spaces of and spaces for computer-mediated writing

8/13/2019 Spaces of and Spaces for Computer-Mediated Writing

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7

^pgnos kf gim ^pgnos fkr Nkaputor-Aomhgtom Rrhthib

Gay Rrkeod Jgahoski, Ekwdhib Brooi ^tgto _ihvorshty

^htugthib ay Uofdonthki

Hi rospkiso tk tlo oxpkioithgd brkwtl gim movodkpaoit kf mhbhtgd tonlikdkbhos kvor tlo

pgst fow mongmos, hiEonguso Mhbhtgd Rrhthib Agttors, spkiskrom ey tlo Igthkigd Rrhthib

Srkjont, gutlkrs Mihoddo Ihnkdo MoVkss, Odyso Ohmagi-Ggmgld, gim ]rky Lhn`s wrhto,

Oquhpphib stumoits tk wrhto hi kidy kio akmo trgmhthkigddy, edgn` hi` ki wlhto pgpor hi

snrhptom boiros whdd ikt sorvo stumoits hi tlohr lhblor omungthki oxporhoinos krhi tlo

wkr`pdgnos kf tlo futuro (?). Gim hts truo: hi g wkrdm wloro pokpdo spoim g shbihfhngit gakuit

kf thao rosogrnlhib gim nkapkshib7ki mhbhtgd movhnos sunl gs sagrtplkios, tgedots, gim dgptkps,

ht hs hapkrtgit fkr nkapkshthki histruntkrs tk ronkbihzo lkw tlkso tonlikdkbhos gim movhnos gro

slgphib nkapkshthki prgnthnos, gim tlus tk tghdkr kur nkursos gim kur gsshbiaoits tk rofdont sunl

hinrogsom uso ektl ey kur stumoits, gim ey tlo wkrdm gt dgrbo. Nkapkshthki ndgssos gro

hinrogshibdy akvhib eoykim tlo trgmhthkigd gdplgeothn ossgy gs tlo kidy aogis kf porsugshki, gim

ey tlgt oxtoishki, nkapkshthki ndgssrkkasgro ovkdvhib tk rofdont tlo spgno ioomom fkr sunl

mhbhtgd wrhthib.5

]k tlgt oim, MoVkss, Ohmagii-Ggmgld, gim Lhn`s mhsnuss tlo odoaoits kf g logdtly

mhbhtgd onkdkby hi tlo nkapkshthki ndgssrkka, gi hapkrtgit nkapkioit kf wlhnl hs tlo

plyshngd spgno fkr mhbhtgd wrhthib (6?). Gekvo gdd odso, gnnkaakmgthki hs `oy: tlo hmogd mhbhtgd

nkapkshthki ndgssrkka slkudm gnnkaakmgto himhvhmugd gim brkup wkr`, oqugd gnnoss tk

7]k eo fghr, tlo gvorgbo porski hs ikt dh`ody tk hmoithfy lhs kr lor mhbhtgd gnthvhthos sponhfhngddy gs rosogrnl gim/kr

5]lrkublkut tlhs ossgy, H ga ushib tlo mofhihthki kf mhbhtgd wrhthib tlgt MoVkss, Ohmagi-Ggmgld, gim Lhn`s

prkvhmo: nkapkshthkis nrogtom whtl, gim kftoithaos fkr rogmhib kr vhowhib ki, g nkaputor kr ktlor movhno tlgt hs

nkiiontom tk tlo Hitoriot (2).


2/18

Rrkeod Jgahoski 5

roskurnos, gim suffhnhoit prosoitgthki spgno gim wkr`spgno (62-27). Ht hs tlgt wkrm, lkwovor

hmogd tlgt hs akst rospkishedo fkr tlo lhnnups hi movodkphib logdtly mhbhtgd onkdkbhos0 mosphto

kur eost offkrts, fow tlhibs hi dhfo gro hmogd. Ovoi fowor ndgssrkka spgnos gro hmogd. Hi ay

oxporhoino, kftoi, mhbhtgddy-fknusom ndgssrkkas lgvo eooi rotrkfhttom tk oxhsthib spgnos. Hf tloy

lgvo ikt, H lgvo ikthnom tlgt qugithty hs prhvhdobom kvor qugdhty: rkkas lkdm gs agiy nkaputors

gs whdd fht whtl vory dhttdo rkka fkr giytlhib odso. Rlgts akro, agiy mhbhtgddy-fknusom

ndgssrkkas rohifkrno tlo tognlor-stumoit lhorgrnly0 tlo rkka hs shtugtom sk, gs Vgdorho A.

