specific information requested under item c.3.a) of...
TRANSCRIPT
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National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Science and Stewardship
Specific information requested under Item C.3.a) of Preliminary Order HA-WMA-2013-1
Meeting of the Commission on Water Resource Management Kailua-Kona, Hawai‘i
May 19, 2016
Paula A. Cutillo, Water Resources Division
E X P E R I E N C E Y O U R A M E R I C A ™
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Background
September 2013 – NPS Petition for WMA December 2014 – CWRM Preliminary Order:
a) The quantity of groundwater needed to support 1)
natural resources, and 2) cultural resources of the Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park
b) Specific traditional and customary practices that are exercised in the Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park
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Background
May 2015 – Existing quantity of fresh groundwater discharging in the Park is the minimum needed to support natural and cultural resources
August 2015 – Report with supporting information
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Background
The Problem: Salinity at limits of survivability for public trust resources
in the park Saltwater intrusion, declining rainfall, and nutrient
pollution are occurring
What we can do: Understand the impacts of groundwater withdrawals Identify areas where new withdrawals will have minimal
impacts on public trust resources
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Background
Image courtesy Craig Glenn/University of Hawai‘i SOEST
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Background
Drinking water
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Survive, Thrive & Reproduce
Salinity Tolerances Culturally important native fish Endangered native waterbirds Proposed endangered native damselfly
Life-Cycle Stewardship
The goal of managing resources such that species’ full life cycles are sustainable over time
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Nursery Habitat for Juvenile Striped Mullet Numbers declining due to loss of nursery habitat Optimal salinity range = 5 to 25 ppt Kaloko Fishpond = 4 to 34 ppt Must be able to support harvesting
Survive, Thrive & Reproduce
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Survive, Thrive & Reproduce
Breeding Habitat for Endangered Waterbirds Populations declined due to loss of wetland habitat Park 1 of only 2 Core Wetlands on Hawaiʻi Island Estimated threshold = 10 ppt Aimakapa Fishpond = 7 to 14 ppt Chicks require access to freshwater
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Survive, Thrive & Reproduce
Breeding Habitat for Proposed Endangered Orange-Black Hawaiian Damselfly Proposed endangered due to habitat loss Salinity threshold = 15 ppt Anchialine pools with breeding habitat = 9 to 15 ppt Must be able to reproduce in the park
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Observed Changes
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Observed Changes
Drought – high risk & high vulnerability Declining Rainfall
(Courtesy of A. Frazier, University of Hawaii, 2014)
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Salinity in the Park
Observed Changes
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Observed Changes
Nutrient Pollution in the Park
(Raikow & Farahi 2016: https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/Reference/Profile/2227770)
KAHO2
KAHO3 KAHO1
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Observed Changes
Nutrient Pollution on the Boundary
(Hunt 2014)
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Observed Changes
Salinity on the Boundary
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Observed Changes
Salinity on the Boundary
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Declining Water Levels in Inland Aquifer
Observed Changes
Hualalai Deepwell Pumpage < 1 million gallons per day Keauhou Aquifer System pumpage = 15 million gallons per day
Hualalai Deepwell
(Draft Findings of Fact, CWRM, 2014)
Wat
er le
vel
(feet
abo
ve m
ean
sea
leve
l)
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Observed Changes
Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifer
Kahalu‘u Wells Pumpage = 3 million gallons per day Keauhou Aquifer System pumpage = 15 million gallons per day
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Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifer
Kahalu‘u Shaft Pumpage = 4 million gallons per day Keauhou Aquifer System pumpage = 15 million gallons per day
Observed Changes
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Sustainable Groundwater Management
If the RAM-calculated sustainable yield does not prevent saltwater intrusion in a coastal well, how well will limiting pumping to the sustainable yield protect coastal public trust resources?
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RAM-Calculated Sustainable Yield
Saltwater
Freshwater Lens Recharge Discharge
Pumping
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The idea that the recharge is important in determining the magnitude of sustainable development is a myth.
(Bredehoeft 2002)
The Water Budget Myth
• The source of water derived from wells (Theis 1940) • Safe yield (Lohman 1979) • The water budget myth (Bredehoeft et al. 1982) • Why “safe yield” is not sustainable (Sophocleous 1997) • Safe yield and the water budget myth (Bredehoeft 1997) • Sustainability of ground-water resources (Alley et al. 1999) • The water budget myth revisited (Bredehoeft 2002)
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Impacts of Groundwater Withdrawals
All water discharged by wells is balanced by a loss of water somewhere.
(Theis 1940)
Where are the losses? Are the consequences acceptable?
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(Barlow & Leake 2012)
Impacts of Groundwater Withdrawals
Pre-Development
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Impacts of Groundwater Withdrawals
lowered water levels rising saltwater
(Barlow & Leake 2012)
Removal from Storage
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Impacts of Groundwater Withdrawals
streamflow depletion less freshwater discharge saltwater intrusion
(Barlow & Leake 2012)
Captured Discharge
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Impacts of Groundwater Withdrawals
Factors that affect capture: Aquifer properties Distance from wells to aquifer boundaries Pumping rate Recharge
Management actions that affect capture:
Change well depth or location Change pumping rate
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Estimating Capture
(Whittier et al. 2010)
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Estimating Capture
(Courtesy of S. Izuka, USGS, 2015)
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Summary
The Problem: Salinity at limits of survivability for public trust resources
in the park Saltwater intrusion, declining rainfall, and nutrient
pollution are occurring
What we can do: Understand the impacts of groundwater withdrawals
• Where will capture of freshwater occur? • Where will habitat loss, population decline occur?
Identify areas where new withdrawals will have minimal impacts on public trust resources
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Mahalo
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Water Resources Division Natural Resource Science and Stewardship http://www.nature.nps.gov/water/index.cfm
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior