The Secrete to success in Public Speaking???

PRACTICE

Chapter 9: Organizing the Body of your speech

Organizing the Body of your speech

Formulatean

organizing question

Organizing Question???

??

Divide the Speech into Key ideas

Organization

Topical Division

Chronological Division

Spatial Division

Pro-Con Diviosn

Mnemonic Division

Problem-Solution Division

Need a plan division

DevelopKey ideas

4Ss

Signpost the idea

State the idea

Support the idea

Summarize the idea

ConnectKey Ideas

Transitions:

Complementary

Casual

Contrasting

Chronological

Key Terms

Casual Division, Casual Transition, Chronological

transition, Complementary Transition, Mnemonic

Division, Need-plan division, Organizing

Question, Problem solution division, Pro-Con Division, Signpost, Spatial division, topical division, Transition

Organizing Question???? question that, when answered, indicates the ideas and information necessary

to develop your topic

Transition- (verbal & nonverbal) a statement that connects parts of the speech and indicates the nature of their connection Casual Transition- establishes a cause effect relationship between two ideas (Examples: as a result, because, Consequently & Therefore)

Chronological transition- shows how one idea precedes or follows another in time. (Examples: After, as soon as, at last, at the same time, before, later, & while)

Complementary Transition - adds one ideas to another (Examples: also, and, in addition, just as important, likewise, Next & Not only)

Contrasting Transitions-- show how ideas differ (Examples: although, but, in contrast, in spite of, nevertheless, on the contrary, and on the other hand)

Signpost- (part of the 4’s) is a word such as initially, first, second & finalPurpose??? Help listeners follow your organizational pattern & increase likelihood they will remember key ideas.

Key Terms

Organizational Patterns!!!Topical Division

Spatial Division

Chronological Division

Problem-Solution Division

Mnemonic Division

Need a plan division Pro-Con Division

Body

Main topic 1

Subtopic 1

Subtopic 2

Main topic 2

Subtopic 1

Negative positive

Main topics divide into subtopics

main points are organized according totheir physical proximity or geography

organization of a speech according toarguments for and against some policy, position, or action.

division-simple, rigid, organizational approach for a persuasive speech

variation of Problem-solution 1. establish a need 2. present a proposal to meet need 3. demonstrates how proposal stratifies need 4. suggests a plan for implementing proposal

organization of a speech according to a special memory device, such as alliteration, rhyme, or initial letters that spell a word.

Casual Division organization of a speech from cause to affect, or from effect to cause

Organization according to Time

Chapter 10: Introducing & Concluding

Introducing & Concluding

Organize Conclusion of the speech

Audience Attention 1. Question your audience

2. Arouse Curiosity

3. Stimulate imagination

4.Promise something Beneficial

5. Amuse your audience Energize your Audience

6. Acknowledge and compliment your audience

Functions of a Speech Introduction1. Get the attention of the audience

2. State your Topic

3. Establish the importance of your topic

4. Establish your credibility to speak on your topic

5. Preview the key ideas of your speech

OrganizeIntroduction of the Speech

Functions of a Speech Conclusion1. Summarize your key ideas

2. Activate audience Response

3. Provide Closure

Key TermsCircular Conclusion

Direct Question

Preview

Rhetorical Question

Summary

Direct Question- Seeks a Response. Audience may be asked vocally or physically. (Example: By a show of hands)

Rhetorical Question- a question designed to stimulate thought without demanding an overt response

Introduction Questions

Components of a good Introduction Sets the tone of the entire speech.

Should be brief and to-the-point

Attention getter

quote, stat, anecdote, visual aid

Thesis

The main message/idea of

your speech

Preview

describe main points of body of speech

Transition

to body of speech

A. Inform the audience about main points

B. Mention every main body point

C. Identify each as a separate piece of the body.

D. The purpose is to prepare the audience

members for the flow of the speech

E. Word the preview clearly and concisely.

F. Avoid delving into the main points

Know examples of a good Attention Getter

Purpose: * Designed to intrigue the audience members

* Motivate them to listen attentively for the next several minutes.

* It is important for you to spend time strategizing, creating, and practicing the

attention-getter.

QualitiesA. An attention-getter should create curiosity in the minds of your listeners and

B. Convince them that the speech will be interesting and useful.

C. The wording of your attention-getter should be refined and practiced.

D. Delivery should be smooth and confident to let the audience know that you

are a skilled speaker who is prepared for this speech.

