spacerace by sana
TRANSCRIPT
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The Space Race was a mid-to-late 20th century
competition between the Soviet Union(USSR)and the United States (US) for supremacy in
space exploration.
Between 1957 and 1975, Cold War rivalry
between the two nations focused on attaining
firsts in space exploration, which were seen asnecessary for national security and symbolic
of technological and ideological superiority.
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The Space Race involved pioneering
efforts to launch artificial satellites,
sub-orbital and orbital human
spaceflight around the Earth, and
piloted voyages to th
e Moon.
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In 1955, with both the United Statesand the Soviet Union buildingballistic missiles that could beutilized to launch objects into space,
the "starting line" was drawn forthe Space Race.
In separate announcements, justfour days apart, both nationspublicly announced that they would
launch artificial Earth satellites by1957 or 1958.
On 29 July 1955, James C. Hagerty,president Dwight D. Eisenhower'spress secretary, announced that theUnited States intended to launch"small Earth circling satellites"between 1 July 1957 and 31December 1958 as part of theircontribution to the InternationalGeophysical Year (IGY).
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Four days later, at the SixthCongress ofInternationalAstronautical
Federation in Copenhagen,scientist Leonid I. Sedov spoketo international reporters atthe Soviet embassy, andannounced his country's
intention to launch a satelliteas well, in the "near future".
On 30 August 1955, Korolevmanaged to get the Soviet
Academy of Sciences to createa commission whose purposewas to beat the Americansinto Earth orbit: this wasthe defacto start date for theSpace Race.
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It effectively began with the Soviet launch of
the Sputnik 1artificial satellite on 4 October
1957.It concluded with the co-operative Apollo-Soyuz
Test Project human spaceflight mission in July
1975. The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project came to
symbolize dtente, a partial easing of strained
relations between the USSR and the US.
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Timeline of the Space Race
http://www.history.com/topics/space-race/videos#the-space-race
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Date Significance Country Mission Name
August 21, 1957Intercontinental ballistic
missile (ICBM)USSR
R-7 Semyorka SS-6
Sapwood
October 4, 1957 First artificial satellite USSR Sputnik 1
November 3, 1957 First animal in orbit (Dog) USSR Sputnik 2
January 31, 1958First US satellite;detection ofVan Allen
belts
USA-ABMA Explorer 1
December 18, 1958First communications
satelliteUSA-ABMA Project SCORE
Timeline of the Space Race
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January 4, 1959Artificial satellite
(Sun's)USSR Luna 1
February 17, 1959 Weather satellite USA-NASA(NRL)1 Vanguard 2
June 1959Reconnaissance
satelliteUSA-Air Force Discover 4
August 7, 1959Photo of Earth from
spaceUSA-NASA Explorer 6
September 14, 1959 Probe to Moon USSR Luna 2
October 7, 1959Photo of the far side of
the MoonUSSR Luna 3
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April 12, 1961 Human in orbit USSR Vostok 1
July 10, 1962
First
active communications
satellite
USA-AT&T Telstar
September 29, 1962Artificial satellite by a
non-superpowerCanada Alouette 1
June 16, 1963 Woman in orbit USSR Vostok 6
March 18, 1965 Extra-vehicular activity USSR Voskhod 2
December 15, 1965 Orbital rendezvous2 USA-NASA Gemini 6A/Gemini 7
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March 1, 1966Probe lands on another
planet - VenusUSSR Venera 3
March 16, 1966In-orbit rendezvous and
dockingUSA-NASA Gemini 8
December 24, 1968 Manned Lunar orbit USA-NASA Apollo 8
July 20, 1969 Human on the Moon USA-NASA Apollo 11
April 23, 1971 Space station USSR Salyut 1
November 14, 1971Satellite orbits another
planet -MarsUSA-NASA Mariner 9
November 9, 1972Geostationarycommunicatio
ns satelliteCanada-BCE Anik A1
July 15, 1975 First U.S.-USSR joint mission USSR USA-NASA Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
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The Space Race sparked unprecedented increasesin spending on education and pure research,
which accelerated scientific advancements andled to beneficial spin-off technologies. Anunforeseen effect was that the Space Racecontributed to the birth of the environmental
movement; the first color pictures of Earth takenfrom deep space were used as icons by themovement to show the planet as a fragile "bluemarble" surrounded by the blackness of space.
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Technologyespecially in aerospace
engineering, electronics and telecommunicati
onfieldsadvanced greatly during this
period. However, the effects of the Space
Race went far beyond rocketry, physics, and
astronomy. "Space age technology" extended
to fields as diverse as home economics andforest defoliation studies, and the push to
win the race changed the very nature of
science education.
Advances in technology and education
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American concerns that they had fallen behindthe Soviet Union in the race to space led quicklyto a push by legislators and educators for greater
emphasis on mathematics and the physicalsciences in American schools. The UnitedStates' National Defense Education Act of 1958increased funding for these goals from childhoodeducation through the post-graduate level. To this
day over 1,200 American high schools retain theirown planetarium installations, a situationunparalleled in any other country and a directconsequence of the Space Race
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Today over a thousand artificial satellites orbit earth, relaying
communications data around the planet and facilitatingremote sensing of data on weather, vegetation, and humanmovements for the nations who employ them. In addition,much of the micro-technology that fuels everyday activities,from time-keeping to enjoying music, derives from research
initially driven by the Space Race.
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The Environment
An unintended consequence of the Space Race is that itfacilitated the environmental movement, as this was the firsttime in history that humans could see their home-world as itreally appears-the first color pictures from space showed afragile blue planet bordered by the blackness of space.
Pictures such as Apollo 8's Earthrise, which showed a crescentEarth peeking over the lunar surface, and Apollo 17's The Blue
Marble, which for the first-time-ever showed a full circular earth,became iconic to the environmental movement.
The first Earth Day was partially triggered by the Apollo 8 photo.Astronauts returning from space missions also commented onhow fragile the Earth looked from space, further fueling calls for
better stewardship of the only home humans havefor now.
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