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exploring

new englands

spiritual heritage

Seven Daytrips

for Contemporary Pilgrims

by garth m. rosell


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copyright 2011 by the ockenga institute of gordon-conwell theological seminary

all proceeds from the sale of this book are used for the various ministries of the institute.


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exploringnew englandsspiritual heritage

Seven Daytripsfor Contemporary Pilgrims

garth m. rosell


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vIntroduction |

welcome to the exploration of

new englands spiritual heritage

No region of the country has been blessed with a richer or more diverse spiritual

heritage than has New England. The powerful religious revivals of the Great

Awakening in the eighteenth century, under the ministry of gifted preachers such

as George Whiteeld and Jonathan Edwards, broke out in scores of towns and villagesthroughout the Massachusetts Bay Colony, bringing spiritual refreshment to literally thou-

sands of individuals and congregations throughout the colonies.

The great story of Americas missionary outreach around the globe also has its roots here

in Massachusetts from the remarkable labors of John Eliot and David Brainerd in the

seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and the 1806 Haystack Prayer Meeting at Williams

College and the 1810 founding of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign

Missions to the commissioning of Americas very rst overseas missionaries at Salems

Tabernacle Congregational Church in 1812.

Here too one can nd the beginnings of American private and public education: from the

elementary and grammar schools that were established throughout the colony in the early

seventeenth century and the founding of Harvard College in 1636 to the establishment

of such distinguished institutions as Mt. Holyoke College for the education of women

and Andover Theological Seminary for the training of pastors and missionaries. Indeed,the early Puritan settlers, many of whom had themselves been educated at places like

Cambridge and Oxford, were so deeply committed to education that despite the many

hardships and deprivations with which they had to contend in those early years, began im-

mediately to establish the necessary laws and structures to support their educational goals.

The settlers of this region were also ardent reformers. They loved the Church of England,

calling it our dear mother (to borrow the words of John Winthrop), but wanted to see


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vi | Exploring New Englands Spiritual Heritage

its worship and practice more closely aligned with the teachings of the Bible. They loved

their families and wanted to ensure that those living in their homes knew the Scriptures

and were seeking to obey their teachings. They loved life and color and earthly posses-

sions, contrary to the caricatures that are frequently used to describe the Puritans, but they

knew in their heart of hearts that their real treasures were in heaven.

Here too the intrepid explorer can nd the early foundations of political, economic, so-cial, artistic, religious and intellectual structures whose trajectories, in some cases, have

continued to our own day. Political giants, from Benjamin Franklin to John Adams, have

lived in our cities. Literary giants, from Ralph Waldo Emerson to Nathaniel Hawthorne,

have walked on our streets. Great poets, from Anne Bradstreet to Emily Dickenson, have

lived in our houses. Social activists, from William Lloyd Garrison to Susan B. Anthony,

have spoken in our assembly halls. Inventors, from Eli Whitney to Samuel F. B. Morse,

have labored in our laboratories. Artists, from John Singleton Copley to Winslow Homer,

have painted in our studios. Sports heroes, from Babe Ruth to Ted Williams, have played

on our elds. Architects, from Buckminster Fuller to Louis Henry Sullivan, have sketched

in our ofces. And faithful pastors, from John Cotton to Phillips Brooks, have preached

from our pulpits.

One could explore this region for an entire lifetime, without ever exhausting the store-

house of riches that can be found in such abundance in town after town and around virtu-

ally every curve in the road.

Exploring New Englands Spiritual Heritage was designed specically to aid the contem-

porary pilgrim in exploring the Christian history of this remarkable region of the world.

It is unique, in a sense, since its focus is primarily (albeit not exclusively) on the spiritual

dimensions of New Englands long and distinguished history. Other guidebooks, which

one can nd in great abundance on the shelves of any bookstore or library, are available


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viiIntroduction |

for those who wish to explore other aspects of the storyfrom the regions literary and

military contributions to an exploration of the arts and politics of New Englandbut

few resources have been available for those who wish to visit historic sites connected with

religious leaders like George Whiteeld and D. L. Moody or with the great revivals that

swept across the region with such regularity and power.

