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Sound, Noise and VibrationAn explanation
Rupert Thornely-Taylor
March 2018
P4 (1) HOC/10001/0002
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Outline of Presentation
What sound is - sources, and ways in which is it transmitted from source to receiver
What vibration is - sources, and ways in which is it transmitted from source to
receiver
Human perception of sound and vibration
Measurement scales and indices
Assessment approaches - relationship between noise and vibration and human
response to them
Ways in which noise and vibration and their effects can be
reduced
Government policy regarding assessment and decision making
HS2's application of government policy2
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Scope of sound and vibration issues
SURFACE CONSTRUCTION
TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION
SURFACE OPERATION - RAILWAY
SURFACE OPERATION - FIXED PLANT
UNDERGROUND OPERATION
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Basics – what sound is
Sound is air oscillation that is propagated by wave
motion
at frequencies between 20 cycles per second (called
Hertz, abbreviated Hz) and 20,000 cycles per second
(20kHz)
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Basics – what sound is
Sound decays with distance –
It spreads out, is reduced by soft ground surfaces and
by intervening obstacles
Sound decay is known as attenuation
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Basics – what sound is
Sound is measured in decibels, abbreviated as dB
frequency-weighted to approximate the response of
the human ear—
in units of dB(A)
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Basics – what sound is
Noise is unwanted sound
The human ear is much more complex than any sound
level meter
Human beings are more complex still – there is no
simple relationship between noise measurements and
human response to the noise
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Basics – what vibration is
Vibration is oscillation of solids that can be propagated
through wave motion
Vibration in soil decays with distance when it spreads
out, and is also attenuated by energy absorption in the
soil and by obstacles and discontinuities
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Basics – what vibration is
Vibration is mainly of interest in the frequency range
0.5Hz to 250Hz and is measured in units of
acceleration, velocity or displacement,
but it can give rise to audible sound which is then
measured in decibels
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Basics – what vibration is
Like sound, vibration needs to be frequency-weighted
to match the response of the human tactile senses
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Basics – what vibration is
As with sound, human response to vibration is much
more complex than can be measured with a meter
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Basics - sound
Every 10 dB increase is about
double the subjective loudness
Every 10 dB decrease is about
a halving of subjective loudness
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Basics - sound
A 1 dB change is only perceptible under controlled
conditions
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Basics - sound
A 3 dB change is the minimum perceptible under
normal conditions
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Basics - sound
INDOOR Noise Level, dB(A) OUTDOOR
Rock Band110
Underneath aircraft landingat 1km from runway
Night club100
1m from pneumatic roadbreaker
Food blender at 1m90
1m from petrol lawnmower
Vacuum cleaner at 1m80
Pavement of city street
Loud voice at 1m70
Aircraft at height of 200m
Normal voice at 1m60
30m from petrollawnmower
Open plan office50
Lorry at 100m, heavyrainfall
Refrigerator at 1m40
Suburban area at night, nolocal traffic
Concert hall backgroundnoise 30
Country area at night, nolocal traffic
Extremely quiet room20
Very remote rural area nowind
Nearly Silent10
Wilderness at night with nowind
Threshold of audibility0
Threshold of audibility
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Basics - sound
Sounds in the environment normally vary in level, for example due to the
passage of vehicles, or trains.
The sound level therefore varies with time, showing highs and lows. The
highs are measured with an index called LAmax
LAmax levels are presented in the tables in Volume 5 of the Environmental
Statement. These are LAFmax levels where F is the “fast” time weighting
(0.125 second)
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Basics - sound
Because many noise events are more annoying than a fewnoise events, an index is needed to take account of both leveland number (and duration) of eventsSounds that vary in level are therefore measured inequivalent continuous sound level, used internationally
Leq,T (or LAeq,T)
T = time period
LAeq,T levels are presented both in the tables in Volume 5 ofthe Environmental Statement and also plotted as contours for
the time periods (0700-2300) and (2300-0700)
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Basics - sound
LAeq is not an average of sound levels.
It is an index that is an average of the energy
content of sound levels.
A sound which is twice as loud as another contains
ten times the amount of energy.
