special evaluation study of adb interventions on nutrition and food fortification

8/9/2019 Special Evaluation Study of ADB Interventions on Nutrition and Food Fortification

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Er| Jitmgi`}f

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@r}tf}fh` i`m Chhm Cht}fcfli}fh`

Er| Jitmgi`}f

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4>>2 I|fi` Mbsboh~kb`} Diè

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ht f}| Dhitm hc Ahsbt`ht| ht }jb ahsbt`kb`}| }jbv tb~tb|b`}.

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f`lormbm f` }jf| ~rdofli}fh` i`m illb~}| `h tb|~h`|fdfof}v cht i`v lh`|byrb`lb|

hc }jbft r|b.

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h` @r}tf}fh` i`m Chhm Cht}fcfli}fh`. Ki`foi7 I|fi` Mbsboh~kb`} Diè.

I|fi` Mbsboh~kb`} Diè

3 IMD Isb`rb/ Ki`miorvhà Lf}v

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|b`|b i| fk~ht}i`} }h ì}fhìo mbsboh~kb`} f` f}| mbsboh~fà kbkdbt

lhr`}tfb| *MKL|&. Cthk 96:2 }h kfm+4>>=/ IMD cfì`lbm " hc qhkb` f` \hr}j I|fi i`m =>" hc qhkb` f` \hr}jbi|}

I|fi itb r`mbtqbfaj}. Kflth`r}tfb`} mbcflfb`lfb| itb qfmb|~tbim/ iccbl}fàljfom |rtsfsio i`m athq}j/ qhkb`| jbio}j i`m ~tbaì`lv hr}lhkb|/ dtif`

mbsboh~kb`}/ bmrli}fhìo iljfbsbkb`}/ imro} ~thmrl}fsf}v/ i`m tb|f|}i`lb}h foo`b||.

F` 4>>=/ IMD r`mbt}hhe i |~blfio bsiori}fh` |}rmv }h tbsfbq i`m

iìovwb lrttb`} i`m cr}rtb `r}tf}fh` i`m chhm cht}fcfli}fh` f||rb| qf}j isfbq }h arfmfà cr}rtb f`}btsb`}fh`| f` }jb dthim itbi hc jbio}j/ `r}tf}fh`/


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4= MKL|/ i| qboo i|


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Tb~rdofl5 i`m Mt. @arvb` Lhà Eji`/ Sfb} @ik5 dh}j cht }jbft imsflbmrtfà }jb \~blfio Bsiori}fh` \}rmv i`m cht }jbft sioridob lh`}tfdr}fh`|

f` }jb bccht} }h bofkfì}b kflth`r}tfb`} kio`r}tf}fh`. F`~r}| i`m|raab|}fh`| cthk I|fi` Mbsboh~kb`} Diè *IMD& lhoobiarb| i}

jbimyrit}bt| i`m tb|fmb`} kf||fh`| jbo~bm }h |jit~b` }jb chlr| hc }jb|}rmv. Mt. Thdbt} ]fomb` i`m ^bmtf}h mboi Ltrw ~thsfmbm lh`|ro}i`} |r~~ht}/

Kitfi Th|i Ht}bai ~thsfmbm tb|bitlj i||f|}i`lb/ i`m I`ì Thlbo Iodiaisb imkf`f|}ti}fsb diler~. ]hab}jbt/ }jbft lh`}tfdr}fh`| qbtb f`sioridob

f` |ji~fà }jb lh`}b`} hc }jf| mhlrkb`} i`m f}| tblhkkb`mi}fh`|. ]jb|}thà |r~~ht} hc Dtrlb Krttiv i`m Atijik Qio}bt hc IMD| H~bti}fh`|

Bsiori}fh` Mb~it}kb`} f` mf||bkfì}fà }jb cf`mfà| i`m ob||h`| cthk}jf| |}rmv f| atbi}ov i~~tblfi}bm.


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IMC FZ Bfaj}j Tb~ob`f|jkb`} hc }jb I|fi`

Mbsboh~kb`} Cr`mLF^ lhr`}tv f`sb|}kb`} ~oi`L\^R lhr`}tv |}ti}bav i`m ~thatik r~mi}b

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`r}tf}fh` f||rb| i`m f`f}fi}fsb| qbtb bz~ohtbm i`m mf|lr||bm f` }jb \B\.

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h}jbt KMA|/ ~it}flroitov }jh|b tboi}bm }h fk~thsbkb`}| f` ~tfkitvbmrli}fh` b`thookb`} i`m i}}if`kb`}/ ab`mbt byrf}v/ ljfom kht}iof}v/

ki}btìo jbio}j/ i`m }jb idfof}v }h lhkdi} mf|bi|b. Kio`r}tf}fh` f| ikro}fab`bti}fhìo f||rb/ dblir|b cb}io mbsboh~kb`} mrtfà ab|}i}fh` f|

f`corb`lbm dv ki}btìo `r}tf}fh` |}i}r|. Qhkb` qjh qbtb kio`hrtf|jbmi| f`ci`}| itb khtb ofebov }h afsb dft}j }h kio`hrtf|jbm didfb|/ i`m

kio`hrtf|jbm ljfomtb` jisb ohqbt tb|f|}i`lb }h f`cbl}fh`/ }jr| kiefà}jbk khtb ofebov }h mfb cthk ljfomjhhm ifokb`}|. ]jh|b qjh |rtsfsb itb

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]jb lh`|byrb`lb| f`lormb f`ltbi|bm khtdfmf}v i`m kht}iof}v tf|e|/ ~hht`brth+mbsboh~kb`}io hr}lhkb|/ tbmrlbm |}tbà}j i`m qhte li~ilf}v/ i`m

f`ltbi|bm tf|e hc ljth`fl mf|bi|b| f` imro}jhhm. Khtbhsbt/ fhmf`b mbcflfb`lvmf|htmbt| *FMM& li` |btfhr|ov mikiab }jb dtif`/ |ohqfà kb`}io tb|~h`|b|

i`m fk~iftfà f`}boofab`lb obsbo|. Bsb` khmbti}b FMM li` mbltbi|b }jb FYobsbo dv 9> }h 4> ~hf`}|/ }jr| ljfomtb` qf}j FMM |rccbt kh|}5 }jbv itb

|ohqbt i`m ob|| f`}boofab`}/ tb|ro}fà f` ~hht i}}if`kb`} f` |ljhho. I|imro}| }jbv itb qbiebt/ ob|| ~thmrl}fsb/ i`m bit` ohqbt f`lhkb|. Tbmrlfà

f`ci`} kio`r}tf}fh`/ b|~blfioov f` afto|/ qbieb`| h`b hc }jb |}thàb|} ofè|f` }jb f`}btab`bti}fhìo }ti`|kf||fh` hc ~hsbt}v.

]jb I|fi i`m îlfcfl tbafh` f| lrttb`}ov cilfà i mhrdob drtmb` hcmf|bi|b mrb }h }jb `r}tf}fh` }ti`|f}fh`/ qjflj illhk~i`fb| mbsboh~kb`}

i`m rtdi`fwi}fh`. ]jbtbchtb/ f` immf}fh` }h }jb hom ~thdobk| lir|bm dvr`mbt`r}tf}fh`/ `bq ~thdobk| itf|b mrb }h }jb b~fmbkfhohaflio }ti`|f}fh`/

cthk b`mbkfl mbcflfb`lv i`m f`cbl}fhr| mf|bi|b|/ }hqitm mfb}+tboi}bm*hsbt`r}tf}fh`& ljth`fl mf|bi|b|/ |rlj i| f|ljbkfl jbit} mf|bi|b/ mfidb}b|/

hdb|f}v/ jv~bt}b`|fh`/ |}theb/ i`m lbt}if` li`lbt|.

]jbtb f| atbi} mbdi}b lh`lbt`fà qjb}jbt `r}tf}fh` i`m chhm itb }jbtb|~h`|fdfof}v hc }jb ahsbt`kb`} *i ~rdofl ahhm& ht }jb mhkif` hc }jblh`|rkbt *i ~tfsi}b ahhm&. F} i~~bit| }ji} }jf| yrb|}fh` f| io|h i cr`l}fh`

hc lh`|rkbt mbki`m cht ahhm `r}tf}fh`/ qjflj f` }rt` f| i cr`l}fh` hc


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Bzblr}fsb \rkkitv

bmrli}fh` i`m hc lro}rtio ~til}flb|. Ikhà lh`|rkbt| qf}j imbyri}b

f`chtki}fh` cht kiefà i~~th~tfi}b mfb}itv mblf|fh`|/ }jb tb|~h`|fdfof}vhc }jb ahsbt`kb`} mbltbi|b| }h b`|rtfà }ji} r~mi}bm f`chtki}fh`

lh`}f`rb| }h db mf||bkfì}bm }h }jbk. F` itbi| qjbtb }jb li~ilf}v hc }jblh`|rkbt f| qbie/ r|rioov mrb }h ohq bmrli}fh` i}}if`kb`}/ }jb

ahsbt`kb`} `bbm| }h ~oiv i |}thàbt thob f` fk~thsfà `r}tf}fh` i`mbmrli}fh`.

F` ab`btio/ }jb |}it}+r~ lh|} cht chhm cht}fcfli}fh` f| tboi}fsbovf`bz~b`|fsb cht tboi}bm f`mr|}tfb|. Tblrttb`} lh|}| |rlj i| |b}}fà r~

~thmrl} kh`f}htfà i`m yriof}v i||rti`lb hc cht}fcfli}fh` ~thatik| qf}jf`}jb ahsbt`kb`} itb hc}b` fa`htbm. Qjfob kh|} mbsboh~kb`} ~it}`bt| |bbk

biabt }h jbo~ |b} r~ cht}fcfli}fh` ~thgbl}|/ }jbv |bbk ob|| f`lof`bm }h b`|rtb}ji} }jb|b ~thgbl}| lh`|f|}b`}ov }rt` hr} jfaj+yriof}v ~thmrl}| }ji} itb

siorbm dv }jb lh`|rkbt/ jb`lb itb |r|}ifìdob/ i`m }ji} }jb ahsbt`kb`}i`m lh`|rkbt athr~| jisb }jb li~ilf}v }h kh`f}ht i`m b`chtlb r`fchtkf}v

hc yriof}v ~thmrl}| ilth|| ~thlb||bm chhm ~thmrl}|/ i`m ~thlb||bm i`m`h`~thlb||bm fk~ht}bm chhm.

Cht}fcfli}fh` ji| dbb` ~thkh}bm i| }jb kh|} lh|}+bccbl}fsb `r}tf}fh`

f`}btsb`}fh`. Jhqbsbt/ f` kh|} itbi|/ }jb kightf}v hc }jb ~h~roi}fh` i}jfaj tf|e hc kflth`r}tfb`} kio`r}tf}fh`/ f.b./ }jb ~hht/ titbov lh`|rkb~thlb||bm chhm| |rf}idob cht cht}fcfli}fh`. Qjfob cht}fcfli}fh` jhom| atbi}

~thkf|b f` fk~thsfà tbafhìo `r}tf}fh` |}i}r|/ f} ji| }h db lhkdf`bmqf}j }jb mbsboh~kb`} hc h}jbt fk~ht}i`} jhr|bjhom chhm |blrtf}v i`m

lhkkr`f}v `r}tf}fh` f`f}fi}fsb|.^hsbt}v tbmrl}fh` i`m |}tbà}jb`fà hc jbio}j litb |v|}bk| ioh`b

li``h} |hosb kflth`r}tfb`} mbcflfb`lv ~thdobk|. Ikhà h}jbt }jfà|/

kflth`r}tfb`} mbcflfb`lv f| mrb }h }jb jfmmb` ~th~bt}v hc }jb kflth`r}tfb`}lh`}b`} hc chhm|. Lh`|rkbt| mh `h} ir}hki}flioov mbki`m kflth`r}tfb`}+tflj chhm| qf}j f`ltbi|bm f`lhkb. Jb`lb/ chhm i`m iatflro}rtio ~hoflfb|

`bbm }h qi}lj hsbt }jb yri`}f}v i`m yriof}v hc chhm |r~~ov/ i`m ~thkh}b}jb ~thmrl}fh`/ kiteb}fà/ i`m lh`|rk~}fh` hc kflth`r}tfb`}+tflj chhm|.

\icb}v+`b} ~thatik|/ f`lormfà tbcrabb cbbmfà/ kr|} io|h tb|~h`m }h }jb}h}io `r}tf}fh` `bbm| hc }itab} athr~|/ i`m `h} db ofkf}bm }h liohtfb `bbm|

hòv. ]jbtbchtb/ loh|b lhooidhti}fh` db}qbb` }jb ~rdofl i`m ~tfsi}b |bl}ht/i| qboo i| lfsfo |hlfb}v/ f| b||b`}fio.

]jb IMD ~hsbt}v i||b||kb`}| hc 4= MKL| i`m


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fk~obkb`}fà `r}tf}fh` ~thatik| hd|btsbm f` dh}j ~hsbt}v i||b||kb`}|i`m L\^R| itb *f& ~hht illb|| }h b||b`}fio |btsflb|/ |rlj i| jbio}j i`m

bmrli}fh`/ i`m mblof`fà |}i}b hc jbio}j |btsflb|/ i| qboo i| }jb ohq tb|hrtlbioohli}fh`| afsb` }h }jb|b |bl}ht|5 i`m *ff& oile hc ~hsbt}v i`m `r}tf}fh`

mi}i. Qjfob }jb tbi|h`| cht `r}tf}fh` f`}btsb`}fh`| sitv ilth|| lhr`}tfb|/}jb lhk~boofà `bbm cht }jb|b f`}btsb`}fh`| qi| mf|lr||bm qf}j i |b`|b

hc rtab`lv f` ioo }jb ~hsbt}v i||b||kb`}| }ji} qbtb tbsfbqbm. Jhqbsbt/hòv i cbq hc }jb 4= ~hsbt}v i||b||kb`}| |jhq i tbi|hìdov cift obsbo hc

ahsbt`kb`} |~b`mfà cht jbio}j i`m(ht `r}tf}fh`.

F` 9< L\^R|/ cil}ht| }ji} qbtb fmb`}fcfbm i| ~thzfki}b }h ht mftbl}ovimmtb|| `r}tf}fh` ~thdobk| f`lormb *f& mbofdbti}b ahsbt`kb`} bccht}| qf}jtbaitm }h `r}tf}fh`/ qi}bt/ i`m |i`f}i}fh`5 *ff& f`}bt|bl}htio i~~thiljb|

immtb||fà }jb fkkbmfi}b lir|b| hc kio`r}tf}fh`5 i`m *fff& }jb ~tb|b`lbhc kro}f~ob mbsboh~kb`} ~it}`bt| |r~~ht}fsb hc `r}tf}fh`. F` 9> h}jbt

L\^R|/ }jb bìdofà cil}ht| fmb`}fcfbm itb }jh|b }ji} tboi}b }h ab`mbt i`mmbsboh~kb`}/ ì}fhìo ~hsbt}v tbmrl}fh` bccht}|/ ctbb i`m lhk~ro|htv di|fl

bmrli}fh`/ i`m ~tb|b`lb hc i |}thà `b}qhte hc `hàhsbt`kb`}htai`fwi}fh`| *@AH|&. @r}tf}fh` lh`|fmbti}fh` f| i ~tfhtf}v f` ki`v IMD

|r~~ht}bm ht f`f}fi}bm ~thgbl}| i`m ~thatik|/ dh}j qf}jf` i`m hr}|fmb }jbjbio}j i`m `r}tf}fh` |bl}ht. F` }jb L\^R| cht 94 lhr`}tfb|/ IMD |jhq|

lobit i`m |}thà |r~~ht} cht |~blfcfl `r}tf}fh` f`}btsb`}fh`|/ |rlj i|`r}tf}fh` bmrli}fh`/ lrtdfà kflth`r}tfb`} mbcflfb`lfb|/ di|fl `r}tf}fh`

cht qhkb`/ chhm cht}fcfli}fh`/ i`m bitov ljfom mbsboh~kb`}. F` 96 hc }jb|bmhlrkb`}|/ IMD| |r~~ht} cht `r}tf}fh` f| bf}jbt f`}bati}bm qf}jf` ht

}tbi}bm i| |~f`+hcc| hc |r~~ht} cht h}jbt |bl}ht|/ |rlj i| ofsbofjhhm i`mqi}bt tb|hrtlb|/ ki}btìo i`m ljfom jbi}j/ bmrli}fh`/ ahsbtì`lb *ofèbm

}h mblb`}tiofwi}fh`&/ i`m ab`mbt.Fk~thsfà }jb kh`f}htfà i`m tf|e kiìabkb`} li~ilf}v hc }jb

~it}flf~i}fà MKL| f` ]I 6>>2+TBA ji| ioohqbm }jbft ahsbt`kb`}| }hkieb yrfle kiìabtfio mblf|fh`| }ji} bìdob f`ltbi|bm lhsbtiab i`m chlr|

h` mbofsbtv hc cht}fcfbm chhm| lh`|rkbm dv }jb ~hht. Fmb`}fcvfà `bq}blj`hohafb|/ i`m cilfof}i}fà }ti`|cbt hc }jb|b }blj`hohafb| }h

ahsbt`kb`}|/ @AH|/ chhm f`mr|}tfb|/ i`m lh`|rkbt athr~|}jr|cilfof}i}fà tb|hrtlb| i`m |v`btafb| hc }jb ~rdofl+~tfsi}b |bl}ht i`m lfsfo

|hlfb}vitb |hkb hc }jb |}tbà}j| hc }jf| TB]I f` ifkfà }h b`|rtb

|rllb||cro i`m |r|}ifìdob cht}fcfli}fh` ~thatik|. IMD io|h ji| }jbli~ilf}v }h ~oiv }jb thob hc i li}iov|} f` `r}tf}fh` i`m chhm cht}fcfli}fh`/i| mbkh`|}ti}bm dv *f& ]I 26==+TBA/ qjbtb MKL| jisb tblbfsbm |r~~ht}

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Bzblr}fsb \rkkitv

~oi`| cht chhm cht}fcfli}fh` mbsboh~bm dv }jb TB]I/ i`m *ff& ]I 6>>2+TBA f` khdfofwfà h}jbt mbsboh~kb`} ~it}`bt i||f|}i`lb cht `r}tf}fh`

i`m chhm cht}fcfli}fh` f` I|fi` lhr`}tfb| f` }ti`|f}fh`. I khmfcfbm *jvdtfm& khmiof}v TB]I(]I/ qf}j lobit i`m |fk~obt

~thlb||fà i`m imkf`f|}ti}fsb ~thlbmrtb|/ qjflj ioohq| |kioo f`sb|}kb`}|cht ~foh} ~thgbl}| i`m byrf~kb`}/ b}l./ |bbk| db}}bt |rf}bm }h b`ji`lb }jb

bccbl}fsb`b|| hc }blj`flio i||f|}i`lb i`m ~thmrlb |r|}ifìdob fk~il} }ji` gr|} lh`|ro}i`}| f`~r}|/ i`m i |btfb| hc kbb}fà| i`m qhte|jh~| hccbtbm

dv }jb lrttb`} }blj`flio i||f|}i`lb khmiof}v. ]jf| }v~b hc khmfcfbm

khmiof}v f| ~thsfmbm dv GC^T+cr`mbm i||f|}i`lb/ |rlj i| ]I 6>>2+TBA.Jhqbsbt/ io}jhraj }jf| ~tbcbttbm khmiof}v lhrom f`mbbm hccbt atbi}bt~h||fdfof}fb| cht i ahhm hr}lhkb/ ~it}flroitov qf}j }jb f`lor|fh` hc |kioo

f`sb|}kb`}|/ f}| lrkdbt|hkb imkf`f|}ti}fh` hc}b` mf|lhrtiab| f}| r|b.Kbb}fà| i`m qhte|jh~| itb r|bcro cht mbcf`fà f||rb|. Jhqbsbt/

f`}bati}fà bccbl}fsb `r}tf}fh` ~hoflv lhk~h`b`}| f`}h hsbtioo mbsboh~kb`}~oi`| li` db|} db mh`b i| lhr`}tv+|~blfcfl il}fsf}fb|. Qjfob }jb tb|ro}| hc

lh`|b`|r| drfomfà i} }jb tbafhìo obsbo r|fà TB]I| mhb| `h} ioqiv|}tfleob mhq` }h ì}fhìo mblf|fh` kiebt|/ ~it}flroitov f` lhr`}tfb| qjbtb

drmab}itv ir}jhtf}v ji| dbb` mblb`}tiofwbm/ }jbv itb ahhm chtrk| chtimshlilv i`m tif|fà iqitb`b||.

]jb \B\ tblhkkb`mi}fh`| f`lormb }jb choohqfà7

*f& IMD |jhrom f lormb lh|}| }ji} itb hc}b` fa`htbm/ |rlj i| lh|}|

tboi}bm }h |r~~ht}fà yriof}v i||rti`lb i`m |}i`mitmfwi}fh`qjb` mb|fa`fà i chhm cht}fcfli}fh` f`}btsb`}fh` i`m f`

liolroi}fà }jb lh|}+bccbl}fsb`b|| hc }jb f`}btsb`}fh`.

*ff& Khmfcfbm *jvdtfm& khmiof}v TB]I(]I }ji} ioohq| |kioof`sb|}kb`} lhk~h`b`}| i~~bit| }h jisb ~h}b`}fio f`

b`ji`lfà bccbl}fsb`b|| i`m b`|rtfà |r|}ifìdob fk~il} hc IMD TB]I(]I/ qjflj qfoo io|h bìdob h~}fkrk r}fofwi}fh` hc

}jb Bfaj}j Tb~ob`f|jkb`} hc }jb I|fi` Mbsboh~kb`} Cr`m*IMC FZ& ati`}| cht ]I. IMD |jhrom crt}jbt bz~ohtb }jb

~h||fdfof}v hc }jf| khmfcfbm *jvdtfm& khmiof}v cht f}| TB]I(]I

f` IMD| hàhfà bccht} }h tb|}trl}rtb f}| ]I h~bti}fh`|.

*fff& IMD TB]I| |jhrom drfom hq`bt|jf~ dv }ifohtfà `r}tf}fh`

f`}btsb`}fh`| }h ohlio |hlfio lh`mf}fh`|.


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*fs& ]jb cf`mfà| i`m hr}~r}| hc }jb `r}tf}fh`+tboi}bm TB]I|/ i`mob||h`| cthk h}jbt IMD `r}tf}fh`+tboi}bm h~bti}fh`|/ lhrom db

r|bcro f`~r}| cht i `r}tf}fh` |bl}fh` }ji} |jhrom dbf`lht~hti}bm f`}h }jb r~mi}bm IMD ^hoflv cht }jb Jbio}j \bl}ht

ht }jb f`}bati}bm Jbio}j/ @r}tf}fh` i`m ^h~roi}fh` \}ti}bav~oi``bm cht 4>>3.

*s& IMD |jhrom lh`}f`rb ~oivfà }jb thob hc i li}iov|} f` `r}tf}fh`

mbsboh~kb`} bccht}| f` }jb tbafh`.

*sf& Jhof|}fl |hor}fh`| f` ~hsbt}v tbmrl}fh` }ji} qfoo lhttbl}r`mbtovfà tf|e| cht ~hht `r}tf}fh` |jhrom db ~thkh}bm dv

|r~~ht}fà lhk~obkb`}itv il}fsf}fb| cht fk~thsbm `r}tf}fhì`m bk~hqbtkb`} hc qhkb` f` IMD h~bti}fh`|.


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qhkb` f` \hr}jbi|} I|fi/ itb r`mbtqbfaj}/ i`m f} f| b|}fki}bm }ji} idhr}2>" hc ioo athq}j tb}itmi}fh` mrtfà ab|}i}fh` f` trtio mbsboh~fà lhr`}tfb|

f| i}}tfdr}idob }h |kioo ki}btìo |fwb i} lh`lb~}fh`. Ohq dft}j qbfaj} f| h`bhc }jb kif` tbi|h`| qjv ljfomtb` itb r`mbtqbfaj}. ]jb lh`|byrb`lb| f`lormb

f`ltbi|bm khtdfmf}v i`m kht}iof}v tf|e|/ ~hht brth+mbsboh~kb`}io hr}lhkb|/tbmrlbm |}tbà}j i`m qhte li~ilf}v/ i`m f`ltbi|bm tf|e hc ljth`fl mf|bi|b| f`

imro}jhhm. Tbmrlfà f`ci`} kio`r}tf}fh`/ b|~blfioov f` afto|/ qbieb`| h`b hc}jb |}thàb|} ofè| f` }jb f`}btab`bti}fhìo }ti`|kf||fh` hc ~hsbt}v. F` 966>/

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*2=.2}j Tb~ht} h` }jb Qhtom @r}tf}fh` \f}ri}fh`.@r}tf}fh` chtFk~thsbm Mbsboh~kb`} Hr}lhkb|. Kitlj. R`f}bm @i}fh`|/ @bq Vhte.

4 Kiti|kr| tb|ro}| cthk `bit |}itsi}fh` qf}j mbcflfb`lv hc ~th}bf` i`m `h`~th}bf` `r}tfb`}|/ qjfobeqi|jfhteht r|rioov |jhq| khtb kitebm ~th}bf` mbcflfb`lv }ji` b`btav mbcflfb`lv/ tb|ro}f`a f` bmbki.]jb lhkdf`bm chtk hc ~th}bf`+b`btav kio`r}tf}fh` f| kiti|kfl eqi|jfhteht. Ljfomtb` qf}j }jf| chtkjisb |hkb bmbki i`m khtb dhmv ci} }ji` }jh|b qf}j kiti|kr|.

4


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F`}thmrl}fh`

}jtbi}b`bm. ]jf| f| qjv vhrà ljfomtb` i`m ~tbaì`} qhkb` itb hc}b` ikhà}jb tf|e athr~| cht kflth`r}tfb`} kio`r}tf}fh`.< Kflth`r}tfb`} kio`r}tf}fh`

f| lir|bm dv ~hht+yriof}v mfb}| }ji} itb ljitil}btfwbm dv jfaj f`}ieb| hc |}i~ob|dr} ohq lh`|rk~}fh` hc i`fkio i`m cf|j ~thmrl}|/ ctrf}|/ obarkb|/ i`m

sbab}idob|/ ioo hc qjflj itb tflj |hrtlb| hc dfhisifoidob kf`btio| i`m sf}ikf`|.Kh|} hc }jb kflth`r}tfb`} kio`hrtf|jbm itb }jh|b qjh li``h} hd}if` }jb|b

chhm| cthk }jbft hq` ~thmrl}fh`/ i`m }jbtbchtb |r~~obkb`}i}fh` ht chhmcht}fcfli}fh` dblhkb| `blb||itv. ]jb|b mbcflfb`lfb| `bai}fsbov iccbl} *f& ljfom

|rtsfsio i`m athq}j/ *ff& qhkb | jbio}j i`m ~tbaì`lv hr}lhkb|/ *fff& dtif`

mbsboh~kb`} i`m f`}boofab`lb yrh}fb`} *FY&/ *fff& bmrli}fhìo iljfbsbkb`}/*fs& imro} ~thmrl}fsf}v(qhte li~ilf}v/ i`m *s& tb|f|}i`lb }h foo`b||.

]jb bccbl} hc `r}tf}fh` |}i}r| h` }jb choohqfà itb qboo tb|bitljbm7

*f& fth` |}i}r| i`m i`bkfi h` ~thmrl}fsf}v/ *ff& sf}ikf` I h` tbmrlfà ljfomjhhmkht}iof}v i`m li|b| hc |bsbtb mfittjbi/ *fff& fhmf`b |r~~obkb`}i}fh` h` FY i|

qboo i| kh}ht |efoo| hc ljfomtb`/ i`m *fs& iab hc tbiljfà mbsboh~kb`}io |}iab|.Jhqbsbt/ kh|} fk~il} |}rmfb| jisb r|bm kht}iof}v/ ~thmrl}fsf}v/ khtdfmf}v/

i`m f`}boofab`lb i| hr}lhkb kbi|rtb|. Blh`hkfl fk~il} h` cikfov i`mlhkkr`f}v i| i` hr}lhkb f`mfli}ht qi| `h} r|bm/ ~btji~| dblir|b hc }jb

ohà hd|btsi}fh` ~btfhm `bbmbm *9>92 vbit|& }h kbi|rtb }jf| hr}lhkb. ]jbfk~il} h` }jb jbio}j |}i}r| i`m ~thmrl}fsf}v hc ~h~roi}fh`| mb~b`m| h` }jb

di|bof`b ~tbsiob`lb hc sf}ikf` I mbcflfb`lv/ fth` mbcflfb`lv i`bkfi/ i`m fhmf`bmbcflfb`lv mf|htmbt|. ]jb `bai}fsb fk~il} h` ath|| mhkb|}fl ~thmrl} *AM^&

tf|b| ~th~ht}fhì}bov qf}j f`ltbi|fà fth` mbcflfb`lv i`bkfi *ohqbt~thmrl}fsf}v&/ sf}ikf` I mbcflfb`lv *oh|} ~bt|h`+vbit| hc ~thmrl}fsb

lh`}tfdr}fh` }h |hlfb}v&/ i`m fhmf`b mbcflfb`lv mf|htmbt| *ohq dtif`mbsboh~kb`}& tf|e|. Ofebqf|b }jb ohà+}btk `bai}fsb fk~il} qfoo mbltbi|b i|

}jb ~tbsiob`lb hc kflth`r}tfb`} kio`r}tf}fh`mbltbi|b|. F} f| tbi|hìdob }hi||rkb }ji} i ~thatik| fk~il} kfaj} db |ohq f` |}it}fà/ dr} f` Brth~b i`m

@ht}j Ikbtfli/ qf}jf` i mblimb hc }jb ~i||iab hc oiq| i`m }jb f`}thmrl}fh`hc }jb blb||itv b`chtlbkb`} kblji`f|k| }h f`ltbi|b fhmf`b f`}ieb qf}j |io}/

ahf}bt *bòitabkb`} hc }jb }jvthfm aoi`m& mf|i~~bitbm.Fhmf`b mbcflfb`lv mf|htmbt| *FMM& li` |btfhr|ov mikiab }jb dtif`/ |ohqfà

kb`}io tb|~h`|b| i`m fk~iftfà f`}boofab`lb obsbo|. Bsb` khmbti}b FMM li`mbltbi|b }jb FY obsbo dv 9> }h 4> ~hf`}|5 }jr|/ ljfomtb` qf}j FMM |rccbt kh|}/

< Kflth`r}tfb`} kio`r}tf}fh` r|rioov tbcbt| }h sf}ikf` I mbcflfb`lv/ fhmf`b mbcflfb`lv mf|htmbt|/ fth`mbcflfb`lv i`bkfi/ wf`l mbcflfb`lv/ chofl ilfm mbcflfb`lv *D6&/ h}jbt D sf}ikf` mbcflfb`lv/ sf}ikf` Lmbcflfb`lv/ i`m sf}ikf` M mbcflfb`lv.


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i| }jbv itb |ohqbt i`m ob|| f`}boofab`}/ tb|ro}fà f` ~hht i}}if`kb`} f` |ljhho.I| imro}| }jbv itb qbiebt/ ob|| ~thmrl}fsb/ i`m bit` ohqbt f`lhkb|.

]jb kia`f}rmb hc jbio}j db`bcf}| r|bm i| foor|}ti}fh` cht tbmrlfàkflth`r}tfb`} kio`r}tf}fh` qf}j cht}fcfli}fh` `bbm }h db tblh`|fmbtbm f`

mbsboh~fà kbkdbt lhr`}tfb| *MKL|& qjbtb sbtv cbq hc }jb chhm| }ji} }jb~hht lh`|rkb itb ki`rcil}rtbm i`m li` db cht}fcfbm. F` immf}fh` }h }jb bccflfb`lv

hc cht}fcfli}fh`/ }jbtb f| io|h }jb f||rb hc dfhohaflio bccbl}fsb`b|| i`m }jbi~~th~tfi}b mh|iab. Bobkb`}io fth` f| r|bm f` kh|} ~tbkfzb| dblir|b hc f}|

ohq lh|}/ dr} ji| sbtv ohq id|ht~}fh` ti}b| f` }jb dhmv/ i`m f}| fk~il} h`

i`bkfi i} }jb ì}fhìo obsbo ji| `h} vb} dbb` lobitov b|}idof|jbm.]jb I|fi i`m ilfcfl tbafh` f| lrttb`}ov cilfà i mhrdob drtmb` hc mf|bi|b

mrb }h }jb `r}tf}fh` }ti`|f}fh`/ qjflj illhk~i`fb| mbsboh~kb`} i`m

rtdi`fwi}fh`. ]jb r}tf}fh` }ti`|f}fh` f| kitebm dv i |jfc} iqiv cthk tboi}fsbovkh`h}h`hr| mfb}| hc sitvfà `r}tf}fh` yriof}v *di|bm h` f`mfab`hr| |}i~ob

atif`| ht |}itljv thh}|/ ohlioov athq` sbab}idob| i`m ctrf}|/ i`m ofkf}bm chhm|hc i`fkio htfaf`& }hqitm khtb sitfbm mfb}| }ji} f`lormb khtb ~thlb||bm chhm/

khtb chhm| hc i`fkio htfaf`/ khtb immbm |rait i`m ci}/ i`m hc}b` khtb iolhjho.]jb }ti`|f}fh` r|rioov illhk~i`fb| tbmrlbm ~jv|flio il}fsf}v f` qhte i`m

obf|rtb/ obimfà }h i ti~fm f`ltbi|b f` }jb ~tbsiob`lb hchsbtqbfaj} i`m hdb|f}v.]jbtbchtb/ f` immf}fh` }h }jb hom ~thdobk| lir|bm dv kio`r}tf}fh`/ `bq

~thdobk| itf|b mrb }h }jb b~fmbkfhohaflio }ti`|f}fh`/ cthk b`mbkfl mbcflfb`lvi`m f`cbl}fhr| mf|bi|b|/ }hqitm mfb}+tboi}bm ljth`fl mf|bi|b|/ |rlj i| f|ljbkfl

jbit} mf|bi|b/ mfidb}b|/ hdb|f}v/ jv~bt}b`|fh`/ |}theb/ i`m lbt}if` li`lbt|. Io}jhraj }jbtb f| i` f`ltbi|fà ~thdobk ikhà }jb qjhob ~h~roi}fh` hc

hsbtqbfaj}/ hdb|f}v/ i`m mfb}+tboi}bm ljth`fl mf|bi|b|/ kio`r}tf}fh` }ieb| f}|atbi}b|} }hoo f` }btk| hc foo`b||/ mbi}j/ i`m mf|idfof}v h` }jb ~hht/ qhkb`/ i`m

vhrà ljfomtb`.Kh|} r}tf}fh` f`}btsb`}fh`| jisb dbb` lh`|f|}b`}ov bsiori}bm i| dbfà

lh|} bccbl}fsb/ i`m ki`v jisb sbtv ohq r`f} lh|}/ qjflj li` db dht`b iokh|}b`}ftbov dv }jb lh`|rkbt. F` tièfà jbio}j f`sb|}kb`}| r|fà lh|} ~bt

mf|idfof}v+imgr|}bm ofcb vbit *MIOV&/= `r}tf}fh` fk~thsbkb`} lhk~itb|cishtidov qf}j h}jbt }v~b| hc jbio}j i`m ~hsbt}v f`}btsb`}fh`| f` kh|} tbafh`|

hc }jb qhtom. ]jb Qhtom Diè| 966< Qhtom Mbsboh~kb`} Tb~ht}|}i}bm }ji}kflth`r}tfb`} ~thatik| itb ikhà }jb kh|} lh|} bccbl}fsb hc ioo jbio}j

f`}btsb`}fh`|. Kh|} kflth`r}tfb`} ~thatik| lh|} ob|| }ji` -2> ~bt MIOV

= Krttiv/ L.G.O. i`m I.M. Oh~bw. 9663. ]jb Aohdio Drtmb` hc Mf|bi|b. Likdtfmab/ Ki||.7 Jitsitm R`fsbt|f}v^tb||.

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F`}thmrl}fh`

aif`bm. Mbcflfb`lfb| hc gr|} fth`/ fhmf`b/ i`m sf}ikf` I lhrom qi|}b i| krlj

i| 2" hc AM / dr} immtb||fà }jbk lhk~tbjb`|fsbov i`m |r|}ifìdov lh|}|ob|| }ji` >.+vbit ~thgbl}fh`|

h` fk~il} hc |hlfio qbocitb fk~thsbkb`} h` AM^ dv }jb Qhtom Diè f`Diàoimb|j.6

I| }jb tf|e hc kio`r}tf}fh` mbltbi|b|/ ~it}flroitov kflth`r}tfb`}kio`r}tf}fh`/ ~h~roi}fh`| }b`m }h db khtb ~thmrl}fsb. Jhqbsbt/ b|}fki}b| h`

qjflj dr`mob hc `r}tf}fh` il}fsf}fb| f| }jb kh|} bccbl}fsb f` tboi}fh` }h AMîtb lrttb`}ov di|bm h` }jb tb|ro}| hc ~foh} ~thgbl}|/ i`m }jbtb f| ofkf}bm jitm

bsfmb`lb i} }jb ì}fhìo obsbo.

2 ]h b`ji`lb i`m |}i`mitmfwb b|}fki}b| foor|}ti}fà }jb fk~il} hc kflth`r}tfb`} kio`r}tf}fh` i| i cr`l}fh`hc AM / i lhk~r}bt ~thatik lioobm }jb thcfob| khmbo qi| mbsboh~bm. ]jf| khmbo qi| htfafìoov mbsboh~bmdv }jb Ilimbkv cht Bmrli}fhìo Mbsboh~kb`} *IBM& f` 966>2.

1 Qhtom Diè. 966=.B`tfljfà Ofsb|. Mftbl}fh`| f` Mbsboh~kb`} \btfb|. Qi|jfà}h`/ ML.: ]jb tb|bitlj f| |~h`|htbm dv R@FLBC i`m }jb KF cht r|b dv R@FLBC i| i` imshlilv }hho.6 Qhtom Diè. 4>>=.Diàoimb|j 4>4>7 I Ohà+]btk th|~bl}fsb \}rmv . Mjiei.

2


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^hsbt}v tbmrl}fh` i`m |}tbà}jb`fà hc jbio}j litb |v|}bk| ioh`b li``h}|hosb kflth`r}tfb`} mbcflfb`lv ~thdobk|. Ikhà h}jbt }jfà|/ }jf| lh`mf}fh`

f| mrb }h }jb jfmmb` ~th~bt}v hc }jb kflth`r}tfb`} lh`}b`} hc chhm|/ i`mlh`|rkbt| mh `h} ir}hki}flioov mbki`m kflth`r}tfb`}+tflj chhm| qf}j

f`ltbi|bm f`lhkb. Jb`lb/ chhm i`m iatflro}rtio ~hoflfb| `bbm }h qi}lj hsbt}jb yri`}f}v i`m yriof}v hc chhm |r~~ov/ i`m ~thkh}b }jb ~thmrl}fh`/

kiteb}fà/ i`m lh`|rk~}fh` hc kflth`r}tfb`}+tflj chhm|. \icb}v+`b} ~thatik|/f`lormfà tbcrabb cbbmfà/ kr|} io|h tb|~h`m }h }jb }h}io `r}tf}fh` `bbm| hc

}itab} athr~|/ i`m `h} db ofkf}bm }h liohtfb `bbm| hòv. ]jbtbchtb/ loh|blhooidhti}fh` db}qbb` }jb ~rdofl i`m ~tfsi}b |bl}ht/ i| qboo i| lfsfo |hlfb}v/ f|

b||b`}fio.

]IDOB 9Lh`|byrb`lb| hc Kflth`r}tfb`} Kio`r}tf}fh`/

Liolroi}bm R|fà }jb ^thcfob| Khmboi

Lhr`}tvLhr`}tvLhr`}tvLhr`}tvLhr`}tv ]]]]]h}io Sh}io Sh}io Sh}io Sh}io Siorb hciorb hciorb hciorb hciorb hc ]]]]]h}io Sh}io Sh}io Sh}io Sh}io Siorb hciorb hciorb hciorb hciorb hcOh|} ^thmrl}fsf}vOh|} ^thmrl}fsf}vOh|} ^thmrl}fsf}vOh|} ^thmrl}fsf}vOh|} ^thmrl}fsf}v Oh|} ^thmrl}fsf}vOh|} ^thmrl}fsf}vOh|} ^thmrl}fsf}vOh|} ^thmrl}fsf}vOh|} ^thmrl}fsf}v

Bilj VBilj VBilj VBilj VBilj Vbitbitbitbitbit Bilj VBilj VBilj VBilj VBilj Vbitbitbitbitbit*fhmf`b % fth`&*fhmf`b % fth`&*fhmf`b % fth`&*fhmf`b % fth`&*fhmf`b % fth`& *sf}ikf` I&*sf}ikf` I&*sf}ikf` I&*sf}ikf` I&*sf}ikf` I& ]]]]]h}io Fk~il}h}io Fk~il}h}io Fk~il}h}io Fk~il}h}io Fk~il}*i| " hc AM^&*i| " hc AM^&*i| " hc AM^&*i| " hc AM^&*i| " hc AM^& *i| " hc AM^&*i| " hc AM^&*i| " hc AM^&*i| " hc AM^&*i| " hc AM^& h` AM^ *"&h` AM^ *"&h` AM^ *"&h` AM^ *"&h` AM^ *"&

Iwbtdifgi` >.1 >.9 >.:Diàoimb|j >.: >.9 9.>Likdhmfi 9.4 >.< 9.3Ljfì/ bh~ob| Tb~. hc >.2 >.> >.2F`mfi 9.> >.4 9.4F`mh`b|fi >.: >.9 >.6Evtavw Tb~rdofl >.6 >.> >.6Khàhofi >.1 >.9 >.:îef|}i` 9.> >.4 9.4

^jfof~~f`b| >.3 >.>= >.1]igfef|}i` >.6 >.>2 9.>]jifoi`m >.2 >.>9 >.2Rwdbef|}i` 9.9 >.>: 9.4

Sfb} @ik >.: >.>9 >.:

AM^ ; ath|| mhkb|}fl ~thmrl}.i ]jb lhk~itf|h`| }h ~tbsfhr| *jfajbt& b|}fki}b| itb }b`}i}fsb.\hrtlb7 \bb chh}`h}b 2.

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F`}thmrl}fh`

Kb}jhmhohav i`m I~~thilj hc }jb \~blfioKb}jhmhohav i`m I~~thilj hc }jb \~blfioKb}jhmhohav i`m I~~thilj hc }jb \~blfioKb}jhmhohav i`m I~~thilj hc }jb \~blfioKb}jhmhohav i`m I~~thilj hc }jb \~blfioBsiori}fh` \}rmvBsiori}fh` \}rmvBsiori}fh` \}rmvBsiori}fh` \}rmvBsiori}fh` \}rmv

]jb |~blfio bsiori}fh` |}rmv *\B\& tbsfbqbm i`m iìovwbm lrttb`} i`mcr}rtb r}tf}fh` i`m chhm cht}fcfli}fh`+tboi}bm f||rb|. F} io|h bz~ohtbm qjb}jbt

}jb ofè| qf}j kio`r}tf}fh` itb f`lormbm i`m bzikf`bm f` }jb I|fi`Mbsboh~kb`} Diè| *IMD|& ~hsbt}v i||b||kb`}| lh`mrl}bm f` 4= MKL|/ i|

qboo i| 24+TBA/ i| f} qi| tblb`}ov i~~thsbm i`m `h}

fk~obkb`}bm mrtfà }jb \B\. Di|fl mi}i h` }jb TB]I| itb afsb` f` I~~b`mfz=. ]jb TB]I| qbtb bsiori}bm i`m iìovwbm iaif`|} }jbft ahio| i`m hdgbl}fsb|/

i`m iaif`|} }jb i||b||kb`}| i`m ti}fà| hc ]I lhk~ob}fh` tb~ht}| *]LT|&.]jb yriof}v hc hr}~r}| i`m fk~il}| hc }jb|b TB]I| h` }jb ~it}flf~i}fà MKL|

qbtb io|h i||b||bm. Mrb }h tb|hrtlb i`m }fkb lh`|}tif`}|/ hòv cfsb~it}flf~i}fà MKL| lhsbtfà mfccbtb`} |rdtbafh`| qbtb |bobl}bm cht mb}ifobm

cfbom i||b||kb`}|7 Diàoimb|j/ ^TL/ F`mh`b|fi/ Evtavw Tb~rdofl/ i`m Sfb}@ik5 mb|e tbsfbq| qbtb littfbm hr} cht h}jbt|. F` }jb|b cfsb |bobl}bm MKL|/

lh`|ro}i}fh`| i`m f`}btsfbq| qbtb lh`mrl}bm qf}j ~hoflvkiebt| i`m qf}jh}jbt |}iebjhombt| tboi}bm }h jbio}j i`m `r}tf}fh`/ |rlj i| }jb ~rdofl i`m

~tfsi}b |bl}ht f`shosbm f` `r}tf}fh` i`m chhm cht}fcfli}fh`/ `hàhsbt`kb`}

htai`fwi}fh`| *@AH|&/ `r}tf}fh` f`|}f}r}fh`| i`m ilimbkfl|/ R@FLBC/ i`m h}jbt`r}tf}fh`+tboi}bm iab`lfb|. I| krlj i| ~h||fdob/ ~it}flf~i`}| hc }jb qhte|jh~||~h`|htbm dv }jb TB]I| i`m }jh|b f`shosbm f` fk~obkb`}fà }jb TB]I| qbtb

}tilbm i`m lh`|ro}bm. I~~b`mfz 2 ~thsfmb| }jb `r}tf}fh` f`mfli}ht| i`mi||hlfi}bm tf|e ~i}}bt`| hc }jb MKL| ~it}flf~i}fà f` }jb |bobl}bm TB]I|. ]jb

|}tbà}j| i`m qbie`b||b| hc TB]I| i| i khmiof}v f` immtb||fà `r}tf}fh`f||rb| i`m f`f}fi}fsb| qbtb bz~ohtbm i`m mf|lr||bm f` }jb \B\. Ebv f||rb|/

ob||h`|/ f`~r}|/ i`m tblhkkb`mi}fh`| h` |}ti}bafl ljhflb| i`m ~tfhtf}fb| cht

cr}rtb IMD h~bti}fh`| f` `r}tf}fh` itb io|h ~thsfmbm.

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]tb`m| i`m F||rb|


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|bb` f` }jb 963>| ji| dbb` tb~oilbm dv r}tfb`}+|~blfcfl |}ti}bafb|. ]jb fk~il}

hc r`mbt`r}tf}fh` ji| dbb` |batbai}bm f`}h *f& |~blfcfl sf}ikf` i`m kf`btiombcflfb`lv fk~il} h` ~jv|fhohav i`m h` cr}rtb f`lhkb|/ i`m *ff& ljfomjhhm

athq}j cio}btfà hc qbfaj}/ jbfaj}/ i`m dhmv ki||99 mrb }h ~hht jhr|bjhomchhm |blrtf}v i`m(ht ljth`fl f`cbl}fh`.94 Lhttbl}fh`| hc |hlfio lh`mf}fh`| }ji}

itb lhttboi}bm qf}j ~hht athq}j i}}if`kb`} ht kflth`r}tfb`} mbcflfb`lfb| jisbdblhkb fk~ht}i`} bobkb`}| cht |rllb||cro `r}tf}fh` f`}btsb`}fh` ~thatik|.

F` lhr`}tfb| qjbtb mbsboh~kb`} ji| ~thlbbmbm ti~fmov/ }jb ~thdobk hchsbt`r}tf}fh` f| io|h bkbtafà yrfleov/ qjflj f`ltbi|b| tf|e cht |bsbtio ljth`fl

mf|bi|b|.9 ]ivoht/ L. i`m @. \ltfk|jiq. 963=.@r}tf}fh` i`m F`cbl}fh`. Ab`bsi7 Qhtom Jbio}j Htai`fwi}fh`.99 Dhmv ki|| f` ljfomtb` f| r|rioov bz~tb||bm i| qbfaj} cht jbfaj}.94

R|rioov tboi}bm }h ~hht illb|| }h qi}bt i`m oile hc jhr|bjhom |i`f}i}fh`.9< ]jb Jbob` Eboobt F`}btì}fhìo+F`mh`b|fi *JEF& `r}tf}fhìo |rtsbfooi`lb |v|}bk *@\\& |raab|}| }ji} 4>"hc ~hht rtdi` kh}jbt| itb hdb|b/ bsb` ki`v qf}j ohq+qbfaj} ljfomtb`. Khtbhsbt/ f|ljbkfl jbit} mf|bi|bi`m |}theb jisb dbb` lf}bm i| }jb kight lir|b| hc mbi}j f` F`mh`b|fi |f`lb 96:2. Mfidb}b| i`mjv~bt}b`|fh` itb dblhkfà khtb lhkkh`/ i`m sitfhr| }v~b| hc li`lbt itb io|h dbaf``fà }h dblhkb|fa`fcfli`} lir|b| hc mbi}j i`m khtdfmf}v.

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~thatik mbsboh~kb`} qf}j ki|| lhkkr`fli}fh` bccht}|. I| }jbtb f| vb} `h}b`hraj bz~btfb`lb f` }jb I|fi i`m îlfcfl tbafh` }h mbsboh~ }jb|b ~thatik|/

~foh} |}rmfb| i`m tb|bitlj itb tbyrftbm. Imh~}fà i khmfcfbm *jvdtfm& khmiof}vTB]I(]I/ qjflj ioohq| |kioo f`sb|}kb`} lhk~h`b`}| qf}j lobit i`m |fk~ob

~thlb||fà i`m imkf`f|}ti}fsb ~thlbmrtb|/ lhrom jbo~ f` boidhti}fà |rlj bq~thatik i~~thiljb|.

F` }jb athqfà rtdi` itbi| hc I|fi i`m }jb îlfcfl/ }jb mbsboh~kb`} hcathq}j kh`f}htfà i`m lhkkr`f}v r}tf}fh` qfoo db krlj khtb mfccflro} }ji`

f` trtio itbi|. Jhqbsbt/ rtdi` itbi| hccbt khtb h~~ht}r`f}fb| cht fk~thsbkb`}

hc ljfomjhhm `r}tf}fh`. Cht bzik~ob/ miv litb lhrom jbo~ khdfofwb kh}jbt| }hb`}bt }jb qhtechtlb5 f} lhrom io|h db i sb`rb cht cbbmfà ~thatik|/ athq}jkh`f}htfà/ i`m }tif`fà cht ahhm jbio}j dbjisfht. \ljhho| lhrom hccbt i`

h~~ht}r`f}v }h chlr| h` sro`btidob iab athr~| cht ~hht `r}tf}fh`. Bccht}| itb`bbmbm }h jbo~ mbsboh~ il}fsf}fb| }ji} itb r`fyrb }h }jb rtdi` b`sfth`kb`}/

i| }jf| f| }jb itbi qjbtb fk~thsfà `r}tf}fh` |}i}r| qfoo db f`ltbi|fàovfk~ht}i`} f` ki`v ~it}| hc }jb tbafh` f` }jb cr}rtb.

