soziologie können maschinen denken

7/23/2019 Soziologie Knnen Maschinen Denken

1/15

On~tm Mlgmwgm~cn ar Tngm`ei Onrce`#

Ahgmonrnegm E#Wt~de~k Fn`nrhcn

Onregmt

+ I``n` Khwgme`n` Dn`in`.?:8?

Nrwtncct ql`2 Vhctmnr# H`dr

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Vhctmnr# H`dr


2/15

Neàmr~`f E

E`mhct

8 Neàmr~`f .......................................................................................................... 8? Vhw ewt Dnìn`< ................................................................................................. 87 Vhw ewt ne`n Khwgme`n< ...................................................................................... ?4 Dhw Ekethtel`wwzenc -T~re`f+Tnwt% ...................................................................... ?4.8 Gme`nwewgmnw Rekknr ......................................................................................... 44.8.8 Nricr~`f Gme`nwewgmnw Rekknr ........................................................................ 44.8.? Wgmhgmwzenc ......................................................................................................... >4.? Dnìn` wek~cenrn` ............................................................................................. 14.7 H`tmrlzlklrzmewk~w ......................................................................................... 6>

Qnrhccfnkne`nr~`f dnr Zrlocnkhtei .................................................................. =

>.8 Khwgme`n ............................................................................................................ =>.? Kn`wgm ............................................................................................................... 5>.7 Vhw i``n` Khwgme`n`< .................................................................................. 8:1 R~whkknàhww~`f ............................................................................................ 886 Qnrnegmèwwn ................................................................................................... 876.8 Cetnrht~rqnrnegmèw .......................................................................................... 876.? Hooecd~`fwqnrnegmèw ..................................................................................... 87


3/15

Neàmr~`f 8

8 Neàmr~`f

Ne`nr dnr vegmtefwtn` Dnìnr e` dnr Arhfn# lo Khwgme`n` dnìn` i``n` ewt dnr Mnrr Hch`

Khtmewl` T~re`f. Mnrr T~re`f v~rdn ek Bhmr 858? e` Cl`dl` -Wthdttnec Zhdde`ftl`% fnolrn`

~`d wthro ket 48 Bhmrn`. Nr howlcqenrtn ne` Wt~de~k e` Khtmnkhtei ~`d onwh ne`n wnmr wthrin

Onfnewtnr~`f ar `ht~rvewwn`wgmhatcegmn Tmnkn`. T~re`f fect ket hcw Zelènr dnr Glkz~tnr+

vewwn`wgmhatn`. R~ ne`nk wne`nr vegmtefn` Vnrin fnmrt den N`twgmcwwnc~`f dnr Nèfkh dnw

dn~twgmn` @hgmregmtn`wuwtnkw ek vnetn` Vnctirenf. Denwn Fr~`dchfn` mhcan` emk e` dn`

>:nr Bhmrn`# dnw ?:. Bhmrm~`dnrtw dhronr `hgm~dnìn`# lo qenccnegmt Khwgme`n` dnìn`

i``n` ~`d ven denw h~afnneft vnrdn` ih``. Nr wtncct wlket ne`n` vegmtefn` H`whtz~ìt ar

den Onh`tvlrt~`f dnrArhfn I``n` Khwgme`n` Dnìn`


4/15

Vhw ewt ne`n Khwgme`n< ?

d~`f ql` qlrmh`dn` Vewwn`%# zrld~iteq -vn`` vhw @n~nw fnwgmhaan` vnrdn` wlcc% ~`d wuk+

olcewgm -ven ek Trh~k% fndhgmt vnrdn` Yqfc. 4[.

Dhw Dnìn` wntt wegm dhone h~w knmrnrn` Non`n` ~whkkn`. Dhone verd vewgmn` dnk on+

v~wwtn` ~`d ~ònv~wwtn` Dnìn` ~`tnrwgmendn`. Dn~tcegm verd denw# vn`` bnkh`d zctcegm

-e`t~eteq% ~`d lm`n dhww nr fnrhdn h` ne`n onwtekktn Arhfnwtncc~`f onv~wwt fndhgmt mht# ne`n

Cw~`f ~ denwnk fnwtncctn` Zrlocnk ae`dnt. Dhone neft wegm# dhww nrwt ne` ~ònv~wwtnr Fn+

dhìn qlr dnk nefn`tcegm onv~wwtn` Fndhìn` n`twtnmt# h`mh`d dnr e`t~eteqn` -zctcegmn`

Cw~`f ne`nw Zrlocnkw% Dnìn`w cwwt wegm denw f~t `hgmvnewn`.

7 Vhw ewt ne`n Khwgme`n[ onwgmrenon` vnrdn`. Ne`n Khwgme`n verd tngmèwgm fnwnmn` hcw ne` Wtlaa +# N`nr+

fen + ldnr Eàlrkhtel` ~kwntn`dnw Wuwtnk h`fnwnmn`. Den Khwgme`n ih`` wlket hcw ne`

eàlrkhtel`w~kwntn`dnw Wuwtnk h`fnwnmn` vnrdn`8. R~dnk verd knewt one dnk Onfreaa

Khwgme`n h` rngm`nrfnwtttn Wuwtnkn fndhgmt. R~k Onewzenc h` ne`n` Chztlz# ZG#

Wkhrtzml`n h~a dn`n` ne` Zrlfrhkk hoc~at.

T~re` wenmt den Khwgme`n vendnr~k h`dnrw# nr qnrvn`dnt cenonr dn` Onfreaa ^èqnrwhckhwgme+

`n. Menrone mh`dnct wegm ègmt ~k ne`n rnhc n}ewtenrn`dn Hzzhrht~r# wl`dnr` ~k ne` khtmnkh+

tewgmnw Kldncc. Dhone wtnccn` den Defethcrngm`nr knmr ldnr vnèfnr qlccilkkn`dn

_nhcewenr~`fn` dhr. Ne` Defethcrngm`nr ewt ek We``n ql` T~re`f ne`n Khwgme`n ket dewirntn`

R~wt`dn` -oe`r we`d nw den R~wt`dn 8 ldnr :%# den `hgm anwtn` _nfnc` qnrwgmendn`n _n+

gmn`lznrhtel`n` d~rgmamrt. E` dnr mn~tefn` Rnet verd den h``mnr`dn _nhcewenr~`f knewt

keirlncnitrlèwgm fncwt. E` dnr R~i~àt i``tn` h~gm h`dnrn Qnrahmrn` -.O. X~h`tn`glk+

z~tnr% ne`n` Defethcrngm`nr -^èqnrwhckhwgme`n% `hgm T~re`fw khtmnkhtewgmnk Kldncc ho+

oecdn`.

