Who was Alcala Zamora?

Resigned as prime minister as he felt the second

republic was anticlerical later became President of the Republic

Who was Prieto?

Socialist leader of the PSOE - but not as extreme as

Largo Caballero (leader of UGT)

Who was Azaa?

Liberal Prime minister succeeding Alcala Zamora, anti-clerical, 'strong man of the Republic'.

Who was Lerroux?

Leader of the Radical Republicans. Anti-clerical.

Who was Gil Robles?

The leader of the CEDA - accused of being a 'Fuhrer in

waiting'. Referred to himself as the Jefe, and his party had many Fascist trappings.

Who was Primo de Rivera?

Leader of the Falange (Fascists)

The Radical Republicans were excluded from government by who?

Azaa

What were the issues facing the Republic?

Church Land Army

Regional nationalists

Church Reform

Separation of the Church and State

Strengthened powers to restrict religious education

Suspended the payment of Priests

Crucifixes banned from the classroom

Caused the resignation of the government and upset many in the Cortes

Land reform

Established 8 hour day + overtime pay

Law of Municipal Boundaries required landowners to offer jobs to those living within their municipality before importing migrant workers.

Decrees had dramatic effect: power shifted to agricultural workers

Agrarian Law, 1932 aimed at redistribution of unworked land to peasants and tenant farmers in central and southern Spain on a voluntary basis. Only helped 6,000 families

Army Reform

Reduction in size of the Army Many generals were retired on very favourable

terms 8,000 accepted Bloated officer class reduced made the Army

more meritocratic Introduced National Service Francos military academy at Saragossa was closed Hardcore generals remained

Catalan Nationalism

Pact of San Sebastian ensured the freedom of regions within a federal state

Freedoms of language and identity protected

Given their own assembly and shared control of education

Signed in 1932

Which rising took place in retaliation to the slow pace of agricultural reforms? Casas Viejas January

1933

Average wages, it has been calculated, were just 5.86 pesetas a day when 7.32 pesetas were needed to survive.

Moreover, high unemployment meant that peasants began to agitate for unemployment relief or to be given land. Levels of violence began to rise.

Government forces killed 20 peasants in the southern town of Casas Viejas after anarchist workers had seized control.

Summer 1933 Azana resigns October 1933 election results

Ex-government -99

Accion Reublica (Azana) 8

PSOE 58

Centre (Lerroux) 167

Radicals 104

Catalan businessmen 25

The Right - 207

Monarchist-traditionalist alliance 43

Agrarian 86

CEDA 78

What did the National Front do in government?

Return to Catholic control of education

Jesuits got teaching posts

Priests were paid 2/3 of their 1931 salary

Agrarian Act quietly abandoned

Amnesty for political prisoners (inc. Sanjurjo)

March 1934 Lerroux resigns when Zamora delays the Amnesty Bill

What caused the chaos of Bieno Negro?

Zamora asked Lerroux to form another government

Three CEDA ministers included

Caballero declares a general strike CNT did not support

Paved the way for the massacre at Asturias

Asturias rising 5th October 1934

Asturias was some of the most heavily industrialised areas of Spain 70% TU membership

All left-wing groups co-operated

20,000 government troops commanded by Franco Navy and Army of Africa

Uprising brutally smashed

How many people are estimated to have died in the Asturias rising

2,000

When did Azaa rally people to unite for Spanish democracy in Madrid?

October 1935 - with 500,000 people, thought to be the largest political meeting in Spanish history

What parties did the Popular Front consist of? What parties did the National Front consist of?

Communists, Liberals and Socialists CEDA, the Falange, Monarchists

Election results 16th February 1936

Popular Front 4,176,156 278

National Front 3,783,601 134

Centre 631,047 55

What did the election results tell about the state of Spanish politics?

Highlighted the divisions is Spanish society

Electoral system grossly unfair have the Popular Front a huge majority when they didnt have a plurality

What did the Popular Front do in government?

Prisoners from the 1934 uprising granted political amnesty

Restart the process of Land Reform

Re-instates the autonomy of the Catalan Parliament

Bans the Falange and imprisons Primo de Riveras son

Azaa is back

When the left returned, impatient peasants seized how many farms on which day?

What was the Falange membership in 1936?

25 March, 60,000 peasants took over 3000 farms Azaa's government legalised the actions

40,000

What mistakes did the Popular Front make?

Helpless against crippling stakes

Only republican sat in the cabinet Caballero refused to let the cabinet

Azaa was removed as PM

Prieto failed to become PM Quigora did

Quirgoa failed to heed General Francos warnings

Political assassinations of 1936

12 July 1936, Jose Castillo Jose Calvo Sotelo, 13 July 1936

Coup Successes

Government response was poor refused to arm workers, fearing Anarcho-Communist revolution

Quigora resigns, as does Barrio.

PCE, CNT and PSOE call a general strike

Giral becomes PM and arms workers

Mola took Pamplona Carlist, Falange and police support

General de Llamo took Seville with 4,000 men

Franco had material support from the Nazis and Mussolini

2/3 of junior offices

Very popular in NW where Catholics, CEDA and the aristocracy welcomed them.

Coup Failures

UGT and CNT remained loyal to the Republic

20th July, Sanjurjo dies

General Fajul surrounded in Madrid

Government had control of gold and communications network

Catalonia did not fall Godet executed by the CNT

Urban Spain remained loyal

17/21 senior officers stayed loyal

Spainsh Navy and Air Force remained loyal blockaded the Gibraltar strait blocking the Army of Africa.

How many transport planes did Hitler send to aid

transporting the Army of Africa?

52

What did the Anarchists want? What did the Marxists want?

An immediate revolution that would destroy all government

A revolution to establish a workers government

The situation in late 1936

Mola and Franco attempt to take Madrid in a pincer movement

Franco should have arrived in Madrid by October instead diverts to Toledo to play the hero.

Franco and Mola vie for the leadership

However the Nationalists fail at the Battle of Jarama February 1937

Why did the Nationalists fail to take Madrid?

Republicans had managed to capture Nationalist battle plans

International Brigades raised morale

Republic soldiers 23,000

Nationalist Soldiers 8,000

Republic better at street fighting

Drastic action needed Franco takes supreme command

Mola and the northern enclave

Nazis and Italians blockade the naval strait

1300 Condor legion planes from the Luftwaffe, led by Hugo Sperlle

Franco diverts south embarrassment

Sperlle wont bomb northern industry

Bilbao swiftly taken, June 1937

Bombing of Guernica 26th April

Mola is killed in another plane crash

Battle slows down

August Santander taken

September Asturias

Battle of el Mazurco

National navy travels south

Why did the Nationalists win in the North?

They had total air supremacy

The Republicans were totally encircled

The Nationalists blockaded the North

The three northern regions failed to cooperate

Francos troops were well suited to attrition

Franco healed the divisions between Mola and Sperrle

The supposed Republican fightback

Brunete offensive 6th July, originally sucsessful sprung back

Re-run on Belchite and Zaragosa August-September 1937

Yet again in Truel September-February 1938

Aragon campaign March April 1938

Caballero and Negrin squabble over PCE influence

4 reasons why was Franco the obvious choice for a leader?

Leader of the army of Africa

Only senior nationalist leader to acquire foreign aid

Successful as a Spanish General

Shrewd politician

5 reasons for the Nationalists failure to capture Madrid.

Republicans captured the nationalist battle plans

Morale was high due to international brigades

Republic had 23,000 soldiers nationalists had 8000

Republicans were better suited to street fighting

Mola had planned the attack, and his plans were weak

Which was arguably the worst atrocity of the war? How many did Basque authorities claim to be killed

at Guernica?

Flattening of Guernica 1,654

By 1938 what size was the Nationalists army compared to the Republican army?