Tell a Story

•Narrate with feeling

Quote a Statistic

•Factual statistic researched

Ask a Question

•Rhetorical question (curiosity)Use a Quotation

*Cite the author

Make an Unusual Statement

Grabs attention

Use Humor

Tasteful Humor that relates to the topic

Define a Thesis statement & Know qualities of a good Thesis Statement

A. Clearly communicates your topic and purpose

to the audience.

B. Be sure to make it clear, concise, and

memorable.

Thesis statement should sum up the objective of your speech in one concise, strong, well thought out statement.

Summary- (Conclusion) parallels the Preview “Tell you what you told us” A. Finish strongly. B. Craft statements that reinforce the message & leave the audience with an

understanding about what was accomplished in speech. C. Create an artistic and effective closing line.D. Take time to work on writing the close well to be able to leave the audience thinking

of you as a well-prepared, confident speaker.

A good Conclusion

Summarize the Key Ideas

The main points are restated

Activate Audience

Provide Closure

Circular Conclusion- Final step echoes or refers to

the attention getting step of the introduction

Chapter 11: Outling Your Speech

Outlining Your Speech

Functions of Outlining

5 MAIN purposes:

1. Allows the speaker to check the scope of the topic

2. It tests the logical relations between main points and sub points

3. It check the relevance of sub points

4. It gauges the balance of the speech

5. It can function as speaking notes, jogging the speaker’s memory with key words in correct order

Complete sentence

Key word/ Phrases outlines

Principles of Outlining

1. Each symbol number or letter- should represent only 1 idea

2. Coordination & subordination should be represented by a consistent system of letters and numbers properly indented.

3. Any point divided into sub points must have at least two.

4. Complete sentences and key words should be mixed only in the speaking outline

5. Coordination point throughout the outline

Should have simple, parallel, grammatical construction

Stages of Outlining

1. Working Outline

2. Formal Outline

3. Speaking Outline

Key Terms

Complete sentence outline, Coordinate

ideas, formal outline, key word or phrase outline, Speaking

outline, Subordinate ideas, Working Outline

Different Types of Outline Styles Complete sentence outline- each item is a sentence

key word or phrase outline- each item is a key word or phrase

formal outline- is a complete sentence outline reflecting the full content and organization of your speech

Speaking outline- for yourself (brief) Example Notecard

Organization Technique Coordinate ideas- Are those of equal value or importance in the overall pattern of the speech

Subordinate ideas- subtopics that support the main topics

Chapter 3: Speaking Confidently

Speaking Confidently

Speaker Nervousness

Normal

*Communication Apprehension

*(PRPSA)

*3/4 College students anxious of public speaking

*Public Speaking > Death

Control speaker

Nervousness

Channel energy Gestures

Learn How to Build Speaker

Confidence1. Know how to react to stress

2. Know your strengths & weaknesses

3. Know speech Principles

4. Know that it always looks worse inside

5. Know your Speech!!

7. View speech positively (+)

8. Visualize Success

9. Project confidence

10. Test your message

11. PRACTICE your speech

12. Gain Perspective after your speech

Prepare 1stspeech

1. Understand the assignment

2. Develop your speech content

3. Organize you’re your speech

4. Word your speech

5. Practice your speech

6 . Deliver your speech

7. Evaluate your speech

Key Terms

Cognitive Restructuring

Communication Apprehension

Visualization

Key TermsCommunication Apprehension- perceived “fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated

communication with another person or persons” and one form, public speaking is especially widespread.

(Goal to channels Nervousness incorporate into motivated movements)

2 Methods to HELP! :)1. Cognitive Restructuring – method to reduce communication anxiety.

Recognizes nervousness caused by illogical beliefs.

1. Identify Negative self statements

2. Replace negative ones with positive ones

2.Visualization- method to combat anxiety by visualizing themselves delivering

effective presentations.

Communication ApprehensionCA quiz Results

How to Conquer? Prepare ahead. Realize it exists. What are your fears? Now look to see what is realistic, what is not? You can plan how to respond to realistic fears. Practice breathing and relaxing. Most fear can be reduced by deliberate slow breathing. Plan and practice your breathing. Try visualization exercises. Don’t clench your fists or lock your knees. Look at foreheads Stay away from caffeine Get support! Talk to your teacher, a friend, another student in the class, a counselor, etc. Have Realistic Goals! Some folks do not completely eliminate speech anxiety, but instead learn to reduce it or manage it. Set goals and make

specific plans

Commonness of nervousness & Fear of speaking“Natural”

Fear Ranking?? 1.Public Speaking 2.Deathmore than 40% of people say their top fear was speaking in front of other people. According to one survey, fear of public speaking came before heights, death, illness and other common phobias.