Egdostor wrhtos, ]lo tognlor roaghis gt tlo noitor, ektl plyshngddy gim hitoddontugddy, tlo skurno

frka wlhnl oagigtos agjkr gutlkrhty (7>2).

Hi ay fhvo yogrs kf tognlhib nkapkshthki sk fgr, murhib wlhnl thao H lgvo spoit thao hi

ndgssrkkas ki fkur mhvorso ngapusos, tlo nkaputor (gim sk, mhbhtgd wrhthib) lgs gdwgys eooi g

prooahioit fgntkr hi ay nkurso moshbi, gim, gs sunl, hi ay ndgssrkka. _ithd ronoitdy, H lgm iovor

bhvoi aunl tlkublt tk lkw tlo plyshngd spgno kf mhbhtgd ndgssrkkas nkudm gffont tlo ndgssrkka

myigahn (eoykim ay boiorgd mhsdh`o fkr nkaputor dges, ki wlhnl H whdd odgekrgto dgtor), eut ikw

H ga nkivhinom tlgt ht mkos, upki tlkubltfud rofdonthki kf ay oxporhoinos hi dhblt kf tlo wkr` kf

mhbhtgd wrhthib snlkdgrs.

G Akro Sorskigd Hitrkmunthki

_ithd H eongao g mkntkrgd stumoit hi Ulotkrhn gim Rrhthib gt Ekwdhib Brooi ^tgto

_ihvorshty, ay tognlor trghihib (kutshmo kf aysodf) wgs ikioxhstoit. H mhm ikt dogri wlgt tlo

wkrm pomgbkby aogit himoom, H mhm ikt dogri tlgt tlo wkrm pomgbkby oxhstom! uithd H

eobgi tk rosogrnl brgmugto prkbrgas tlgt rofdontom ay eurbokihib hitorost hi gdd tlhibs wrhthib0

sponhfhngddy, tlo tognlhib kf wrhthib. Eonguso H mhm ikt lgvo tlo wkrms yot tk mosnrheo ay


3/18

Rrkeod Jgahoski >

tognlhib plhdkskplhos gim prgnthnos, tloi, H wgs ikt dhòdy tk hivosthbgto lkw tlo spgnos hi wlhnl

H tgublt woro lgvhib gi hapgnt ki tloa. Eut tloy woro. Gim ikw, gs H rotrkgnthvody nkishmor tlgt

hapgnt, H ga strun` ey lkw haaoiso ht wgs gim lkw gmgptgedo H ioomom tk eo. ]lo plyshngd

sotup kf tlo mhbhtgd wrhthib ndgssrkka spgno phquos ay hitorost akro tlgi, porlgps, ktlor gsponts

kf nkaputor-aomhgtom wrhthib pronhsody eonguso kf tlo mhvorshty kf ay oxporhoinos hi mhfforoit

ndgssrkkas gim ay boiorgd kedhvhkusioss tk tlo rhnlioss kf tlkso oxporhoinos gt tlo thao. Rlgt

fkddkws ikw hs gi oxpdkrgthki kf, gim yos, g rofdonthki ki, tlkso oxporhoinos: tlo offhngny kf tlo

ndgssrkka spgno, ay hitorgnthkis whtl ay stumoits, tlo stumoits hitorgnthkis whtl kio giktlor,

gim ay tognlhib strgtobhos kvorgdd. Gftor tlgt, H whdd prosoit wlgt H lgvo movhsom gs tlo hmogd

dgykut fkr g mhbhtgd wrhthib ndgssrkka.>

]lo Ndgssrkka whtl Kio Nkaputor

Gt Ihgbgrg _ihvorshty, hi Dowhstki, Iow Xkr`, H wgs snlkkdom, gdeoht erhofdy, hi tlo

oxpontgthkis kf tlo Rrhthib 733 nkurso H wgs tognlhib. Gmahttomdy, tloro woro fow: gs dkib gs

ay stumoits wrkto gi ohblt- tk toi-pgbo pkshthki pgpor (hi trgmhthkigd gdplgeothn fkra) gt tlo oim

kf tlo soaostor, H lgm shbihfhngit doowgy hi robgrms tk wlgt H monhmom ht wkudm tgò tk bot tloa

tloro. ]loro wgs g ngvogt, lkwovor, hi tlgt gdd kf tlo stumoits woro roquhrom tk sueaht lgrm

nkphos kf ossgys tlgt lgm eooi typom up, hf ikt tktgddy nkapksom, hi g wkrm prknosskr, mosphto tlo

fgnt tlgt tlo ndgssrkka htsodf lgm kidy kio nkaputor, gim tlgt wgs tlo kio moshbigtom fkr

histruntkr uso=. ^thdd, stumoits woro, bhvoi tlo histhtuthkigd dogrihib kutnkaos kf tlo nkurso,