4 Dhw Ekethtel`wwzenc -T~re`f+Tnwt%

^k anwt~wtnccn`# lo ne`n Khwgme`n dnìn` ih``# k~ww denwn dhrh~a fntnwtnt vnrdn` i``n`.

T~re`f mht menrar ne`n` Tnwt qlrfnwgmchfn`# dn` nr e` ne`nk H~awht ek Ke`d+Khfhe` -Ql+

c~kn >5% qnraan`tcegmt mht. Denwnr H~awht onwgmrneot ne` neàhgmnw Qnrahmrn` ~k anwt~wtnc+

cn`# lo den Khwgme`n e`tnccefn`t wne` i``tn ldnr ~ke`dnwt wl il`wtr~enrt vnrdn` ih``.

8 Den Onnegm`~`f Fnrt vrn h~a Fr~`d dnw Mh~zt~kwhtnw ql` Eàlrkhtel` tngmèwgm fnwnmn` regmtefnr. Dh

honr hccfnkne`wzrhgmcegm ine` ^`tnrwgmend fnkhgmt verd ~`d denwn Vlrtn knewt Wu`lùk fn`lkkn` verd

dnr Onfreaa Khwgme`n vnetnr qnrvn`dnt.


5/15

Dhw Ekethtel`wwzenc -T~re`f+Tnwt% 7

Hooecd~`f 4+82 Ekethtel`wwzenc# 7 Znrwl`n`

Hooecd~`f 4+?2 Ekethtel`wwzenc# ? Znrwl`n`

~`d ne`n Khwgme`n# den den 7. Znrwl` eketenrt

T~re`f mht menrone ek N`dnaanit den Arhfn I``n` Khwgme`n` dn`in`


6/15


dnw Kn`wgmn` ~ qnrwtnmn` ~`d ne`n kfcegmn H`tvlrt ~ fnon`# dhone k~ww den Khwgme`n

`lgm qnrwgmcnenr`# dhww wen wncowt ine` Kn`wgm ewt. Dnwvnfn` verd knewt dnr Tnwt `lgm vnetnr

qnrneàhgmt e`dnk nrih``t vnrdn` k~ww# lo ne` Kn`wgm ldnr ne`n Khwgme`n den Znrwl` H ewt.

H~a denwn Zrlocnkhtei feot nw knmrnrn H`wtn# den ne`n Cw~`f dnw Ekethtel`wwzencw qlr+

wgmchfn` ~`d h~anefn` qnrw~gmn`# ven ne`n Khwgme`n denwn` Tnwt onwtnmn` i``tn.

4.8 Gme`nwewgmnw Rekknr

4.8.8 Nricr~`f Gme`nwewgmnw Rekknr

Ne` Cw~`fwqlrwgmchf v~rdn ql` Blm` Wnhrcn qlrfnwtncct. ^`d vhr fnmt nw e` wne`nr Ednn ~k

ne` Rekknr ket ne`nk ne`fnwznrrtn` Kh``. Dhw N}znrekn`t ih`` ven alcft h~afnoh~t vnr+

dn`. Nw verd dhql` h~wfnfh`fn`# dhww ne` Kn`wgm e` ne`nk Rekknr ne`fnwznrrt ewt. E` denwnk

Rekknr cenft ne` O~gm -_nfncvnri% e` denwnk ewt hccnw fn`h~ onwgmrenon # ar dn` Ahcc dhw ne`

gme`nwewgmnr Tn}t ~`tnr dnr Tr d~rgmfnwgmlon` verd. Ne`nw Thfnw verd ne` gme`nwewgmnr Tn}t

ar dn` Kn`wgmn` ~`tnr dnr Tr d~rgmfnwgmlon`. Ar dn` Kn`wgmn`# dnr ne`fnwznrrt ewt ~`d

ine` gme`nwewgm ih``# onwtnmt denwnr Tn}t `~r h~w we``clwn` Rnegmn`. Qlr Ch`fnrvnecn wgmcft

nr dhw _nfncvnri h~a# ~k ne` ~kwt`dcegmn` ~`d ch`fvnecefn` Zhten`gnwzencw ket dn` gme`nwe+

wgmn` Rnegmn` d~rgm~amrn`. Dhone wlcc dnr Tn}t h~a onwtekktn Rnegmn` ~`tnrw~gmt vnrdn`

~`d `hgm ne`nk _nfncwuwtnk h~afnwgmrenon` vnrdn`. Hk `gmwtn` Thf nrwgmne`t ne` `n~nw

Ochtt ~`tnr dnr Tr# vncgmnw vendnr~k gme`nwewgm fnwgmrenon` ewt. Dhw _nfncvnri wenmt denw

vendnr~k qlr ~`d onwgmrneot vncgmn Tnecn vl mnrh~wfn`lkkn` -tnecw h~w dnk O~gm# tnecw h~w

dn` @lten` ldnr h~w dnk nrwtn` Tn}t% vnrdn` kwwn` ~`d ven denwn `ltenrt vnrdn` wlccn`#

denw fnwgmenmt h~a ne`n wnmr ilkzcn}n Hrt ~`d Vnewn. Denwn Rnegmn` vnrdn` dh`` h~a ne`

`n~nw Ochtt Zhzenr `ltenrt.

