species interactions: interaction competition (multidimentional niche)

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Species interactions: Interaction Competition (multidimenti onal niche) Predation (+ -) Symbiotic relationship Parasitism (+ -) Commensalism (+ 0)

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Species interactions: Interaction Competition (multidimentional niche) Predation (+ -) Symbiotic relationship Parasitism (+ -) Commensalism (+ 0) Mutualism (+ +). Measuring changes at community and ecosystem level ★ Structural end points, e.g. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Species interactions: Interaction                      Competition (multidimentional niche)

Species interactions:

Interaction Competition (multidimentional niche) Predation (+ -)

Symbiotic relationship Parasitism (+ -) Commensalism (+ 0) Mutualism (+ +)

Page 2: Species interactions: Interaction                      Competition (multidimentional niche)

Measuring changes at community and ecosystem level

★ Structural end points, e.g.

Species richness Species abundance Similarity Biomass

Page 3: Species interactions: Interaction                      Competition (multidimentional niche)

★ Structural changes

- Species diversity measurements, ex. Species richness index Shannon-Wiener (0 - 3)≧ as stressed to unstressed - Species abundance measurements, ex. species abundance plots k-dominance curve Abundance-Biomass comparison (ABC curve)

Page 4: Species interactions: Interaction                      Competition (multidimentional niche)

Species richness index (SR)

SR = (S – 1) / lnN S: 出現總數 N: 所有種總個體數

Shannon-Wiener (0 - 3)≧

H’ = -Σ(ni/N) ln(ni/N) (i= 1 – N) ni: i 種個體數 N: 所有種總個體數

Page 5: Species interactions: Interaction                      Competition (multidimentional niche)

Station 1

Station 2

Station 3

Station 4

Station 5

南灣海域珊瑚礁魚類相觀測地點*******************************

N後壁湖漁港

排放口

貓鼻頭 貓鼻頭鵝鑾鼻

龍鑾潭核能三廠

未受溫排水影響區

受溫排水影響區

Page 6: Species interactions: Interaction                      Competition (multidimentional niche)

11%19%

11%

22%

36%

6%

13%19%17%

45%

4%

25%

16%

18%

37%

6%

16%16%21%

41%

6%

19%18%

13%

44%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%P

ER

CE

NT

AG

E

ST.1 ST.2 ST.3 ST.4 ST.5

STATION

刺尾鯛科 蝴蝶魚科 雀鯛科

隆頭魚科 其他

88 年度四季台灣南部核能電廠附近海域各測站珊瑚礁魚類相組成百分比圖

Page 7: Species interactions: Interaction                      Competition (multidimentional niche)

3 11 12 14 10 15 9

22191923181753

25 2538

3941

30

0

18 17

3331

29

27

49

31

34

74

55

80

69

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

82年度 83年度 84年度 85年度 86年度 87年度 88年度

YEAR

SP

EC

IES

刺尾鯛科 蝴蝶魚科隆頭魚科 雀鯛科其他

(42)

(184)

(154)

(106)

(182)

(120)

(157)( )總魚類數

82~88 年度台灣南部核能電廠附近海域魚類相組成圖

Page 8: Species interactions: Interaction                      Competition (multidimentional niche)

八十七 ~ 八十八年度魚類群聚結構變化87 年度第一季 (87/8) : 1.59

第二季 (87/11) : 1.72

第三季 (88/2) : 1.79

第四季 (88/4) : 1.72

88 年度第一季 (88/8) : 1.74

第二季 (88/10) : 1.69

第三季 (89/2) : 1.70

第四季 (89/4) : 1.35

由 Shannon's-Weaver diversity index 檢測之

Page 9: Species interactions: Interaction                      Competition (multidimentional niche)

目的:了解第三核能發電廠運轉對附近 目的:了解第三核能發電廠運轉對附近 海域底棲動物之影響 海域底棲動物之影響 底棲無脊椎動物族群變化與第三核能發電廠溫底棲無脊椎動物族群變化與第三核能發電廠溫

排水是否相關排水是否相關

各測站之附著板,共計著生有海綿、海葵、珊瑚、各測站之附著板,共計著生有海綿、海葵、珊瑚、苔蘚蟲、多毛類 、軟體動物、藤壺及海鞘苔蘚蟲、多毛類 、軟體動物、藤壺及海鞘等八大類底棲無脊椎動物及卵塊等八大類底棲無脊椎動物及卵塊

Page 10: Species interactions: Interaction                      Competition (multidimentional niche)

底棲無脊椎動物補充量之比較:底棲無脊椎動物補充量之比較: 核電廠出水口與入水核電廠出水口與入水

口附近的海域進行定口附近的海域進行定期的底棲動物監測期的底棲動物監測

方法方法– 三個月一次 在海底三個月一次 在海底放置附著板放置附著板 ,, 回收後回收後計算生物的附苗密度計算生物的附苗密度 ..