The design of the book, as the reader will soon discover, is quite simple. Seven regionsin what was originally known as the Massachusetts Bay ColonyIpswich, Newburyport,

Salem, Boston, Plimoth, Northeld and Northamptonhave been selected as starting

points for our explorations. Within each section, the traveler will nd maps, suggested

stops, pictures, illustrations, readings and brief descriptions of the sites along the way. At

the end of each section is a brief list of suggested books should one wish to read further,

and a section called A Closer Look, designed to explore a selected person or topic in

greater depth. Readers can appropriate as much or as little of the material as desired.

As you begin your explorations, we hope that each experience will prove to be not only

educational and intellectually stimulating, but also spiritually enriching. Indeed, it is our

prayer that with every stop you make and with every description you read, as Thomas

Watson, the great Puritan pastor, might have phrased it, you might nd that God is

speaking to you.

Garth M. Rosell

Professor of Church History

Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary


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viii| Exploring New Englands Spiritual Heritage


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ixIntroduction |

introduction............................................

daytrips

boston...................................................

ipswich...................................................

newburyport.........................................

salem.....................................................

plimoth.................................................

northfield............................................

northampton........................................

appendix

how to use this guidebook..................

planning for your journey..................

directions to start your journey....... .

suggestions for further reading.........

about the author..................................

acknowledgements................................

table of contents

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x | Exploring New Englands Spiritual Heritage


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boston(1630)


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1Boston |

map of boston

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The Boston daytrip begins in the center of the city at the State House building near the Boston Com-

mon. The journey continues north through the city, eventually ending in the area called the North End.


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2 | Exploring New Englands Spiritual Heritage


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3Boston |

While Paris may have its romantic charms, Rome its amazing historical sites, San

Francisco its beautiful harbor and Hong Kong its incredible energy, there is no city in all

the world quite like Boston. Its rich and multilayered history; its beautiful setting; its

outstanding educational, medical, technological, nancial and scientic institutions; its

delicious seafood; its ethnic diversity; its fascinating architecture; its avid sports fans; itsodd pronunciations; its quaint neighborhoods and its beautiful church steeples all serve

as powerful magnets drawing many of us back into the city again and again to explore

its delights.

the boston common and the massachusetts state house

Among Bostons most treasured sites is the Boston Common (1634), Americas oldest public

park, and its younger neighbor, the Public Garden (1837), beloved by locals and visitors

alike for its beautiful pathways and famous swan boats. Indeed, the fty-acre tract of

land known as the Boston Common, at

which we will begin our exploration of

the city, has belonged to the people of

Boston since it was rst established in

1634 as a military trayning eld and

as a place for the feeding of Cattell.

Across the years, it has played host toa wide variety of events from public

hangings (at the Great Elm), military

exercises, duels to settle arguments,

musical and sporting events, burials

(at the Central Burying Ground where

Gilbert Stuart and others rest), sporting

events, church picnics, bonres and

boston

START THE JOURNEY: Your tour of Boston begins on the Boston Common at the Massachu-

ses State House. (For specic direcons, please see page 164 of the Appendix).

ADDRESS: 24 Beacon Street, Boston, MA

1

Boston Common from the State House

GMRPhoto


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religious services. Most of Americas presidents (from George Washington to the present

day) have visited the Common, many of the worlds literary giants have walked its paths,

and some of Americas most famous preachers (from George Whiteeld to Billy Graham)

have addressed huge crowds assembled under its trees.

Boston is a memorable and beloved spot to me, wrote Charles Dickens. The site [at the

top of the Common] is beautifulproviding the observer with a charming panoramicview of the whole town and neighborhood. Oh that Common, Nathaniel Hawthornes

wife Sophia recorded in her diary after strolling along Beacon Street for the rst time in

1829. I could hardly keep my feet upon the sidewalk, so bubble like, balloony were my

sensationsthe full rich foliage, the hills, the water, inated me.

Bostons rst European settler was William Blaxton (Blackstone), a Cambridge-trained

Anglican minister. Along with his 200-volume library, he settled just northwest of BeaconHill in 1625 in an area then known

as Shawmut (Living Waters). The

establishment of the Massachusetts

Bay Colony, however, did not

come until 1630 with the arrival

of the great Puritan layman, John

Winthrop (1588-1649) and his

party of settlers from England.

