south america argentina bolivia brazilchilecolumbia ecuador paraguay peru uruguayvenezuela

South America

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Columbia Ecuador Paraguay

Peru Uruguay Venezuela

Effects of Time

Early InhabitantsAmerindians

• First lived as nomadic tribes

• First people to cultivate cacao, chilies, corn, kidney and lima beans, potatoes, squash, tomatoes, and tobacco

Incas • Lived in the Andes in what is now Peru

• Cut terraces into steep hillsides and used irrigation canals to carry water to their crops

• No written language

Google Images

Effects of Time Continued…

ColonizationSpanish and Portuguese-16th century

• Established plantations to grow sugar cane, tobacco, and other crops to export to Europe

• Brought millions of Africans to Latin America and forced them to work as slaves

Strong African traditions

• Roman Catholic missionaries came to convert Indians to Christianity

• Established a new system of government

• Brought new languages

Google Images

Overall CultureMain Ethnic Groups

Caucasian, African, and Indian

LanguagesSpanish is official language in 9 countriesMany Indians speak native languagesBrazilians speak dialects of Portugal

ReligionsRoman Catholic is most popular

Protestant sects becoming more popularOther religions include Judaism, Hinduism, and native religions

TransportationAirplanes are used for communicationLong railways and paved roads

GovernmentMost countries use some form of a republic as government.

Overall Culture Continued…Agriculture

Main food crops are maize, rice, wheat, beans and root crops such as cassava and potatoes. Major biological resource-anchovies

MusicInfluenced by Native South Americans and the SpanishSongs usually about Earth, seasons, harvest time, love, family, children, and starsDifferent music for different occasions

Instruments used include flutes, rattles, guitars, violins, and oboes.Popular styles of music include Waltzes, Tango, Salsa, and Soca

EducationMore literate men than literate womenMore literacy in urban areas than in ruralArgentina, Chile, Guyana, and Uruguay all have literacy rates greater than or equal to 96%.

Communication & HolidaysPopular Gestures

Be right back- draw a circle in air with index fingerSorry- stick out hand, as if to shake hands, and twist wrist as if wavingPointing- puckering or pursing of the lipsUp the road- lift chin upImpolite Gestures

• Yawning, whistling, yelling to get someone's attention or pointing with the index finger

HolidaysAno Nove- New Years Day

• Fireworks and live music

Carnival Rio- 5 days up to Ash Wednesday

• Conga drums, costumes, group dancing, parades, parties, sambas, street parades, and music

Christmas- December 24-25• Gift exchange and big meals

Dia de le Raza- October 12• Celebrates discovery of

Americas and ethnic mixing

SOUTH AMERICA’S

CULTURE SPHERES

CULTURE SPHERES

European-commercial

The most “Latin” part of South AmericaIncludes the Pampas - temperate grasslandsEconomically most advancedTransportation networks and quality of life are excellent.

CULTURE SPHERES

Amerind-subsistence

Correlates with the former Inca EmpireFeudal socioeconomic structure persistsIncludes some of South America’s poorest areasSubsistence agriculture must contend with difficult environmental challenges.

CULTURE SPHERES

Tropical-plantation

Resembles Middle America’s RimlandLocations, soils, & tropical climates favor plantation crops, especially sugar.Initially relied on African slave labor

CULTURE SPHERES

Mestizo-transitional

Surrounds the Amerindian-subsistence region

A zone of mixture- culturally & agriculturally

Transitional -- economic connotations

CULTURE SPHERES

Undifferentiated

Characteristics are difficult to classify.Sparsely populatedIsolation and lack of change- notable featuresDevelopment of Amazonia may prompt significant changes.

SOUTH AMERICA’S CULTURE SPHERES

Tropical-plantation

European-commercial

Amerind-subsistence

Mestizo-transitional

Undifferentiated

ArgentinaEthnic Groups

97% white (Italian and Spanish)3% mestizo, Amerindian, or non-white

Religions92% Roman Catholic (< 20% practicing)2% Protestant 2% Jewish4% Other

LanguagesSpanish (Official)Italian, English, German, French

GovernmentRepublic

Economy Agriculture and Industry

• sunflower seeds, lemons, soybeans, grapes, corn, tobacco, peanuts, tea, wheat, livestock

• food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Buenos_Aires-Puerto_Madero-Hilton-River_View.jpg