計算方法計算方法– 以以 1x1cm1x1cm22 的方格的方格 ,, 計計算附著板算附著板 (20x20cm(20x20cm22))上各種生物的覆蓋率上各種生物的覆蓋率(n/400).(n/400).

Page 11: Species interactions: Interaction                      Competition (multidimentional niche)

底棲無脊椎動物調查之採樣點 A:Influ-2( 左入水口 ) B:Influ-3( 入水口北堤外 ) C:Influ-5 ( 右入水口 ) D:Influ-10( 入水口南堤外 ) E: Influ-11( 入水口卸貨碼頭堤防 ) F: Efflu ( 出水口 ) G: Efflu2 ( 出水口 2) H: MPT ( 貓鼻頭 ) I : SNS( 石牛溪 ) 22 , 23 , 24 : 水文與水質化學組之測站

A

BC

D

. E

F

H

I22

23

24

G

Page 12: Species interactions: Interaction                      Competition (multidimentional niche)

核三廠的核三廠的 3A3A 事件事件民國民國 9090 年年 (2001) 3.18 - 4.25(2001) 3.18 - 4.25

3A3A 事件後事件後 ,, 測站測站 EffluEfflu 的生物量升高的生物量升高

有興趣的部份有興趣的部份

Page 13: Species interactions: Interaction                      Competition (multidimentional niche)

第二季 第二季 4-64-6 月份月份

Infl

u-2

Infl

u-3

Infl

u-5

Infl

u-10

Infl

u-11

Eff

lu

Eff

lu2

MPT

SNS

87/4-87/5

89/4-89/6

91/4-91/6

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

覆蓋率

(每平方公分

)

時間

測站

第二季

polychaetes

Page 14: Species interactions: Interaction                      Competition (multidimentional niche)

Infl

u-2

Infl

u-3

Infl

u-5

Infl

u-10

Infl

u-11

Eff

lu

Eff

lu2

MP

T

SN

S87/4-87/5

89/4-89/6

91/4-91/60

0.10.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

覆蓋率

( 每平方公分

)

測站

時間

第二季

bryozoans

第二季 第二季 4-64-6 月份月份

Page 15: Species interactions: Interaction                      Competition (multidimentional niche)

2nd Season year/site

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

98 Influ-2

98 Influ-5

98 Influ-10

98 Efflu98 MPT

98 SNS

99 Influ-299 Influ-3

99 Influ-599 Influ-10

99 Efflu

99 MPT

99 SNS

00 Influ-200 Influ-3

00 Influ-5

00 Influ-10

00 Efflu

00 MPT

00 SNS

01 Influ-201 Influ-3

01 Influ-5

01 Efflu

01 Efflu2

01 MPT

02 Influ-2

02 Influ-3

02 Influ-5

02 Influ-11

02 Efflu

02 Efflu2

02 MPT

02 SNS

03 Influ-203 Influ-3

03 Influ-5

03 Influ-10

03 Efflu

03 Efflu2

03 MPT

03 SNS

Stress: 0.04

2nd Season year/site

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

98 Influ-2

98 Influ-5

98 Influ-10

98 Efflu98 MPT

98 SNS

99 Influ-299 Influ-3

99 Influ-599 Influ-10

99 Efflu

99 MPT

99 SNS

00 Influ-200 Influ-3

00 Influ-5

00 Influ-10

00 Efflu

00 MPT

00 SNS

01 Influ-201 Influ-3

01 Influ-5

01 Efflu

01 Efflu2

01 MPT

02 Influ-2

02 Influ-3

02 Influ-5

02 Influ-11

02 Efflu

02 Efflu2

02 MPT

02 SNS

03 Influ-203 Influ-3

03 Influ-5

03 Influ-10

03 Efflu

03 Efflu2

03 MPT

03 SNS

Stress: 0.04

2nd season

Analysis by “Multi-dimensional scaling, MDS” (Primer 4.0; Carr, 1996)

Page 16: Species interactions: Interaction                      Competition (multidimentional niche)