Troubled by what he came to call

the declininge tymes of spiritual

vitality in England, Winthrop

(a graduate of Trinity College,

Cambridge and a practicing lawyer)

began in 1629 to develop plans for

Founders Memorial showing William Blackstone

welcoming John Winthrop and the other settlers in 1630

GMR Photo

Boston CommonK.Gelinas

The Swan Boats in Bostons Public Garden

GMRPhoto


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5Boston |

1. Massachusetts State House

(1798), designed by Charles

Bulnch

2. Augustus St. Gandens

bronze relief (1897) of Colo-

nel Robert Gould and the

54th Regiment of Massachu-

setts

3. Park Street Church (1809)4. Park Street Subway

(1897), oldest subway line in

America

5. Freedom Trail Information

Center

6. Boston Massacre Memo-

rial (1888)

7. Central Burying Ground

(1756)8. Parkman Bandstand (1912)

9. Founders Memorial (1930), showing William Blackstone welcoming John Winthrops Party to Shawmut

Peninsula in 1630

10. Frog Pond (1826)

11. Papal Mass Plaque (1981) commemorating the visit of Pope John Paul II in 1979

12. Soldiers and Sailors Monument (1877), a Civil War memorial (Near this spot both George Whiteeld

(1740) and Billy Graham (1950) preached to 23,000 and 40,000 respectively.)

13. Site of the Great Elm, destroyed by a storm in 1876

a New England colony. By August 26, 1629, he and eleven other Puritans had signed an

agreement to emigrate to the New World, provided that the charter of the Massachusetts

Bay Colony could be legally transplanted.

Shortly before leaving Yarmouth, Winthrop addressed an historic letter to the Church of

England, calling her our deare Mother, and adding these signicant words: Wee leave

it not therefore, as loathing that milk wherewith we were nourished. These comments

indicate that the Bay colonists were non-Separatists (in contrast to many of the settlers of

Plimoth and Salem who had made a clear break with the Church of England). A further

conrmation of this fact is that when Separatist Roger Williams came to the Bay Colony

in 1631, he refused a position in the Boston church because it refused to renounce itsfellowship with the Church of England. In early April of 1630, a eet of four ships, led

by the Arbella (named in honor of Lady Arbella Johnson who was on board) of 350 tons,

embarked for America. Seven other ships were to follow later. After a brief stay in Salem,

they settled in Shawmut (renaming it Boston, in honor of Isaac and Arbella Johnsons

home in England).

Beacon St.

ParkSt.

Tremont

St.

BoylstonSt.

Charl

esSt.

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The Boston Common (1634)


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The Massachusetts State House was designed by New Englands rst architect, Charles

Bulnch (1763-1844), and built in 1798 on land once owned by the John Hancock family.

At the front of the State House you will notice the statues of Horace Mann (1796-1859)on the left and Daniel Webster (1782-1852) on the right of the central stairs. Mann is

considered by many to be the Father of the American Public School System and Webster

was a great American statesman and orator.

Inside the State House, you can nd a plaque honoring Charles Bulnch and a series of

portraits of early Bay Colony leaders such as John Winthrop, Henry Vane and Simon

Bradstreet.

Did You Know?When it was originallyestablished in 1630, Boston was signicantly

smaller that it is today. With the growth of pop-

ulaon, the community was able to quadruple

the citys available space by reclaiming many of

the large expanses of dal ats that surrounded

the ny peninsula with landll from all of

Bostons hills. The contrast in size between the

old city and the new can be seen on this bronze

plaque from the Keany Square Building.

GMR Photo

Massachusetts State House

GMRPhoto

John Winthrop Plaque

GMRPhoto


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25Boston |

for further reading

boston

Leland Ryken, Worldly Saints: The Puritans as They Really Were

(Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1990).

Garth M. Rosell, Bostons Historic Park Street Church: The Story of an

Evangelical Landmark (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2009).

Francis J. Bremer, John Winthrop: Americas Forgotten Founding Father(New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).

Robert Middlekauff, The Mathers: Three Generations of Puritan Intel-

lectuals (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999).

Alan Heimert and Andrew Delbanco, eds., The Puritans in America:

A Narrative Anthology (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985).

Francis J. Bremer, The Puritan Experiment: New England Society from

Bradford to Edwards (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1995).

Arthur Bennett, ed., The Valley of Vision: A Collection of Puritan

Prayers and Devotions (Edinburgh: The Banner of Truth Trust, 2003).