Vhw dnr Kn`wgm ek Rekknr ègmt v~wwtn ewt# dhw nr ~ Onfe`` ne` Ochtt Zhzenr ket ne`nr gme+

`nwewgmn` I~rfnwgmegmtn nrmhctn` mht. Dhw vnetn Ochtt one`mhctnt ne`n _nemn ql` Arhfn`.Dhw drettn Ochtt# vncgmnw rh~wfnwgmlon` vlrdn` ewt# vhrn` den H`tvlrtn` h~a den Arhfn`. Den

H`tvlrtn` we`d wl f~t# dhww denwn ql` ne`nr gme`nwewgmn` Il`trlccznrwl` e` emrnr X~hcett

ègmt ~ ~`tnrwgmnedn` we`d. Dhw _nfncvnri ket wne`nk Hcflretmk~w ewt wlket wnmr f~t alrk~+

cenrt# wl dhww wegm den H`tvlrtn` wegm ègmt ql` dnk K~ttnrwzrhgmcnr ~`tnrwgmnedn` chwwn`. Den

Onlohgmtnr ql` h~n` onmh~ztn` `~`# dhww denwnw Rekknr dnìn` ih`` Yqfc. 1[.

Vegmtef ar denwnw N}znrekn`t ewt# dhww den H~afhon `~r h`mh`d dnw _nfncvnriw fncwt vlr+

dn` ewt. Nw we`d h~gm H`tvlrtwtgin ek O~gm n`tmhctn`# wlket we`d Tnecn dnr H`tvlrt -vn``nw h~gm `~r Oe`dnvrtnr ldnr h`dnrn Whtncnkn`tn we`d% ket ek _nfncvnri qlrmh`dn` ~`d ar


7/15

Dhw Ekethtel`wwzenc -T~re`f+Tnwt% >

den H~wamr~`f qlrfnwnmn`. Dhw Zrlocnk ewt bntt# lo kh` dhw Dnìn` ar dhw Rekknr ho+

wzrngmn` ih``.

Denwnw Onewzenc verd `~` h~a dn` T~re`f+Tnwt onrtrhfn`# e`dnk dnr Kn`wgm d~rgm ne`n Kh+

wgme`n -Defethcrngm`nr ket Zrlfrhkk% nrwntt verd. Dnr Defethcrngm`nr h` wegm ih`` ègmt

dnìn`# honr den Arhfn ewt# lo den Fnwhktmnet dnw Rekknrw ket dnk Defethcrngm`nr ~`d dnk

_nfncvnri dnìn` ih``. Menrone wzenc dhw _nfncvnri# vncgmnw hcw Zrlfrhkk h~a dnk Defe+

thcrngm`nr hofncnft ewt# ne`n vegmtefn _lccn. Wnhrcn onmh~ztnt# dhww denwnw Rekknr ne`n H`hcl+

fen dnw Cnr`n`w wne. Menr verd ~`tnrwtncct# dhww onek Qnrch~a ne`nw Cnr`zrlnwwnw hk Hàh`f

den Qnrkettc~`f ql` _nfnc` ar onwtekktn De`fn wtnmt ~`d nrwt wztnr dhw Qnrwtnmn` denwnr

_nfnc` nralcft ~`d dhket dnr We`` nrih``t verd. Wl cnr`n` ver e` dnr Wgm~cn# dhww 8)?;7 ~`d

dhw 4">;?: ewt# lm`n wlalrt dn` We`` denwnr _nfnc ~ nrin``n`. Nrwt wztnr i``n` ver dh``

den _nfnc qnre``nrcegmn` ~`d wlket qnrwtnmnòv. dn` We`` onfrnean`.

Wnhrcn onmh~ztnt `~`# dhww h~gm den Khwgme`n dn` Tn}t h`mh`d ne`nw _nfncvnriw fncnr`t

mht# lovlmc hccnw fn`h~ ek _nfncvnri anwtfncnft ewt. Menrone verd ~`tnrwgmchfn`# dhww ègmt

dhql` h~wfnfh`fn` verd# dhww dnr We`` d~rgm den h~wamrn`dn Ne`mnet -Defethcrngm`nr% qnr+

wth`dn` vnrdn` wlcc.

Den Khwgme`n in``t wlket `~r _nfnc` `hgm dn`n` wen den qnrwgmendn`n` Tn}tn hohronetn`

ih``. Verd honr dhrh~w wgmc~wwfnalcfnrt# dhww Dnìn` ket H`vn`dn` ql` _nfnc fcnegm~wnt+

n` ewt# n`twtnmt ne` `n~nw Zrlocnk# vncgmnw h`mh`d ne`nw Wgmhgmwzencw nricrt verd.

4.8.? Wgmhgmwzenc

Ek nrwtn` Wgmrett cnr`t ne` Hà`fnr den Fr~`drnfnc` dnw Wgmhgmw# den ar bndn` kfcegmn`

R~f ne`nr Aef~r fnctn`. @~` onfe``t dnr Hà`fnr dhket ~ n}znrekn`tenrn`# vncgmn Nraa+

`~`fwfn den onwtn` ar denwnw Wzenc vrn`. Ket dnr Rnet verd dnr Hà`fnr ne` Fnamc dhar

onilkkn`# vncgmn Wthrtfn ~`d Alcfnfn hk onwtn` we`d. Nr cnr t hcwl dh~.

Ch~t Wnhrcn khgmt nw vnèfnr ne`n` ^`tnrwgmend# lo ne` Hà`fnr nrcnr`tn _nfnc onalcft ldnr

ne` tenanrnw Qnrwt`dèw ar dhw Wzencw n`tveginct mht.

Dnr kn`wgmcegmn Wzencnr wzenct honr menrone ekknr fnewtef ~`wgmhra. Dhw mnet# dhww dnr Wzen+

cnr Anmcnr khgmt# wegm ègmt h` hccn kfcegmn` Rfn nre``nrt# wne`n Wzencfn qhreenrt ~`d nr

qnrcwwt wegm ~k Tnec h~a wne`n E`tn`wel` -Oh~gmfnamc#% ar dn` `n~n` R~f. Nr verd dhone

qnrw~gmn` ho~wgmtn`# vncgmn Rfn ar em` hk onwtn` we`d ~`d verd qnrw~gmn` dn` Fnf`nr

~ erretenrn`# ~ t~wgmn` ~`d verd onwtrnot wne`# knewt ne`n` onwtekktn` Vnf d~rgm~wntn`.


