sosc 103d social inequality in hk lecture 7: class studies
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SOSC 103DSocial Inequality in HK
Lecture 7: Class Studies
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Class studies in Hong KongBackground: A rapid economic
growth since late 60s Development of social
policies in 70s Experience an overall
betterment of lives Improvement in terms of
housing, education, medical services
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Class studies in late 1970s Framework:
The descriptive and predictive power of Marxist Theory
Main Concern and argument: even the working-class people are now
enjoying a middle-class way of life. (late 70s)
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Class studies in late 1980sChange in the economic structureChange in the occupational structure
accordingly
Fishing
Manufacturing
Tourism
Banking &Financing
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Occupations/ Year 1961 1971 1981 1991 1961-71
1971-81
Professional 61k 80k 144k 237k +31% +85%
Administrator/ Manager
37k 38k 64k 139k +3% +71%
Clerical worker 70k 129k 294k 504k +85% +129%
Sales 163k 164k 248k 313k +1% +51%
Service worker 180k 230k 374k 507k +28% +63%
Fisherman/ Farmer 88k 59k 51k 25k -32% -15%
Production workers: Transport, Storage & Machine operators
580k 808k 1213k
982k +39% +50%
Unclassifiable 13k 40k 17k 8k +201%
-57%
Total 1,191k
1,547k
2,404k 2,715k
+29% +55%
Distribution of working population by occupations
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Other Hong Kong Studies Chinese society Hong
Kong urban industrial society
Traditional Chinese culture Modern urban culture
• Ethos of HK Chinese
• Industrial development
• Colonial history and Social policies
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HK Class Structure in late 80s
Social Class %I Higher managerial & professional
occupations8.6
II Lower managerial & professional occupations
11.3
III Intermediate (white collar) occupations 9.6IV Small employers and own-account
workers14.0
V Lower-grade technicians, supervisors 15.9VI Skilled manual workers 15.8VII Semi-skilled to unskilled workers,
agricultural24.8
20%
40%
40%
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The Rise of Middle Classes (80s)
Class Structure: From triangle to diamond shape
Main Concern and Argument:Most of people in HK are now middle-classIncreasing number of working-class people have became middle-class
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Results of the Development
An intellectual challenge of class studies:
Death of class
When the whole society become a middle class society: equal and fair
Limited inequalities in: Income Educational attainment Housing resources
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Readings:
Leung, Benjamin K. P. (1994) “Class and Class Formation in Hong Kong Studies,” in S.K. Lau, et al. (ed.) Inequalities and Development: Social Stratification in Chinese Societies
Optional Readings:
呂大樂 , 黃偉邦 (1998) 階級分析與香港 , 第一章 (email me for an English version if you’re interested)