]jtbb di|fl `r}tf}fh` ~hoflv ~itimfak| r`mbtofb sitfhr| MKL|i~~thiljb| }h `r}tf}fh`. ]jb cft|} ~itimfak b`}ifo| `r}tf}fh` }jthraj

~th|~btf}v/ i`m chlr|b| h` croo bk~ohvkb`} i`m bk~hqbtkb`} hc cikfofb|}jthraj f`ltbi|fà ~rtlji|fà ~hqbt. ]jb |blh`m i~~thilj ji| dbb` }h chlr|

h` chhm ~hoflv/ b`|rtfà imbyri}b ~thmrl}fh` hc chhm/ chhm mf|}tfdr}fh`|v|}bk|/ i`m drccbt |}hle| }h kif`}if` ~tflb |}idfof}v. ]jb }jftm i~~thilj ji|

dbb` }jb ~rdofl jbio}j i~~thilj/ qf}j f`cbl}fh` lh`}tho/ chhm |icb}v ~thatik|/athq}j kh`f}htfà hc f`ci`}| i`m ljfomtb`/ mfb}itv |r~~obkb`}i}fh` hc

kflth`r}tfb`}|/ i`m }itab}bm `r}tf}fh` |r~~obkb`}i}fh` i`m `r}tf}fh`~thkh}fh`. \hkb MKL| r|b i lhkdfì}fh` hc }jb|b i~~thiljb|/ dr} ki`v

lhr`}tfb| jisb tbofbm h` h`b i~~thilj i| }jbft ~tfkitv `r}tf}fh` ~hoflvhtfb`}i}fh`.

]jb |hlfio |icb}v imgr|}kb`} ohi`| fk~obkb`}bm f` MKL| ithr`m }jbtbafh` itb ltbmf}bm qf}j ~oivfà i |fa`fcfli`} thob f` kif`}if`fà jbio}j i`m

`r}tf}fh`. ]jb @i}fhìo Mbsboh~kb`} ôi``fà Iab`lv *DI^^B@I\& f`F`mh`b|fi lf}b| }jb |hlfio |icb}v imgr|}kb`} ohi`9= i| h`b hc }jb ~tfkitv cil}ht|

}ji} eb~} }jb r}tf}fh` |}i}r| hc |ljhho+iabm ljfomtb` cthk mb}btfhti}fà mrtfà}jb 96614>>9 blh`hkfl i`m ~hof}flio ltf|f|.92 \hlfio |icb}v i`m }jb

9>

9= Ohi` 9344+F@H7 \hlfio ^th}bl}fh` \bl}ht Mbsboh~kb`} ^thgbl}/ cht -9>> kfoofh`/ i~~thsbm h` 6 Grov966:/ i`m lhk~ob}bm >=.\hlfio \icb}v @b}7 B`|rtfà Di|fl \hlfio \btsflb| cht }jb hht f` F`mh`b|fi. Gieit}i.


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]tb`m| i`m F||rb|

Ahsbt`kb`}| tb|~h`|b }h bkbtab`lv |f}ri}fh`| |bbk }h db h`b itbi qjbtbIMD li` kieb |fa`fcfli`} lh`}tfdr}fh`| }h sro`btidob ~h~roi}fh`|.

\lfb`}f|}| i`m imshli}b| itb dtfàfà }h }jb i}}b`}fh` hc ~hoflvkiebt|f` lhr`}tfb| ithr`m }jb qhtom }ji} cht}fcfli}fh` hc cohrt qf}j chofl ilfm f| i

|icb i`m lh|}+bccbl}fsb i~~thilj cht ~tbsb`}fà `brtio }rdb mbcbl}|/ |rlj i||~fì dfcfmi i`m i`b`lb~jiov.93 ]jf| ji| lh`|byrb`}ov f`ltbi|bm }jb mbki`m

cht i |hr`m/ |lfb`lb+dilebm ~hoflv. F` }jb bccht} }h tbmrlb }jb ~tbsiob`lb hc`brtio }rdb mbcbl}|/ cht}fcfli}fh` hc atif` ~thmrl}| qf}j chofl ilfm ji| dbb`

ki`mi}bm f` }jb R`f}bm \}i}b| *R\& |f`lb 966:.91

F||rb|F||rb|F||rb|F||rb|F||rb|

Kio`r}tf}fh` ji| ki`v thh}|. Ikhà h}jbt|/ kio`r}tf}fh` li` db lir|bm

dv |hlfio mf|b`cti`ljf|bkb`} hc }jb ~hht/ bzlb||fsb tf|e hc f`cbl}fh`/ oile hcisifoidfof}v hc jfaj+yriof}v ki}btìo i`m ljfom jbio}j |btsflb|/ ohq bmrli}fh`

i}}if`kb`}/ oile hc isifoidfof}v hc cikfov ~oi``fà |btsflb|/ jfaj lh|} hc chhm/

~hht chhm |icb}v/ oile hc bk~ohvkb`}/ i`m oile hc |hlfio |icb}v `b}|. ]hbccbl}fsbov tbmrlb }jb kia`f}rmb hc kio`r}tf}fh`/ `r}tf}fh` ~thatik| kr|}lh`|fmbt }jb r`fyrb i}rtb hc kio`r}tf}fh` cht }jb sitfhr| ~h~roi}fh` athr~|/

i`m ~thkh}b |hlfio mbsboh~kb`} f` h}jbt |bl}ht|.]jbtb f| atbi} mbdi}b lh`lbt`fà qjb}jbt `r}tf}fh` i`m chhm itb }jb

tb|~h`|fdfof}v hc }jb ahsbt`kb`} *i ~rdofl ahhm& ht }jb mhkif` hc }jb lh`|rkbt*i ~tfsi}b ahhm&. F} i~~bit| }ji} }jf| yrb|}fh` f| io|h i cr`l}fh` hc lh`|rkbt

mbki`m cht ahhm `r}tf}fh`/ qjflj f` }rt` f| i cr`l}fh` hc bmrli}fh` i`m hc

lro}rtio ~til}flb|. Ikhà lh`|rkbt| qf}j imbyri}b f`chtki}fh` cht kiefài~~th~tfi}b mfb}itv mblf|fh`|/ }jb tb|~h`|fdfof}v hc }jb ahsbt`kb`} f| ofkf}bm

93 \~fì dfcfmi f| i mf|htmbt f`shosfà f`lhk~ob}b mbsboh~kb`} hc }jb dtif`/ |~fìo lhtm/ i`m(ht }jbft~th}bl}fsb lhsbtfà|. F} f| lir|bm dv }jb cifortb hc }jb cb}r|| |~f`b }h loh|b ~th~btov mrtfà }jb cft|}kh`}j hc ~tbaì`lv/ tb|ro}fà f` |fa`fcfli`} mikiab }h }jb `btsb| i`m |~fìo lhtm. I`b`lb~jiov hllrt|qjb` }jb lb~jiofl ht jbim b`m hc }jb `brtio }rdb cifo| }h loh|b/ tb|ro}fà f` }jb id|b`lb hc i kight~ht}fh` hc }jb dtif`/ |eroo/ i`m |lio~.

91 Hieobv/ A. . Gt./ K.D. Qbdbt/ E.@. Dboo/ i`m . Lhomf}w. 4>>=.Dft}j Mbcbl}| Tb|bitlj. ît} I/ Lof`flio i`mKhoblroit ]bti}hohav. \lfb`}fcfl Bsfmb`lb \r~~ht}fà Chofl Ilfm Cht}fcfli}fh` hc Cohrt f` Ir|}tiofi i`m

@bq Wbioi`m. I}oi`}i/ Abhtafi7 Mb~it}kb`} hc B~fmbkfhohav/ Thoof`| \ljhho hc ^rdofl Jbio}j/ BkhtvR`fsbt|f}v5 i`m \fkkh`|/ L.G./ D.\. Kh|obv/ L.I. Cro}h`+Dh`m/ i`m L.I. Jhdd|. 4>>=. Dft}j Mbcbl}|Tb|bitlj. it} I/ Lof`flio i`m Khoblroit ]bti}hohav. Dft}j Mbcbl}| f` Itei`|i|7 F| Chofl Ilfm Cht}fcfli}fh`Kiefà i Mfccbtb`lb8 Of}}ob Thle/ Itei`|i|7 Itei`|i| Lb`}bt cht Dft}j Mbcbl}| Tb|bitlj i`m ^tbsb`}fh`/Lhoobab hc Kbmflf`b/ Mb~it}kb`} hc ^bmfi}tfl|/ R`fsbt|f}v hc Itei`|i| cht Kbmflio \lfb`lb| i`m Itei`|i|Ljfomtb`| Jh|~f}io.

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}h b`|rtfà }ji} r~mi}bm f`chtki}fh` lh`}f`rb| }h db mf||bkfì}bm }h }jbk.F` itbi| qjbtb }jb li~ilf}v hc }jb lh`|rkbt f| qbie/ r|rioov mrb }h ohq

bmrli}fh` i}}if`kb`}/ }jb ahsbt`kb`} `bbm| }h ~oiv i |}thàbt thob f`fk~thsfà `r}tf}fh` i`m bmrli}fh`. ]jbtb f| bsfmb`lb }ji} ~hht `r}tf}fh`

lh`}tfdr}b| }h tf|e hc ~hsbt}v i`m tbmrlbm li~ilf}v hc jrki` f`~r}.Kh|} `r}tf}fh` f`}btsb`}fh`| jisb dbb` lh`|f|}b`}ov lf}bm i| dbfà lh|}

bccbl}fsb i`m jisfà sbtv ohq r`f} lh|}| }ji} li` db dht`b iokh|} b`}ftbov dv}jb lh`|rkbt. F` r|fà lh|} ~bt MIOV/ r}tf}fh` fk~thsbkb`} tiè| qboo iaif`|}

h}jbt }v~b| hc f`}btsb`}fh`| f` kh|} hc }jb tbafh`| hc }jb qhtom/ i`m fhmf`b

cht}fcfli}fh` f` itbi| hc b`mbkfl fhmf`b mbcflfb`lv mf|htmbt| |b}| }jb |}i`mitmcht fk~il} i`m ohq lh|}.9: Db`bcf}+lh|} iìov|f|/ `r}tf}fh` f`}btsb`}fh` f`jhr|bjhom chhm |blrtf}v/ |r~~obkb`}io cbbmfà/ i`m kflth`r}tfb`} kio`r}tf}fh`

jisb i mf|lhr`}bm 4>+vbit db`bcf}| |}tbik bzlbbmfà lh|}/ tiàfà cthk i`:" tb}rt` cht |r~~obkb`}fà }jb cbbmfà hc f`ci`}| i`m |ljhho ljfomtb`/ }h i

42>" tb}rt` cht cht}fcfli}fh` hc |io}. Jhqbsbt/ i| `h}bm bitofbt/ }jb ~hht f` }jbtbafh` hc}b` mh `h} lh`|rkb ~thlb||bm chhm.

]jb }fkb `bbmbm cht i cht}fcfli}fh` f`}btsb`}fh` }h dblhkb bccbl}fsbf` mbsboh~fà lhr`}tfb| f| ofebov }h db krlj ohàbt }ji` f` mbsboh~bmlhr`}tfb| dblir|b f` }jb chtkbt/ |rlj sbjflob| i| |io} i`m cohrt itb hc}b`~thmrlbm f` rkbthr| qfmbov mf|~bt|bm jhkb f`mr|}tfb|. Cht}fcfli}fh` hc |io}

f` }jb R\ |}it}bm f` }jb 964>| qf}j tbobsi`} oiq| ~i||bm dv 96/ i`m dv96=>/ jfaj ti}b| hc ahf}bt ikhà |ljhho ljfomtb` lhkkh` f` trtio itbi| f`

Kfljfai`/ Kf``b|h}i/ i`m Qf|lh`|f` jim mf|i~~bitbm. ]jf| qi| jbo~bm dv}jb cil} }ji} hòv 91 ki`rcil}rtbt| hc |io} bzf|}bm }jthrajhr} }jb R\5 jb`lb/

yriof}v lh`}tho i`m ~thmrl} kh`f}htfà qbtb tboi}fsbov bi|v }h iljfbsb. F`F`mh`b|fi/ }jbtb itb hsbt 9=/>>> ~thmrlbt| hc |bi |io}/ qjflj f| i krlj qb}}bt/

lhit|bt/ i`m mft}fbt |io} }ji` fc ~thmrlbm cthk ltr|jbm thle |io} i| f` }jb R\.Jb`lb/ f} f| krlj khtb mfccflro} }h iljfbsb r`fsbt|io jhr|bjhom |io}

cht}fcfli}fh`/ mb|~f}b }jb |}thà bccht} mbkh`|}ti}bm f` }jb lhr`}tv. \io}cht}fcfli}fh` f| `h} }jb hòv qiv }ji} immf}fhìo fhmf`b ji| dbb` afsb` }h

~h~roi}fh`|. F` Ir|}tiofi/ fhmf`b f| r|bm i| mf|f`cbl}i`} cht kfoe ~thmrl}|. F`\qf}wbtoi`m *i`h}jbt itbi jf|}htflioov b`mbkfl cht fhmf`b mbcflfb`lv mf|htmbt|&/

f} qi| immbm }h dtbim. Kioiv|fi/ ]jifoi`m/ i`m F}iov jisb |rllb||croovbz~btfkb`}bm qf}j }jb r|b hc fhmf`b i| mf|f`cbl}i`} cht mtfèfà qi}bt. ]jr|/

dbvh`m }jb chhm lh`|rk~}fh` ~i}}bt`| hc sitfhr| ~h~roi}fh`| f` I|fi i`m }jb

îlfcfl/ h}jbt cil}ht| kfaj} io|h f`corb`lb }jb i~~th~tfi}b sbjflob| cht

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91

]tb`m| i`m F||rb|

fk~thsfà }jb bccflfb`lv i`m }jbbccbl}fsb`b|| hc kflth`r}tfb`} f`}btsb`}fh`|.

F` ab`btio/ }jb |}it}+r~ lh|} cht chhmcht}fcfli}fh` f| tboi}fsbov f`bz~b`|fsb cht }jb

chhm f`mr|}tv/ i`m tblrttb`} lh|}| itb ti~fmov~i||bm h` }h }jb lh`|rkbt. Jhqbsbt/ i`

fk~ht}i`} oitab li~f}io lh|} lhk~h`b`} f|lh`|f|}b`}ov fa`htbm f` ~thatik mb|fa`/ |rlj

i| |b}}fà r~ }jb ~thmrl} kh`f}htfà/ i`m }jb

yriof}v i||rti`lb hc cht}fcfli}fh` ~thatik|qf}jf` }jb ahsbt`kb`}. ]jf| lhk~h`b`}kfaj} f`lormb }jb f`|}iooi}fh` hc oidhti}htfb|

*~it}flroitov cht yriof}v lh`}tho&/ }tif`fà hc~bt|h``bo/ i`m mbsboh~kb`} hc b`chtlbkb`}

kblji`f|k|. Qjfob kh|} mbsboh~kb`}~it}`bt| |bbk biabt }h jbo~ |b} r~ cht}fcfli}fh`

~thgbl}|/ }jbv |bbk ob|| f`lof`bm bf}jbt }hb`|rtb }ji} }jb|b ~thgbl}| lh`|f|}b`}ov }rt` hr} jfaj+yriof}v ~thmrl}| }ji} itb

siorbm dv }jb lh`|rkbt/ jb`lb itb |r|}ifìdob/ ht }ji} }jb ahsbt`kb`} i`mlh`|rkbt athr~| jisb }jb li~ilf}v }h kh`f}ht i`m b`chtlb i r`fchtk ~thmrl}

ilth|| chhm ki`rcil}rtbt|/ i`m fk~ht}bm chhm.]jb }b`mb`lv f| }h lhk~itb h`b lhk~h`b`} hc i r}tf}fh` ~thatik iaif`|}

i`h}jbt/ |rlj i| |r~~obkb`}i}fh` f` lhkkr`f}v `r}tf}fh`/ lhk~itbm qf}jcht}fcfli}fh` ht athq}j kh`f}htfà. \fa`fcfli`} `r}tf}fh` fk~thsbkb`} f|

r|rioov ab`bti}bm dv dr`mob| hc il}fsf}fb| |r~~ht}bm dv |}iebjhombt|/ |rlji| ahsbt`kb`}| i`m ebv lh`|rkbt athr~|. Cht bzik~ob/ *f& |r~~obkb`}i}fh`

li``h} db bccbl}fsb qf}jhr} i |}thà jbio}j ~thkh}fh` lhk~h`b`}5*ff& f`shosbkb`} hc @AH| i`m lfsfo |hlfb}v lhrom jbo~ fk~thsb lhsbtiab i`m

tbmrlb }jb lh|} hc ~thatik fk~obkb`}i}fh`5 *fff& athq}j kh`f}htfà qf}jhr}i |}thà bmrli}fh` lhk~h`b`} f| ob|| bccbl}fsb5 i`m *fs& ~thkh}fà cht}fcfli}fh`

qf}jhr} mbsboh~fà |rtsbfooi`lb i`m kh`f}htfà hc }jb ~thmrl} i} }jb ~thmrlbt/qjhob|iobt/ i`m jhr|bjhom obsbo|/ |r~~ht}bm dv lh`|rkbt iqitb`b||/ tbmrlb|

}jb ~h}b`}fio fk~il} hc }jb ~thatik.]jbtb itb ki`v mbsboh~kb`} ~it}`bt| imshli}fà sitfhr| r}tf}fh` f||rb|

i`m f`}btsb`}fh`|. \hkb}fkb| lhk~b}f}fh` ikhà }jbk f| |bb`. ]jf| |jhrom

db mf|lhrtiabm. ]h iljfbsb |rllb||cro i`m |r|}ifìdob `r}tf}fh` i`m chhmcht}fcfli}fh` ~thatik|/ mbsboh~kb`} ~it}`bt| |jhrom lhooidhti}b f` ilhk~obkb`}itv ki``bt. I~~b`mfz 3 |jhq| i of|} hc ~it}`bt| i||hlfi}bm qf}j

`r}tf}fh`.

