SPIRIT IN THE TIMESPIRIT IN THE TIME

José García de Castro Valdés SJJosé García de Castro Valdés SJInstitute of Spirituality. U.P. Comillas (Madrid-Spain)Institute of Spirituality. U.P. Comillas (Madrid-Spain)

11

THE FIRST JESUITSTHE FIRST JESUITS

22

World 1570World 1570

33

SPIRITUAL EXERCISESSPIRITUAL EXERCISES

44

IÑIGO LÓPEZ DE LOYOLAIÑIGO LÓPEZ DE LOYOLA

55

66

PETER FABER (1506-1546) PETER FABER (1506-1546)

77

Spirituality of PresenceSpirituality of Presence

Spirituality of DialogueSpirituality of Dialogue

Spirituality of Spirituality of ObedienceObedience

Spirituality of Spirituality of ConversationConversation

Francis XAVIER (1506-1552)Francis XAVIER (1506-1552)

Spirituality of Spirituality of MissionMission

Spirituality of Spirituality of FervourFervour

Spirituality of Spirituality of Eternal KingEternal King

88

JEROME NADAL (1507-1580)JEROME NADAL (1507-1580)

Spirituality of the Spirituality of the Institute / Society of J.Institute / Society of J.

Spirit in ConstitutionsSpirit in Constitutions

Spirituality of Spirituality of FormationFormation

Spirituality of CharismaSpirituality of Charisma

99

DIEGO LAÍNEZ (1512 – DIEGO LAÍNEZ (1512 – 1565) 1565)

Spirituality of Spirituality of TheologyTheology

Spirituality: Defense Spirituality: Defense of Faihtof Faiht

Spirituality of GovernSpirituality of Govern

Spirituality of MissionsSpirituality of Missions

1010

Francis BORGIA (1510-1572)Francis BORGIA (1510-1572)

Spirituality of PrayerSpirituality of Prayer

Spirituality of Spirituality of AffectionAffection

Spirituality of Sin and Spirituality of Sin and CompunctionCompunction

Spirituality of MissionsSpirituality of Missions

1111

DIFICULTIES AND CONTROVERSIESDIFICULTIES AND CONTROVERSIES

1. Tendency to CLOISTER. Frs. ONFROY and OVIEDO1. Tendency to CLOISTER. Frs. ONFROY and OVIEDO

1212

Special “vocation” to Special “vocation” to silence, retreat and silence, retreat and prayerprayer

Vocation to Vocation to recogimientorecogimiento

Special influences Special influences – Mystics from north EuropeMystics from north Europe– FranciscansFranciscans Answer from Rome: Answer from Rome:

“De illusionibus “De illusionibus quibusdam” quibusdam” (Polanco, (Polanco, Rome, 1547)Rome, 1547)

DIFICULTIES AND CONTROVERSIESDIFICULTIES AND CONTROVERSIES

Fr. Antonio CordesesFr. Antonio Cordeses 1518 - 15611518 - 1561

Itinerario de la Itinerario de la perfecciónperfección

Tendency to silent Tendency to silent prayerprayer

Affective prayerAffective prayer The pleasure of The pleasure of

prayerprayer

1313

DIFICULTIES AND CONTROVERSIESDIFICULTIES AND CONTROVERSIES

1414

Fr. Baltasar Fr. Baltasar ÁlvarezÁlvarez

1533 – 15801533 – 1580

Novics MasterNovics Master

Prayer of SilencePrayer of Silence

““Too much Too much contemplative” (?)contemplative” (?)