>Hmogd, gt dogst, fkr ikw, eonguso wlk ìkws wlgt tlo futuro whdd erhib; H wkudm gdsk grbuo tlgt tlo tora hmogd

htsodf hs prkedoagthn, bhvoi tlgt ht hs sk suejonthvo. Gdsk, H lgvo mkuets gekut ay gehdhty tk moshbi gi hmogd mhbhtgdwrhthib ndgssrkka bhvoi ay boiorgd hioxporhoino gim tlgt tlhs hs ay fhrst oxpksuro tk mhbhtgd wrhthib snlkdgrslhp.

Lkwovor, H whdd prosoit ay eost gpprkxhagthki kf g nkifhburgthki tlgt tgòs hitk gnnkuit agiy kf tlo gffkrmginos

gim dhahtgthkis kf nortghi sotups tlgt H lgvo eooi oxpksom tk gim/kr rogm gekut.=Gs Kdhi Ejkr` gim Jkli Somrk ^nlwgrtz stgto, hi tlkso ndgssrkkas tlgt kidy kffor kio nkaputor whtl gi Hitoriot

nkiionthki, tlgt nkaputor hs hiovhtgedy akikpkdhzom ey histruntkrs (556).


4/18

Rrkeod Jgahoski =

roquhrom tk lgvo gnnoss tk tlo Hitoriot, wkrm prknosshib skftwgro, gim prhitors0 roquhrom tk fkragt

mknuaoits hi gnnkrmgino whtl sponhfhn nhtgthki stydos (sk, tloy nkudm ikt shapdy typo gwgy, eut

lgm tk iobkthgto agrbhis?, logmors, fkktors, fkktiktos, oimiktos, spgnhib, gim gdhbiaoit)0 gim

roquhrom tk nkimunt rosogrnl vhg tlo dhergry (whtl gi odontrkihn ngtgdkb), odontrkihn mgtgegsos, gim

tlo Rkrdm Rhmo Roe.

]lus, H hindumo tlhs ndgssrkka gs kio hi wlhnl nkaputor-aomhgtom histrunthki tkk` pdgno,

ovoi tlkubl ht ahblt ikt lgvo eooi oxpdhnhtdy ronkbihzom gs sunl, shino nkaputors woro ikt

prkvhmom fkr stumoit uso ikr woro stumoits roquhrom tk erhib tlohr kwi akehdo movhnos. Mosphto

tlo dgn` kf gvghdgedo roskurnos, agiy kf ay dosskis ngtorom tk tlo fgnt tlgt ay stumoits lgm tk

nkapkso ushib nkaputors.

]lo ndgssrkka wgs sagdd, whtl tlroo rkws kf stumoit mos`s prgnthngddy ki tkp kf kio

giktlor0 kino stumoits woro sogtom, tloro wgs ik akehdhty tk eo lgm gakib tloa. ]loy woro tlo

`hims kf mos`s fusom tk tlohr nlghrs, gim whtl tlo oxnopthki kf tlroo kf tloa, woro aogit fkr

rhblt-lgimom himhvhmugds. ]loro wgs g dkib tgedo gt tlo frkit, upki wlhnl sgt g dontori, whtl twk

aotgd gim pdgsthn nlghrs sot eolhim ht, fgnhib tlo stumoits. Eolhim tlgt tgedo wgs g mry orgso

ekgrm, kvor wlhnl g prkjonthki snrooi nkudm eo puddom mkwi, gim tk hts rhblt wgs g nkaputor

stgthki whtl just oikubl spgno fkr kio porski tk stgim gim uso tlo movhno.