9>=/ IMD cfì`lbm +vbit f`sb|}kb`} ~oi`| f` ~it}flf~i}fà MKL|5

*ff& mbsboh~ i |btfb| hc tb~ht}|(~rdofli}fh`|5 i`m *fff& f`f}fi}b f``hsi}fsb ~rdofl+~tfsi}b ~it}`bt|jf~| f` }jb itbi hc kflth`r}tfb`} kio`r}tf}fh`. ]jb idhsb TB]I|

qbtb io|h |r~~ht}bm dv }jb R`f}bm @i}fh`| Ljfomtb`| Cr`m *R@FLBC&/ Mi`f|j

F`}btì}fhìo Mbsboh~kb`} I||f|}i`lb *MI@FMI&/ i`m F`}btì}fhìo Ofcb\lfb`lb| F`|}f}r}b *FO\F&. ]jf| i~~thilj qi| f`f}fi}bm }h fk~thsb }jb li~ilf}vhc ahsbt`kb`}| f` khdfofwfà tb|hrtlb| cthk }jb ~rdofl i`m ~tfsi}b |bl}ht i|

qboo i| lh`|rkbt| }h fk~obkb`} khtb bccbl}fsb `r}tf}fh` f`}btsb`}fh`|. ]jb}jtbb TB]I| qbtb fk~obkb`}bm |byrb`}fioov/ qf}j }jb tb|ro}| cthk h`b TB]I

oivfà }jb athr`mqhte i`m gr|}fcfli}fh` cht }jb bz} h`b. F` immf}fh`/ }jbtb itb}qh h}jbt TB]I| cr`mbm dv GC^T/ qjflj chlr| h` chhm cht}fcfli}fh` f` I|fi`

lhr`}tfb| f` }ti`|f}fh` *IL]&/ ìkbov Iwbtdifgi` *cht h`b TB]I hòv&/

Eiwiej|}i`/ Evtavw Tb~rdofl/ Khàhofi/ ]igfef|}i`/ i`m Rwdbef|}i`. ]jf| \B\bsiori}b| }jb lhk~ob}bm TB]I| *]I 2319+TBA i`m ]I 2:4=+TBA& i`m lh`mrl}|~tbofkfìtv bsiori}fh`| hc }jb hàhfà ]I 26==+TBA i`m ]I 6>>2+TBA.49 ]I

6>24+TBA f| `h} bsiori}bm/ cht tbi|h`| afsb` idhsb.

49

49 ]f}ob| hc }jb chrt ]I| itb]I 2319+TBA7 Tbmrlfà Ljfom Kio`r}tf}fh` f` Bfaj} I|fi` Lhr`}tfb|/ cht -12>/>>>/ i~~thsbm h` 46Gi`ritv 9663.]I 2:4=+TBA7 Tbafhìo \}rmv hc @r}tf}fh` ]tb`m|/ ^hoflfb| i`m \}ti}bafb| f` I|fi i`m }jb îlfcfl/ cht-12>/>>>/ i~~thsbm h` 4< Mblbkdbt 966:. \r~~obkb`}itv cr`mfà cht i` immf}fhìo -2>/>>> qi|i~~thsbm h` 41 I~tfo 4>>>.

]I 26==+TBA7 Tbafhìo F`f}fi}fsb }h Bofkfì}b Kflth`r}tfb`} Kio`r}tf}fh` f` I|fi }jthraj rdofl+^tfsi}bît}`bt|jf~/ cht -9/9>>/>>>/ i~~thsbm h` 91 Hl}hdbt 4>>>. \r~~obkb`}itv cr`mfà cht i` immf}fhìo-4>>/>>> qi| i~~thsbm h` >9 Irar|} 4>>4.]I 6>>2+TBA7 I|fi` Lhr`}tfb| f` ]ti`|f}fh` cht Fk~thsfà @r}tf}fh` cht ^hht Kh}jbt| i`m Ljfomtb / cht-3/>>>/>>>/ i~~thsbm h` 43 I~tfo 4>>9. \r~~obkb`}itv cr`mfà cht i` immf}fhìo -:2>/>>> qi| i~~thsbmh` 4< Hl}hdbt 4>>9. Dh}j ikhr`}| qbtb cfì`lbm dv GC^T.


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]jb TB]I| qbtb r`mbt}ieb` f` 93 MKL|/ dr} `h} bsbtv lhr`}tvlh`}f`rhr|ov ~it}flf~i}bm f` ioo TB]I|/ i| |jhq` f` ]idob 4. ]jb lhr`}tfb|

qbtb |bobl}bm }h tb~tb|b`} i |ik~ob hc MKL| cthk ohq+ }h kfmmob+f`lhkbobsbo|/ i`m }jh|b qf}j ohq }h jfaj obsbo| hc kio`r}tf}fh`. ]jb gr|}fcfli}fh`

qi| }h ioohq MKL| }h mbcf`b }jb tbafhìo iab`mi cht r}tf}fh` f` i ~it}flf~i}htvki``bt/ |h }ji} i||f|}i`lb tboi}bm }h r}tf}fh` qhrom db khtb tbobsi`} }h }jb

`bbm| hc lhr`}tv+obsbo ~thatikkfà i`m ~hsbt}v tbmrl}fh`. ît}flf~i}fh` f`}jb TB]I| qhrom io|h jbo~ MKL| f` }jbft bccht}| }h kbb} }jb mbsboh~kb`}

`bbm| hc ljfomtb`/ ~th}bl} }jb ofsb| hc kh}jbt|/ i`m oiv }jb athr`mqhte cht

bkbtafà r}tf}fh` f||rb|/ |rlj i| }jb r}tf}fh` }ti`|f}fh` i`m rtdi` r}tf}fh`~thatikkfà. ]jf| f| bbmbm dblir|b }jb I|fi i`m ilfcfl tbafh` f| lrttb`}ovcilfà i mhrdob drtmb` hc mf|bi|b mrb }h }jb `r}tf}fh` }ti`|f}fh`/ f.b./

lhkkr`flidob i`m ofcb|}vob mf|bi|b| f` immf}fh` }h }jb hom ~thdobk| lir|bmdv kio`r}tf}fh`.

44

]IDOB 4

ît}flf~i}fà Mbsboh~fà Kbkdbt Lhr`}tfb| f` }jb

Tbafhìo ]blj`flio I||f|}i`lb ^thgbl}|

Mbsboh~fà 2319+ 2:4=+ 26==+ 6>>2+ 6>24+Kbkdbt Lhr`}tv TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA

Iwbtdifgi` zDiàoimb|j z zLikdhmfi zLjfì/ bh~ob| Tb~rdofl hc z z zCfgf F|oi`m| zF`mfi z zF`mh`b|fi z zEiwiej|}i` z zEvtavw Tb~rdofl z z zKhàhofi z zîef|}i` z z\tf Oièi z z]igfef|}i` z z]jifoi`m zRwdbef|}i` z z

Sfb} @ik z z z

TBA ; tbafhìo.\hrtlb7 ]blj`flio i||f|}i`lb tb~ht}|.


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>2+TBA itb f` I~~b`mfz 99.44

]IDOB 2+TBA qi| }h tbmrlb }jb ~tbsiob`lb hc fhmf`b mbcflfb`lvmf|htmbt| i`m fth` mbcflfb`lv i`bkfi f` IL]/ }jr| tbmrlfà }jb ~tbsiob`lb hc

~hsbt}v }jthraj tif|bm f`}boofab`lb/ fk~thsbm obit`fà/ i`m atbi}bt~thmrl}fsf}v. ]I 6>24+TBA f| i lh`}f`ri}fh` hc ]I 6>>2+TBA/ i`m ifk| }h

drfom }jb li~ilf}v hc |io} f`mr|}tfb| i`m cohrtkfoo| tbyrftbm cht chhmcht}fcfli}fh`/ i`m ahsbt`kb`} li~ilf}v }h mbsboh~ i`m |}tbà}jb` }jb

fk~obkb`}i}fh` hc chhm cht}fcfli}fh` obaf|oi}fh` i`m tbaroi}fh`|. ]jbmb|ltf~}fh` hc }jb lhk~h`b`}|/ kh`f}htidob mbofsbtidob|(hr}lhkb|/ i`m

fk~obkb`}i}fh` hc ]I 6>24+TBA itb afsb` f` I~~b`mfz 99.

4=


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>4/ i`m tb|ljbmrobm }h db loh|bm h` Hl}hdbt 4>>=/ qi| |}foohàhfà mrtfà }jb \B\. ]jb }qh ~itiati~j| dbohq itb di|bm h` }jb ]LT|.

]jb ]LT ti}bm ]I 2319+TBA ab`btioov |rllb||cro/4< i`m }jb TB]I qi|

i||b||bm }h jisb |rllb||croov f`lht~hti}bm `r}tf}fh` f`sb|}kb`}| |}ti}bafb|f`}h ì}fhìo mbsboh~kb`} ~oi`|. ]jb kight ob||h`| f`lormb7 *f& }jb TB]I~it}`bt|jf~ mbkh`|}ti}bm }jb siorb hc tbafhìo ~oi``fà db}qbb` i`

f`}btì}fhìo cfì`lb f`|}f}r}fh` i`m i R`f}bm @i}fh`| iab`lv *R@FLBC&/4=

qjflj db`bcf}bm }jb lhr`}tfb| i| i athr~ i`m jbo~bm drfom i tbafhìo b}qhte

}h b`lhrtiab fk~thsbkb`} f` `r}tf}fh`5 *ff& }jb lhr`}tv |}rmfb| ghf`} ~bbttbsfbq| tif|bm }jb yriof}v hc }jb hr}~r}|5 i`m *fff& }jb mfsf|fh` hc oidht db}qbb`

IMD i`m R@FLBC qi| jbo~cro f` iljfbsfà |rllb||. F} qi| i`}flf~i}bm }ji}IMD qhrom }ieb }jb obim f` |bsbtio MKL| i`m qhrom drfom h` }jf| ~it}`bt|jf~

qf}j R@FLBC cht lhr`}tv+obsbo lhooidhti}fh` }h kr}rio imsi`}iab.]jb ]LT ti}bm ]I 2:4=+TBA jfajov |rllb||cro di|bm h` }jb tb|ro}| hc

}jb TB]I/ qjflj |}tbà}jb`bm IMD| ~hoflv mfioharb qf}j MKL| h` kight`r}tf}fh` ~thdobk| i`m mbsboh~bm i |b} hc ~tf`lf~ob| cht i `r}tf}fh` ~hoflv

~i~bt. ]jb kight ob||h`| cthk }jb TB]I f`lormb7 *f& }jb ~tb~iti}fh` hc }jblhr`}tv li|b |}rmfb| dv MKL tb|bitlj f`|}f}r}b| ti}jbt }ji` }jb of`b kf`f|}tfb|

lh`lbt`bm obm }h |}rmfb| qf}j b|~blfioov |hr`m iìov|f| hc }jb f||rb| i`m~thdobk|5 i`m *ff& }jb MKL imsf|htv athr~ fk~thsbm }jb yriof}v hc ioo |}rmfb|/

~it}flroitov }jb |v`}jb|f| tb~ht}. ]jb ]LT tblhkkb`mi}fh`| qbtb r`lobit5 f}kb`}fh`bm hòv }jb TB]I| f`}b`}fh`/ qji} f} jim mbsboh~bm/ i`m }ji} }jb

tbafhìo |bkfìt jim tblhkkb`mbm ~tfhtf}fb| cht IMD| cr}rtb thob f` |r~~ht}hc tbafhìo `r}tf}fh` il}fh`.

4< ]jf| ti}fà qi| di|bm h` }jb hom hsbtioo i||b||kb`} li}bahtfb| hc ab`btioov |rllb||cro/ ~it}ov |rllb||cro/i`m r`|rllb||cro. \}it}fà f` \b~}bkdbt 4>>>/ }jbtb itb chrt hsbtioo i||b||kb`} li}bahtfb|7 jfajov|rllb||cro/ |rllb||cro/ ~it}ov |rllb||cro/ i`m r`|rllb||cro.

4= \}thà lhk~obkb`}itf}fb| f` }blj`flio itbi| i`m f` }btk| hc ltbmfdfof}v qbtb mbkh`|}ti}bm f` IMD|il}fsf}fb| f` }jb ^TL/ qjbtb IMD i`m }jb Lb`}bt cht ^rdofl @r}tf}fh` i`m Mbsboh~kb`} hc Ljfì jimmftbl} lhooidhti}fh` qf}j R@FLBC i`m mfioharb qf}j QJH.

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Bsiori}fh` hc Tbafh`io ]blj`flioI||f|}i`lb ^thgbl}| h` @r}tf}fh`i`m Chhm Cht}fcfli}fh`


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>4.& ]jb hdgbl}fsb| i`m mb|fa` hc ]I 2:4=+TBA qbtb tbobsi`} }h IMD| i`m }jb ~it}flf~i}fà MKL| tboi}bm ~hoflfb| i`m

|}ti}bafb|. F` ab`btio f} qi| khtb chlr|bm/ ob|| ikdf}fhr|/ i`m ~it}flf~i}fàMKL| ~oivbm i khtb fk~ht}i`} thob f` mbcf`fà }jb il}fsf}fb| }ji` }jbv mfm

f` ]I 2319+TBA. F} jbo~bm }jb mbsboh~kb`} hc ~rdofl+~tfsi}b ~it}`bt|jf~|i`m chhm cht}fcfli}fh`. F} qi| io|h mb|fa`bm }h dbaf` mbsboh~fà tbafhìo

`b}qhtefà i`m |jitfà fmbi| hc db}}bt i~~thiljb| }h fk~thsb `r}tf}fh`|}i}r|. ]I 2:4=+TBA f| }jbtbchtb lh`|fmbtbm jfajov tbobsi`} dh}j i} i~~thsio

i`m mrtfà bsiori}fh`.

42 Mb}ifobm bsiori}fh` hc }jb chrt TB]I| f| afsb` f` I~~b`mfz 94.43 Mb}ifobm hdgbl}fsb| i`m |lh~b| hc ioo TB]I| itb afsb` f` I~~b`mfz 9>.

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>>. Ki`foi Chtrk 4>>>7\}ti}bafb| }h Cht}fcv B||b`}fio Chhm| f` I|fi i`m }jb îlfcfl. Ki`foi.

]I 26==+TBA ji| db`bcf}bm cthk }jb lhk~ob}bm TB]I| i`m }jbtbchtbji| lobitbt hdgbl}fsb|. ]jb |lh~b hc }jf| TB]I f| }h jbo~ MKL tb|bitlj }bik|

mbsboh~ kbmfrk+}btk LF^| }h bofkfì}b kflth`r}tfb`} kio`r}tf}fh`/ i`m }h|~h`|ht tbafhìo kbb}fà| }h f`ltbi|b e`hqobmab hc db|} ~til}flb| i`m drfom

li~ilf}v f` }jb tbafh`. ]jb ~it}flf~i}fh` hc MKL| cthk }jb ~tbsfhr| TB]I|

ji| kimb }jf| TB]I khtb f` of`b qf}j }jb lh`lbt`| hc }jb MKL| f`shosbm. Imf|}f`l} ~hf`} hc mb~it}rtb qi| b|}idof|jbm qf}j }jb chlr| h` chhm cht}fcfli}fh`/qjflj ~it}flf~i}fà MKL| fmb`}fcfbm i| }jb kh|} lh|}+bccbl}fsb `r}tf}fh`

fk~thsbkb`} f`}btsb`}fh`. ]I 26==+TBA i}}bk~}| }h jbo~ lhr`}tfb| fmb`}fcvf``hsi}fsb i~~thiljb| }ji} db`bcf} }jb ~hht/ dv ~rt|rfà }jb db|}/ kh|}

bccbl}fsb r}tf}fh` f`}btsb`}fh`/ ti}jbt }ji` i kfz hc il}fsf}fb| kh|} i~~th~tfi}bcht }jb ~it}flf~i}fà lhr`}tfb|. ]jr|/ i} i~~thsio i`m bsiori}fh`/ ]I 26==+

TBA f| tbobsi`}.]jb mb|fa` i`m hdgbl}fsb| hc ]I 6>>2+TBA itb chlr|bm i`m lobit/ i`m

itb kifòv abitbm i} ~thkh}fà |r|}ifìdob chhm cht}fcfli}fh` ~thatik|. ]jf|TB]I f`}b`m| }h fk~thsb `r}tf}fh` |}i}r| i`m ~jv|flio i`m kb`}io li~ilf}v

hc }jb ~hht dv *f& chlr|fà |r~~ht} h` }jb ~hht lrttb`}ov iccofl}bm ht i} tf|e5*ff& ~foh}fà tboi}bm li~ilf}v+drfomfà ~thlb||b| cht b|}idof|jfà i tbafhìo

4:


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>2+TBA f| }h *f& lh`mrl} tbafhìo thr`m}idob

lh`cbtb`lb| f` |bbefà ~hoflv lhkkf}kb`} i`m iatbbkb`} h` }jb b||b`}fiotbyrftbkb`}| cht cht}fcvfà |io} i`m cohrt/ *ff& b|}idof|j cht}fcfli}fh` hc |io}

i`m cohrt/ *fff& |r~~ht} }jb tbaroi}htv ir}jhtf}fb| f` mbsboh~fà chhm+}b|}fàf`|}trkb`}| i`m |rtsbv| cht kh`f}htfà }jb b`tfljbm chhm ~thatik cht kh}jbt|

i`m ljfomtb`/ i`m *fs& mbsboh~ |hlfio kiteb}fà i~~thiljb| }h ltbi}b mbki`m

dv }jb ~hht. ]jb ~it}flf~i}fà MKL| cht }jf| TB]I qbtb ofkf}bm }h }jb Lb`}tioI|fi` tb~rdofl| *bzlb~} ]rtekb`f|}i`& i`m Khàhofi. \}thà hq`bt|jf~ qi|drfo} dv loh|b lhooidhti}fh` db}qbb` ahsbt`kb`}|/ ohlio bz~bt}|/ i`m IMD f`

mbsboh~fà }jb TB]I| hdgbl}fsb|/ lhhtmfì}bm dv }jb ohlio }bik obimbt. F} ji|io|h lhk~obkb`}bm hàhfà R@FLBC qhte f` jfaj+tf|e itbi| cht i`bkfi i`m

fhmf`b mbcflfb`lv mf|htmbt|/ b.a./ f` }jb Evtavw Tb~rdofl/ qjbtb }jb R@FLBC+|r~~ht}bm ~thatik b|}idof|jbm f` 9663 qi| `h} kiefà ~thatb||/ i`m ji|

`h} |rllbbmbm f` iljfbsfà f}| bz~bl}bm fk~il}. ]I 6>>2+TBA f| }jbtbchtbjfajov tbobsi`} dh}j i} i~~thsio i`m i} bsiori}fh`.