3rd Season year/site

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

98 Influ-2

98 Influ-5

98 Influ-1098 Efflu

99 Influ-299 Influ-3

99 Influ-599 Influ-10

99 Efflu

99 MPT

00 Influ-2

00 Influ-3

00 Influ-500 Influ-10

00 Influ-11

00 Efflu

00 Efflu2

00 MPT

00 SNS01 Influ-2

01 Influ-3

01 Influ-5

01 Influ-10

01 Influ-11

01 Efflu

01 Efflu2

01 SNS

02 Influ-2

02 Influ-3

02 Influ-5

02 MPT 02 SNS

03 Influ-2

03 Influ-3

03 Influ-5

03 Influ-10

03 Efflu

03 Efflu2

03 MPT

Stress: 0.04

3rd Season year/site

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

98 Influ-2

98 Influ-5

98 Influ-1098 Efflu

99 Influ-299 Influ-3

99 Influ-599 Influ-10

99 Efflu

99 MPT

00 Influ-2

00 Influ-3

00 Influ-500 Influ-10

00 Influ-11

00 Efflu

00 Efflu2

00 MPT

00 SNS01 Influ-2

01 Influ-3

01 Influ-5

01 Influ-10

01 Influ-11

01 Efflu

01 Efflu2

01 SNS

02 Influ-2

02 Influ-3

02 Influ-5

02 MPT 02 SNS

03 Influ-2

03 Influ-3

03 Influ-5

03 Influ-10

03 Efflu

03 Efflu2

03 MPT

Stress: 0.04

3rd season

Page 17: Species interactions: Interaction                      Competition (multidimentional niche)

4th season year/statoin

1997 1998

1999 2000

2001 2002

2003

97 Influ-297 Influ-598 Influ-2

98 Influ-3

98 Influ-5

98 Influ-10

98 Efflu

98 MPT

98 SNS

99 Influ-2

99 Influ-3

99 Influ-599 Influ-10

99 Efflu 99 MPT

99 SNS

00 Influ-2

00 Influ-3

00 Influ-5

00 Influ-10

00 Efflu

00 SNS

01 Influ-2

01 Influ-3

01 Influ-5

01 Influ-11

01 Efflu01 Efflu2

01 MPT

01 SNS

02 Influ-2

02 Influ-3

02 Influ-502 Influ-10

02 Influ-11

02 Efflu02 Efflu202 SNS

03 Influ-2

03 Influ-3

03 Influ-5

03 Influ-10

03 Influ-11

03 Efflu

03 Efflu2

03 MPT

03 SNS

Stress: 0.05

4th season year/statoin

1997 1998

1999 2000

2001 2002

2003

97 Influ-297 Influ-598 Influ-2

98 Influ-3

98 Influ-5

98 Influ-10

98 Efflu

98 MPT

98 SNS

99 Influ-2

99 Influ-3

99 Influ-599 Influ-10

99 Efflu 99 MPT

99 SNS

00 Influ-2

00 Influ-3

00 Influ-5

00 Influ-10

00 Efflu

00 SNS

01 Influ-2

01 Influ-3

01 Influ-5

01 Influ-11

01 Efflu01 Efflu2

01 MPT

01 SNS

02 Influ-2

02 Influ-3

02 Influ-502 Influ-10

02 Influ-11

02 Efflu02 Efflu202 SNS

03 Influ-2

03 Influ-3

03 Influ-5

03 Influ-10

03 Influ-11

03 Efflu

03 Efflu2

03 MPT

03 SNS

Stress: 0.05

4th season

Page 18: Species interactions: Interaction                      Competition (multidimentional niche)

結果結果 3A3A 事件發生在事件發生在 20012001 年第二季年第二季 , , 以附苗數量以附苗數量最多的多毛類與苔蘚蟲來看最多的多毛類與苔蘚蟲來看– 影響所及不只到影響所及不只到 20012001 年第二季年第二季 ,, 第三季也有影響第三季也有影響– 20022002 年第一季則恢復成與過去的附苗率相似的狀年第一季則恢復成與過去的附苗率相似的狀況況

– 影響所及只有影響所及只有 EffluEfflu 這一個點這一個點 , MPT, MPT 與與 Efflu-2Efflu-2 的的影響較低不明顯影響較低不明顯

Page 19: Species interactions: Interaction                      Competition (multidimentional niche)

Measuring change at community and ecosystem level

★ Functional end points

Rate of biomass production (g C/area yr) Rate of primary productivity Rate of community respiration Rate of nutrient uptake/regeneration Rate of decomposition Rate of recovery after stress

Page 20: Species interactions: Interaction                      Competition (multidimentional niche)

Functional end points suggested for assessment and monitoring of aquatic systems.

‧USEPA environmental monitoring and assessment program (Hunsaker & Carpenter, 1990) 1. Trophic status 2. Production/biomass

‧State of the environment report for Canada (Bird & Rapport, 1986) 1. Production/biomass 2. Nutrient load

Page 21: Species interactions: Interaction                      Competition (multidimentional niche)

Keystone species 關鍵種Stability and disturbanceSuccession

Factors influence the community structure: Competition, predation, disturbance

Page 22: Species interactions: Interaction                      Competition (multidimentional niche)

Fig. 3 Effect of grazer composition on algal species richness (ex periments 1). Raw species number (S) and standardised species number (S1000) of benthic microalgae as a function of grazer mix ture after 4 days of grazing (START before incubation in aquaria, CONT

R 4 days incubation without grazers)