Joanne J. Jung, Godly Conversation (Grand Rapids, MI: Reformation

Heritage Books, 2011).

25Boston |


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a closer look

what can we learn

from the puritans?

There may be some who wonder why anyone would spend time exploring the historic

sites of New England. Given the fast-paced contemporary world in which we now live,

what can these ancient places and people possibly teach us? Who but a dusty antiquar-

ian or nostalgia buff would imagine that an Anne Bradstreet or a John Cottona

Jonathan Edwards or a George Whiteeldmight have something useful to say to a

sophisticated postmodern generation such as our own?

To all who might honestly harbor such questions, let me suggest four possible reasons

for exploring once again the world of New Englands earliest European settlers.

First, and perhaps most important, is the fact that these early Puritan settlers point us

to God. They were, as Leland Ryken has suggested, God-obsessed people. Such an

afrmation, of course, sounds strange to modern earssince, by contrast, many of us

might be more accurately described as self-obsessed or at least self-centered. What-

ever faults the Puritans might have had, and they certainly did have their faults, most

of them clearly understood that their two primary goals in life were to bring glory to

God and to serve the common good. We, on the other hand, have often lowered our

horizons to purely personal goalstending rather to expend our energies on what John

Trapp liked to call the worldlings trinity that is, the pursuit of pleasure, prot and

preferment. Created for the purpose of glorifying God, should it come as any surprise

that we nd so little satisfaction when we seek only to glorify ourselves? What a differ-

ent church we would have today if we could once again, like the Puritans, make God

the very center of our lives.

A second reason for looking to the Puritans is that they point us to Gods Wordthe

holy Scriptures. The Puritans, after all, were people of the book. Tie [Gods Word]

about your neck, wrote one Puritan, write it upon your hand, lay it in your bosom.

When you go [out] let it lead you, when you sleep let it keep you, when you wake let

it talk with you. The Bible is a love-letter sent to you from God, wrote Thomas



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27Boston |

Watson; therefore, read it till you nd your hearts warmed....Let it not only inform

you, but iname you. What a different church we would have today, if we would once

again, like the Puritans, center our lives on Gods Word.

A third reason for exploring the world of the Puritans is that they point us to what

God intends us to benamely, His holy people. God would not rub so hard, wrote

William Gurnall, if it were not to fetch out the dirt that is ingrained in our natures.

God loves purity so well, He had rather see a hole than a spot in His childs garments.

What a different church we would have today if, like many of our Puritan predecessors,

we would genuinely hunger and thirst after righteousness.

A fourth reason for rediscovering the great Puritan tradition is that these remarkable

people help to point us to what God has called us to donamely, to complete the ref-

ormation of His church. The term puritan, after all, emerged in the early 1560s (just

a generation after Henry VIIIs break with Rome) as a less than friendly designation

for those in the Church of England who were convinced that the work of reformation

had not yet been completed. These Puritans not only shared a profound dissatisfaction

with the kind of broad church that had been established as a middle way between

Rome and Geneva but they were also bound together by the life-changing experienceof conversion or new birth. This, Alan Simpson has argued, was the very essence of

Puritanismor in the language of Oliver Cromwell, this was the root of the matter.

Why then do we seek to redig old Puritan wells? It is, I would suggest, because they

have so much to teach us. It is because they point us once again to God. It is because

they remind us once again of the centrality of Gods Word. It is because they call us

once again to holiness of life. And it is because they hold out the prospect of spiritual

renewal. What a different church we would have today if we, like the old Puritans,could be gripped again by these great and abiding truths.

27Boston |


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ipswich(1634)


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29Ipswich |

map o ipswich

The Ipswich daytrip is a journey through the present day towns of South Hamilton, Ipswich and Essex

as shown on the primary map. Most of the stops on this journey are located in the town of Ipswich

and are detailed on the inset map above.

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Inset Map

Primary Map


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31Ipswich |

Ipswich was initially much larger than it is today. When it was originally founded in

1634, by John Winthrop, Jr. and his colleagues, it included the land now occupied by

three New England towns: Ipswich (named after a town in England), Essex (founded in

1683 and also carrying an English name) and Hamilton (incorporated in 1793 and namedafter the American political leader, Alexander Hamilton). In due time, the three sections

of the original town named Ipswich constructed their own meeting houses and eventually

constituted themselves as completely separate towns: the First Parish of Ipswich (Ipswich

proper), the Second Parish of Ipswich (known as Chebacco and now known as Essex)

and the third Parish of Ipswich (known as The Hamlet and now known as Hamilton).

