasks. Factories replaced home-based workshops. A New System of Production (cont.) Section 2 Manufacturers sold their wares nationwide or abroad instead of just locally. Industry developed quickly in the U.S. due to the American free enterprise system.free enterprise system Industrialization began in the Northeast, where many streams and rivers could provide mills with waterpower. A New System of Production (cont.) Section 2 The American textile industry took a huge step forward when entrepreneur Francis C. Lowell began opening a series of mills in northeast Massachusetts in A New System of Production (cont.) Section 2 A wave of inventions and technological innovations further spurred the nations industrial growth. Eli Whitneymost famous for inventing the cotton ginalso popularized the concept of interchangeable parts, transforming gun-making from a one-by- one process into a factory process.interchangeable parts A New System of Production (cont.) Section 2 Communications improved as well. American inventor Samuel F. B. Morse began work on the telegraph in 1832 and developed the Morse code for sending messages. A New System of Production (cont.) Many city populations doubled or tripled during this time. The publishing industry grew to meet demand for reading materials. Section 2 Factory workers numbered 1.3 million by Hoping to improve working conditions, some workers began to join together in labor unions. labor unions Unions had little success during this timethey had little power or money to support strikes to achieve their goals.strikes A New System of Production (cont.) A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 By 1844, the first long-distance telegraph line connected which two cities? A.Washington D.C. and Philadelphia B.Philadelphia and Baltimore C.Baltimore and Washington D.C. D.Philadelphia and Boston Section 2 Life in the North The rise of industrialization and the growth of cities led to change and reform in American society. Section 2 The population growth in urban centers provided many challenges to city leaders. Some of the problems in cities included: Life in the North (cont.) crime fires unsanitary conditions disease overcrowding Wealth Distribution in Boston, 1833 Section 2 Until the 1850s, public schools did not exist in many cities, or attendance was not mandatory. Northern cities became havens for runaway slaves as well as free African Americans, but most African Americans remained poor. Even though industry and cities expanded in the Northeast during the first half of the nineteenth century, agriculture remained the countrys leading economic activity. Life in the North (cont.) A.A B.B Section 2 Education was equally available for boys and girls. A.True B.False Section 2-End Section 3-Main Idea Big Ideas Science and Technology The invention of the cotton gin made cotton a key part of the Souths economy and ensured that slavery continued to shape the Souths society and culture. Section 3-Key Terms Content Vocabulary cotton gin yeoman farmer task system Academic Vocabulary annual ambiguous Section 3-Key Terms People and Events to Identify Frederick Douglass Gabriel Prosser Nat Turner A.A B.B Section 3-Polling Question Do you feel that there are lessons to be learned from Americas history of slavery? A.Yes B.No Section 3 The Southern Economy The cotton gin made cotton the most important cash crop in the South and deepened the regions dependency on enslaved labor. Section 3 After Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, the South increased its cotton production from 6,000 to 100,000 bales annually.cotton ginannually By 1860 production reached almost 4 million bales. The Southern Economy (cont.) While the cotton gin made some Southern planters rich, it also strengthened the institution of slavery. Cotton Production in the South Section 3 Between 1820 and 1850, the number of people who were enslaved in the South rose from about 1.5 million to nearly 4 million. Although the South became prosperous from agriculture, it did not industrialize as quickly as the North. The Southern Economy (cont.) A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3 Which of the following was not a large city in the South? A.Baltimore B.Charleston C.New Orleans D.Savannah Section 3 Society in the South In contrast to the North, the South had a rigid social class system dominated by a planter elite. Section 3 The economy of the South resulted in a society with a rigid and clearly defined class structure. The following classes existed: Society in the South (cont.) Planter elitethe smallest group, but the most influential Yeoman farmersmost of the white populationYeoman farmers Slaveholding in the South Section 3 White, rural poorless than 10 percent of the white population African Americans93 percent were enslaved Society in the South (cont.) There was also a small urban class of lawyers, doctors, merchants, and other professionals. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3 Which percentage of the South did not own slaves? A.5 percent B.25 percent C.56 percent D.64 percent Section 3 Slavery Enslaved African Americans had no legal rights; resistance and rebellion were two ways of coping with enslavement. Section 3 Enslaved African Americans working in the fields were organized using two basic labor systems. On farms and small plantations that held few enslaved people, the task system was used.task system Slaveholders who owned large plantations adopted the gang system of labor. Slavery (cont.) Slavery in America, 18001860 Section 3 Frederick Douglass, who rose from slavery to become a prominent leader of the antislavery movement, wrote a book entitled Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. African American women did not have an easier time than men as enslaved people. Slavery (cont.) An Economy Built on Enslaved Labor, c. 1850 Section 3 Although most African Americans of the time lived in slavery, some did not. By 1850, some 225,000 free African Americans resided in the South. The experiences of freed African Americans differed from state to state, making their position in Southern Society ambiguous. ambiguous Some were successful enough to own slaves themselves. Slavery (cont.) Section 3 African Americans dealt with the horrors of slavery in a variety of ways: songs religion resistance rebellion Slavery (cont.) Section 3 The first major slave uprising in the U.S. occurred in 1800 and was organized by an enslaved man named Gabriel Prosser. He and his men were caught and hanged. Slavery (cont.) A group of African Americans in Virginia, led by Nat Turner, carried out an armed uprising on August 22, They killed more than 50 white people before state and local troops put down the uprising. A.A B.B Section 3 Under which system were slaves given a specific set of jobs to accomplish everyday? A.Task system B.Gang system Section 3-End Section 4-Main Idea Big Ideas Government and Society The rise of a new political