speech production - cs.columbia.edusbenus/teaching/materials/lectures/lecture_spprod.pdf– larynx...
TRANSCRIPT
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Speech Production
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Outline
• Respiration
• Phonation
• Articulation
• Organs of speech
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Respiration• For speech we need air• Most speech sounds require the air going out
of our mouth (or nose), these are egressive sounds.
• How do we push the air out?– Diaphragm & intercostal muscles affect the size of
the rib cage– Controlled way, inspiratory and respiratory
muscles
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Phonation• Lungs bronchi
trachea larynx• Phonation occurs when
the body of air reaches the vocal folds (chords) that are located in the larynx
• Movie (seminar)
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What makes vocal folds move?
• This is not a voluntary movement– Recall that VF open and close some 100-400 times
per second• Aero-dynamics and Bernouli
– Relationship between air pressure and speed of air molecules: the faster they move, the lower the pressure
– Subglottal pressure vs. the force pushing VF together
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Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
Cavities of Vocal Tract
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Vocal tract above larynx
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bladebodyapex
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Hard Palate
Uvula
Alveolar Ridge
Velum
Active and passive articulators
Tongue Tip
Tongue BladeTongue Body
Tongue Root
Lips
Jaw
Teeth
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Active Articulator Passive Articulat
or Lower
Lip Tongue
Tip TongueBlade Tongue body
Tongue back
Tongue root
Vocal Folds
Upper Lip
bilabial --- --- *** *** *** ***
Upper Front Teeth
labio- dental
(apico-) dental
(lamino-) dental --- *** *** ***
Alveolar Ridge --- (apico-)
alveolar (lamino-) alveolar --- *** *** ***
Hard Palate *** retroflex palato-
alveolar palatal *** *** ***
Soft Palate *** *** *** --- velar *** ***
Uvula *** *** *** *** uvular *** ***
Pharynx Wall *** *** *** *** *** pharyn-
geal ***
Vocal Folds *** *** *** *** *** *** Glottal
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Organs of speech
• No unique organs for speech– E.g. primates and mammals all have teeth,
tongues, lips, vocal chords,…– Can higher primates speak?
• Some limited communication achieved but never using speech (signs or symbols)
• Hence, speech cannot be just “overlaid” on these organs
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Evolution…
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What happened and why?• What?
– Larynx lowered significantly– Epiglottis and soft palate cannot close off the
mouth cavity• Why?
– These changes make our lives more difficult and dangerous!!
• Possibility of choking, less air intake possible– But, they make our speaking much more efficient
• Our speech apparatus evolved adaptively favoring communicative function over more basic ones (P.Lieberman)