DIFICULTIES AND CONTROVERSIESDIFICULTIES AND CONTROVERSIES

““Era el que más me Era el que más me aprovechó”aprovechó”

““He really was a He really was a saint man”saint man”

Both: contrast from Both: contrast from Borgia (1569) and Borgia (1569) and Mercuriano Mercuriano (1574.76)(1574.76)

1515

Fr. Claudio AQUAVIVA (e.G. 1581-Fr. Claudio AQUAVIVA (e.G. 1581-1615)1615)

Instructions on prayer Instructions on prayer 1581.83.881581.83.88

The “hour” of prayerThe “hour” of prayer The Spiritual FatherThe Spiritual Father 8 days Sp. Exercises8 days Sp. Exercises 1599: 1599: Ratio Studiorum Ratio Studiorum / /

DirectoriumDirectorium Sp. Exerc. Sp. Exerc. New conflict: New conflict:

Memorialistas Memorialistas

1616

Spiritual WritersSpiritual WritersLuis de la PuenteLuis de la Puente

1554 – 16241554 – 1624 Instructor TPInstructor TP Meditaciones de los Meditaciones de los

misterios de nuestra Santa misterios de nuestra Santa Fe Fe (400 eds.)(400 eds.)

Guía EspiritualGuía Espiritual Vida de P. Baltasar Álvarez Vida de P. Baltasar Álvarez

(Madrid 1615)(Madrid 1615)

1717

Spiritual WritersSpiritual Writers

Achiles Gagliardi SJAchiles Gagliardi SJ 1539 – 16071539 – 1607

Brefe Compendium of Brefe Compendium of Christian Perfection Christian Perfection (1611)(1611)

Commentary to the Commentary to the Rules of Discernment Rules of Discernment (Naples 1851)(Naples 1851)

Commentary on Spiritual Commentary on Spiritual Exercises Exercises (Naples 1882)(Naples 1882)

1818

Very close to Very close to quietism quietism movement, movement, pasivity in prayer.pasivity in prayer.

Spiritual Director of Spiritual Director of Isabella Berinzaga:Isabella Berinzaga:

Per via Per via annichilazioneannichilazione

Spiritual WritersSpiritual Writers Alonso RodríguezAlonso Rodríguez

(1538 – 1616)(1538 – 1616)

Exercise of Perfection Exercise of Perfection and Christian Virtues and Christian Virtues (Sevilla 1609)(Sevilla 1609)

300 editions300 editions translated to 23 translated to 23

languages: latin, french, languages: latin, french, italian, deutch, german, italian, deutch, german, english…english…

1919

Spiritual WritersSpiritual Writers

Common Reading in Common Reading in diocesan Seminaries, diocesan Seminaries, Formation Jesuit Formation Jesuit Communities and Communities and adpated to lay adpated to lay people.people.

Pope Pius XI: Saint Pope Pius XI: Saint Bernard and Saint Bernard and Saint BonaventureBonaventure

2020

Spiritual WritersSpiritual Writers Diego Alvarez de Diego Alvarez de

PazPaz 1561 – 16201561 – 1620

De Vita spiritali De Vita spiritali (1608)(1608) De exterminatione De exterminatione

mali et promotione mali et promotione boni boni (1613)(1613)

De inquisitione pacis De inquisitione pacis (1617)(1617)

2121

Spiritual WritersSpiritual Writers About love of God: Principle and Foundation…About love of God: Principle and Foundation… About Christian Perfection: Virtues and Ascetic LifeAbout Christian Perfection: Virtues and Ascetic Life About Prayer: Towards a Mystical Life:About Prayer: Towards a Mystical Life:

Intellectual PrayerIntellectual Prayer Afective PrayerAfective Prayer

Active ContemplationActive Contemplation Pasive ContemplationPasive Contemplation

Reaching God in 15 steps: last one: Silent Prayer Reaching God in 15 steps: last one: Silent Prayer and intuitive vision of God.and intuitive vision of God.

Eucharistic Prayer: extraordinary phenomenaEucharistic Prayer: extraordinary phenomena

2222

First Development of JesuitsFirst Development of Jesuits

GENERAL Nº JESUITAS PROVINCIAS COLEGIOS

IGNACIO DE L.(1540-1556)

1000 11 50

DIEGO LAÍNEZ(1558-1565)

3500 18 60(100 peticiones)

FCO. DE BORJA

(1566 – 1572)

3900 23 163

E. MERCURIANO(1573-1579)

5165 21 144

2323

FROM AQUAVIVA TO L. RICCI FROM AQUAVIVA TO L. RICCI (1615 – 1758)(1615 – 1758)