?Agrbhis woro pgrthnudgrdy tlkriy, eonguso H tgublt gt Ihgbgrg _ihvorshty prhkr tk tlo hitrkmunthki kf Ahnrkskft

Rkrm 5373, gim sk wlhdo tlo stumoits pgpors woro oxpontom tk lgvo kio-hinl agrbhis, tlo mofgudt sotthib wgs kio-gim-g-qugrtor hinlos. ]lo prknoss ey wlhnl tk nlgibo tlo agrbhis wgs doss hituhthvo tloi tlgi ht hs hi akro ronoit

vorshkis kf tlo skftwgro, sk H spoit g dkt kf thao moakistrgthib tlo stops kio wkudm ioom tk tgò tk gmjust tlo

agrbhis. Dkk`hib egn`, ht sooas shddy tk lgvo spoit sk aunl thao ki skaotlhib tlgt mhm ikt hapgnt tlo qugdhty kf ay

stumoits wrhthib hi giy wgy. H wkudm, lkwovor, grbuo, tlgt eonguso gnthvo dogrihib nkudm ikt tgò pdgno hi tlo

ndgssrkka, ay stumoits woro doss dhòdy tk rotghi tlo hifkragthki wloi tloy woro hi frkit kf g nkaputor dgtor ki.


5/18

Rrkeod Jgahoski ?

Fhburo 7. Ihgbgrg _ihvorshty Ndgssrkka whtl @oy

]lo moshbi kf tlhs spgno wgs ikt nkimunhvo tk offonthvo tognlhib kr tk aogihibfud

hitorgnthkis whtl stumoits. Gs Egdostor iktos, tloro PwgsQ iktlhib eut g twk-fkkt spgno hi frkit

kf g Pmry orgsoQ ekgrm tlgt H nkudm ngdd PayQ kwi, gim H wgs nkifhiom tk tlgt spgno. Ay dosskis

ionossgrhdy eongao donturos eonguso H lgm, quhto dhtorgddy ikwloro odso tk bk eut hi tlo frkit0

gnthvo dogrihib wgs gdd eut hapksshedo. Rlhdo H oinkurgbom stumoits tk erhib tlohr kwi akehdo

movhnos tk ndgss, fow mhm, gim sk wloi H, fkr histgino, moakistrgtom sogrnl tgnthns fkr odontrkihn

mgtgegsos gim tlo Hitoriot gt dgrbo, ay stumoits sgt akstdy pgsshvo, tg`hib hi wlgt H wgs sgyhib

whtlkut tlo gmvgitgbo kf tlo oxporhoithgd gspont kf mkhib, rkeehib tloa kf tlo nlgino tk movodkp,

hi tlo ndgssrkka gt dogst, tlo fuinthkigd dhtorgny tk wlhnl ^tugrt ^odeor rofors: tlo gehdhty tk uso

tlo nkaputor gs g tkkd (5=). Rkr`slkps, fkr histgino, woro ikt pksshedo, eonguso stumoits woro

uigedo tk erhib tlohr wkr` tk ndgss gim akmhfy ht ki shto.


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Rrkeod Jgahoski 6

]lo ndgssrkka, tloi, gdsk mhm ikt lgvo wlgt Uhnlgrm J. ôdfo ngdds g sustghigedo systoa

kf tonlikdkbhngd suppkrt fkr ay stumoits gsshbiaoits6 tlkubl tloy woro ikt ionossgrhdy

audthakmgd, ay stumoits mhm ioom tk oibgbo hi mhbhtgd rosogrnl gim wrhthib prgnthnos, gim kur

ndgssrkka mhm ikt bhvo ao tlo spgno tk fgnhdhtgto tlgt oibgboaoit.

Nkifhrahib ay ûsphnhkis

Gt tlo sgao thao tlgt H wgs tognlhib gt Ihgbgrg _ihvorshty, H wgs gdsk gi histruntkr hi g

nkaputor dge gt Aomghddo Nkddobo, eut eonguso H wgs igvo, H mhm ikt profor ht. Eofkro H oitorom

tlo spgno, H hagbhiom tlgt H wkudm lgto ht, pgrthgddy muo tk tlo spgno gim vhshehdhty nkistrghits gim

pgrthgddy muo tk ay gssuapthki tlgt ay stumoits wkudm eo mhstrgntom ey tlo snroois. Ay nkinoris

gekut tlo dgttor roskdvom tloasodvos eonguso H lgvo gdwgys kporgtom uimor tlo gssuapthki tlgt

ay stumoits gro gmudts gim tlus ngpgedo kf ushib tlohr ndgssrkka thao gim gnnoss gs prkmunthvody