BccflilvBccflilvBccflilvBccflilvBccflilv

]jb bccflilv hc ]I 2319+TBA f` iljfbsfà }jb hdgbl}fsb| qi| kfzbm/ qf}jmfccbtb`} obsbo| hc bccbl}fsb`b|| f` mfccbtb`} lhr`}tfb|. F` kh|} ~it}flf~i}fà

MKL|/ mfioharb qi| b|}idof|jbm. F` }jb ^TL i`m Sfb} @ik/ }jb iljfbsbkb`}|

qbtb dbvh`m bz~bl}i}fh`/ dr} f` h}jbt|/ |rlj i| Diàoimb|j/ iljfbsbkb`}|qbtb sbtv ofkf}bm. ]itab}| tboi}bm }h }jb mbsboh~kb`} hc ~i~bt|/ ~rdofli}fh`|/kbb}fà|/ i`m qhte|jh~| qbtb ab`btioov kb}. ]jb TB]I ji| mbsboh~bm |bsb`

cbi|fdob 9>+vbit f`sb|}kb`} ~oi`|/ qjflj jbo~bm Sfb} @ik }h imh~} i 9>+vbitì}fhìo jbio}j mbsboh~kb`} ~oi` }ji} }jb Ahsbt`kb`} f| lrttb`}ov }tvfà }h

fk~obkb`}. I} obi|} h`b h}jbt lhr`}tv/ ^TL/ f| lh`|fmbtfà fk~obkb`}fà }jb`r}tf}fh` ~oi` i| i ~it} hc f}| 2+vbit ì}fhìo |}ti}bav. F` MKL| }ji} mfm `h}

mftbl}ov r}fofwb }jb ~oi`| }jbv mbsboh~bm r`mbt }jf| TB]I/ }jbtb ji| dbb`mf||bkfì}fh` hc `r}tf}fh` iqitb`b|| i`m }jb fk~ht}i`lb hc f`}bt|bl}htio

lhooidhti}fh` f` }jb fk~thsbkb`} hc `r}tf}fh` qf}j bmrli}fh`/ |i`f}i}fh`/iatflro}rtb/ i`m h}jbt lh`lbt`bm kf`f|}tfb|. Qjfob |hkb hc }jb idhsb

iljfbsbkb`}| li` db lh`|fmbtbm jfajov bccflilfhr|/ |hkb hc }jb TB]I| hdgbl}fsb|jisb `h} dbb` iljfbsbm. ]jbtbchtb/ ]I 2319+TBA f| i||b||bm i| bccflilfhr|.

46


47/139

=>


]I 2:4=+TBA cfìofwbm }jb hdgbl}fsb| f`f}fi}bm dv }jb ~tbsfhr| TB]I *]I2319+TBA&. ]jb kight lh`}tfdr}fh`| hc ]I 2:4=+TBA qbtb }jb |rllb||cro 4>>>

Ki`foi Chtrk h` Chhm Cht}fcfli}fh` ^hoflv i`m }jb cfìofwi}fh` hc }jb IMD@r}tf}fh` i`m Mbsboh~kb`} \btfb|/41 qjflj qbtb hc ahhm yriof}v i`m qbtb

drfo} r~h` i |btfb| hc f||rb ~i~bt| ~thmrlbm r`mbt ]I 2319+TBA. ]jb|bmhlrkb`}| f`lormb lhr`}tv+|~blfcfl tb~ht}|/ tbafhìo f||rb ~i~bt|/ i`m i |btfb|

hc ~rdofli}fh`| h` `r}tf}fh`.4: ]jb lhr`}tv |}rmfb| qbtb |hrtlb| hc jf|}htflio`r}tf}fh` mi}i i`m hccbtbm i mb|ltf~}fh` hc hàhfà ~thatik|. F` ab`btio }jbv

qbtb hc jfaj yriof}v i`m illrti}b i| |f}ri}fhìo iìov|b|/ dr} oilebm mb}ifo

h` `bq il}fsf}fb| i`m fk~thsbkb`}| f` bzf|}fà h`b|. Ikhà h}jbt }jfà|/}jb Ki`foi Chtrk h` Chhm Cht}fcfli}fh` ^hoflv |}fttbm mf|lr||fh`| h` f||rb|/|rlj i| }jb sf|fh` hc lr}}fà+bmab r}tf}fh` }blj`hohafb|/ qji} qbtb bccbl}fsb

f`}btsb`}fh`|/ i`m jhq `r}tf}fh` ~thdobk| qbtb bshosfà. F} qi| io|h i`bccbl}fsb imshlilv }hho cht |hkb hc }jb kro}foi}btio iab`lfb|/ |rlj i| R@FLBC.

]jbtb f| bsfmb`lb }ji} f} ~thkh}bm ohlio tb|bitlj/ f.b./ f` }jb li|b hc Sfb}@ik.46/ F`ltbi|bm li~ilf}v hc ahsbt`kb`}| f` ~oi``fà f| }jb r`mbtovfà

~rt~h|b hc }jb|b TB]I|. ]blj`hohav }ti`|cbt qi| ~tfkitfov iljfbsbm }jthrajf`shosbkb`} f` f`}btì}fhìo kbb}fà| i`m lhr`}tv+di|bm qhte|jh~|. \hkb

}ti`|cbt hc iqitb`b|| f` tboi}bm kf`f|}tfb| hc }jb ~it}flf~i}fà MKL| h` f||rb||rlj i| r}tf}fh` }ti`|f}fh`/ }jb ~thdobk| hc rtdi` r}tf}fh`/ i`m bccbl}fsb`b||

hc sitfhr| i~~thiljb| }hqitm `r}tf}fh` fk~thsbkb`} qi| iljfbsbm. Di|bmh` }jb idhsb/ ]I 2:4=+TBA f| lh`|fmbtbm bccflilfhr|.

]I 26==+TBA ji| iljfbsbm kh|} hc f}| hdgbl}fsb|/ ~it}flroitov f`*f& fmb`}fcvfà tbafhìo f||rb| i`m il}fh`| tbyrftbm }h illbobti}b ~thmrl}fh`

hc kflth`r}tfb`}+cht}fcfbm chhm|5 *ff& |r~~ht}fà tbafhìo mfioharb h` f||rb|

41 I| hc Grov 4>>=/ |bsb` shorkb| jim dbb` mbsboh~bm cht }jb @r}tf}fh` i`m Mbsboh~kb`} \btfb|/ qjfljqbtb hc jfaj yriof}v i| kfob|}h`b| f` }jb mhlrkb`}i}fh` hc `r}tf}fh` bccht}| f` }jb tbafh`. Qjfob |hkbR@FLBC hccflb| jisb tb~ht}bm }ji} }jbv qbtb ~h~roit/ bsfmb`lb hc }jb|b ~rdofli}fh`| qi| `h} hdsfhr| f`ki`v r}tf}fh` ~oi``fà i`m fk~obkb`}i}fh` hccflb| f` }jb MKL| hd|btsbm. \hkb hc }jb ~bh~ob f`shosbmqf}j }jb TB]I| jim i cbq hc }jb mhlrkb`}|/ dr} f` ab`btio }jbv qbtb `h} tbimfov isifoidob f` IMDtb|fmb`} kf||fh`|/ i`m ofdtitfb| hc r`fsbt|f}fb| ht jbio}j(`r}tf}fh` tb|bitlj lb`}bt|. Ab`btio mf||bkfì}fh`f| mh`b }jthraj }jb IMD qbd |f}b.

4: IMD. 9666. F`sb|}fà f` Ljfom @r}tf}fh` f` I|fi. Ki`foi5 IMD. 4>>>. \}ti}bafb| }h Cht}fcv B||b`}fioChhm| f` I|fi i`m }jb îlfcfl. Ki`foi5 IMD. 4>>9. Fk~thsfà Ljfom @r}tf}fh` f` I|fi. Ki`foi5 IMD.4>>9.I}}ilefà }jb Mhrdob Drtmb` f` I|fi i`m }jb ilfcfl. Ki`foi5 IMD. 4>>9. ]jb @r}tf}fh` ]ti`|f}fhì`m tbsb`}fh` hc Mfb}+Tboi}bm Ljth`fl Mf|bi|b| f` I|fi i`m }jb ilfcfl. Ki`foi5 IMD. 4>>9. Qji} Qhte|8

I Tbsfbq hc }jb Bccflilv i`m Bccbl}fsb`b|| hc @r}tf}fh` F`}btsb`}fh`|. Ki`foi5 i`m IMD. 4>>=. ChhmCht}fcfli}fh` f` I|fi7 Fk~thsfà Jbio}j i`m Drfomfà Blh`hkfb|. Ki`foi.

46 ]jià/ @.K. i`m A. h~ef`. 4>>


48/139

=9

Bsiori}fh` hc Tbafhìo ]blj`flio I||f|}i`lb ^thgbl}|

tboi}bm }h chhm |}i`mitm|/ tbaroi}fh`|/ }timb/ i`m |rtsbfooi`lb5 *fff& ltbi}fà ictikbqhte cht tbafhìo cht}fcfli}fh` hc lbt}if` b||b`}fio |}i~ob|5 i`m

*fs& mbsboh~fà LF^| f` |bobl}bm MKL|. ]jb LF | itb hc |r~btfht yriof}v f` lh`}b`}i`m oivhr}. ]I 26==+TBA ji| io|h lhsbtbm f}| |lh~b f` *f& jbo~fà MKL tb|bitlj

}bik| mbsboh~ kbmfrk+}btk LF^| }h bofkfì}b kflth`r}tfb`} kio`r}tf}fh`/ i`m*ff& |~h`|htfà tbafhìo kbb}fà| }h f`ltbi|b e`hqobmab hc db|} ~til}flb|. ]I

26==+TBA f| }jbtbchtb lh`|fmbtbm bccflilfhr|.]jb hdgbl}fsb hc ]I 6>>2+TBA f` ~foh}fà

i` rkdtbooi tbafhìo ~thatik cht mbofsbtfà

kflth`r}tfb`}+cht}fcfbm |io} i`m qjbi} cohrt }h}jb ~h~roi}fh`| hc Iwbtdifgi`/ Eiwiej|}i`/Evtavw Tb~rdofl/ Khàhofi/ ]igfef|}i`/ i`m

Rwdbef|}i` ji| dbb` iljfbsbm/ ~it}flroitov cht|io} fhmfwi}fh`/ i`m }jb ob||h`| fmb`}fcfbm f`

mbsboh~fà }jf| tbafhìo `b}qhte itb }h dbchoohqbm dv qjbi} cohrt cht}fcfli}fh`. ]jb TB]I

ji| io|h |rllb||croov lhsbtbm kh|} hc f}| |lh~b.F} ji| dbb` sbtv r|bcro f` khdfofwfà lhr`}tfb|

}h mbsboh~ i`m kif`}if` bccbl}fsb ~thatik|/i`m f` b|}idof|jfà i tbafhìo `b}qhte. Loh|b

lhooidhti}fh` db}qbb` }jb ~rdofl i`m ~tfsi}b|bl}ht|/ @AH|/ i`m h}jbt mbsboh~kb`} ~it}`bt|

f| bsfmb`}. ]jb tbafhìo yrit}btov tb~ht}| itb~thmrlbm h` }fkb/ f`lormb |rccflfb`} mb}ifo|/

i`m itb hc jfaj yriof}v. ]I 6>>2+TBA f| jfajovbccflilfhr|.

Bccflfb`lvBccflfb`lvBccflfb`lvBccflfb`lvBccflfb`lv

]jbtb qbtb mboiv| f` lhk~ob}fh` hc }jb }qh TB]I|7 ]I 2319+TBA qi|bz}b`mbm cht 4= kh`}j| i`m ]I 2:4=+TBA cht 4> kh`}j|. Jhqbsbt/ jhomfà

tbafhìo qhte|jh~| i~~bit| }h db khtb bccflfb`} i`m bccbl}fsb f` ~thkh}fàtbafhìo mf|lr||fh` }ji` h}jbt io}btì}fsb| }ji} kfaj} f`lormb }jb cfbomfà hc

9> mfccbtb`} cfbom }bik| }h qhte qf}jf` ~it}flf~i}fà MKL|. F} lhrom io|h tbmrlbimkf`f|}ti}fsb hsbtjbim| i`m ~thlb||fà }fkb cht mbofsbtfà }jb |ikb |btsflb|

i| lhk~itbm qf}j kro}f~ob ]I|. Mboiv| qbtb kifòv mrb }h cfìofwfà sitfhr|lhr`}tv+obsbo i||fa`kb`}|/ |raab|}fà }ji} khtb ~it}flf~i}htv f`~r} f` TB]I

>2+TBA.


49/139

=4


mb|fa` lhrom jisb fk~thsbm }jb bccflfb`lv hc }jb|b TB]I|. Hsbtioo/ dh}j TB]I|itb lh`|fmbtbm bccflfb`}.

]I 26==+TBA bz~btfb`lbm mboiv|/ qi| bz}b`mbm cthk f}| htfafìolhk~ob}fh` mi}b hc I~tfo 4>>4 }h Hl}hdbt 4>>=/ i`m |}foo hàhfà i| hc

}jb ~tb~iti}fh` hc }jf| \B\. ]jf| qi| ~it}ov mrb }h }jb ljiàb f` |lh~b }ji}f`ltbi|bm }jb TB]I| cr`mfà dv -4>>/>>>. Mf|drt|bkb`}| jim tbiljbm 6:.6"

dv }jb b`m hc \b~}bkdbt 4>>=. Io}jhraj }fkb+qf|b }jb TB]I f| ob|| bccflfb`}/f} ji| iljfbsbm f}| hdgbl}fsb| qboo i`m i~~bit| }h jisb |fa`fcfli`} fk~il}|.

Jb`lb/ f} f| lh`|fmbtbm bccflfb`}.

]jb ljiàb f` |lh~b mrb }h Iwbtdifgi | f`lor|fh` f` ]I 6>>2+TBA ji|tb|ro}bm f` |rd|}i`}fio immf}fhìo il}fsf}fb|/ qjflj qbtb cr`mbm dv i|r~~obkb`}itv TB]I/ ikhr`}fà }h -:2>/>>>. ]jf| ji| lir|bm i` bz}b`|fh`

hc }jb lhk~ob}fh` mi}b cthk >4 }h >=. Jhqbsbt/dv }jb b`m hc \b~}bkdbt 4>>=/ }jb TB]I jim iotbimv lhkkf}}bm 6:.:" hc f}|

tbsf|bm i~~thsbm cr`mfà. Jisfà i tbafhìo lhhtmfì}fà hccflb f` Ioki}v/Eiwiej|}i`/ ji| bìdobm bccbl}fsb lhhtmfì}fh` hc }jb lhr`}tv hccflb| i`m

}jbft il}fsf}fb|. ]jf| TB]I f| i||b||bm i| bccflfb`}.

\r|}ifìdfof}v i`m Fk~il}\r|}ifìdfof}v i`m Fk~il}\r|}ifìdfof}v i`m Fk~il}\r|}ifìdfof}v i`m Fk~il}\r|}ifìdfof}v i`m Fk~il}

]I 2319+TBA qi| kh|} ofebov |r|}ifìdob i} obi|} f` }qh ~it}flf~i}fà MKL|.