Leading these three congregations were a succession of godly pastors. In the First Parish,for example, after a relatively brief pastorate by Nathaniel Ward (who had to vacate the

pulpit due to failing health), the congregation was led by four generations from the same

family: namely, Nathaniel

Rogers (1636-1638), John

Rogers (1638-1665), John

Rogers (1686-1745) and

Nathaniel Rogers (1745-

1775).

Your visit to Ipswich pro-

vides a splendid oppor-

tunity to think together

about the enormous im-

pact of faithful pastors as

well as the spiritual prac-tices and worship pat-

terns of the early Puritan

settlers.Ipswich Cemetery

GMRP

hoto

ipswich


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the irst congregational church o hamilton

the third parish o ipswich (1714)

Since both Hamilton (sometimes called the Hamlet) andEssex (sometimes called Chebacco) were originally part

of Ipswich, what we now call the Hamilton Congregational

Church (established in 1714) was originally known as the

Third Parish in Ipswich.

The rst church building of the Hamlet was constructed

at the corner of Bay Road and the Farms Road in 1713. Itwas 50 feet in length and 32 feet wide with doors at each

end and a main door on the side opposite the pulpit. A

second church was built on the same site in 1762. It was 60

feet long and 44 feet wide, and it included a balcony. This

building was remodeled and reoriented in 1843.

The actual organization of theHamilton congregation took

place on October 27, 1714,

when an Ecclesiastical Coun-

cilconsisting of pastors and

elders from the churches in

Rowley, Wenham, Topseld

and Ipswichwas convenedto give public reading to the

church covenant and to ordain

the new pastor-elect, Samuel

Wigglesworth. Wigglesworth,

a Harvard graduate, served the

church until his death in 1768.

He was succeeded by Manasseh

START THE JOURNEY: Your rst stop on this journey will be Hamilton Congregaonal Church

in Hamilton, MA. This was the site of the the Third Parish of Ipswich in 1714. (For specic

direcons, please see page 165 of the Appendix).

ADDRESS: 624 Bay Road, Hamilton, MA

1

Manasseh Cutler

Pu

blicDomain

First Congregational Church (Hamilton) (1762)

GeorgeH.

Sprague,A

HistoryoftheFirstCongregationalChurch

ofHamilton(Hamilton:pu

blished

bythechurc

h,

1964),

page7.


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33Ipswich |

Cutler. This unusually gifted manpreacher, teacher, lawyer,

physician, Revolutionary War chaplain, botanist, astronomer,

early member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

and leader in the passage of the famous Northwest TerritoryOrdinance of 1787served the church as its pastor for fty-two

years.

Across the street from the church is a cemetery containing the

remains of many of the areas early settlers. The rst president

of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, and longtime pas-

tor of Park Street Church in Boston, Dr. Harold John Ock-enga, is also buried there. His body was laid to rest in 1985,

following a beautiful service in the Congregational Church at

which Dr. Billy Graham was the preacher.

ipswich (1634)

Soon after the settlement of Boston in 1630, Governor John Winthrops eldest son (John

Winthrop the Younger) was commissioned by the General Court of the Massachusetts

Bay Colony to settle the region north of Boston known as Agawam. With twelve others,

in 1634, he organized the rst permanent settlement in the area, re-naming it Ipswich. The

Indian Chief Masconomet, the Sagamore of Agawam, agreed to give up all rights to theland in exchange for twenty pounds sterling.

2

Drive north along Route 1A for approximately 4 miles.

Did You Know? George Whiteeld (at the age of 30) preached in the rst church buildingof the First Congregaonal Church of Hamilton in 1745. Whiteeld noted the occasion in a journal

entry for February 1745 with the following words:

Returned to Manchester on Thursday night and preached twice yesterday at Ipswich Hamlet, 4

miles from Ipswich Town, for the Revd Mr. Wigglesworth, who treated me with great civility and

told me when I called on him last Wednesday, that there had been a gracious outpouring of the

blessed Spirit in his congregaon, and that my preaching some years ago had been blessed to

several of them. The meeng house was much thronged, some were obliged to stand without,

and Our Saviour was pleased to countenance our waing upon him. Surely these words in the 8th

Psalm are wondrous sweet. GeorgeWhitefeldsJournals(Edinburgh:THe

BannerofTruth

Trust,1998,pp.547

-548).

