Sound a little different than MLK..?Sound a little different than MLK..?“You're not supposed to be so blind with patriotism that you can't face reality. Wrong is wrong, no matter who says it.”

“Nobody can give you freedom. Nobody can give you equality or justice or anything. If you’re a man you take it.”

“I don't even call it violence when it's in self defense; I call it intelligence.”

“I am for violence if non-violence means we continue postponing a solution to the American black man's problem just to avoid violence.”

“An individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for the law,” MLK.

“Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone puts his hand on you, send him to the cemetery,” Malcolm X.

Why would a more militant/non Why would a more militant/non violent movement emerge?violent movement emerge?

The Rise of Militancy The Rise of Militancy

Change too slow/not enough Change too slow/not enough As late as 1969, 15 years after Brown, only 1 percent of the black students in the As late as 1969, 15 years after Brown, only 1 percent of the black students in the

Deep South states were attending public schools with whites. Deep South states were attending public schools with whites. Anti-miscegenation laws until 67’Anti-miscegenation laws until 67’

Poor living conditions, menial jobsPoor living conditions, menial jobs

defacto defacto segregation - “white flight”segregation - “white flight” 1950s, the white population of Detroit declined by 23%, non-whites rose from 1950s, the white population of Detroit declined by 23%, non-whites rose from

16.1% to 29.1%. Black population of Detroit increased from 303,000 to 487,000 16.1% to 29.1%. Black population of Detroit increased from 303,000 to 487,000 during that decade. during that decade.

Wall along eight mile road – Detroit Wall along eight mile road – Detroit

Police violence **Police violence ** Harlem, one black police officer for every six white police officers/ In Harlem, one black police officer for every six white police officers/ In

Newark, NJ 145 of the 1322 police officers were black/ 16 of Oakland, Newark, NJ 145 of the 1322 police officers were black/ 16 of Oakland, Ca’s 661 police officers were African AmericanCa’s 661 police officers were African American

The Nation of Islam The Nation of Islam Detroit, Detroit, Wallace Fard MuhammadWallace Fard Muhammad, , 1930’, Detroit1930’, Detroit

Messiah, “Prophet Muhammad”Messiah, “Prophet Muhammad”

Christianity white man’s religionChristianity white man’s religion Empower spiritually, economically, Empower spiritually, economically,

socially, politicallysocially, politically Black pride = Black Muslims Black pride = Black Muslims

Racial pride, black political and cultural Racial pride, black political and cultural institutions, advance black valuesinstitutions, advance black values

Elijah MuhammadElijah Muhammad , Chicago34’ until 75’34’ until 75’

African Americans should separate African Americans should separate from white societyfrom white societyArmed self-defenseArmed self-defenseAvoid draft Avoid draft

““..The entire American economy is based on white ..The entire American economy is based on white supremacy. Even the religious philosophies, in essence, supremacy. Even the religious philosophies, in essence, white supremacy. A white Jesus. A white Virgin. White white supremacy. A white Jesus. A white Virgin. White angels. White everything. But a black Devil, of course. angels. White everything. But a black Devil, of course. The "Uncle Sam" political foundation is based on white The "Uncle Sam" political foundation is based on white supremacy, relegating nonwhites to second−class supremacy, relegating nonwhites to second−class citizenship. It goes without saying that the social citizenship. It goes without saying that the social philosophy is strictly white supremacist. And the philosophy is strictly white supremacist. And the

educational system perpetuates white supremacyeducational system perpetuates white supremacy..” ”

Malcolm XMalcolm X

Malcolm X

Malcolm Little – Omaha, Nebraska--Hard early life Conversion in jail (common)--blacks should achieve what is theirs “by all means necessary”“The Hate that Hate Produced”Split with NOI in 64’ – Elijah Muhammad scandalTrip to Mecca, Saudi Arabia--“ballots over bullets” Replaced by L. FarrakhanMalcolm X assassinated 1965

Malcolm's dislike for the white race was Malcolm's dislike for the white race was formed early in life.formed early in life.

"My father was the color of this," he once "My father was the color of this," he once recalled, pointing to his black shoes, "and recalled, pointing to his black shoes, "and my mother, whose mother was raped by a my mother, whose mother was raped by a white man, was light enough to pass for white man, was light enough to pass for white. I hate every drop of white blood in white. I hate every drop of white blood in me because it is the blood of a rapist."...me because it is the blood of a rapist."...

The Black Panthers (for Self-Defense)The Black Panthers (for Self-Defense)Formed in 1966 - Oakland, CAFormed in 1966 - Oakland, CA

Huey Newton and Bobby Seale Huey Newton and Bobby Seale

Police brutality – Economic Exploitation Police brutality – Economic Exploitation ““Free Breakfast for Children Free Breakfast for Children

Black PowerBlack Power Economic exploitationEconomic exploitation Ten-Point Program, "Land, Bread, Ten-Point Program, "Land, Bread,

Housing, Education, Clothing, Justice and Housing, Education, Clothing, Justice and Peace“Peace“

Stokely Carmichael and SNCCStokely Carmichael and SNCC 67’ – more militant 67’ – more militant "This is the twenty-seventh time I have "This is the twenty-seventh time I have

been arrested and I ain't going to jail no been arrested and I ain't going to jail no more! The only way we gonna stop them more! The only way we gonna stop them white men from whuppin' us is to take white men from whuppin' us is to take over. What we gonna start sayin' now is over. What we gonna start sayin' now is Black Power!"Black Power!"

Riots Break Out in Northern CitiesRiots Break Out in Northern Cities

Philadelphia 1964Philadelphia 1964

Jersey City, Paterson, Jersey City, Paterson, Elizabeth 1964Elizabeth 1964

Watts Riots (LA) 1965Watts Riots (LA) 1965

Newark and Plainfield 1967Newark and Plainfield 1967 ““powder keg”powder keg” 26 people died during the riots. 26 people died during the riots.

More than 700 were injured, and More than 700 were injured, and there were 1,500 arreststhere were 1,500 arrests

Detroit 1967Detroit 1967

Chicago 1968Chicago 1968Baltimore 1968Baltimore 1968

"You do not wipe away the scars of centuries by saying: 'now, you are free to go where you want, do as you desire, and choose the leaders you please.' You do not take a man who for years has been hobbled by chains, liberate him, bring him to the starting line of a race, saying, 'you are free to compete with all the others,' and still justly believe you have been completely fair . . . This is the next and more profound stage of the battle for civil rights. We seek not just freedom but opportunity—not just legal equity but human ability—not just equality as a right and a theory, but equality as a fact and as a result."

Civil Rights Continues Civil Rights Continues

Executive Order on “affirmative action” – Executive Order on “affirmative action” – 65’65’

Civil Rights Act 68’ – fair housing, rentingCivil Rights Act 68’ – fair housing, renting

Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg – 71’– 71’

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=my3doRW-HWA Watts Riots

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gC2ObNqHq7E

-Newark Race Riots -Newark Race Riots

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11966375

-audio slide show-audio slide show

In the end, we will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our friends.