F` ab`btio/ f} qi| ofebov |r|}ifìdob/ i| f} oifm }jb athr`mqhte cht ]I 2:4=+TBA/qjflj qfmb`bm }jb ~hoflv mf|lr||fh` cthk i ~oi``fà i~~thilj }h |r~~ht}

lhkkr`f}v r}tf}fh` i`m chhm |blrtf}v f`}h ~it}`bt|jf~| }h dtfà cht}fcfli}fh` i|

i ~tfkitv i~~thilj cht kflth`r}tfb`} mbcflfb`lv lh`}tho/ }h mbsboh~ i ofcb lvlobi~~thilj }h `r}tf}fh`/ i`m }h jbo~ ki~ hr} bccbl}fsb |}ti}bafb| f` ofaj} hc }jb`r}tf}fh` }ti`|f}fh`. ]jbtbchtb/ dh}j TB]I| itb ofebov |r|}ifìdob.

]jb fk~il}| hc ]I 2319+TBA i`m ]I 2:4=+TBA qbtb |rd|}i`}fio f` }jbkhtb lb`}tioov ~oi``bm blh`hkfb|. Cht bzik~ob/ i| i choohq+h` }h }jb TB]I|

f` ^TL/ IMD| loh|b lhooidhti}fh` qf}j R@FLBC i`m QJH tb|ro}bm f` }jbhàhfà ]I >/ i~~thsbm h` 4> @hsbkdbt4>>4 .


50/139

=>2+TBA ji| mbsboh~bm i~~thiljb| }ji} jisb b`ji`lbm }jb

kh`f}htfà i`m tf|e i||b||kb`} li~ilf}v hc }jb ~it}flf~i}fà MKL| f` IL].]jf| ioohq| }jb ahsbt`kb`}| }h kieb yrfle

kiìabtfio mblf|fh`|/ qjflj bìdob f`ltbi|bmlhsbtiab i`m chlr| h` mbofsbtv hc cht}fcfbm

chhm| lh`|rkbm dv }jb ~hht. ]jb TB]Ii~~bit| }h jisb |rllb||croov fmb`}fcfbm `bq

}blj`hohafb| i~~th~tfi}b }h IL]/ i`m ji|cilfof}i}bm }ti`|cbt hc }jb|b }blj`hohafb| }h

ahsbt`kb`}|/ @AH|/ }jb chhm f`mr|}tv/i`m

lh`|rkbt athr~|. F} ji| khdfofwbm h}jbtbz}btìo i||f|}i`lb cht `r}tf}fh` i`m chhmcht}fcfli}fh` f` IL]/ i`m ji| dblhkb }jb di|f|

cht Ohi` 4>>1+EAW*\C&7 Lhkkr`f}v+Di|bm

>2+TBA fmb`} f c fbm i~~th~t fi}b}blj`hohafb| i`m cilfof}i}bm }jbft }ti`|cbtjbtb/ i |fk~ob }b|} tbsbio| fhmf`b f` |io} i| imite lhoht *~rt~of|j&.


51/139

==


]IDOB =

Hsbtioo I||b||kb`} hc IMD Tbafhìo ]blj`flio I||f|}i`lb

cht @r}tf}fh` i`m Chhm Cht}fcfli}fh`

Lhk~ob}bm TB]Lhk~ob}bm TB]Lhk~ob}bm TB]Lhk~ob}bm TB]Lhk~ob}bm TB]I|I|I|I|I| Hàhfà TB]Hàhfà TB]Hàhfà TB]Hàhfà TB]Hàhfà TB]I|I|I|I|I|i

TB]TB]TB]TB]TB]IIIII ]]]]]LTLTLTLTLT ]^]^]^]^]ÎTITITITIT TB]TB]TB]TB]TB]IIIII ^tbofkfìtv ]^^tbofkfìtv ]^^tbofkfìtv ]^^tbofkfìtv ]^^tbofkfìtv ]ÎTITITITIT

2319 Ab`btioov |rllb||crod \rllb||cro 26== \i}f|cil}htv2:4= Jfajov |rllb||cro \rllb||cro 6>>2 Jfajov \i}f|cil}htv

TB]I ; tbafhìo }blj`flio i||f|}i`lb/ ]LT ; }blj`flio i||f|}i`lb lhk~ob}fh` tb~ht}/ ]ÎT ; }blj`flio i||f|}i`lb~btchtki`lb irmf} tb~ht}.i ]jb|b TB]I| itb `h} vb} lhk~ob}bm5 }jbtbchtb/ }jb bsiori}fh` |jhrom db sfbqbm i| }b`}i}fsb/ i`m |rdgbl} }h

tbsf|fh` i} lhk~ob}fh` |}iab.d ]jf| ti}fà qi| di|bm h` }jb hom hsbtioo i||b||kb`} li}bahtfb| hc ab`btioov |rllb||cro/ ~it}ov |rllb||cro/ i`m

r`|rllb||cro. \}it}fà \b~}bkdbt 4>>> }jbtb itb chrt hsbtioo i||b||kb`} li}bahtfb|7 jfajov |rllb||cro/|rllb||cro/ ~it}ov |rllb||cro/ i`m r`|rllb||cro.

\hrtlb7 I|fi` Mbsboh~kb`} Diè.

BLM ^thgbl}.]jr|/ }jb TB]I f| i||b||bm i| kh|} ofebov |r|}ifìdob i`m ofebov}h mbkh`|}ti}b |rd|}i`}fio fk~il}.

Hsbtioo I||b||kb`}Hsbtioo I||b||kb`}Hsbtioo I||b||kb`}Hsbtioo I||b||kb`}Hsbtioo I||b||kb`}>2+TBA f| lh`|fmbtbm jfajov tbobsi`}/ jfajov

bccflilfhr|/ bccflfb`}/ kh|} ofebov |r|}ifìdob/ i`m jisfà |rd|}i`}fio fk~il}.]jb hsbtioo ~tbofkfìtv ti}fà hc ]I 6>>2+TBA f| jfajov |i}f|cil}htv.

>>. ]I 26==+TBA i`m ]I 6>>2+TBA qbtb `h} vb} lhk~ob}bm mrtfà }jb \B\/}jbtbchtb/ }jb bsiori}fh` |jhrom db sfbqbm i| }b`}i}fsb/ i`m |rdgbl} }h tbsf|fh` i} lhk~ob}fh` |}iab.


52/139

=2

\}tbà}j| i`m Qbie`b||b| hc Tbafhìo ]blj`flio I||f|}i`lb

3

\}tbà}j| i`m Qbie`b||b| hcTbafhìo ]blj`flio I||f|}i`lbf` }jb Itbi hc @r}tf}fh` i`m

Chhm Cht}fcfli}fh`


53/139

=1

\}tbà}j| i`m Qbie`b||b| hc Tbafhìo ]blj`flio I||f|}i`lb

]jbtb itb |hkb r`fyrb ljitil}btf|}fl| }h `r}tf}fh` f`}btsb`}fh`|/

|raab|}fà }ji} i khmfcfbm *jvdtfm& khmiof}v ]I(TB]I }ji} ioohq| |kioof`sb|}kb`}| cht ~foh} ~thgbl}|/ byrf~kb`}/ b}l./ f| db}}bt |rf}bm }h ~thmrlb i

|r|}ifìdob fk~il} }ji` }jb lrttb`} ]I(TB]I khmiof}v }ji} f| ofkf}bm }hlh`|ro}i`}| f`~r}| i`m i |btfb| hc kbb}fà| i`m qhte|jh~|. ]jf| }v~b hc

khmfcfbm *jvdtfm& khmiof}v f| lrttb`}ov ~thsfmbm dv GC^T+cr`mbm ]I(TB]I.Jhqbsbt/ bz~btfb`lb |jhq| }ji} ~thlb||fà i`m imkf`f|}btfà |rlj ]I(TB]I

li` db jfajov lhk~ofli}bm i`m tbyrftb| krlj khtb }fkb i`m bccht} cthk |}icc.F` immf}fh`/ }h b`|rtb |rllb|| i`m i |r|}ifìdob fk~il}/ mb}ifobm imkf`f|}ti}fsb

~oi`| |jhrom db ~tb~itbm/ i`m tfahthr| tbsfbq| itb qitti`}bmi|mbkh`|}ti}bm dv ]I 6>>2+TBA|r~~ht}bm dv jfajov ~thcb||fhìo i`m

mbmfli}bm ohlio ~thgbl} kiìabt|. ]jbtbchtb/ io}jhraj }jf| ~tbcbttbm khmiof}vf`mbbm hccbt| atbi}bt ~h||fdfof}v hc ahhm hr}lhkb|/ ~it}flroitov qf}j }jb

f`lor|fh` hc |kioo f`sb|}kb`}| i| kb`}fh`bm idhsb/ f}| lhk~ofli}bmimkf`f|}ti}fh`}j }itab}*mtfèfà qi}bt i`m |i`f}i}fh`& io|h ji| i `r}tf}fh` fk~il}. Qf}j |bsbtio

`r}tf}fh` lhk~h`b`}| tbcobl}bm f` }jb KMA|/ f} f| fk~ht}i`} }h jbo~ sitfhr|MKL| tbsfbq }jbft ~thatb|| h` }jb KMA|. TB]I| kfaj} db i ahhm chtrk }h

illhk~of|j }jf| mf|lr||fh`/ choohqbm dv lhr`}tv+|~blfcfl ~oi`| hc il}fh`. ]jh|blhr`}tfb| kiefà }jb |ohqb|} ~thatb|| f` fk~obkb`}fà }jb KMA| kfaj}

tbyrftb lhr`}tv+|~blfcfl ]I| }hqitm }ji} b`m/ ~tbcbtidov ]I| }ji} li` ~thsfmb

|kioo f`sb|}kb`}|/ b.a./ cht ~foh} ~thgbl}|/ }h b`|rtb |r|}ifìdob fk~il}|.\jitfà bz~btfb`lb i`m mbsboh~fà lh|}+bccbl}fsb`b|| b|}fki}b| itb }h~fl|}ji} lhrom db qboo immtb||bm f` tbafhìo chtrk|/ |rlj i| TB]I|. Khtb mi}i h`

~thatik fk~il} itb `bbmbm/ i`m TB]I| kfaj} ~thsfmb i |hor}fh` chtlhk~foi}fh` hc mi}i `h} chr`m f` ~bbt+tbsfbqbm of}bti}rtb.

]jb r|b hc TB]I| }h mbsboh~ bccbl}fsb r}tf}fh` ~hoflv cht }jb tbafh` ji|dbb` ofkf}bm. ]jf| mhb| `h} i~~bit }h db mrb }h }jb qiv }jb ~hoflv+htfb`}bm

TB]I| qbtb kiìabm i`m fk~obkb`}bm/ dr} khtb i||hlfi}bm qf}j }jb i}rtbhc }jb ab`btio mb|fa` hc TB]I|/ i`m }jb ohq ~it}flf~i}fh` hc }jb MKL| i}

= Mftbl}fhìo Arfmi`lb î~bt/ tbsf|bm h` 43 Cbdtritv 4>>=.


54/139

=:


mb|fa` |}iab. Kbb}fà| i`m qhte|jh~| itb r|bcro cht mbcf`fà f||rb|5 jhqbsbt/f`}bati}fà bccbl}fsb `r}tf}fh` ~hoflv lhk~h`b`}| f`}h hsbtioo mbsboh~kb`}

~oi`| f| |hkb}jfà }ji} li` db|} db mh`b i| lhr`}tv+|~blfcfl ]I|/ i`m ohi`|lhrom drfom h` hr}~r}| hc }jb ~hoflv+di|bm TB]I| i`m ]I|.

Qjfob }jb tb|ro}| hclh`|b`|r| drfomfà i} }jb tbafhìo obsbo r|fà TB]I|mh h} ioqiv| }tfleob mhq }h i}fhìo mblf|fh` kiebt|/ }jbv itb ahhm chtrk|

cht imshlilv i`m tif|fà iqitb`b||.


55/139

=6

Lh`lor|fh`

1

Lh`lor|fh`


56/139

29

Lh`lor|fh`

Ob||h`|Ob||h`|Ob||h`|Ob||h`|Ob||h`|@r}tf}fh` bccht}| |jhrom db i~~th~tfi}b }h }jb obsbo hc r}tf}fh` tf|e i`m

}jb li~ilf}v hc }jb ahsbt`kb`} i`m h}jbt tboi}bm |}iebjhombt| f` }jb lhr`}tv

f`shosbm. ]jr|/ f} f| fk~ht}i`} }h *f& lhoobl} abhati~jfl i`m |hlfhblh`hkflmi}i h` mf|}tfdr}fh` hc kio`r}tf}fh` i`m kflth`r}tfb`} kio`r}tf}fh` tf|e|

~tfht }h mbsboh~fà }jb i~~th~tfi}b kfz hc bccbl}fsb `r}tf}fh` f`}btsb`}fh`|5*ff& lh`cftk }ji} tbofidob di|bof`b f`chtki}fh` bzf|}|5 i`m *fff& kieb lbt}if`

}ji} ~btfhmfl i||b||kb`}| itb lh`mrl}bm cht bsfmb`lb+di|bm ~oi``fà/ |rlji| tbaroitov r~mi}fà f`chtki}fh` h` ljfomjhhm ~h~roi}fh` `r}tf}fh` i`m

kflth`r}tfb`} |}i}r|. Fk~thsfà }jb kh`f}htfà i`m tf|e kiìabkb`} li~ilf}vhc }jb ~it}flf~i}fà MKL| ioohq| ahsbt`kb`}| }h kieb kiìabtfio mblf|fh`|

}ji} bìdob f`ltbi|bm lhsbtiab i`m |jit~bt chlr| h` mbofsbtv hc cht}fcfbm chhm|lh`|rkbm dv }jb ~hht. Fmb`}fcvfà bq }blj`hohafb|/ i`m cilfof}i}fà }ti`|cbt

hc }jb|b }blj`hohafb| }h ahsbt`kb`}|/ @AH|/ }jb chhm f`mr|}tv/ i`m lh`|rkbtathr~|/ }jr| cilfof}i}fà tb|hrtlb| i`m |v`btafb| hc }jb ~rdofl+~tfsi}b |bl}ht

i`m lfsfo |hlfb}v/ f| b||b`}fio }h b`|rtb |rllb||cro i`m |r|}ifìdob cht}fcfli}fh`

~thgbl}|. Ioo hc }jb idhsb lh`|fmbti}fh`| itb |}tbà}j| hc ]I 6>>2+TBA/ kimb~h||fdob dblir|b hc |}thà hq`bt|jf~ i`m ~thsf|fh` hc f`sb|}kb`} cht ~foh}}b|}fà i`m byrf~kb`}.

IMD li` ~oiv }jb thob hc i li}iov|}/ i| |jhq` dv *f& ]I 26==+TBA/ qjbtbMKL| jisb tblbfsbm |r~~ht} cthk sitfhr| cr`mfà iab`lfb| }h fk~obkb`} }jbft

cht}fcfli}fh` LF^| mbsboh~bm dv }jb TB]I/ i`m dv *ff& ]I 6>>2+TBA f` khdfofwfàh}jbt cr`mfà iab`lv i||f|}i`lb cht `r}tf}fh` i`m chhm cht}fcfli}fh` f` IL].

]jb TB]I| hccbtbm }h ~rt|rb qji} qi| lh`|fmbtbm i| }jb db|}/ kh|}

lh|}+bccbl}fsb `r}tf}fh` f`}btsb`}fh` ti}jbt }ji` mb}btkfì}fh` hc qji} kfzhc il}fsf}fb| qi| }jb kh|} i~~th~tfi}b cht i |~blfcfl lhr`}tv. ]jbtb qbtb oitabloifk| i| }h }jb bccbl} hc cht}fcfli}fh` qf}jhr} ile`hqobmafà }jb ofkf}i}fh`|

f` }jb bccflfb`lv hc }jf| i~~thilj dblir|b hc mfb}itv ~i}}bt`| i`m h}jbt ohliolh`mf}fh`|. Io}jhraj chhm cht}fcfli}fh` f| i lh|}+bccbl}fsb i~~thilj/ f} f| ~it}

hc i lhk~tbjb`|fsb `r}tf}fh` ~thatik/ `h} i |rd|}f}r}b cht ~thatik| }h~thkh}b |}thà jhr|bjhom chhm |blrtf}v i`m ahhm `r}tf}fh`+tboi}bm jbio}j

dbjisfht.Cht}fcfli}fh` ji| dbb` ~thkh}bm i| }jb kh|} lh|}+bccbl}fsb `r}tf}fh`

f`}btsb`}fh`/ i`m h`b jisfà }jb idfof}v }h fk~thsb AM^ athq}j. Jhqbsbt/ f`kh|} itbi|/ ~it}flroitov }jh|b qf}j }jb oitab|} tf|e hc kflth`r}tfb`}

kio`r}tf}fh`/ }jb kightf}v hc }jb jfaj+tf|e ~h~roi}fh` *}jb ~hht& titbovlh`|rkb| ~thlb||bm chhm| |rf}idob cht cht}fcfli}fh`.