2424

FROM AQUAVIVA TO L. RICCI FROM AQUAVIVA TO L. RICCI (1615 – (1615 – 1758)1758)

The Structure of Formation: noviciate The Structure of Formation: noviciate and Tertianshipand Tertianship

Spiritual Exercises every yearSpiritual Exercises every year Renovation of VowsRenovation of Vows The hour / time for PrayerThe hour / time for Prayer The Exams of ConsciousnessThe Exams of Consciousness The presence and roll of “Spiritual The presence and roll of “Spiritual

Father”Father” 100 years of the SJ: 1639100 years of the SJ: 1639

2525

Spirit of Mission:Spirit of Mission:to any part of the worldto any part of the world

2626

Spirit of MissionSpirit of Mission

From Portugal: 130 jesuits from Italy, From Portugal: 130 jesuits from Italy, Germany, Spain and Portugal to Germany, Spain and Portugal to Brail, África, India.Brail, África, India.

Germany: 1610 – 1730: 760 Germany: 1610 – 1730: 760 volunteersvolunteers

2727

Spirit of MissionSpirit of Mission

Alessandro Valignano Alessandro Valignano (1539-(1539-1606)1606)

Mateo Ricci (1552-16160)Mateo Ricci (1552-16160)

Robert de Nobili (1577-Robert de Nobili (1577-1656)1656)

Alexander de Rhodes Alexander de Rhodes (1591-1660)(1591-1660)

2828

Till the very End: Till the very End: Give LORD, and Give LORD, and receive…receive…

Martyrs of Brasil: July 15th 1570Martyrs of Brasil: July 15th 1570 Martyrs of Ethiopia: 1562 -1653Martyrs of Ethiopia: 1562 -1653 Martyrs of Salsete (India): July 25th 1583Martyrs of Salsete (India): July 25th 1583 Martyrs of Japan: 1617 and 1632Martyrs of Japan: 1617 and 1632 Martyrs of Tepehuanes (Méx.): Nov. Martyrs of Tepehuanes (Méx.): Nov.

16161616 Martyrs of Paraguay: Nov. 15th 1628Martyrs of Paraguay: Nov. 15th 1628 Martyrs of Canada: 1642 – 1649Martyrs of Canada: 1642 – 1649 Martyrs of Micronesia: April 2nd 1672Martyrs of Micronesia: April 2nd 1672

2929

Spirit of Mission:Spirit of Mission:to any part of the worldto any part of the world

3030

Spirituality of Caring… (Mt. Spirituality of Caring… (Mt. 25)25)

Ignatius of LoyolaIgnatius of Loyola

Bachiller Diego de Hoces Bachiller Diego de Hoces (Padua 1538)(Padua 1538)

Paschasio Broët (Paris Paschasio Broët (Paris 1562)1562)

3131

Spirituality of Caring… (Mt Spirituality of Caring… (Mt 25)25)

More than 2000 jesuits More than 2000 jesuits as “Martyrs of Charity”as “Martyrs of Charity”

St. Louis Gonzaga St. Louis Gonzaga (1591)(1591)

St. Peter Claver (1654)St. Peter Claver (1654) France: 74 (1628-29)France: 74 (1628-29) Italy: 103 (1630)Italy: 103 (1630) Seville: 23 (1649)Seville: 23 (1649) Poland: 160 (1709)Poland: 160 (1709)

3232

Spirituality of Dying PeopleSpirituality of Dying People

Big interest of IgnatiusBig interest of Ignatius

First “Directory”: Fr. PolancoFirst “Directory”: Fr. Polanco

Very frequent ministryVery frequent ministry

Burgos 1578Burgos 1578

3333

Popular Missions in rural Popular Missions in rural AreasAreas

One jesuit or a One jesuit or a small Team of small Team of JesuitsJesuits

One week in a One week in a place:place:

PreachingsPreachings ConfessionsConfessions CommunionsCommunions ProcessionsProcessions

CofraternitiesCofraternities Pastoral ProjectPastoral Project

3434

Fr. Franciscus Regis1597 - 1640

Popular Missions in rural Popular Missions in rural AreasAreas

Fr. Pedro de Fr. Pedro de CalatayudCalatayud

1689-17731689-1773 Catecismo de la Catecismo de la

Doctrina ChristianaDoctrina Christiana

3535

Cathecism of Christian Cathecism of Christian DoctrineDoctrine

3636

Sharing Mission: Sharing Mission: ConfraternitiesConfraternities

P. Faber P. Faber / / D. Laínez D. Laínez - Parma 1540: - Parma 1540: Congregation of Congregation of Holy Name of Jesus.Holy Name of Jesus.

