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  • Spatio-temporal Changes in Beluga Whale, Delphinapterus ... · Cook Inlet, Alaska, is inhabited year-round by a small, distinct population of beluga whales, Delphinapterus leucas
1
e recommendations and general content presented in this poster do not necessarily represent the views or position of the Department of Commerce, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or the National Marine Fisheries Service. Abstract: Cook Inlet, Alaska, is inhabited year-round by a small, disnct populaon of beluga whales, Delphinapterus leucas. This endangered populaon lives in close proximity to Anchorage, the largest city in Alaska, and waterways frequented by fishing fleets, container ships, oil and gas development, and military operaons. The summer distribuon of this populaon has been studied extensively, parcularly in June, but lile has been documented during other seasons of the year. This review includes results from aerial surveys, satellite tagging studies, and opportunisc sighngs. • Beluga whale sighngs reported by the public, aircraſt patrols, and other wildlife surveys have been collected by the Naonal Marine Fisheries Service since 1975. • Systemac aerial surveys documenng beluga distribuon in Cook Inlet were conducted by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (1977-1979, 1982-1983), Minerals Management Service (1997), and the Naonal Marine Fisheries Service (1991, 1993-2012). • Beluga whales were tagged with satellite-linked, me-depth recorders during each summer from 1999 to 2002. Results from these datasets show that since the decline of this populaon in the 1990’s, its range has contracted into the upper inlet (north of East and West Foreland) not only during June, but also during the later summer months and into fall. Dispersal of large numbers of whales into lower inlet waters in the fall was not evident in the later years of the NMFS surveys. Tagged whales sll transming locaons by the end of the fall had remained in or returned to the upper inlet. This differs markedly from surveys in the 1970’s, when whales began to disperse into the lower inlet by midsummer. The combinaon of poor sighng condions (low light levels in winter and white whales among ice floes) and whale behavior (close associaon with ice, longer, deeper diving paerns, and smaller groups) made it difficult to ground truth or even detect groups during winter and early spring. Combining satellite-tagging with acoustic monitoring and aerial ground-truthing of real-me detecons may be the best opon for quan- fying habitat use paerns during these seasons. Based on our review, additional studies are needed to beer quanfy habitat use paerns during seasons other than early summer. Conclusions: Although belugas do inhabit mid inlet waters and bays in the lower inlet, sighngs south of the Forelands have been relavely rare in the past two decades. This contracon in range was observed not only during the summer months but also into the fall during the later period of this seasonal study. It is unknown if this contracted distribuon is a result of changing habitat, prey concentra- on, or predator avoidance, or can simply be explained as the contracon of a reduced popu- laon into a small number of preferred habitat areas. Habitat associaons during the early summer period have been studied, and note negave associaons with sources of anthropo - genic disturbance and posive associaons with fish availability, and access to dal flats and sandy substrate. The apparent shiſt to remaining in the upper inlet exposes beluga whales to potenal natural and anthropogenic threats such as ice entrapment, stranding, vessel traffic, coastal development projects, dredging, and increased proximity to urban runoff and waste from the largest city in Alaska. Data sources: Calkins 1984. Alaska Dept.. Fish Game Doc. 2328 Hansen & Hubbard. 1999. OCS Study MMS 99-0024 Goetz et al. 2007. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 330:247-256 Goetz et al. 2012. AFSC Processed Rep. 2012-03 Goetz et al. 2012. Endang. Species Res. 16:135–147 Hobbs et al. 2005. Arctic 58:331-340 Rugh et al. 2000. Mar. Fish. Rev. 62(3):6-21 Rugh et al. 2004. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-145 Rugh et al. 2005. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-149 Rugh et al. 2010. Endang. Species Res. 12:69-75 Shelden et al. 2003. Mar. Mammal Sci. 19(3): 529-544 Shelden et al. 2013. NOAA Tech. Memo.NMFS-AFSC-263 ADFG & NMFS unpublished data Winter Summer Spring Fall Spatio-temporal Changes in Beluga Whale, Delphinapterus leucas , Distribution: Results from Aerial Surveys (1977-2012), Opportunistic Sightings (1975-2012), and Satellite Tagging (1999-2003) in Cook Inlet, Alaska Kim E. W. Shelden National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, NMFS, Seattle, WA Kimberly T. Goetz National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, NMFS, Seattle, WA David J. Rugh National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, NMFS, Seattle, WA Donald G. Calkins North Pacific Wildlife Consulting LLC, Anchorage, AK Barbara A. Mahoney Alaska Regional Office, NOAA, NMFS, Anchorage, AK Roderick C. 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( 1980s ^ _ 1990s X Y 2000s <10 m Mudflats μ Summer sightings (June-August) 149°W 150°W 151°W 152°W 153°W 61°N 60°N 59°N 0 20 40 60 80 10 Kilometers Susitna River Knik Arm Beluga River Anchorage μ 1999 2001 2002 Turnagain Arm East Foreland Kenai River Chinitna Bay Tuxedni Bay West Foreland Kachemak Bay Satellite-Tagged Whale Tracks Summer (June-August) ^ _ ^ _ ^ _ ^ _ X Y X Y X Y X Y X Y G F G F G F 149°W 150°W 151°W 152°W 153°W 154°W 61°N 60°N 59°N Kamishak Bay Kachemak Bay Turnagain Arm Knik Arm 0 20 40 60 80 10 Kilometers Susitna River Beluga River Anchorage McArthur River Kenai River East Foreland West Foreland Tuxedni Bay Chinitna Bay Kasilof River G F 1970s ^ _ 1990s X Y 2000s <10 m Mudflats μ Winter sightings (January-February) 149°W 150°W 151°W 152°W 153°W 61°N 60°N 59°N 0 20 40 60 80 10 Kilometers Susitna River Knik Arm Beluga River Anchorage μ 1999 2000 2001 2002 Turnagain Arm East Foreland Kenai River Chinitna Bay Tuxedni Bay West Foreland Kachemak Bay Satellite-Tagged Whale Tracks Fall (September-November) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 5 10 15 20 25 ADFG MMS NMFS ADFG MMS NMFS ADFG MMS NMFS ADFG MMS NMFS ADFG MMS NMFS ADFG MMS NMFS ADFG MMS NMFS ADFG MMS NMFS ADFG MMS NMFS ADFG MMS NMFS ADFG MMS NMFS ADFG MMS NMFS December January February March April May June July August September October November Effort hours Years surveyed Sum of Years surveyed Sum of Effort hours Winter Spring Summer Fall Month -Agency December: 7 January: 11 February: 6 March: 19 April: 72 May: 115 June: 159 July: 49 August: 268 September: 164 October: 50 November: 27 Upper Inlet Opportunistic Sightings December: 1 January: 3 February: 1 March: 8 April: 39 May: 8 June: 3 July: 7 August: 7 September: 28 October: 16 November: 7 Lower Inlet Opportunistic Sightings December March June September January April July October February May August November Aerial Surveys Aerial Surveys Aerial Surveys Aerial Surveys Aerial Surveys