Chapter 5: Analyzing your Audience

Analyzing Audience

Recognize

Value of

your Audience

1. Recongnize your own place as part of your audience

2. RESPECT your listener

3. Recognize and act on audience feedback!

AnalyzeAudience

BeforeSpeech

Demographics

Psychographics

Audience Needs

Analyze Audience

During Speech

Attention

Comprehension

Evaluation

Analyze audience

After Speech

Accomplished?

Strongest/weakest

Improve NEXT speech

Key Words

Attitude , Audience Disposition, Audience Profile, Audience segmentation , Audience Targeting, Behavior, Belief , Captive Audience, Demographics , Maslows Heigharchy, Psychographics, Value, Volumatry audience

Analyze Audience NeedsMaslows Heigharchy- physiological needs, Safety needs, Belongingness & Love needs, Esteem needs, Self Actualization Needs.

Analyze Audience DispositionAudience Disposition- describes how listeners are inclined to react to speakers and their ideas

Types of AudienceVolumatry audience- has assembled of its own free will

Captive Audience- in contrast is required to be present

Gathering Information….. About the Audience

?

??

?

??

Analyze Audience DemographicsDemographics- Are characteristics of the audience such as Age, gender, ethnicity, education,

religion, economic status, & group membership

Audience segmentation- divisions, sections, subgroups that constitute your listener .

Audience Targeting- when speaker choose to only speak to one or more segments of larger audience.

Analyze Audience Psychographics Psychographics- is a term for audience characteristics such as values, beliefs, attitudes & behaviors.

Attitude- expressions approval or disapproval.

Value- expresses a judgment of what is desirable or undesirable, right or wrong, good or evil.

Belief-something we accept as true and it can usually be state as a declarative sentence.

Behavior- is an overt action it is how we act.

Demographics + Psychographics +Speaking situation = Audience profile

Audience Centered Egocentric “why do I care”

Situational Analysis- Physical Setting, Size, INTEREST???

Chapter 12: Wording Your Speech

Wording of Speech

Functions of Language

1. Communicates ideas between speaker & Listener

2. Sends messages either intentional or unintentional

3. It establishes & strengthens social bonds between groups of people

4. It is an instrument of play because it is the arena for joking & Battles

Principles of Effective Language

1. Use language Correctly

2. Use language clearly

3. Use language vividly

4. Use language inclusively

5. Oral style

Key Terms

Alliteration, antithesis, cliché, connotation, denotation, jargon, metaphor, nonsexist language,

parallelism, personification, repetition, sexist language, simile, tone

Ways to use WordsCheck Language useConnotation-Emotional response evoked which changes the meaning of a wordDenotation- Dictionary Definition of the wordExample “Hot” or “Tool”

figures of SpeechMetaphor- comparison of 2 dissimilar things using “like or as”Simile- comparison of 2 dissimilar things using “like or as”Personification- Human qualities to OBJECTS. Examples: “Angry sea”, “Jealousy raising it’s ugly head” or “Blind Justice”

Use of structures of Speech Alliteration- the repetition of beginning sounds in adjacent or nearby words. Parallelism- when they express two or more ideas in similar language structure.Repetition- restate words, phrases or sentences. Antithesis- uses parallel construction to contrast ideas.

Oral STYLETone- the relationship established by language& grammar between a writer or speaker and that person’s readers or listeners.

ClichéTired expressions that lost originalityExamples: Is everything Crystal Clear? orDid I hit the nail on the Head?

Rules Regulative Rules – specify when how where

and with whom to talk about certain things. Phonological Rules-rules on how to

pronounce each word Syntactic Rules-rules on word placement

Things to ConsiderRe

petit

ionRepetition-shouldn't be redundant or boring, but instead add a sense of importance to the repeated phrase, word, or idea.

• The most effective speech is one the audience remembers. Repetition aids comprehension

• Dr. Martin Luther King's "I Have A Dream," speech repeats the rhetorical effect "I have a dream”

Conc

isene

ss Get to the point!

Point should be clear.

Avoid:

"what I want to say is" "what I'm getting at is."

If words aren't adding any meaning to the speech, they should be cut.

“My first main point is.”

“ My conclusion is”

“My thesis statement is”

Know

You

r Aud

ienc

e word choice depends on the addressees.

• Presenting at a comedy club requires different language than speaking at a college public speaking course.

• Carefully examine your audience to choose what level of formality is essential, and if slang is suitable.

• Usually, public speaking requires a higher rank of formal speech, and slang is not used like it would be in casual speech.

Abstract vs. Concrete????