party represented a disagreement between those who wanted to expand federal power and those who wanted to limit it. Section 4-Key Terms Content Vocabulary favorite son corrupt bargain mudslinging Academic Vocabulary controversy ignorance Section 4-Key Terms People and Events to Identify Missouri Compromise Henry Clay William Crawford American System A.A B.B Section 4-Polling Question Do you agree that compromise is an important tool? A.Agree B.Disagree Section 4 The Missouri Compromise The Missouri Compromise tried to resolve, at least temporarily, the growing disagreement between Northern and Southern states over the issue of slavery. Section 4 The Missouri Compromise provided the following solution to the problem of slave states versus free states: Maine would be admitted to the Union as a free state. Missouri would be admitted as a slave state. Slavery would be prohibited in the Louisiana Purchase territory north of Missouris southern border. The Missouri Compromise (cont.) The Missouri Compromise Section 4 By a very close vote, carefully managed by Henry Clay of Kentucky, the House voted to accept the Compromise. The Missouri Compromise (cont.) A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 4 Pro-slavery members of the Missouri constitutional convention added which of the following clauses to the proposed state constitution? A.Free African-Americans must leave Missouri. B.Free African-Americans could not enter Missouri. C.No slave in Missouri could ever be granted his or her freedom. D.All of the above Section 4 The Elections of 1824 and 1828 The presidential elections of 1824 and 1828 highlighted the growing sectionalism in the nation. Section 4 Four candidates ran for President in 1824, all of whom belonged to the Republican Party and were favorite sons.favorite sons The four candidates were: The Elections of 1824 and 1828 (cont.) Henry Clayhe favored the American System Andrew Jackson John Quincy Adams William Crawford Section 4 John Quincy Adams was elected; he made Clay his secretary of state. They were accused on striking a corrupt bargain, but denied this charge.corrupt bargain Two partiesthe Democrats and the National Republicansthen formed. The Elections of 1824 and 1828 (cont.) Section 4 Adams announced an ambitious program of nationalist legislation, but Congress only granted him funds for improving rivers and harbors and for extending the National Road westward. Adams and Jackson ran against each other in the election of The Elections of 1824 and 1828 (cont.) Both candidates engaged in mudslinging.mudslinging Jackson was elected this time. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 4 Which two candidates in the election of 1824 represented the South? A.Clay and Jackson B.Adams and Crawford C.Adams and Clay D.Jackson and Adams Section 4-End VS 1 Effects of Nationalism Economic Nationalism Second Bank of the United States is created. Tariff of 1816 is passed to protect the nations industries. The federal government funds the National Road, and states fund other roads and canals, helping to tie the nation together. VS 1 Effects of Nationalism (cont.) Judicial Nationalism In Martin v. Hunters Lessee, Supreme Court asserts right to hear appeals from state courts in cases involving federal law. In McCulloch v. Maryland, Supreme Court establishes that the necessary and proper clause has broad meaning and that the federal government is supreme in its own sphere. In Gibbons v. Ogden, the Supreme Court gives the federal government broad power to regulate interstate commerce. VS 1 Effects of Nationalism (cont.) Nationalism in Foreign Policy Andrew Jackson invades Florida; Spain cedes the territory to the United States in The United States issues the Monroe Doctrine, telling Europeans they may no longer colonize the Americas. VS 2 Causes of Sectionalism Life in the North Construction of canals, roads, and railroads is widespread. Development of steam engine leads to the first railroads and extensive use of steamboats. Industrialization begins, and factories begin to be built to manufacture textiles and other goods. Large cities develop as does an urban working class. Northern farmers live on individual family farms. VS 2 Causes of Sectionalism (cont.) Life in the South Eli Whitneys cotton gin makes cotton production with slave labor feasible; cotton becomes main product of the South. Southern society is generally divided into elite planters, yeoman farmers, and enslaved African Americans. Enslaved Americans generally live on plantations helping to plant and harvest cotton, rice, and sugarcane, although some are employed in other industries. A distinct African American culture develops among the enslaved who develop many strategies to cope with and resist slavery. VS-End Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Chapter Trans Menu Chapter Transparencies Menu Why It Matters Cause-and-Effect Transparency Unit Time Line Transparency Select a transparency to view. Why It Matters Trans C & E Trans Unit Timelines Trans DFS Trans 1 DFS Trans 2 DFS Trans 3 DFS Trans 4 ANSWER: Most rural and small-town men believed Jackson would best represent their interests. He was a hero and he identified himself as a common man. Vocab1 revenue tariff tax on imports for the purpose of raising money Vocab2 protective tariff tax on imports designed to protect American manufacturers Vocab3 interpret to explain the meaning of complex material Vocab4 finalize to put in finished form Vocab5 free enterprise system market economy in which privately owned businesses have the freedom to operate for a profit with limited government intervention Vocab6 interchangeable parts uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces Vocab7 labor union an organization of workers formed for the purpose of advancing its members interests Vocab8 strike work stoppage by workers to force an employer to meet demands Vocab9 transportation method of travel from one place to another Vocab10 extraction the act or process of drawing or pulling something out Vocab11 cotton gin a machine that removed seeds from cotton fiber Vocab12 yeoman farmer owner of a small farm with four or fewer enslaved persons, and usually none Vocab13 task system a method of organizing enslaved labor wherein workers were given a specific set of jobs to accomplish every day, after which they were allowed to spend their time as they chose Vocab14 annual occurring or happening every year Vocab15 ambiguous to lack a definitive purpose Vocab16 favorite son men who enjoyed the support of leaders from their own state and region Vocab17 corrupt bargain an illegitimate agreement between politicians Vocab18 mudslinging attempt to ruin an opponents reputation with insults Vocab19 controversy a prolonged public dispute Vocab20 ignorance the state of being uneducated, uninformed, or unaware Help Click the Forward button to go to the next slide. 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