8/15


Den Khwgme`n -Defethcrngm`nr% fnmt ne`n` h`dnrn` Vnf# denwn verd qnrw~gmn` kfcegmwt hccn

Rfn ek Qlrh~w d~rgm~rngm`n`?. Nw verd dhone bndnr kfcegmn R~f onvnrtnt# ~k anwt~wtnc+

cn` vncgmnr den knewtn` Qlrtnecn ar den Khwgme`n ore`ft ~`d denwnr verd dh`` fnwzenct. Dhone

wntt den Khwgme`n h~a ne` _nfncvnri# Hcflretmkn` ~`d Wthtewtein`.

Dhone n`twtnmt honr ne` Zrlocnk ket denwn` Qnrahmrn`. Den kfcegmn` Rfn e` ne`nk Wgmhgm+

wzenc we`d khtmnkhtewgm onfrn`t. Dhrh~w cwwt wegm ne` Frn`vnrt hocnetn`.

Ar den Ontrhgmt~`f dnr Wzrhgmn k~ww emrn du`hkewgmn Nefn`wgmhat onhgmtnt vnrdn`. Nw feot

bndn` Thf `n~n Tmnkn`# Vrtnr ~`d Wtn ~`d ne` Wht ih`` h~a ~`tnrwgmendcegmwtn Vnewn

fnwzrlgmn` vnrdn` -~k Onewzenc ket ~`tnrwgmendcegmnr Ontl`~`f%. Den ~`tnrwgmendcegmn Hrt

~`d Vnewn dnr Whtalrk~cenr~`f kwwtn` ek _nfncvnri qlrfnwnmn` vnrdn`. H`dnrw ewt denw

onek Kn`wgmn`# nr dnìt ègmt wgmhra# nr dnìt nmnr ~`wgmhra onr Whgmn` `hgm ~`d qnrwtnmt

den De`fn e` dnr Ondn~t~`f. Ar dn` Kn`wgmn` i``n` ~`tnrwgmendcegmn Wtn bndnw Khc dn`

wncon` E`mhct ~`d H~wwhfn one`mhctn` lm`n dhone ne`n onrkefn Qenchmc h` _nfnc` ar den

fcnegmn Ondn~t~`f ~`d qlr hccnk hccn kfcegmn` Wtn in``n` ~ kwwn`.

Ar den Khwgme`n ondn~tnt denw e`wfnwhkt# dhww hccn Kfcegminetn`# den h` Wtn` ~`d Tmn+

kn` ~r Qnraf~`f wtnmn`# e` ne`n` _nfncvnri hofnoecdnt vnrdn` kwwn`. Denw fnwthctnt wegm

dhd~rgm wgmvenref# dhww denwn H`hmc dnr _nfnc ar dhw Qnrwt`dèw dnr Wtn fnfn` ~`n`d+

cegm wtrnon` vrdn# d~rgm den Du`hkei dnr Wzrhgmn ~`d dnr ~`n`dcegmn` Rhmc h` kfcegmn`

H~awtncc~`fn` ql` Wtn`. Dhw Inr`zrlocnk ewt wlket dnr onfrn`tn Wznegmnrzcht# dnr `lt+

vn`defn H~avh`d ~`d dhw H~awtnccn` dnr wnmr ilkzcn}n` Wtrhtnfen ~`d _nfnc` ar den Kh+

wgme`n.

4.? Dnìn` wek~cenrn`

Ket dnk mn~tefn` Wth`d dnr Tngmèi i``n` qencn De`fn wek~cenrt vnrdn`. R~k Onewzenc we`d

qnrwgmendn`n Wek~chtel`n` ql` Fnvettnr`# N}zclwel`n` ~`d Vnttnrqlrmnrwhfn` kfcegm. Den

Wek~chtel` ql` Dnìn` kwwtn wlket h~gm kfcegm wne`. Ar dn` Nralcf ne`nr Wek~chtel` dnw

Dnìn`w kwwn` qnrwgmendn`n Zrlocnkn fncwt vnrdn`.

Hcw Ohwew ar den Wek~chtel` i``n` Hcflretmkn` qnrvn`dn` vnrdn`# den qlk Kn`wgmn`

nrdhgmt ~`d dh`` e` ne`nr Khwgme`n ekzcnkn`tenrt vnrdn`. Dnkn`twzrngmn`d kwwtn ne` _n+

fncvnrivnri ket n`twzrngmn`dn` Hcflretmkn` h~afnwtncct vnrdn`. Den Wgmvenrefinet onwtnmt

dhre`# dhww nw `ltvn`def ewt# hccn Qlrf`fn ~`d Zrlnwwn# vncgmn ek Fnmer` wthttae`dn` kh+

? Den kh}ekhcn Rhmc dnr ek Qlrh~w onrngm`ntn` Rfn ewt tngmèwgm onfrn`t ~`d m`ft ql` dnr _ngmn`fn+

wgmve`definet ~`d dnr qlrfnfnon`n` Rnet ho.


9/15


tmnkhtewgm ho~oecdn`. Dnw Vnetnrn` kwwtn` wegm hccn qlrfnmn`dn` Zrlnwwn ek Fnmer` nrwt

khc khtmnkhtewgm hooecdn` chwwn`.

Denw ewt ar neàhgmn clfewgmn A~ìtel`n`# den `hgm neàhgmn` khtmnkhtewgmn` _nfnc` a~ìte+

lènrn` rnchteq neàhgm. R~k Onewzenc den Cw~`f ql` _ngmn`h~afhon`. Den Ilkzcn}ett verd

honr dn~tcegm# vn`` ne` Hcflretmk~w fna~`dn` vnrdn` wlcc# dnr wegmnr ne`n Wetohì ql` ne+

`nk Wt~mc ~`d ql` h`dnrn` Lobnitn` ~`tnrwgmnednt ~`d dhone hccn kfcegmn` Oh~alrkn` on+

trhgmtnt7. Ar den _nhcewenr~`f ~k Nrin``n` ql` Fnfn`wt`dn` vrn ne`n K~wtnrnrin``~`f

ket ne`nk wnmr f~tn` Hcflretmk~w nralrdnrcegm# den den X~hcett dnw Fnmer`w nrrnegmt. E` ne`nk

Kldncc i``n` ~dnk ègmt hccn Naanitn onhgmtnt ~`d hofnoecdnt vnrdn`# den e``nrmhco dnw

Fnmer`w zhwwenrn`# dhar vrn nw ~`nrcwwcegm# dhww hccn Vngmwncveri~`fn` ~`d Zrlnwwn ek