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Page 1: Spatio-temporal Changes in Beluga Whale, Delphinapterus ... · Cook Inlet, Alaska, is inhabited year-round by a small, distinct population of beluga whales, Delphinapterus leucas

The recommendations and general content presented in this poster do not necessarily represent the views or position of the Department of Commerce, the National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration, or the National Marine Fisheries Service.

Abstract:Cook Inlet, Alaska, is inhabited year-round by a small, distinct population of beluga whales, Delphinapterus leucas. This endangered population lives in close proximity to Anchorage, the largest city in Alaska, and waterways frequented by fishing fleets, container ships, oil and gas development, and military operations. The summer distribution of this population has been studied extensively, particularly in June, but little has been documented during other seasons of the year. This review includes results from aerial surveys, satellite tagging studies, and opportunistic sightings.

• Beluga whale sightings reported by the public, aircraft patrols, and other wildlife surveys have been collected by the National Marine Fisheries Service since 1975.

• Systematic aerial surveys documenting beluga distribution in Cook Inlet were conducted by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (1977-1979, 1982-1983), Minerals Management Service (1997), and the National Marine Fisheries Service (1991, 1993-2012).

• Beluga whales were tagged with satellite-linked, time-depth recorders during each summer from 1999 to 2002.

Results from these datasets show that since the decline of this population in the 1990’s, its range has contracted into the upper inlet (north of East and West Foreland) not only during June, but also during the later summer months and into fall. Dispersal of large numbers of whales into lower inlet waters in the fall was not evident in the later years of the NMFS surveys. Tagged whales still transmitting locations by the end of the fall had remained in or returned to the upper inlet. This differs markedly from surveys in the 1970’s, when whales began to disperse into the lower inlet by midsummer.

The combination of poor sighting conditions (low light levels in winter and white whales among ice floes) and whale behavior (close association with ice, longer, deeper diving patterns, and smaller groups) made it difficult to ground truth or even detect groups during winter and early spring. Combining satellite-tagging with acoustic monitoring and aerial ground-truthing of real-time detections may be the best option for quan-tifying habitat use patterns during these seasons. Based on our review, additional studies are needed to better quantify habitat use patterns during seasons other than early summer.

Conclusions:Although belugas do inhabit mid inlet waters and bays in the lower inlet, sightings south of the Forelands have been relatively rare in the past two decades. This contraction in range was observed not only during the summer months but also into the fall during the later period of this seasonal study.