Ignatius Loyola Ignatius Loyola - - Rome 1547: Rome 1547: Congregation of Congregation of Holy ApostlesHoly Apostles

J. NadalJ. Nadal: Mesina : Mesina 15481548

LaínezLaínez: Padua, : Padua, Venecia, FerraraVenecia, Ferrara 3737

CONGREGATION OF OUR CONGREGATION OF OUR LADYLADY

Fr. Jean LeunisFr. Jean Leunis 1535 – 15841535 – 1584

C. of AnnunciationC. of Annunciation C. of Our LadyC. of Our Lady Pope Gregrory XIII 1584: Pope Gregrory XIII 1584:

first “Movement” for Lay first “Movement” for Lay People in the Church.People in the Church.

Austria 1665 Cong. “Christ Austria 1665 Cong. “Christ of Agony”: 68.554 membersof Agony”: 68.554 members

3838

From C. O. L. to C. L. C.From C. O. L. to C. L. C.

1585: 48 MM. CC1585: 48 MM. CC 1963: 85.000 MM. CC.1963: 85.000 MM. CC. 1971: May 31st: C.L.C.1971: May 31st: C.L.C.

57 Saints / 49 Blessed57 Saints / 49 Blessed 22 Founders or R. Congr.22 Founders or R. Congr. Francis Sales, John Francis Sales, John

Eudes, Alphonse Mª Eudes, Alphonse Mª Liguorio, John Baptiste Liguorio, John Baptiste La Salle, Camilo Lellis…La Salle, Camilo Lellis…

3939

SPIRITUAL EXERCISES. A. SPIRITUAL EXERCISES. A. EXP.EXP.

Genetic Code of the SJGenetic Code of the SJ Experience of First Jesuits: Experience of First Jesuits:

Paris, 1533 - 1534Paris, 1533 - 1534

Condition to join the SJCondition to join the SJ Cons. [Ex 65]Cons. [Ex 65] CG 4 1581: Sp. Ex 1st CG 4 1581: Sp. Ex 1st

ProbatioProbatio GC 6: 1608: 8-10 days / yearGC 6: 1608: 8-10 days / year GC Polocense II 1785: Re-GC Polocense II 1785: Re-

admisionadmision 4040

SPIRITUAL EXERCISES A. SPIRITUAL EXERCISES A. Exp.Exp.

4141

John Roothaan SJDec. 27, 1834

Fr. W. LedókowskyJune 9, 1935

Fr. Pedro Arrupe 1971

SPIRITUAL EXERCISES B. SPIRITUAL EXERCISES B. Apost.Apost.

Ignatius: Loyola-RomeIgnatius: Loyola-Rome First Jesuits: FabroFirst Jesuits: Fabro Formula Instituti SJFormula Instituti SJ WhyWhy? Cons [408-409]? Cons [408-409] HowHow? Directories: ? Directories:

O.D. 1599O.D. 1599 WhereWhere? Houses, ? Houses,

convents, Schools…convents, Schools… Val do Rosal (Lisboa-Val do Rosal (Lisboa-

1579, Fr. de Borja)1579, Fr. de Borja)

4242

SPIRITUAL EXERCISES B. SPIRITUAL EXERCISES B. Apost.Apost.