Fnmer` onih``t we`d. Dhw Zrlocnk cenft ~dnk e` dnr Ilkzcn}ett. Nw vrn `ltvn`def# hccnw

fn`h~ ~ onwgmrneon` ~`d ~ onrngm`n`. Den mn~tefn` Glkz~tnr onwetn` ~dnk ekknr _~`+

d~`fwanmcnr ~`d @mnr~`fwanmcnr one dnr Cw~`f ql` Fcnegm~`fn`. Dn` Khwgme`n` wtnmt dnw

Vnetnrn` èn h~wrnegmn`d _nwwl~rgn` -Wznegmnrzcht# _ngmn`net% ~r Qnraf~`f# ~k hccnw ~

wek~cenrn`. Wncowt vn`` dhw Dnìn` wek~cenrt vnrdn` i``tn# kwwtn den Wek~chtel` ket ne+

`nk Kn`wgmn` ilkk~èenrn` i``n`# dhket denwn Znrwl` anwtwtnccn` ih``# lo den Khwgme`n

qenccnegmt dnìt. R~dnk ewt den Wek~chtel` `~r ne`n Hooecd~`f ql` ne`nk Qlrfh`f. Wncowt

vn`` Wek~chtel` ql` Dnìn` h``mnr`d a~ìtelènrn` wlcctn# wtncct wegm den Arhfn# lo ne`n

Wek~chtel` ql` Dnìn` h~gm vericegmnw Dnìn` ewt. Verd ~k Onewzenc dhw Qnrorn``n` ne`nr

Inrn wek~cenrt# feot den wek~cenrtn Inrn ine` Cegmt ~`d ine`n Vrkn h` dn` Kn`wgmn` ho.

4.7 H`tmrlzlklrzmewk~w

Dnr Qlrv~ra ql` H`tmrlklrzmewk~w ondn~tnt ek R~whkkn`mh`f ket dnk T~re`f Tnwt#

dhww dnr T~re`f +Tnwt ine` Iretnre~k ar E`tnccefn` ldnr Dnìn` wne. Denwn Onmh~zt~`f v~r+

dn d~rgm _lonrt Arn`gm h~afnwtncct Yqfc. 6[. Dhw Zrlocnk ewt menrone# dhww T~re`f den E`tncce+

fn` h` Ilkk~èihtel` i`zat. Wtnccn` ver ~`w qlr# dhww ne` Kn`wgm ~ ne`nk onvlm`tn`

anr`n` Zch`ntn` acenft ~`d nw vrn emk ~`tnrwhft h~w n}znrekn`tnccn` Fr`dn` ~ ilkk~è+

enrn`. Denwnr Zch`nt vnewt ch~t Dnaeètel` e`tnccefn`tn Cnonvnwn` h~a# denwn e`tnrnwwenrt den

Arhfn# lo dnr Kn`wgm h~gm e`tnccefn`t wne` i``tn. Denw anwt~wtnccn` nrvnewt wegm bndlgm hcw

wgmvenref# dh bh dnr Arnkdn e` ine`nrcne Ilkk~èihtel` -vndnr qnrohc `lgm `l`qnrohc% trn+

tn` dhra.

7 Den Nrin``~`f ql` Lobnitn` d~rgm Khwgme`n` nralcft wncowt ~`tnr Cholronde`f~`fn` `~r wgmcngmt.


10/15

Qnrhccfnkne`nr~`f dnr Zrlocnkhtei =

Hooecd~`f >+82 Qnrhccfnkne`nr~`f dnr Zrlocnkhtei dnr

Khwgme`n

Vnec dnr Kn`wgm ègmt ilkk~èenrn` vecc# qnrw~gmn` den Cnonvnwn` den E`tnccefn` onr

h`dnrn Vnfn `hgmvnewn` ~ i``n`. Den Cnonvnwn` wgmc~wwalcfnr`# dhww dnr Kn`wgm e`tncce+

fn`t wne` kwwtn# vnec nr dhw Ac~ffnrt fnoh~t mht ~`d ~ em`n` fnaclfn` ewt.

Verd dnr Kn`wgm d~rgm ne`n Wtneàef~r nrwntt ~`d dhw Ac~ffnrt ewt ~ denwn` Cnonvnwn`

h~tlkhtewgm fnaclfn`# ikn` den Cnonvnwn` ~r fcnegmn` Wgmc~wwalcfnr~`f ven lon`.

Den Cnonvnwn` fe`fn` dhql` h~w# dhww ne`n Znrwl`# den ~ em`n` kettncw ne`nw Ac~flobnitnw

ihk# h~tlkhtewgm e`tnccefn`t wne` kwwtn. H` denwnk Onewzenc neft wegm den Wgmvenrefinet dnr

Dnaeètel` dnr E`tnccefn`.

Dhw Zrlocnk cenft wlket dhre`# dhww Dnìn` ~`d E`tnccefn` h~a kn`wgmcegmn Khwton anwtfn+

cnft vlrdn` we`d ~`d wlket `hgm h~n` ih~k vhw h`dnrnw ~chwwn`. Nw nrfeot honr h~gm ine+

`n` We``# De`fn hcw e`tnccefn`t ~`d dnìn`d h`~wnmn` den gmhltewgm we`d ldnr ègmt ~`wnrnk

Qnrwt`dèw n`twzrngmn`. Dnr T~re`f Tnwt onwgmrneot `~r h~a ne`n neàhgmn Vnewn ven E`tncce+

fn` qenccnegmt anwtfnwtncct vnrdn` ih``# dhone whft denwnr honr ègmt h~w# lo vericegm vhw e`+

tnccefn`t ewt. Ar den Dnaeètel` dnr E`tnccefn` kwwn` knmr Iretnren` e` Ontrhgmt fnlfn`

vnrdn`.

> Qnrhccfnkne`nr~`f dnr Zrlocnkhtei

>.8 Khwgme`n

Den fn`h``tn Zrlocnkhtei# den h`mh`d dnr qlrmnrfnmn`dn` Onewzencn nricrt vlrdn` ewt# verd

ek `gmwtn` Wgmrett qnrhccfnkne`nrt ~`d h~a

ne`n` @n``nr fnorhgmt.

Den Khwgme`n onilkkt h~w emrnr ^kvnct

ne`n` E`z~t -Arhfnwtncc~`f% ~`d rnhfenrt n`t+

wzrngmn`d `hgm dn` qlrmh`dn`n` Eàlrkhte+

l`n` ~`d `hgm dn` qlrfnwnmn`n` Zrlnd~rn`

ek _nfncvnri ~k dhrh~w ne`n` L~tz~t

-H~wfhon% ~ nrn~fn` -wenmn Hooecd~`f

>+8%. Dhw _nfncvnri ih`` h~w Hcflretmkn` ~`d Wek~chtel`wkldnccn` onwtnmn`# denwn v~rdn`

ql` h~n` d~rgm dn` Kn`wgmn` ekzcnkn`tenrt. Hcw Eàlrkhtel`n` i``n` Wthtewtein`# Vr+

tnrogmnr# Nùiclzden` ~`d E`tnr`ntwnetn` den`n`. Den Arhfn ewt. ven den Khwgme`n den qlr+

mh`dn`n` Eàlrkhtel`n` ~`d dhw qlrmh`dn`n _nfncvnri on`~tt. Hcw Onewzenc ar ne`n` E`z~t

-.O. Ne`fhon% e` dhw Wuwtnk Khwgme`n i``tn ne`n _ngmn`h~afhon wne`. Denwn verd n`twzrn+

gmn`d `hgm dn` onih``tn` _nfnc` ql` dnk _nfncvnri fncwt. Nw i``n` dhone `~r Arhfn`

fnwtncct vnrdn`# den ek _nfncvnri onih``t we`d ldnr ne`n Hàrhfn `hgm dnr W~gmn ql` E +


11/15

Qnrhccfnkne`nr~`f dnr Zrlocnkhtei 5

Hooecd~`f >+?2 Qnrhccfnkne`nr~`f dnr Zrlocnkhtei+ Kn`wgm

alrkhtel`n` ov. den Ichwweaeenr~`f ql` onwtekktn` De`fn`. Dhone wtncct dnr Kn`wgm ek+

knr dn` E`z~t ~`d nrvhrtnt ql` dnr Khwgme`n ne`n qlrfnwnmn`n H`tvlrt. Verd e` dn` E`z~t

ne`n Arhfnwtncc~`f , Zrlocnkwtncc~`f ne`fnfnon`# den ègmt ek _nfncvnri qlrfnwnmn` ewt#

ih`` denw wgmcekkwtnàhccw ~ Anmcnr` e` dnr H~wfhon -L~tz~t% ldnr ne`n @egmtonhgmt~`f dnw

E`z~tw -Arhfnwtncc~`f% nralcfn . Hccnk ~whkkn` mht dnr Kn`wgm den Khwgme`n nrwgmhaan`

~`d den Khwgme`n in``t `~r dhw# vhw dnr Kn`wgm emronefnzrhgmt mht. Oew bntt ewt honr `lgm

ine`n Khwgme`n nrwgmhaan` vlrdn`# den ql` wegm h~w ne`n Arhfnwtncc~`f h` dn` Kn`wgmn` ldnr

h`dnrn Khwgme`n` regmtnt# lm`n dhww dnr Kn`wgm den Arhfn ekzcnkn`tenrt4 mht.

>.? Kn`wgm

Ar den Qnrhccfnkne`nr~`f dnr Zrlocn+khtei onek Kn`wgmn` k~ww onhgmtnt

vnrdn`# dhww `~r ne` icne`nr H~wwgmètt

ontrhgmtnt ~`d dhrfnwtncct vnrdn` ih``

-wenmn Hooecd~`f >+?%. Dnìn` ewt dhone

ègmt `~r ne`n Homh`dc~`f ql` qnr+

wgmendn` _nfnc`# wl`dnr` h~gm ne`n

Vnewn dn` We`` dhme`tnr ~ qnrwtnmn`.Dhone wtekkt nw wgml`# dhww qencn Zrl+

nwwn ek Dnìn` ~`d Mh`dnc` h~tlkhte+

wenrt ~`d `hgm anwtn` _nfnc` hoch~an`. Denwn _nfnc` chwwn` wegm wnmr neàhgm h~a den Khwgme`n

onrtrhfn`. Denwnw h~tlkhtewgmn Mh`dnc` ih`` ~k Onewzenc ek _nfncvnri onwgmrenon` vnr+

dn`. Dnr Kn`wgm ore`ft wegm wncowt _nfnc` one ~`d verd d~rgm wne`n Ketkn`wgmn` e` wne`n`

Qnrwt`dèw ~`d H`vn`d~`f wne`nr _nfnc` onneàc~wwt. E` dnk _nfncvnri we`d onwtekktn

Qnrmhctn`wrnfnc` qlrfnfnon` ~`d nrcnr`tn _nfnc` -.O. ar dhw Wgmrneon`# _ngm`n`% n`tmhc+

tn`. Ne` vegmtefnr ^`tnrwgmend ~ dnr Khwgme`n ewt# dhww dnr Kn`wgm Vewwn` onwett. Denwn

Nefn`wgmhat ewt dnr Khwgme`n qnrvnmrt. Tfcegm verd dnr Kn`wgm ket `n~n` Eàlrkhtel`n`

ilàrl`tenrt -d~rgm Nrcnon`# Nrahmr~`fn`# We``nwvhmr`nmk~`fn`%# den R~whkkn`m`fn vnr+

dn` qnri`zat ~`d dhrh~w ne` Vewwn`wwznegmnr fnoecdnt. Ne` Ie`d verd ~k Onewzenc ket dnr

Eàlrkhtel`# dhww ne`n Mnrdzhctn mne ewt# wlch`f ègmtw hàh`fn` i``n` oew denwnw Ie`d er+

fn`dvh`` khc den Eàlrkhtel`n` Mnrdzchttn ket Mne ~`d H~h -Wgmknr% ~ ne`n` Vewwn`w+

4Ne`n ekzcnkn`tenrtn Arhfn ewt ~k Onewzenc2 Kgmtn` Wen dn` ZG r~`tnrahmrn`


12/15

Qnrhccfnkne`nr~`f dnr Zrlocnkhtei 8:

z~ìt ~whkkn ahwwt ket dnr Nrin` tèw# dhww kh` ne`n vhrkn Mnrdzchttn ègmt hàhwwn` wlcc.