So averaging the energy gives a result dominated by
the highest sounds in the averaging process.
e.g. five events of equal duration measuring 50 dB
together with one of 70 dB gives an ordinary
arithmetic average of 53 dB — but the LAeq value is
62 dB
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LAeq is no ordinary average…
Decibel scale
30
40
50
60
70
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
time, seconds
dec
ibels
LASmax
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LAeq is no ordinary average…
Logarithmic energy scale
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
time, seconds
en
erg
y
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LAeq is no ordinary average…
Linear energy scale
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
8000000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
time, seconds
en
erg
y
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LAeq is no ordinary average…
30
40
50
60
70
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
time, seconds
decib
els
AVERAGE LEVEL
LAeq
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Basics - sound
With LAeq :
doubling the energy in the sound,doubling the number of sources,doubling the duration of a sound event,doubling the number of similar events
each give +3dB
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Basics - sound
With LAeq :
ten times the energy in the sound,ten times the number of sources,ten times the duration of a sound event,ten times the number of similar events
each give +10dB
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Basics - sound
Environmental Indices based on LAeq
Noise in the day, evening and night periods has different effects,
and for purposes such as noise mapping this is taken into account
by calculating LAeq separately for the three periods as annual
energy - average outdoor noise levels:
Lday 0700-1900
Levening 1900-2300
Lnight 2300-0700
and combining these into one 24-hour long term index
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Basics - sound
Day-Evening-Night Level Lden
Allowance is made for greater noise sensitivity at night,
and to a lesser extent in the evening.
Night noise is treated as if it were 10 dB higher than the
physical level
Evening noise is treated as if it were 5 dB higher than
the physical level.
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Basics - sound
Day-Evening-Night Level Lden
Lday is then combined with Levening+5dB and Lnight+10 dB to
calculate Lden
The difference between Lden and LAeq(0700-2300) depends on
the relative amounts of day, evening and night noise.
For HS2 Lden is less than 1 dB greater in numerical level than
LAeq, so for practical purposes, LAeq levels can be read as Lden
levels
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Basics – sound and vibration
In terms of human response at environmental sound levels:
• Sound levels on their own mean nothing.
• Social surveys link sound levels with human response
• There is always a wide distribution of responses
• There is never a clear distinction between “acceptable” and
“unacceptable” or “significant” and “not significant”
The same is true of vibration
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Basics - sound
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Basics - sound
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Basics - sound
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Basics - sound
Noise from fixed plant
is assessed by comparing the LAeq
with a penalty added unless the noise is characterless
against the background noise in LA90.
LA90 measures quiet momentse.g. between passing vehicles or aircraft.
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Basics - sound
30
40
50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
time, seconds
decib
els
LA90
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Basics – vibration (affecting people)
Vibration felt by the sense of touch
is assessed using
Vibration Dose Value (VDV)
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Basics – vibration (affecting buildings)
Vibration affecting buildings
is assessed using peak vibration velocity called
“Peak Particle Velocity” or PPV.
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Basics – vibration (heard as noise)
Groundborne noise is assessed using
maximum sound level, LAmax,S
where S is the “slow” time weighting (1 second)
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Government Policy
Noise Policy Statement for England aims:
Through the effective management and control of environmental, neighbour and
neighbourhood noise within the context of Government policy on sustainable
development:
Avoid significant adverse impacts on health and quality of life
Mitigate and minimise adverse effects on health and quality of life
Where possible, contribute to the improvement of health and quality of life
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Government Policy
Noise Policy Statement for England Explanatory note:
• Avoid effects above Significant Observed Adverse Effect Level (SOAEL)
• Mitigate and minimise effects between Lowest Observed Adverse Effect
Level (LOAEL) and SOAEL.
• Proactively manage noise taking account the guiding principles of
sustainable development
Not focussing solely on the noise impact without taking into account other
related factors
Not possible to have a single objective noise-based measure that defines SOAEL that is
applicable to all sources of noise in all situations. SOAEL is likely to be different for different
noise sources, for different receptors and at different times.
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Government Policy
Planning Practice Guidance:
• Neither the NPSE nor the National Planning Policy Framework expectsnoise to be considered in isolation, separately from the economic, socialand other environmental dimensions of proposed development.
• Above LOAEL consideration needs to be given to mitigating and minimisingthose effects (taking account of the economic and social benefits beingderived from the activity causing the noise).
• Above SOAEL the planning process should be used to avoid this effectoccurring, by use of appropriate mitigation such as by altering the designand layout. Such decisions should be made taking account of the economicand social benefit of the activity causing the noise, but it is undesirable forsuch exposure to be caused.