To WhomTo Whom: men, : men, women, children; one women, children; one to one, groups, open or to one, groups, open or “close” (“close” (DirectoriesDirectories))

1604: Ingolstad 16, 1604: Ingolstad 16, Dilinga 15, Ratisbone 7Dilinga 15, Ratisbone 7

Great Britain: groups Great Britain: groups up to 300 peopleup to 300 people

1727: France: 7 / 41727: France: 7 / 4

XVII CenturyXVII Century Diocesan PriestsDiocesan Priests Religious CongregationsReligious Congregations

XIX CenturyXIX Century Oblates of Virgin MaryOblates of Virgin Mary Parrochial Cooperators Parrochial Cooperators

of Christ Kingof Christ King Handmaids of Christ KHandmaids of Christ K. .

4343

IGNATIAN ESP. AND WOMENIGNATIAN ESP. AND WOMEN

Ignatius and womenIgnatius and women First Jesuits and First Jesuits and

womenwomen

Isabel Roser and her Isabel Roser and her Friends JesuitsFriends Jesuits

Other attempts…Other attempts…

If not Jesuits… what?If not Jesuits… what?

4444

IGNATIAN ESP. AND WOMENIGNATIAN ESP. AND WOMEN “I discover so many virtues in Master

Ignatius and his companions, that I pronounced a vow of living under his obedience and also a vow of chastity and poverty […]

I humbly plege to your Sanctity may you agree to make me of the same Congregation of Jesús --- and push Mtro. Ignatius to take the solemn vow in his hands…” (FD 698-99)

4545

IGNATIAN SP. AND WOMENIGNATIAN SP. AND WOMEN Oct. 1st 1546Oct. 1st 1546 Const [588]Const [588] FRI: Before the Suppression: 6FRI: Before the Suppression: 6

4646

JESUIT PLACE CONGR. FOUNDERFr. Étienne Gouyon SJ Dôle Ursulinas de Dôle 1585

Ana de Xaintogne

Fr. Bordes SJ Burdeos Daughters of Our Lady

1607J. de Lestonac

Fr. Bartolome Jacquinot

Lyon Order of Incarnate Word

1633Chézard de Matel

Fr. Pièrre Médaille

Sisters of Saint Joseph, Good Sepherd

1650

Germany Damas Inglesas 1609Mary Ward

IGNATIAN SP. AND WOMENIGNATIAN SP. AND WOMEN

4747

YEARS

Nº YEARS

Nº YEARS Nº

1815-1830

32 1871-1880

21 1921-1930

17

1831-1840

23 1881-1890

15 1931-1940

07

1841-1850

17 1891-1900

10 1941-1950

15

1851-1860

13 1901-1910

11 1951-1976

04

1861-1870

17 1911-1920

07 TOTAL:

 209!

After the Restoration - 1814

IGNATIAN SP. AND WOMENIGNATIAN SP. AND WOMEN

4848

EUROPE 166 N. AMERICA 35France 76 United States 24Spain 29 Canadá 11Italy 26    Belgium 14    Irland 05    Holand 05    Germany 03    Poland 02    Sweden 01           

IGNATIAN SP. AND WOMENIGNATIAN SP. AND WOMEN

4949

IBEROAM 28 ASIA 12

México 8 India 7Argentina 5 Siria 1Chile 4 Líbano 1Colombia 2 Tailandia 1Guatemala 1 Sri Lanka 1Ecuador 1 Indonesia 1Cuba 1    Venezuela 1    Bolivia 1    Perú 1    

IGNATIAN SP. AND WOMENIGNATIAN SP. AND WOMEN

5050

ÁFRICA 7 OCEANIA 4

Argelia 2 Australia 4Zaire 2    

A.  1    Nigeria 1    Zambia 1    

Spiritual literature XVII Spiritual literature XVII centurycentury

France: 23France: 23 Portugal and Spain: Portugal and Spain:

1313 Italay: 8 titlesItalay: 8 titles Germany: 10 titlesGermany: 10 titles Poland and Lituania: Poland and Lituania:

33 Belgium / Holland: 9Belgium / Holland: 9 Many books of Many books of

devotion…devotion…

See listSee list Topics: prayer, Topics: prayer,

ascetic practics, ascetic practics, Passion of Christ, Passion of Christ, perfection, perfection, sanctification, sanctification, conformation with conformation with Christ, Love of Christ, Love of God…God…