Wlket mht dhw Ie`d ql` wegm h~w fncnr`t ~`d wne` nefn`nw _nfncvnri ~`d Vewwn` nrvnetnrt.

Oew bntt v~rdn` one dnr Khwgme`n `lgm ègmt onhgmtnt# dhww denwn ine`n Fnamcn# Nkltel`n`

ldnr ~`tnrwgmendcegmn Wtekk~`fn` in``t. Denw mht one dn` Kn`wgmn` honr ne`n` frln` Ne`+

ac~ww h~a dhw Dnìn`# ontrhgmtn` ver `~r vncgmn ~`tnrwgmendcegmn` Fndhìn` n`twtnmn # vn``

bnkh`d fcgicegm ldnr trh~ref ewt. Dhw in``t den Khwgme`n ègmt ~`d cwwt wegm ih~k oew fhr

ègmt hgmoecdn`.

Dnr Kn`wgm onwett ne`n` vnetnrn` Oh~wtne`# dnr dhw Dnìn` onwgmrneot ~`d vhr dhw Irnhte+

qn# dhw Qnroe`dn`dn# dhw ^ònih``tn# dhw Arhfn`wtnccn`dn. Denw verd den Khwgme`n vhmr+

wgmne`cegm èn nrrnegmn`. Dnr Kn`wgm wtncct Arhfn` ~`d verd ekknr qnrw~gmn`# denwn ~

onh`tvlrtn`. Den Khwgme`n qnrw~gmt `~r H`tvlrtn` ~ ae`dn` ~`d wtncct mgmwtn`w `~r on+

ih``tn ~`d ekzcnkn`tenrtn Arhfn`.

>.7 Vhw i``n` Khwgme`n`%.

1 R~whkknàhww~`f

Ne`n Khwgme`n ewt ne`n qnrneàhgmtn Hooecd~`f qlk Dnìn` dnw Kn`wgmn`. Denwnr mht wegm

ne` Mecawkettnc fnwgmhaan`# vncgmnw em` ~`tnrwttn` wlcc. Den Khwgme`n ih`` neàhgmn Zrlnw+

wn ~`d De`fn `hgmoecdn`. Oew bntt ewt nw ègmt kfcegm ne`nr Khwgme`n one~ore`fn`# dhww

denwn ql` wegm h~w cnr`n` vrdn ldnr emr Vewwn` qnrknmrt ~`d ègmt `~r Eàlrkhtel`n` whk+

knct ldnr wznegmnrt -hccnr Fllfcn%. Den Khwgme`n `~tt ekknr ne` _nfncvnri# vncgmnw Hcfl+

retmkn` ldnr Zrlnwwwgmrettn one`mhctnt ~`d qnrw~gmt dhket wne`n H~afhon` ~ nraccn`. Ar

ne`n N`dwgmned~`f# den ne`n Khwgme`n trnaan` wlcc# verd knewt ne` Hcflretmk~w fn`~tt# menr+

ar verd ~k Tnec dnr R~ahccwfn`nrhtlr fn`~tt. Dhw ewt honr ine` Dnìn` h` wegm# vn`` ne`+

ahgm d~rgm R~ahcc ldnr ne`n anwtfncnftn Mh`dc~`f ne`n N`twgmned~`f onwtekkt verd. Den

Khwgme`n hronetnt wlket `~r ne` Wgmnkh ho ~`d n`twgmnednt h`mh`d ql` ~accefn` Vnrtn`-i``n` h~gm _~`d~`fwanmcnr wne`% ~`d dhw ih`` ègmt hcw Dnìn` onnegm`nt vnrdn`.

Den Khwgme`n verd qenccnegmt erfn`dvh`` h``mnr`d Dnìn` wek~cenrn` i``n`# honr verd

wncowt ègmt dnìn` i``n`# dh one ne`nr Wek~chtel` ekknr `~r onwtekktn Hwznitn ne`nw Qlr+

fh`fnw `hgmqlcclfn` vnrdn`# honr h`dnrn anmcn`. Menrar wtnmt . O. dhw l. f. Onewzenc ne`nr

dnr Wek~chtel` ne`nr orn``n`dn` Inrn# den ine`n Vrkn nrn~ft. Vnetnrn Onewzencn vrn`

den Wek~chtel` ne`nw ^`vnttnrwmenr n`twtnmn` ine`n Wgmdn`# den Wek~chtel` ne`nw ^àhccw

menr feot nw ine`n Qnrcntn`. Nw kwwtn` ~dnk hccn Zrlnwwn e` n`twzrngmn`dn _nfncvnrinh~afnwtncct vnrdn`. Dhw ^k~wntn` ewt `htrcegm wnmr wgmvenref. Den Vnct ih`` qenccnegmt èn

ilkzcntt e` Rhmcn` nrahwwt vnrdn`.


14/15

R~whkknàhww~`f 8?

E` fnvewwnr Vnewn kwwtn qenccnegmt ne`n `n~n Arhfnwtncc~`f fna~`dn` vnrdn`# ~k dhw Zrlo+

cnk dnw Dnìn`w dnr Khwgme`n ~ icrn`. Qenccnegmt ewt h~gm dnr Onvnew dnw Dnìn`w ql`

Khwgme`n`# vn`` dnr Kn`wgm ne`n Khwgme`n il`wtr~enrt# den dnìn` ih``# honr ~k ~ onvne+

wn` lo denwn dnìt# kwwtn denwn vendnrr~k ne`n Khwgme`n il`wtr~enrn`# den dnìn` ih`` ~`d

wl vnetnr. Hk N`dn vrdn ne`n N`dclwwgmcnean n`twtnmn`# den èn h~amrn` vrdn ~`d dn`

Onvnew dnw Dnìn`w ne`nr Khwgme`n ih~k `mnr ore`ft.

Ar ne`n` f~tn` Onvnew# dhww ne`n Khwgme`n dnìt# ih`` h~gm den Ednn den`n`# dhww den Kh+

wgme`n ql` wegm h~w ne`n Arhfn wtncct# den èn ek _nfncvnri ldnr ne`nr Eàlrkhtel`wx~nccn qlr+

fnwnmn` ewt ~`d dnr Kn`wgm denwn onh`tvlrtn` wlcc.