Harold John Ockenga

Haro

ldJo

hnOckenga

Arc

hives,

Gordon-C

on

wel

l

Theo

logica

lSeminary


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Driving north along Route 1A, dont fail

to notice the beautiful open elds and the

quaint farms and homes. This must cer-

tainly be one of the most interesting andbeautiful roadways in America. Watch care-

fully, and you can spot a number of colo-

nial homes along the way. They are often

marked by modest signs on the front of the

buildings, indicating the original owners

and the year in which they were rst built.

Although it is difcult to know how muchof the original structures are actually still

a part of the buildings, as most have been

repaired or remodeled scores of times since

they were rst constructed, they do have a

wonderful way of taking us back many centuries in time.

south greenmonument to ezekiel cheever & nathaniel ward

GMRP

hoto

Foliage along Route 1A

3

As you enter the town of Ipswich heading north, Route 1A makes a sharp le aer Argilla

Road. To the le, at the end of the South Green, you will see a small stone marker honoring

Ezekiel Cheever and Nathaniel Ward.

ADDRESS: 1 South Village Green, Ipswich MA

A few roads east of this spot were

the dwelling and school house

of Ezekiel Cheever, First Master of the

Grammar School, 1650-1661

On the east side of the common was the house of

Rev. Nathaniel Ward, Minister of Ipswich,

1634-1637, Author of Simple Cobler of Aggawam

and Compiler of the Body of Liberties

House of Nathaniel Rogers, Pastor

1638-1655 was on the west side

here stood the frst meeting

house o the second parish

1747-1837

expedition against quebec,

benedict arnold in command,

aaron burr in the ranks,

marched past this spot in

september 15, 1775.


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appendix


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161Appendix |

how to use this guidebook

stops along the way

Numbered diamonds represent a stop on your journey. Each stop is an opportunity to

visit an important landmark or historic site. Red diamonds indicate that specic drivingdirections to that destination can be found on pages 164-170. You will notice that some

chapters begin with more than one red diamond. This means that there are alternate start-

ing points for your journey. You are welcome to choose where to begin!

directions

did you know?

for further reading

If we have successfully whet your appetite, you will appreciate the For Further Reading

section found at the end of each chapter, and the extended bibliography provided at theconclusion of this book.

a closer look

You will nd a section called A Closer Look at the end of most chapters. This section

is designed to explore a selected person or topic in greater depth. You are invited to read

this material at your leisure.

Did You Know?These secons, scaered throughout the book, oer an

interesng insight, historical fact or addional piece of informaon intended to further

expand your understanding of the material.

Throughout each chapter you will see boxes like this containing driving or walking di-recons from one stop on the journey to the next. Whenever possible, a specic street

address for the stop will also be provided.

1 2


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planning for your journey

This book has identied seven starting points for your journey. However, we do not rec-

ommend that you try to visit all the areas covered in this book in one day! Below you will

nd a list of recommended one-day itineraries. We hope you will nd these suggestions,

as well as of all the resources of this book, to be helpful aids on your pilgrim journey!

If You Only Have One Day, We Recommend...

option 1: boston

Boston denitely deserves an entire day unto itself! This is a walking tour, so

wear comfortable shoes and prepare for a day of exploring the city on foot!

option 2: ipswich and newburyport

The Ipswich and Newburyport tours can easily be combined into one full-day

tour. In fact, the Newburyport tour is designed to follow the Ipswich tour,with a stop in the town of Rowley in between. For the most part, you will be

driving from one stop to the next, so these tours involve very little walking.

option 3: newburyport and salem

The Newburyport and Salem tours may be combined into one full-day tour,with a stop in the town of Wenham in between. The Newburyport portion

of the tour involves minimal walking, as you will be driving from one stop to

the next. While in Salem, there will be a moderate amount of walking around

the city as you visit various historic sites. You will drive to the last few sites

on the Salem tour.

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