Specialized Cells

Specialized Cells

• A multi-cellular organism has levels of organization.

• All cells, tissues, and organs have specific functions.

• Specific functions requires specific abilities to fulfill roles!

• You started life as a single fertilized egg (1 cell) -> multiplied to be many cells-> cells DIFFERENTIATE to perform different functions in different parts of your body

• SPECIALIZED CELL- cell that can perform a specific function, certain genes are turned “on” and others “off”

Specialized Cells

Specialized CellsCells that have physical and chemical differences that allow them to perform one job very well.

Specialized Cells

Lung tissue cells are different from brain cells, are different from intestinal cells, are different from blood cells, are different from skin cells, are different from nerve cells, are different from…….

• EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgT5rUQ9EmQ

Specialized Animal Cells

Specialized Cells - Animals Red Blood Cells

Contains hemoglobin that carries oxygen in the blood.

Smooth – they easily pass through blood vessels.

Specialized Cells - Animals Muscle Cells

Arranged in bundles. Contract causing bones to

move.

Specialized Cells - Animals Fat Cells

Large vacuole stores fat molecules storage of chemical energy.

Specialized Cells - Animals Skin Cells

Fit together tightly forming a protective barrier and reduces water loss.

Specialized Cells - Animals White Blood Cells

Can move like amoeba. Engulf invading bacteria to

fight infection.

Specialized Cells - Animals Nerve Cells

Long, thin, and have many branches. Conduct electrical impulses to

co-ordinate body activity.

Specialized Cells - Animals Bone Cells

Collect calcium from food; required for growth

and repair of bones. Build bones around

themselves, building the skeleton.

Specialized Cells - Animals Sperm Cells

Can move independently. Carry DNA from male parent to

join the with DNA of female parent.

• SKIN CELLS- provides protection from external environment, reduces H2O loss

• BONE CELLS- collect calcium from food, allow growth and repair of bones, build up bone around them

• FAT CELLS- have large vacuoles to store fat molecules (chemical energy)

• SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS- arranged in bundles called MUSCLE FIBRES, contract/relax to make bones move

• CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS- beat on their own continuously; as a tissue, they undergo synchronized contractions and conducts electrical impulses even when not stimulated by a nerve impulse

• RED BLOOD CELLS- carry O2 and CO2 around the body

• WHITE BLOOD CELLS- ameoboid cells, engulf bacteria and fight infection

• SPERM CELLS- have flagella to swim outside the body, carry male DNA to join with female DNA (egg)

• NERVE CELLS- “neurons”; long, thin, branched; conduct electrical impulses to coordinate body activity

Specialized Cells - Plants Plants also have specialized

cells. Cells of the leaf perform

different functions from the trunk cells, different from the root cells, different from the stalk cells, different from the …

Specialized Cells - Plants Xylem Cells

Move water and minerals through the plant.

Specialized Cells - Plants Phloem Cells

Move sugars through the plant.

Specialized Cells - Plants Ground Tissue Cells

Storage of starch and energy for the plant.

Specialized Cells - Plants Epidermal Cells

Protect the plant and facilitate water absorption from roots.

Specialized Cells - Plants Photosynthetic Cells

Contain chloroplasts which collect energy from the sun to make sugar for the plant.

Specialized Cells - Plants Guard Cells

Control water loss from the leaves of plants.

VocabularySpecialized CellsRed Blood CellsMuscle CellsFat CellsSkin CellsWhite Blood CellsNerve CellsBone Cells

Sperm Cells

Photophores

Transport Cells

Storage Cells

Epidermal Cells

Photosynthetic Cells

Guard Cells

• STEM CELL- an undifferentiated cell that can divide to form specialized cells, two types:– EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS- can differentiate into

any kind of cell– TISSUE STEM CELLS- adult cells existing within

specialized tissue, can only differentiate into certain types of cells, ex. bone marrow cells can differentiate into white blood cells, red blood cells, or platelets ex. cord blood banking

• HOW STEM CELLS WORK: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUcE1Y_bOQE

• INTRODUCTION TO STEM CELLS: cord blood stem cells and embryonic or adult stem cells: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWfw5en2MEM&NR=1

• SAVING LIVES WITH DESIGNER BABIES: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6Z0J4SCqek&feature=fvsr

• OBAMA ON STEM CELL RESEARCH: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63Uqp9VcCq4&feature=fvst

Stem cells

Video about stem cells: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/scintro/

How stem cell lines are made:http://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/stemcells.html

Mouse heart:http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2008/01/14-02.html

HOMEWORK: Info about cells for pro/con tablehttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/quickref/

www. Eurostemcell.org – the ethical debate

Homework

1) Why are complex organisms made up of specialized cells?

2) Think about your own body. List at least four activities that your body must do to keep you alive.

3) Choose two specialized cells. Compare their structure and funtion.

4) Every cell in your body came from one fertilized egg cell. What does this tell you about the DNA differences between one body call and another?

5) Do plant cells specialize in the same way as animal cells? Use examples of each to illustrate your answer.

6) Why do single-celled organisms not show specialization?

7) What is the meaning of the term “cellular differentiation”?

8) What is the difference between tissue stem cells and embryonic stem cells?

9) Why are stem cells from a newborn baby’s umbilical cord blood considered to be tissue stem cells?

10) What is the significance of being able to harvest stem cells that can specialize into any type of cell?

11) Briefly describe the process of bone marrow transplant to treat leukemia.

12) Complete “Cell Types Worksheet”***