It is unknown if this contracted distribution is a result of changing habitat, prey concentra-tion, or predator avoidance, or can simply be explained as the contraction of a reduced popu-lation into a small number of preferred habitat areas. Habitat associations during the early summer period have been studied, and note negative associations with sources of anthropo-genic disturbance and positive associations with fish availability, and access to tidal flats and sandy substrate. The apparent shift to remaining in the upper inlet exposes beluga whales to potential natural and anthropogenic threats such as ice entrapment, stranding, vessel traffic, coastal development projects, dredging, and increased proximity to urban runoff and waste from the largest city in Alaska.

Data sources:Calkins 1984. Alaska Dept.. Fish Game Doc. 2328Hansen & Hubbard. 1999. OCS Study MMS 99-0024 Goetz et al. 2007. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 330:247-256Goetz et al. 2012. AFSC Processed Rep. 2012-03Goetz et al. 2012. Endang. Species Res. 16:135–147Hobbs et al. 2005. Arctic 58:331-340Rugh et al. 2000. Mar. Fish. Rev. 62(3):6-21 Rugh et al. 2004. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-145Rugh et al. 2005. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-149Rugh et al. 2010. Endang. Species Res. 12:69-75Shelden et al. 2003. Mar. Mammal Sci. 19(3): 529-544Shelden et al. 2013. NOAA Tech. Memo.NMFS-AFSC-263ADFG & NMFS unpublished data

Winter SummerSpring Fall

Spatio-temporal Changes in Beluga Whale, Delphinapterus leucas, Distribution:

Results from Aerial Surveys (1977-2012), Opportunistic Sightings (1975-2012), and Satellite Tagging (1999-2003) in Cook Inlet, Alaska

Kim E. W. SheldenNational Marine Mammal Laboratory,

Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, NMFS, Seattle, WA

Kimberly T. GoetzNational Marine Mammal Laboratory,

Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, NMFS, Seattle, WA

David J. Rugh National Marine Mammal Laboratory,

Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, NMFS, Seattle, WA

Donald G. Calkins North Pacific Wildlife Consulting LLC,

Anchorage, AK

Barbara A. MahoneyAlaska Regional Office, NOAA, NMFS,

Anchorage, AK

Roderick C. HobbsNational Marine Mammal Laboratory,

Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, NMFS, Seattle, WA

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149°W150°W151°W152°W153°W154°W

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60°N

59°N

KamishakBay

KachemakBay

TurnagainArm

Knik Arm

0 20 40 60 8010Kilometers

SusitnaRiver

BelugaRiver

AnchorageMcArthur

River

Kenai River

East ForelandWest Foreland

TuxedniBay

ChinitnaBay

Kasilof River

GF 1970s

!( 1980s

_̂ 1990s

XY 2000s

<10 m

Mudflats

µSummer sightings (June-August)

AnchorageTyonek

Knik ArmSusitnaRiver

Beluga River

McArthurRiver

149°W150°W151°W152°W153°W

61°N

60°N

59°N0 20 40 60 8010

Kilometers

Susitna River

Knik Arm

Beluga River

Anchorage

µ1999

2001

2002

Turnagain Arm

East Foreland

Kenai River

ChinitnaBay

TuxedniBay

West Foreland

KachemakBay

Satellite-Tagged Whale TracksSummer (June-August)

_̂_̂

_̂

_̂

XYXYXYXYXY

GFGFGF

149°W150°W151°W152°W153°W154°W

61°N

60°N

59°N

KamishakBay

KachemakBay

TurnagainArm

Knik Arm

0 20 40 60 8010Kilometers

SusitnaRiver

BelugaRiver

AnchorageMcArthur

River

Kenai River

East ForelandWest Foreland

TuxedniBay

ChinitnaBay

Kasilof River

GF 1970s

_̂ 1990s

XY 2000s

<10 m

Mudflats

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AnchorageTyonek

Knik ArmSusitnaRiver

Beluga River

McArthurRiver

149°W150°W151°W152°W153°W

61°N

60°N

59°N0 20 40 60 8010

Kilometers

Susitna River

Knik Arm

Beluga River

Anchorage

µ1999

2000

2001

2002

Turnagain Arm

East Foreland

Kenai River

ChinitnaBay

TuxedniBay

West Foreland

KachemakBay

Satellite-Tagged Whale TracksFall (September-November)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0

5

10

15

20

25

AD

FGM

MS

NM

FSA

DFG

MM

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MS

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December January February March April May June July August September October November

Effo

rt h

ours

Year

s su

rvey

ed

Sum of Years surveyed Sum of Effort hours

Winter Spring Summer Fall

Month -Agency

December: 7

January: 11 February: 6

March: 19

April: 72

May: 115

June: 159

July: 49

August: 268

September: 164

October: 50

November: 27

Upper Inlet Opportunistic Sightings

December: 1 January: 3

February: 1

March: 8

April: 39

May: 8

June: 3

July: 7

August: 7

September: 28

October: 16

November: 7

Lower Inlet Opportunistic Sightings

December March June SeptemberJanuary April July OctoberFebruary May August November

Aerial Surveys Aerial Surveys Aerial Surveys Aerial Surveys

Aerial Surveys

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