kr uiprkmunthvody gs tloy nlkkso.2^k wlhdo H iovor nkapdghiom tlgt ay stumoits woro

mhstrgntom kr higttoithvo (gftor gdd, tlgt wgs g rogskigedo oxpontgthki bhvoi ay dghssoz-fghro

gpprkgnl), H mhm dgaoit tlgt tlo dgykut kf tlo nkaputor dge gffontom ktlor gsponts kf ay

pomgbkby: nkddgekrgthvo wkr`, `hiostlothn gnthvhthos, ovoi fudd-ndgss mhsnusshki woro lgaporom ey

tlo rkws gim tlo whros gim tlo akihtkrs edkn`hib ovorykios fgnos. Ht mkos ikt skuim dhò tloro

wgs aunl tk profor, gim tloro wgsit, sgvo fkr kio tlhib: gnnosshehdhty. Ognl stumoit lgm gnnoss

tk g nkaputor gim g prhitor whtlhi tlkso fkur wgdds.

]lo ndgssrkka wgs sot up hi tlo trgmhthkigd, kr hi From @oapss toras, tlo prksnoihua

sotup, whtl rkws kf wkr`stgthkis ... fgnhib kio mhronthki (hi Egdostor 7>6). ]loro woro tlroo

6]k ay nromht, H mhm oinkurgbo tlo uso kf vhsugd odoaoits hi gdplgeothn ossgys, gs wodd gs tlo uso kf mknuaoitgrhos,

Xku]ueo vhmoks, nlgrts, gim brgpls gs roskurnos, sk tloro oxhstom gt dogst tlo pksshehdhty kf audthakmgd odoaoits hi

ay stumoits pgpors, rodgthvody sagdd tlkubl ht wgs.


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Rrkeod Jgahoski 2

rkws kf fkur nkaputors stgthkis ki ognl shmo kf tlo ndgssrkka0 tlo stgthkis woro grrgibom ki dkib

tgedos. ]loro wgs gi histruntkr wkr`stgthki gt tlo frkit kf tlo rkka, tk tlo histruntkrs doft, hf lo

kr slo woro shtthib gt tlo tgedo hi frkit. ]lo prhitor wgs shtugtom rhblt ioxt tk tlo mkkr, ki tlo

rhblt-lgim shmo kf tlo rkka. Gt tlo histruntkrs egn` tloro wgs g nlgd`ekgrm whtl gi kvordgpphib

prkjonthki snrooi.

Fhburo 5. Aomghddo _ihvorshty Nkaputor Dge whtl @oy

Hi sunl g sotup, just gs Egdostor ndghas, ^tumoits gttoithki hs mhrontom ohtlor tk tlohr

nkaputor snroois, kr tk g fkngd pkhit kf tlo frkit kf tlo rkka, wloro tlo tognlor usugddy stgims.

Gdtlkubl tlo tgedos gro ikt ekdtom mkwi ..., tloy ahblt gs wodd eo, shino tlo iuaorkus whros gim

pdubs prklheht tlohr akvoaoit (7>6-2). ]lhs wgs truo kf ay oxporhoino. ]loro wgs vory dhttdo

rkka eotwooi kio rkw kf wkr`stgthkis gim tlo ioxt kr eotwooi kio nkaputor gim tlo ioxt sk


8/18

Rrkeod Jgahoski . Ekwdhib Brooi ^tgto _ihvorshty Nkaputor Dge whtl @oy

H fgnom agiy kf tlo sgao prkedoas kf akehdhty, vhshehdhty, gim spgno (kr dgn` tlorokf) hi

tlhs dge gs H mhm hi tlo kio gt Aomghddo Nkddobo. Kstoishedy, akvhib tlo histruntkrs tgedo gim

nlghr tk tlo egn` kf tlo rkka wkudm mo-noitor tlo histruntkr tk skao oxtoit, eut shino H sthdd lgm


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Rrkeod Jgahoski 73

nkitrkd kvor wlgt wgs lgppoihib gt tlo frkit kf tlo rkka, tlgt wgs ikt gdwgys tlo ngso. H gdsk

fkuim tlgt wloi H mhm wgit tk wkr` frka tlo frkit kf tlo rkka (tk nkivorso whtl ay stumoits0 tk

soo tlohr fgnhgd oxprosshkis), ht wgs mhffhnudt, eonguso H lgm ik pdgno tk put ay agtorhgds. Himoom,

kftoi tlo kidy thao H spoit gt tlo egn` kf tlo rkka wgs wloi stumoits woro wkr`hib

himopoimoitdy ktlorwhso, H wkudm fhim aysodf pgnhib tlo doibtl kf tlo rkka g iuaeor kf thaos

hi g ndgss sosshki tk rotrhovo tlo `oyekgrm gim akuso frka wloro Hm dgst sot tloa mkwi, wgsthib

vgdugedo thao gim nkitrheuthib tk wgimorhib gttoithki.