BoliviaEthnic Groups

30% Quechua, 30% mestizo25% Aymara,15% white

LanguagesSpanish, Quechua, AymaraAll official

Religions95% Roman Catholic5% Protestant

GovernmentRepublic

EconomyAgriculture and Industries

• soybeans, coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes; timber

• mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverages, tobacco, handicrafts, clothing

http://www.mayuc.com/images/bolivia-tiahuanaco_statues.jpg

BrazilEthnic Groups

53.7% white and 6.2% black 38.5% mulatto (mixed white and black) 0.9% other and 0.7% unspecified

Religion73.6% Roman Catholic and 15.4% Protestant1.3% Spiritualist and 0.3% Bantu/voodoo1.8% other,0.2% unspecified and 7.4% none

LanguagesPortuguese (official)

Spanish, English, French

GovernmentFederative Republic


• coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef

• textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gramado.7.jpg

ChileEthnic Groups

95% white and white-Amerindian3% Amerindian2% other

Religion70% Roman Catholic, 15.1% Evangelical, 1.1% Jehovah’s Witness, and 1% other Christian4.6% other8.3% none

Languages Spanish

GovernmentRepublic


• Grapes, apples, pears, onions, wheat, corn, oats, peaches, garlic, asparagus, beans, beef, poultry, wool, fish and timber

• Copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textiles

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Torres1.jpg

ColumbiaEthnic Groups

58% mestizo, 20% white, 14% mulatto, and 4% black

3% mixed black-Amerindian and 1% Amerindian

Religion90% Roman Catholic

10% other

LanguagesSpanish

GovernmentRepublic where executive branch dominates governmental structure


• Coffee, cut flowers, bananas, rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, cocoa beans, oilseed, vegetables, forest products, and shrimp

• Textiles, food processing, oil, clothing, footwear, beverages, chemicals, cement, gold, coal, and emeralds

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lezo.jpg

EcuadorEthnic Groups

65% mestizo, 25% Amerindian7% Spanish and others3% black

Religions95% Roman Catholic5% other

LanguagesSpanish (official)Amerindian languages

GovernmentRepublic


• Bananas, coffee, cocoa, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca), plantains, sugarcane, cattle, sheep, pigs, beef, pork, dairy products, balsa wood, fish and shrimp

• Petroleum, food processing, textiles, wood products, and chemicals

http://www.export.gov.il/Eng/_Uploads/3846ecuador.jpg

ParaguayEthnic Groups

95% mestizo5% other

Religions89.6% Roman Catholic, 6.2% Protestant, and 1.1% other Christian1.9% other or unspecified1.1% none

LanguagesSpanish (official)Guarani (official)

GovernmentConstitutional republic


• Cotton, sugarcane, soybeans, corn, wheat, tobacco, cassava (tapioca), fruits, vegetables, beef, pork, eggs, mild, and timber

• Sugar, cement, textiles, beverages, wood products, steel, metallurgic, electric power

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Paraguay-001.jpg

PeruEthnic Groups

45% Amerindian, 37% mestizo, and 15% white3% black, Japanese, Chinese, or other

Religions81% Roman Catholic, 1.4% Seventh Day Adventist, and 1.4% other Christian0.6% other16.3% unspecified or none


LanguagesSpanish and Quechua (official)

Aymara and minor Amazonian languages


• Asparagus, coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, coca, poultry, beef, dairy products, fish, and guinea pigs

• Mining and refining of minerals, steel, metal fabrication, petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas, fishing and fish processing, textiles, clothing, and food processing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Peru_Machu_Picchu_Sunrise_

2.jpg

UruguayEthnic Groups

88% white8% mestizo4% black

Religions66% Roman Catholic, 2% Protestant1% Jewish31% nonprofessing or other

LanguagesSpanish and PortunolBrazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix)



• Rice, wheat, corn, barley, livestock, and fish

• Food processing, electrical machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products, textiles, chemicals, and beverages

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Playa_Pocitos.jpg

VenezuelaEthnic Groups

Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, and indigenous people

Religions96% Roman Catholic and 2% Protestant2% other

LanguagesSpanish (official)Indigenous dialects

GovernmentFederal republic


• Corn, sorghum, sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee, beef, pork, milk, eggs, and fish

• Petroleum, construction materials, food processing, textiles, iron ore mining, steel, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Altamira.JPG

Effects of Other NationsSpanish and Portuguese

Language and ethnic groupsEuropean countries

Art, music, and clothing Other South American Countries

Trade USA

Lower-class clothing Africa

Music and folktales

Google Images

south america argentina bolivia brazilchilecolumbia ecuador paraguay peru uruguayvenezuela

Documents

native south americans

south americaincludes

root crops

new system of government

discovery of americas

native languagesbrazilians

starsdifferent music

music christmas