Species Distributions

Biogeography (ENVR333)9/10 & 9/12 2007

As the environment changes, species adapt to a moving target that can affect competitive situations.

Species Distributions• Species Interactions

– Competition– Coexistence

• Mututalism• Commensalism• Amensalism• Parasitism• Mimicry

– Predator-Prey

• Environmental Gradients

• Niches

Competition

• Interspecific competition• Intraspecific competition• Resource exploitation• Interference competition• Principle of Competitive Exclusion

Paramecium = single-celled, ciliated protozoan that feeds on bacteria.

Competitive Exclusion

European starling

Figure 4.4 MacDonald 2003

Figure 4.5 MacDonald 2003

Spatial niche partitioning

Morphology: Oystercatchers

stabber

hammerer

Morphology: Cichlids

Mutualism: Ants and Aphids

Mutualism: Lichenized Fungi

Commensalism: Rhino birds

Mutualism: Pollinators - Pollinated

Mutualism: Jays and Oaks

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Commensalism: Epiphytes

Commensalism: Epiphytes

Forage lichens

Commensalism: Epiphytes

Cyanolichens (n-fixers)

Commensalism: Clown Fish/Sea Anemone

Commensalism: Hitchhiking Seeds

Sweet Cisely

Commensalism: Hitchhiking Seeds

Burdock

Allelopathy

Micro Parasites

Macro Parasites

Batesian Mimicry

Batesian Mimicry

red on yellow kill a fellow, red on black won’t hurt jack

Coral SnakeScarlet King Snake

Batesian Mimicry

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From left to right are the Common Wasp, Vespula vulgaris, and some of its mimics - the Hornet Moth, Sesia apiformis, the Wasp Beetle, Clytus arietis, and the Hoverfly, Syrphus ribesii.

Figure 4.1 MacDonald 2003

Predator-Prey Relationships

stenophagous Chalhill Blue Butterfly

Predator-Prey Relationships

Figure 4.2 MacDonald 2003

Figure 4.3 MacDonald 2003

Figure 4.7 MacDonald 2003

Figure 4.9 MacDonald 2003

Ecocline or Ecotype?

Summary

• Interactions: many and varied

• Distributions: physical/biological factor

• Role of gradients and niches

• Not locked into place