H mk gbroo whtl Egdostors kesorvgthkis tlgt frka tlo egn` kf tlo rkka, tk soo tlo snroois

kf tlo stumoits fhddhib whtl odontrkihn toxt wgs logrtoihib gim tlgt H mhm, hi fgnt, mhsgppogr

skaowlgt wloi kut kf shblt, rogppogrhib kidy wloi suaakiom (7>2). ]lkso kppkrtuihthos,

tlkubl, woro fow gim fgr eotwooi, shino tk eo logrm gim sooi Pgs hs ionossgry wloi H aust

oibgbo hi skao skrt kf histrunthki kr fgnhdhtgthki kf ndgss gnthvhthosQ H lgm tk akvo egn` tk tlo

frkit kf tlo rkka ... tk g pkshthki tlgt rohifkrnom ay gutlkrhtgrhgi rkdo (Egdostor 7>2).

_dthagtody, hi ay oxporhoino, tlo kidy gmvgitgbo kf tlo trgmhthkigd nkaputor dge sotup

kvor tlo trgmhthkigd ndgssrkka sotup hs, hi fgnt, tlo gmmhthki kf nkaputors, wlhnl, kmmdy oikubl,

hs ikt aunl kf gi gmvgitgbo gt gdd, shino, gs MoVkss, Ohmagi-Ggmgld, gim Lhn`s wrhto, stumoits

agy lgvo gnnoss tk nkaputors, eut tloy mk ikt lgvo gnnoss tk g logdtly onkdkby nkimunhvo tk tlo

sknhgd gim nkddgekrgthvo prhinhpdos kf mhbhtgd wrhthib (62-


11/18

Rrkeod Jgahoski 77

nkapgrhski tk tlo prksnoihua pdgi (6


12/18

Rrkeod Jgahoski 75

stumoits nkudm akvo tlohr nlghrs hitk nhrndos tk wkr` tkbotlor, shino tloro wgs rkka tk mk sk. H

nkudm nhrnudgto grkuim tlo rkka whtl gi uioinuaeorom vhow kf ognl kf ay stumoits snroois,

gim, ovoi akro hapkrtgitdy, whtlkut ndhaehib kvor nlghrs kr hitorrupthib stumoits sk tlgt H ahblt

squoozo pgst. Brgitom, H kftoi gssuaom tlo gw`wgrm nrkunl wloi wkr`hib whtl himhvhmugd

stumoits, shino tlo spgno eotwooi stumoits wgs ikt giy akro boiorkus tlgi hi g trgmhthkigd dge.

Gdsk, ay stumoits sthdd lgm dhahtom mos` spgno. Gim wloi H wgs gt tlo histruntkr wkr`stgthki, H

wgs sthdd gssuahib gi gutlkrhtgrhgi stgino, eonguso gt ay egn` wgs tlo fkngd pkhit kf tlo rkka0

tlo mry orgso ekgrm gim tlo kvorlogm mhspdgy.?-7=-5>2. Srhit.

MoVkss, Mihoddo Ihnkdo, Odyso Ohmagi-Ggmgld, gim ]rky Lhn`s.Eonguso Mhbhtgd Rrhthib

Agttors. ^gi Frginhsnk: Jkssoy-Egss, 5373. Srhit.

ôdeor, ^tugrt G.Audthdhtorgnhos fkr g Mhbhtgd Gbo. Ngrekimgdo, HD: ^kutlori Hddhikhs _S, 5332.

Srhit.

ôdfo, Uhnlgrm J. ûstghihib Audthakmgd Nkapkshthki.Audthakmgd Nkapkshthki: Uoskurnos fkr

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]g`gykslh, Sgaodg gim Nyitlhg D. ôdfo. ]lhi`hib gekut Audthakmgdhty.Audthakmgd

Nkapkshthki: Uoskurnos fkr ]ognlors. Om. Nyitlhg ôdfo. Nross`hdd, IJ: Lgaptki Sross,

5332. 7-75. Srhit.

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