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Qjfob cht}fcfli}fh` jhom| atbi} ~thkf|b f` fk~thsfà tbafhìo`r}tf}fh` |}i}r|/ f} ji| }h db lhkdf`bm qf}j }jb mbsboh~kb`} hc h}jbtfk~ht}i`} jhr|bjhom chhm |blrtf}v i`m lhkkr`f}v `r}tf}fh` f`f}fi}fsb|.Imbyri}b f`chtki}fh` }h mbsboh~ bccbl}fsb cht}fcfli}fh` ~oi`|/ qjflj f| hc}b`

oilefà f` ki`v MKL|/ `bbm| }h db i||rtbm. IMD |jhrom kieb khtb bccht} }h f`lormb mbsboh~kb`} ~it}`bt|/

tb~tb|b`}i}fsb| hc lfsfo |hlfb}v/ i`m }jb ~tfsi}b |bl}ht f` `r}tf}fh`+tboi}bmTB]I|. Cht bzik~ob/ fc crt}jbt bccht} f| `bbmbm h` tbafhìo `b}qhtefà }h

|r~~ht} cht}fcfli}fh`/ IMD lhrom qhte loh|bov qf}j mbsboh~kb`} ~it}`bt|/ |rlj

i| AIF@/ KF/ KH\]/ i`m R@FLBC i`m f`lormb }jbk `h} hòv f` kbb}fà|/ dr}io|h f` }jb mb|fa` i`m fk~obkb`}i}fh` hc i TB]I. F` }jb li|b hc jhr|bjhomchhm |blrtf}v/ }jb Chhm i`m Iatflro}rtb Htai`fwi}fh` hc }jb R`f}bm @i}fh`|/

Qhtom Chhm ^thatikkb hc }jb R`f}bm @i}fh`|/ i`m tboi}bm iab`lfb| |jhromio|h ~it}flf~i}b. F`shosbkb`} hc }jb Qhtom Jbio}j Htai`fwi}fh` f| io|h

b||b`}fio/ ~it}flroitov mrtfà }jb mb|fa` |}iab. F` immf}fh`/ TB]I| |jhrom dbkhtb chlr|bm/ i| }jh|b qf}j ab`btiofwbm }jbkb| i~~bit }h db ob|| bccbl}fsb

i`m ob|| bccflfb`}.

EEEEEbv F||rb|bv F||rb|bv F||rb|bv F||rb|bv F||rb|

]jb ebv f||rb| itb7

*f& \hkb lh|} lhk~h`b`}| f` chhm cht}fcfli}fh` ~thatik| }ji} |r~~ht}

yriof}v i||rti`lb i`m |}i`mitmfwi}fh` itb hc}b` chtah}}b` qjb`

mb|fa`fà chhm cht}fcfli}fh` f`}btsb`}fh`. ]jbv f`lormb ahsbt`kb`}tbaroi}htv lh|}| i`m lh|}| cht mbsboh~kb`} hc b`chtlbkb`}kblji`f|k|/ f`|}iooi}fh` hc oidhti}htfb| *~it}flroitov cht yriof}v

lh`}tho ~rt~h|b|&/ i`m }tif`fà hc ~bt|h``bo }h b`|rtb |r|}ifìdobi`m ahhm yriof}v chhm cht}fcfli}fh`.

*ff& TB]I(]I }ji} mhb| `h} f`lormb |kioo f`sb|}kb`} lhk~h`b`}|i~~bit| }h db ob|| bccbl}fsb f` b`|rtfà |r|}ifìdob fk~il}.

*fff& ]jb i}rtb hc }jb ab`btio mb|fa` hc TB]I| i`m }jb ohq ~it}flf~i}fh`hc MKL| i} }jb mb|fa` |}iab jisb tbmrlbm }jb fk~il} hc TB]I| f`

mbsboh~fà bccbl}fsb r}tf}fh` ~hoflv cht }jb I|fi i`m ilfcfl tbafh .


58/139

2>4i| i` fk~il} hc }jb `r}tf}fh` TB]I|/ ~it}flroitov ]I 2:4=+TBA. ]jf| mfm `h}ki}btfiofwb. I |b~iti}b IMD ~hoflv cht `r}tf}fh` f| `h} `bbmbm. Ti}jbt/ }jb

cf`mfà| i`m hr}~r}| hc }jb `r}tf}fh`+tboi}bm TB]I|/ i`m ob||h`| cthk h}jbtIMD r}tf}fh`+tboi}bm h~bti}fh`|/ lhrom db r|bcro f`~r}| cht i r}tf}fh` |bl}fh`

f` }jb r~mi}bm IMD ^hoflv cht }jb Jbio}j \bl}ht ht }jb f`}bati}bm Jbio}j/@r}tf}fh`/ i`m ^h~roi}fh` \}ti}bav ~oi``bm cht 4>>3.

IMD |jhrom lh`}f`rb ~oivfà }jb thob hc i li}iov|} f` `r}tf}fh`

mbsboh~kb`} bccht}| f` }jb tbafh`.Jhof|}fl |hor}fh`| }h ~hsbt}v tbmrl}fh` }ji} qfoo lhttbl} r`mbtovfà tf|e|

hc ~hht r}tf}fh` |jhrom db ~thkh}bm dv |r~~ht}fà lhk~obkb`}itv il}fsf}fb|

cht fk~thsbm `r}tf}fh` i`m bk~hqbtkb`} hc qhkb` f` IMD h~bti}fh`|.


59/139

22

I~~b`mfz 9

=. ^tbsiob`lb hc r`mbtqbfaj} ljfomtb`

*r`mbt 2 vbit| hc iab&

2. ^th~ht}fh` hc ~h~roi}fh` dbohq

kf`fkrk obsbo hc mfb}itv b`btav

lh`|rk~}fh`

]itab} 92/ ljfomtb`

bsbtvqjbtb/ dhv| i`m afto|

iofeb/ qfoo db idob }h lhk~ob}b i

croo lhrt|b hc ~tfkitv

|ljhhofà

Ahio 47 Iljfbsb R`fsbt|io ^tfkitv Bmrli}fh`

3. @b} b`thookb`} ti}fh f` ~tfkitv

bmrli}fh`

1. ^th~ht}fh` hc ~r~fo| |}it}fà atimb 9

qjh tbilj atimb 2

:. Of}btilv ti}b hc 924= vbit hom|

]itab} 9

Jiosb/ db}qbb` 966> i`m

4>92/ }jb ~th~ht}fh` hc ~bh~ob

qjh|b f`lhkb f| ob|| }ji` 9

mhooit i miv

9. ^th~ht}fh` hc ~h~roi}fh` qf}j f lhkb

dbohq 9 mhooit ~bt miv

4. ^hsbt}v ai~ ti}fh *f`lfmb`lb }fkb| mb~}jhc ~hsbt}v&

i`m

4>92/ }jb ~th~ht}fh` hc ~bh~ob

qjh |rccbt cthk jràbt

Ahio >2/

i`m f` ioo obsbo| hc bmrli}fh`

`h oi}bt }ji` 4>92

6. Ti}fh hc afto| }h dhv| f` ~tfkitv/

|blh`mitv/ i`m }bt}fitv bmrli}fh`

9>. Ti}fh hc of}bti}b qhkb` }h kb` hc 924=

vbit hom|

99. \jitb hc qhkb` f` qiab bk~ohvkb`} f`

}jb `hìatflro}rtb |bl}ht94. ^th~ht}fh` hc |bi}| jbom dv qhkb` f`

ì}fhìo ~itofikb`}

I~~b`mfz 9Kfoob``frk Mbsboh~kb`} Ahio|

*lh`}m `bz} ~iab&

=9


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23


Ahio| i`m ]itab}| F`mfli}ht|

I~~b`mfz 9 *lh`}f`rbm&

Ahio =7 Tbmrlb Ljfom Kht}iof}v

]itab} 2

Tbmrlb dv }qh }jftm|/ db}qbb`

966> i`m 4>92/ }jb r`mbt+2

kht}iof}v ti}b

9 i`m 4>92/ }jb

ki}btìo kht}iof}v ti}fh

93. Ki}btìo kht}iof}v ti}fh

91. ^th~ht}fh` hc dft}j| i}}b`mbm dv |efoobm

jbio}j ~bt|h``bo

]itab} 1

Jisb jio}bm dv 4>92 i`m

dbar` }h tbsbt|b }jb |~tbim hc

JFS(IFM\

9:. JFS ~tbsiob`lb ikhà 924= vbit hom

~tbaì`} qhkb`

96. Lh`mhk r|b ti}b

4>. Ti}fh hc |ljhho i}}b`mi`lb hc ht~ji`|

}h |ljhho i}}b`mi`lb h` `h`+ht~ji`|

iabm 9>9=

]itab} :

Jisb jio}bm dv 4>92 i`m

dbar` }h tbsbt|b }jb f`lfmb`lb

hc kioitfi i`m h}jbt kight

mf|bi|b|

49. ^tbsiob`lb i`m mbi}j ti}b| i||hlfi}bm

qf}j kioitfi44. ^th~ht}fh` hc ~h~roi}fh` f` kioitfi+tf|e

itbi| r|fà bccbl}fsb kioitfi ~tbsb`}fh`

i`m }tbi}kb`} kbi|rtb|

4


61/139

21

I~~b`mfz 9



Ahio 17 B`|rtb B`sfth`kb`}io \r|}ifìdfof}v

Ahio :7 Mbsboh~ i Aohdio ît}`bt|jf~ cht Mbsboh~kb`}

]itab} 94

Mbsboh~ crt}jbt i` h~b`/ trob+

di|bm/ ~tbmfl}idob/

`h`mf|ltfkfì}htv }timfà i`m

cfì`lfio |v|}bk *f`lormb| i

lhkkf}kb`} }h ahhm

ahsbtì`lb/ mbsboh~kb`}/ i`m~hsbt}v tbmrl}fh`dh}j

ì}fhìoov i`m f`}btì}fhìoov

\hkb hc }jb f`mfli}ht| of|}bm dbohq itb

kh`f}htbm |b~iti}bov cht }jb obi|}+mbsboh~bm

lhr`}tfb| *OML|&/ Ictfli/ oi`mohlebm

lhr`}tfb|/ i`m |kioo f|oi`m mbsboh~fà

|}i}b|

]itab} 99

Dv 4>4> }h jisb iljfbsbm i

|fa`fcfli`} fk~thsbkb`} f` }jb

ofsb| hc i} obi|} 9>> kfoofh`

|ork mqboobt|

Jiosb dv 4>92 }jb ~th~ht}fh`

hc ~bh~ob qf}jhr} |r|}ifìdobillb|| }h |icb mtfèfà qi}bt

i`m |i`f}i}fh`

. ^th~ht}fh` hc ~h~roi}fh` qf}j

|r|}ifìdob illb|| }h i` fk~thsbm qi}bt

|hrtlb/ rtdi` i`m trtio


62/139

2:




*lh`}m `bz} ~iab&

]itab} 92Mbio lhk~tbjb`|fsbov qf}j }jb

mbd} ~thdobk| hc mbsboh~fà

lhr`}tfb| }jthraj ì}fhìo i`m

f`}btì}fhìo kbi|rtb| f` htmbt

}h kieb mbd} |r|}ifìdob f` }jb

ohà }btk

Kiteb} Illb||


63/139

26

I~~b`mfz 9



=>. Iatflro}rtio |r~~ht} b|}fki}b cht HBLM

lhr`}tfb| i| ~btlb`}iab hc }jbft AM^

=9. ^th~ht}fh` hc HMI ~thsfmbm }h jbo~

drfom }timb li~ilf}v

Mbd} \r|}if`idfof}v=4. ]h}io `rkdbt hc lhr`}tfb| }ji} jisb

tbiljbm }jbft JF^L mblf|fh` ~hf`}| i`m

`rkdbt }ji} jisb tbiljbm }jbft JF^L

lhk~ob}fh` ~hf`}| *lrkroi}fsb&

=> ~h~roi}fh`

=:. ^bt|h`io lhk~r}bt| f` r|b ~bt 9>>

~h~roi}fh` i`m F`}bt`b} r|bt| ~bt 9>>

~h~roi}fh`

LCL ; ljohthcorhthlitdh`/ AM^ ; ath|| mhkb|}fl ~thmrl}/ HMI ; hccflfio mbsboh~kb`} i||f|}i`lb/ HM^ ; hwh`b mb~ob}fh`~h}b`}fio/ HBLM ; Htai`f|i}fh` cht Blh`hkfl Lhh~bti}fh` i`m Mbsboh~kb`}.\hrtlb7 Bz}til}bm cthk R@ Ab`btio I||bkdov. 4>>9. Thim Ki~ ]hqitm| }jb Fk~obkb`}i}fh` hc }jb R`f}bm @i}fh`| Kfoob``frkMbloiti}fh`. Tb~ht} hc }jb \bltb}itv Ab`btio. I(23(


64/139

3>


I~~b`mfz 4]jb Lh`}tfdr}fh` hc Fk~thsbm @r}tf}fh` }h }jb Kfoob``frk Mbsboh~kb`} Ahio|

Ahio 9Btimfli}b Bz}tbkb ^hsbt}v i`m Jràbt

Kio`r}tf}fh` bthmb| jrki` li~f}io/ tbmrlb| tb|fofb`lb }h |jhle|/ i`m tbmrlb|~thmrl}fsf}v *}jthraj bccbl}| h` ~jv|flio i`m kb`}io li~ilf}v&.

Bitov ljfom kio`r}tf}fh` f| ~it}fioov fttbsbt|fdob i`m f`}btab`bti}fhìo/ qf}jlh`|byrb`lb| cht imro} jbio}j/ f`lormfà i` f`ltbi|bm tf|e hc ljth`fl mf|bi|b.

Dfhohaflio i`m |hlfio sro`btidfof}v hsbtoi~ i`m lhk~hr`m bilj h}jbt.

Ahio 4Iljfbsb R`fsbt|io ^tfkitv Bmrli}fh`

Kio`r}tf}fh` tbmrlb| kb`}io li~ilf}v. Kio`hrtf|jbm ljfomtb` itb ob|| ofebov }h b`thoo f` |ljhho/ ht }jbv b`thoo oi}bt }ji`h}jbt ljfomtb`.

Lrttb`} jràbt i`m kio`r}tf}fh` tbmrlb |ljhho ~btchtki`lb. Fhmf`b i`m fth` itb ltf}flio cht lha`f}fsb mbsboh~kb`}. Kio`r}tf}fh` kiv mf|idob *sf}ikf` I i`m dof`m`b||/ fhmf`b mbcflfb`lv i`m fk~iftbm

kb`}io mbsboh~kb`}&.

Ahio " hc ioo ljfomkht}iof}v.

Kio`r}tf}fh` f| }jb kif` lh`}tfdr}ht }h }jb drtmb` hc mf|bi|b f` }jb mbsboh~fàqhtom.

Kflth`r}tfb }| itb ebv }h ljfom |rtsfsio *~it}flroitov sf}ikf I i`m wf`l&. Dtbi|}+cbbmfà i`m i~~th~tfi}b lhk~obkb`}itv cbbmfà itb ebv }h imbyri}b r}tf}fh`

i`m jrki` mbsboh~kb`}.

Ahio 2Fk~thsb Ki}btìo Jbio}j

Ki}btìo jbio}j f| lhk~thkf|bm dv kio`r}tf}fh`/ i`m i`}f+cbkiob dfi| f` ioohli}fh`hc chhm i`m jbio}j litb.

Kio`r}tf}fh` f| i||hlfi}bm qf}j kh|} hc }jb kight tf|e cil}ht| cht ki}bt io kht}iof}v. \}r`}fà f`ltbi|b| tf|e hc lb~jioh~bosfl mf|~th~ht}fh` i`m hd|}trl}bm oidht. Mbcflfb`lfb| hc |bsbtio kflth`r}tfb`}| *fth / sf}ikf` I/ choi}b/ fhmf`b/ liolfrk& itb

i||hlfi}bm qf}j ~tbaì`lv lhk~ofli}fh`|.

Ahio 3Lhkdi} JFS(IFM\/ Kioitfi/ i`m H}jbt Mf|bi|b|

Kio`r}tf}fh` ji|}b`| h`|b} hc IFM\ ikhà JFS+~h|f}fsb f`mfsfmrio|. Kio`r}tf}fh` kiv lhk~thkf|b bccflilv i`m |icb}v hc ITS }tbi}kb`}/ i`m qbieb`

}jb tb|f|}i`lb }h h~~ht}r`f|}fl f`cbl}fh`|.

Kio`r}tf}fh` tbmrlb| kioitfi |rtsfsio ti}b|. Mfccbtb`} chtk| hc kio`r}tf}fh` itb fk~ht}i`} tf|e cil}ht| cht mfb}+tboi}bm ljth`flmf|bi|b|.

IFM\ ; ilyrftbm fkkr`hmbcflfb`lv |v`mthkb/ JFS ; jrki` fkkr`hmbcflfb`lv sftr|/ ITS ; i`}f+tb}thsftio.\hrtlb|7 R`f}bm @i}fh`| \}i`mfà Lhkkf}}bb h` @r}tf}fh`. 4>>=. 2}j Tb~ht} h` }jb Qhtom @r}tf}fh` \f}ri}fh`. @r}tf}fh`cht Fk~thsbm Mbsboh~kb`} Hr}lhkb|. Kitlj. R`f}bm @i}fh`|/ @bq Vhte.

=3


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39

I^^B@MFZ 4>>>

I|fi 99.4Bi|}bt` 4 1.4 92.2Qb|}bt` 4.1 4.:

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special evaluation study of adb interventions on nutrition and food fortification

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