600,000 compared to 400,000

Negrin proposed what in 1938?

A 13 point manifesto. Franco refused and demanded a complete surrender.

The Ebro Offensive. It failed because the Republicans had neither the men nor the resources.

Final Stages of the war

December 1938, Catalonia falls Taragona on 15th Janauary, Madrid on the 9th February

Negrin flees on the 9th February

General Casdado launches a pronounciamento

27th March, Nationalists March on Madrid

WAR IS OVER

International Support for the Republic

French President, Leon Blum agreed to send planes and artillery

However, Britain persuaded them to adopt non-invention Germany ignores

Stalin send 12m roubles in aid

Stalin secretly suplys the republic with 500 tonnes of hardware and 1000 tonnes of ammo 1500 warplanes and 800 people

35,000 volunteer brigades organised by Comitern

Russian aid helped hold Madrid in 1936

Russia demanded 2/3 of gold reserved

Russia demanded strategic influence from the PCE

International Support for the Nationalists

Germany and Italy provided material support

July 1936, Franco bought 6,000 rifles, 450 machine guns, 5 million bullets and 10,000 grenades on cheap finance

1,300 Condor Legion Planes

Warships and destroyers

Italy provided 130 planes, 2,500 tonnes of bombs, 500 artillery pieces, 700 mortars, 12,00 machine guns and 7000 vehicles

Italy send 75,000 volunteer troops

Life in the Republican Zone

CNT took control of Catalonia

70% of industry collectivised by workers

Factories were converted lipstick to bullets

CNT generally were successful in running Catalonia

Aragon peasants seized the land with a Peasants council food free and rationed

Madrid central government still had control 30% collectivised, constant bombardment

Morale slumped when Caballero moved government from Madrid to Valencia

Women took active roles in fighting

The Red Terror murder of priests, landlords, factory owners, Falangists and CEDA 55,000 dead

1 out of 58 churches in Barcelona survive

Life in the Nationalist Zone

Nationalists had complete martial law

All parties banned in 1937 FET-JONS allowed

Strikes and TUs banned all Land Reform scrapped

The church restored and given special education powers pro-Republic teachers sacked

Military parades lifted morale supplies were also plentiful

Traditional gender roles reinstated

The White Terror anyone even slightly pro-Republic shot 150,000-200,000 killed by the Nationalists.

Franco and the Axis

Franco and Hitler enjoyed relatively good relationship

Hitler had conquered half-Europe

The Condor Legion planes imperishable gratitude of Spain

Suner was very pro-Axis

Viva Franco planes

However Never a formal alliance

Spain was not strong and more use neutral

They only met once

Suner stalled on letting the Nazis have bases in Morocco.

Francos Families

Internal Francoists most loyal to Franco

Notable members; Admiral Blanco and General Vega maintain the spirit of the crusade

The military were general friendly 30/90 govt ministers were Army

Relationship turned sour with emerging calls for constitutional monarchy towards the 1970s

The monarchist split still remained

The Catholics became more and more influential ACMP (slightly liberal) and Opus Dei - CONCORDAT

Falange became a non-entity paper tiger

How did the Generalissimo control political factions

within his own camp?

1939 Monarchists squabble over the return of a monarch Franco states at the right time

1947 Law of Leadership Succession states that Spain is a monarchy but does not set out when/how

Don Juan, Alfonso XIIIs son was considered too liberal and reckless

How did Franco take control?