Nw ewt h~gm wgmvenref ne`n` h`dnrn` Khwtho ar dn` Onfreaa dnw Dnìn`w ~ vmcn` hcw dn`

Kn`wgmn`. H~a Fr~`dchfn dnr qnrneàhgmtn` Hooecd~`f dnw kn`wgmwgmcegmn` Dnìn`w h~a

ne`nr Khwgme`n ewt denw ekknr `~r ne`n Qnrneàhgm~`f dnw Dnìn`w.

Ek N`dnaanit ewt den Khwgme`n ne` Vnrin~f ar dn` Kn`wgmn`# e` dnk wthri qnrneàhgmt dhw

kn`wgmcegmn Dnìn` e`tnfrenrt ewt. Nfhc lo den Khwgme`n dhw Dnìn` wek~cenrt i``tn ldnr

h`mh`d ql` onalcfn` ql` _nfnc` qlrwzenct# verd nw ih~k kfcegm wne` dhw Kn`wgmcegmn Dn`+

in` e` hccn` wne`n` Ahgnttn` e` dnr Khwgme`n ho~oecdn`.


15/15

Qnrnegmèwwn 87

6 Qnrnegmèwwn

6.8 Cetnrht~rqnrnegmèw

Y8[ MLDFNW# H@D_NVHch` T~re`f2 h wmlrt oelfrhzmu mttz2,,vvv.t~re`f.lrf.~i,oel,

zhrt8.mtkc ~freaa hk 78.:>.8?

Y?[ WLGENTU AL_ @N^_LWGEN@GN9 vvv.wa`.lrf,wie`w,khe`,zda,...,Fnrkh`\

OrheÀhgtw\DhwFnmer`.zda9 hofnr~an` 78.:>.?:8?

Y7[ WHZL_TET# IHTEH9Den Wzrhgmn dnw FnewtnwQnrfcnegm ne`nr rnzrwn`hthtel`h+

cewtewgmn` ~`d ne`nr wu`thitewgmn` Tmnlren dnw Fnewtnw# Onrce` Qnrchf Fr~utnr# 8556

Y4[ onwt2kh`hfnkn`t n.^. 9Dnìn`9 mttz2,,vvv.wth`fc.n~,zwugmlclfen,dnaeètel`,

Dnìn`.wmtkc% ~freaa hk 78.:>.8?

Y>[ IOCN_# FN_MH_D#Dn~twgmnw Ntuklclfewgmnw Vrtnro~gm# 855> mttz2,,vvv.

ilnocnrfnrmhrd.dn,dnrvome`.mtkc ~freaa hk 78.:>.8?

Y1[ WNH_CN# BLM@ 9Ke`dw# Orhe`w h`d Zrlfrhkw9 Tmn Onmhqelrhc h`d Orhe` Wgen`gnw9 H~+

achfn 85=:.

Y6[ WHUFE@# HUW ZE@H_ ~.h.9 T~re`f Tnwt2 >: Unhrw Chtnr9 Ke`dw h`d Khgme`nw Qlc~kn

8:# @~konr 4 -?:::%# 417+>8=# DLE2 8:.8:?7,H28:88?==:::4>8

Y=[ DN_ WZENFNC9 Glkz~tnr ket Wzrhgmfnamc Wnetn 814 Mnat >,8556# W. 81>

6.? Hooecd~`fwqnrnegmèw

Hooecd~`f 4+82 Ekethtel`wwzenc# 7 Znrwl`n` ............................................................................... 7Hooecd~`f 4+?2 Ekethtel`wwzenc# ? Znrwl`n` ~`d ne`n Khwgme`n# den den 7 Znrwl` eketenrt ....... 7Hooecd~`f >+82 Qnrhccfnkne`nr~`f dnr Zrlocnkhtei dnr Khwgme`n ......................................... =Hooecd~`f >+?2 Qnrhccfnkne`nr~`f dnr Zrlocnkhtei+ Kn`wgm .................................................. 5
http://d/Eigene%20D12-2011/Studium/Studium/Semster%208%20Masterstudiengang/Soziologie/Bericht/Soziologie%202.docx%23_Toc326853526http://d/Eigene%20D12-2011/Studium/Studium/Semster%208%20Masterstudiengang/Soziologie/Bericht/Soziologie%202.docx%23_Toc326853526http://d/Eigene%20D12-2011/Studium/Studium/Semster%208%20Masterstudiengang/Soziologie/Bericht/Soziologie%202.docx%23_Toc326853527http://d/Eigene%20D12-2011/Studium/Studium/Semster%208%20Masterstudiengang/Soziologie/Bericht/Soziologie%202.docx%23_Toc326853527http://d/Eigene%20D12-2011/Studium/Studium/Semster%208%20Masterstudiengang/Soziologie/Bericht/Soziologie%202.docx%23_Toc326853528http://d/Eigene%20D12-2011/Studium/Studium/Semster%208%20Masterstudiengang/Soziologie/Bericht/Soziologie%202.docx%23_Toc326853528http://d/Eigene%20D12-2011/Studium/Studium/Semster%208%20Masterstudiengang/Soziologie/Bericht/Soziologie%202.docx%23_Toc326853529http://d/Eigene%20D12-2011/Studium/Studium/Semster%208%20Masterstudiengang/Soziologie/Bericht/Soziologie%202.docx%23_Toc326853529http://d/Eigene%20D12-2011/Studium/Studium/Semster%208%20Masterstudiengang/Soziologie/Bericht/Soziologie%202.docx%23_Toc326853529http://d/Eigene%20D12-2011/Studium/Studium/Semster%208%20Masterstudiengang/Soziologie/Bericht/Soziologie%202.docx%23_Toc326853528http://d/Eigene%20D12-2011/Studium/Studium/Semster%208%20Masterstudiengang/Soziologie/Bericht/Soziologie%202.docx%23_Toc326853527http://d/Eigene%20D12-2011/Studium/Studium/Semster%208%20Masterstudiengang/Soziologie/Bericht/Soziologie%202.docx%23_Toc326853526

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