5151

SOME IGNATIAN DEVOTIONSSOME IGNATIAN DEVOTIONS

To frequent To frequent communion communion

To Mary, Our LadyTo Mary, Our Lady To Saint JosephTo Saint Joseph To AngelsTo Angels To PurgatoryTo Purgatory To SACRED HEART To SACRED HEART

OF JESUSOF JESUS

5252

Devotion to Sacred Heart of Devotion to Sacred Heart of JesusJesus

Faber and BorjaFaber and Borja Agaisnt JansenismAgaisnt Jansenism Peter CanisiusPeter Canisius Louis LallemantLouis Lallemant Paray-Le Monial: San Paray-Le Monial: San

Claudio de la Colomb.Claudio de la Colomb. 1733: 700 fraternities1733: 700 fraternities Macao and Pekin: 2Macao and Pekin: 2 1708 China: 1 church 1708 China: 1 church

5353

SPIRITUALITY FOR HARD SPIRITUALITY FOR HARD TIMESTIMES

1773 1773 DaRDaR – 1814 – 1814 SoESoE

5454

Fr. Lorenzo RicciFr. Lorenzo Ricci Elected: May 21st 1758Elected: May 21st 1758 Jesuits expelled: 1759 Jesuits expelled: 1759

Portugal; 1764 France; Portugal; 1764 France; 1767 Spain1767 Spain

Died in Sant Angelo Died in Sant Angelo (Rome, Nov. 24, 1775)(Rome, Nov. 24, 1775)

Letters to the Society of Letters to the Society of JesusJesus

RESTORED SOCIETY RESTORED SOCIETY (1814 – (1814 – 1965)1965)

Fr. General: 1829-53Fr. General: 1829-53 Man of Sp. ExercisesMan of Sp. Exercises Virtues and study: letter Dec. Virtues and study: letter Dec.

27, 183427, 1834 Formation: Nov. / T.Formation: Nov. / T. Identity and MissionIdentity and Mission MISSIONS: 1831: Siria; 1834 MISSIONS: 1831: Siria; 1834

Calcuta; 1841 Mankin; 1844 Calcuta; 1841 Mankin; 1844 Madagascar; 1848 AustraliaMadagascar; 1848 Australia

5555

RESTORED SOCIETY OF RESTORED SOCIETY OF JESUSJESUS

YEAR JESUITS FR. GENERAL

1814 600 John ROOTHAAN

1853 5000 John ROOTHAAN

1883 11.000 Peter BECKX

1892 13.000 Anthony ANDERLY

1906 15.000 Luis MARTIN

1936 25.000 Francisco J. WERNZ

5656

CATALINA II OF RUSSIACATALINA II OF RUSSIA

5757

CONTEMPORARY SOCIETYCONTEMPORARY SOCIETY1965 - 20141965 - 2014

GG.CC 31 – 33: Fr. ARRUPE PERIODGG.CC 31 – 33: Fr. ARRUPE PERIOD

5858

GG.CC 31 – 33: Fr. ARRUPE GG.CC 31 – 33: Fr. ARRUPE PERIODPERIOD

GC 31GC 31 BACK to the SourcesBACK to the Sources Sp. Exercises and Sp. Exercises and

apostolic apostolic discernmentdiscernment

Collaborators.Collaborators. Call to prayerCall to prayer InculturationInculturation GC 32 - 33GC 32 - 33 Service to Faith and Service to Faith and

promotion of Justicepromotion of Justice Sp. Of EncarnationSp. Of Encarnation

47 jesuits killed 47 jesuits killed (1973-2006)(1973-2006)

5959

GG.CC 34-35 (1995-2014)GG.CC 34-35 (1995-2014)

Mission of ChistMission of Chist Mission in Culture, Mission in Culture,

Justice, DialogueJustice, Dialogue Mission for others / Mission for others /

with otherswith others Emerging of Emerging of

Woman (GC 34 d Woman (GC 34 d 14)14)

Sp. of Anot. 19Sp. of Anot. 19

Spirituality of Spirituality of EcologyEcology

Sp. of Sp. of ReconciliationReconciliation

Sp. of LeadershipSp. of Leadership

6060