Chapter 13: Delivering your Speech

Delivery of Speech

Principles of Nonverbal

Communication

1. Part deliberate/part unintentional

2. Few nonverbal “universal meaning”

3. Conflicting trust nonverbal

4. Message intended overridden by nonverbal

Methods of Delivery

Speaking Impromptu

Speaking from Memory

Speaking from Manuscript

Speaking Extemporaneously

Qualities of Effective Delivery

1. Helps listener & speaker

2. BEST looks natural, comfortable & spontaneous

3. Delivery is best when the audience is not aware of it

Elements of Vocal Delivery

Rate & Pause

Volume

Pitch & Inflection

Articulation & Pronunciation

Elements of Physical Delivery

Appearance

Posture

Facial Expression

Eye contact

Movement

Gestures

Key Terms

Appearance, Articulation, Delivery, Eye contact, Facial

Expression, Gestures, Impromptu speaking,

Inflection, Movement, Pause, Pitch, Posture, Pronunciation,

Rate, Speaking, Extemporaneously

Speaking from manuscript

Speaking from Memory, Volume

Elements Know the different Methods of delivery (In class??)

Read from manuscript

•only done when absolute accuracy is required

Reciting from memory

•seldom done, if done rehearse until you’re very comfortable doing it

Impromptu

•speaking with little or no preparation

•avoid unless you are extremely comfortable with the subject

Extemporaneously

•carefully prepared and delivered from a brief set of notes

• Should sound spontaneous even if it has been rehearsed extensively

How & when to utilize the various methods of delivery?

How to do Well in Public Speaking??? Steps to Success

PRACTICE PRACTICEPRACTICE

Think positive thoughts! Don’t engage in self-

sabotage

Know your Topic

Know your Audience

Know Yourself

Know your

Speech

Focus on your

Message, not

yourself

Recognize your value

and uniqueness

“Never let them see ya sweat!”

Tips Be enthusiastic

Present on topics that interest you Be professional Know it well enough to speak extemporaneously Don’t read off note cards

Physical CommunicationEye Contact

Natural, sends nonverbal message

Don’t read off note card

3X5 ONLY!!!!

Movement

Pacing

Fidgeting

Leaning

Hiding

Gestures

Facial Expressions

Flailing

Position

Look Professional

Verbal CommunicationVolume – loudness or softness

adjust to the situation

(electronically if necessary, don’t yell)

Pitch – highness or lowness of the voice

use inflections in your voice to avoid

“monotone”

Rate- speed at which you speak

125-190 wpm is normal, too slow leaves

people hanging on your words, too fast

and they get confused and miss information

What you think your doing…

Articulation, Delivery, Inflection, Pause, Pronunciation

Goals: Reaches your audience

You only have one chance, make it count

Feels natural Move, gesture, be

natural yet appropriate Is not distracting

PRACTICE to ensure you are not distracting your audience with verbal fillers, slang, etc.\

Record yourself

Chapter 15: Speaking to Inform

Speaking to Inform

Characteristics of a speech to inform

Research a subject

Synthesize data

Communicate to listeners

1. How much does audience already know?

2. What does the audience need to know in order to understand

3. Cn I present this information in the allotted times so the audience will

remember

Informativespeech Topics

Speeches about people

Speeches about objects

Speeches about places

Speeches about activities or events

Speeches about processes

Speeches about concepts

Speeches about conditions

Speeches about issues

Guidelines for speaking to

inform

1. Stress your informative purpose

2. Be objective

3. Be specific

4. Be clear

5. Be accurate

6. Limit your ideas & supporting materials

7. Be Relevant

8. Use appropriate organization

9. Use appropriate forms of support

10. Uee effective delivery

Key Terms

Speech to Inform

“Demonstration Speech/How to?”

Speech to Inform “Demonstration Speech/How to?”

Seek Knowledge to know, Understand & Use. The goals of an informative speech are to impart

knowledge, enhance understanding or permit application.

Example: I choose How to use SmartArt which

Impart knowledge (awareness of this study tool)

enhanced understanding (where to locate the tool to study)

permitted how to apply this skill to their lives (useable)

Different Types of Speaking to Inform

A speech about Benjamin Franklin’s

accolades would be a

Speeches about

people.

A speech regarding The Great Wall of

China and it’s importance in China’s culture would be a Speech about

Places.

Speeches solely about the planet,

Saturn would be a

speech about objects

The origins of krumping would be an example of

speech about

activities or events.

An overview of steps on how to clean your room

would be categorized as a

speech about

processes.

English 1301 is a class

that specifically requires

students to give

speech about

concepts

A doctor giving a speech referring

the state of patients’ health after consuming uncooked meat

would be an example of speech about

conditions.

Criminal Justice courses often require you to give speech

about issues when

you discuss topics like the death penalty.

Examples