• Unacceptable effects should be prevented from occurring
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HS2 implementation of government policy
• Achieve Noise Policy aims
• Set LOAEL and SOAEL values having due regard to
• Established practice
• Research results
• Guidance in national and international standards
• Guidance from national and international agencies
• Independent review by academic, industry and government
employees on the Acoustics Review Group
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HS2 implementation of government policy
• DfT Transport analysis guidance: WebTAG
• Magnitude of railway noise effect (adverse or beneficial) is calculated usingWebTAG
• WebTAG monetises the health effect cause by a change in noise (day andnight)
• The WebTAG results are reported for the population in the health chapter ofthe EIA
• WebTAG has also been used at a local level to calculate the monetised valueof noise control measures
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Operational airborne noise effect levels
42
P4 (42) HOC/10001/0043
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Operational airborne noise effect levels
43
P4 (43) HOC/10001/0044
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Operational airborne noise effect levels
44
P4 (44) HOC/10001/0045
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Operational airborne noise effect levels
45
P4 (45) HOC/10001/0046
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Operational airborne noise effect levels
46
P4 (46) HOC/10001/0047
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Operational groundborne noise andvibration effect levels
(including temporary railways)
47
P4 (47) HOC/10001/0048
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Construction noise effect levels
48
P4 (48) HOC/10001/0049
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Fixed plant noise control
Under BS 4142:
If the “rating level” (LAeq plus a penalty of up to 9dB for acoustic features
such as tonality or impulsivity)
minus LA90
is
around +10 or more: likely to be an indication of a significant adverse
impact
around +5: likely to be an indication of an adverse impact
0 or less: likely to be an indication of a low impact
49
P4 (49) HOC/10001/0050
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Mitigation – Operational Noise
Operational noise mitigation measures
will include:
• Train and track design
• Noise barriers
• Noise insulation where eligible
50
P4 (50) HOC/10001/0051
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Operational Noise – mitigated railway
51
P4 (51) HOC/10001/0052
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Current European TSI compliant trains do not havepantographs / wells designed to minimise aerodynamicnoise(TGV / Eurostar)
Current Asian HS trains do havepantographs / wells designed to minimise
aerodynamic noise(Shinkansen N700)
Mitigation – Train design
52
P4 (52) HOC/10001/0053
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Mitigation – Noise barriers
53
P4 (53) HOC/10001/0054
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Mitigation – Noise barriers
54
P4 (54) HOC/10001/0055
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Mitigation – Micropressure waves
When a train enters a tunnel at high speed, there is a sudden rise in pressure like the
effect of a piston in a tube.
A special kind of sound wave occurs, in which the compressed crest of the wave
travels faster than the trough (because the compressed air is warmer) , causing a
steep rise in pressure as the travelling wave passes any fixed point.
This wave travels ahead about three times faster then the train, and when it reaches
the tunnel exit portal, some is reflected and some is emitted to the outside world as
a boom-like sound.
55
P4 (55) HOC/10001/0056
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Mitigation – Micropressure waves
The first wave arrives well before the train emerges, and is
followed by smaller waves that have been reflected at both
ends of the tunnel and also emerge as weakened copies of
the first wave.
The prime means of mitigation is to make the initial rise in
pressure on the train’s entry to the tunnel smaller and less
steep, and this is done by constructing a “porous portal”,
which does two things:
It is tapered so the entrance to it is considerably larger than
the tunnel and it has progressively smaller openings in its
sides to allow some air to escape before the train reaches
the tunnel “eye”.
56
P4 (56) HOC/10001/0057
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Mitigation – Micropressure waves
57
P4 (57) HOC/10001/0058
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Mitigation – Operational Vibration
Operational vibration will be mitigated
by
• Train design and maintenance
• Track design and maintenance
58
P4 (58) HOC/10001/0059
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Mitigation – Operational groundborne noise
Operational groundborne noise will be
mitigated by
• Track design and maintenance
• Continuous welded rail
• Resilient rail support
59
P4 (59) HOC/10001/0060
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Standard Track design
60
P4 (60) HOC/10001/0061
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Proven optimised track solutions
Mitigation – Track design
61
P4 (61) HOC/10001/0062
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Mitigation – Construction Noise
Construction noise will be mitigated by
• Up-to-date methods of working• Modern plant• Noise barriers• Noise enclosures• Monitoring and management
All subject to Section 61 consent
• Noise insulation/temporary rehousing
62
P4 (62) HOC/10001/0063
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Mitigation – Construction Vibration
Construction vibration will be mitigated
by
• methods of working
• monitoring and management
All subject to Section 61 consent
63
P4 (63) HOC/10001/0064
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HS2 Information Papers
E9 Control of airborne noise
E10 Control of ground-borne noise and vibration from theoperation of temporary and permanent railways
E11 Control of noise from the operation ofstationary systems
E12 Operational Noise and Vibration Monitoring Framework
E13 Control of construction noise and vibration
64
P4 (64) HOC/10001/0065