1938 Press law required government authorisation for all publications

1942 propaganda films celebrating Francos achievements and reminding people of the red terror

Law of Political Responsibilities banned radical activities, retrospectively punished from 1934

Police and Falange are placed under military control

Statistics from Francos reign of terror

200,000 executed by 1945 and 250,000 imprisoned by 1950

Falange acted as Francos henchmen

500,000 convicted under Political Responsibilities

Navarro, butcher of Malaga, executed 3,500 in six days, 1937

Anyone considered remotely liberal or republican was in the crosshairs

Even Heinrich Himmler was shocked at the level of brutality metered out

The only resistance Franco met was when thousands of republicans crossed the Pyrenees in 1944

Francos early economic management

Franco favoured a hybrid of autarky and corporatism both Fascist economic ideas

The result is a disaster, prices skyrocket by 600%, whereas wages only rise by 30%

Couldnt import raw materials such as cotton and fertiliser

200,00 die in las anos de hambre

Cereal production only at of 1935 levels

Heavy military spending at 5% of GDP

It became clear that the policies were disastrous Spain is underdeveloped, poor infrastructure and lacked resources, $1bn wasted

Spain joins the IMF in 1958, leading to the 1959 stabilisation plan

The terms; open the borders, import heavily and open the tourist market up

Francos economic miracle

A huge growth in tourism, 20m p/a visit Spain, which causes huge investment and growth of tertiary industries

Huge industrialisation, particularly in Madrid the car industry booms, 3/4m SEAT 600s build between 1959-73, by 1966 1m own a car

500,000 Spaniards emigrated bringing cash home

Internal migration grew from the country to towns

By 1974, GDP was at 79% of the Western European average

Problems included; heavy import taxes, govt controlled supply and demand, business subsidised by central govt

Impact of the boom

Introduction of a mixed economy by 1975, 22% worked the land, 38% industry and 40% tourism

Education outstrips military spending for the first time

Between 1959-74, the number of Universities rose from 12 to 22 500% increase in students, 1/3 women

Number of people on social welfare schemes rose from 29-79%

Number of doctors rose from 1 for 650 people to 106

Infant mortality in the 60s fell from 4-2.8%

Life expectancy rose from 62-73

Social change

Cultural revolution swept across Spain

By 1974, 56% of teens had a record player and 82% a radio

Smoking was in vogue, by 1971, 63% of men and 44% of women smoked

Spain had the second highest cinema attendance in the world

Tourism

Spain was exposed to western values

The bikini was banned in towns and dressing houses were erected along the coastline

Spain was forced to change to meet demands 30% of women were in work by 1974 as opposed to 16% in 1974

The culture of sun, sea and sex began to emerge

Limits to social/cultural change

Catholic values remained prevalent

Education remained church controlled

Porn, contraception and abortions remained outlawed

86% of women had never used contraception

Spanish rom-coms promoted virtuous women gays were mocked on TV

300,000 backstreet abortions were carried out leading to 3000 deaths

Political reform

After Spain was denied entry to the EEC in 1962, Fraga, Minister for Tourism championed small liberal reforms

Law of Associations, 1964

Press Act, 1966

Organic Law, 1967

Law of Family Representation, 1967

Religious Freedom Act, 1967

Was the Generalissimo losing his grip? Opposition to Franco

University students protests peaked in 1965, with the SEU being banned and Martial Law declared in Grenada, 1971

Radical priests 0 began to interfere despite the concordat sent to jail, and Franco writes to the Pope in 1973

Factory workers industrial tensions were rising, 1962, strikes in Asturias, Basque and Barcelona, 1968, 1.1m workers walkout 4379 arrested and 13 killed in June 1969. Soliz Ruis attempts to make a solution.

Regional nationalists the ETA cause havoc, assassination 2000 arrested, and public trails common place. Plot to kill Franco.

Francos death and succession

Francos cabinet consisted of the bunker faction and the juancarlistas

Juan Carlos had powerful allies but a disastrous TV campaign made him look ridiculous

Faced fight from Bourbon-Dampierre

Franco makes Juan Carlos heir apparent in 1969

1973, December 20th, Carrero Blanco is blown up by the ETA

The Butcher of Malaga returns to be PM

Crackdown assisted by the paramilitary Warriors of Christ the King

Salvador Antich executed by garrotte vil

1973, OPEC increased oil prices by 70%, Spain reaches 24% inflation

Franco finally dies on 20th November 1975.