SOLVING THE CRISISIN DARFUR –

EU AND INTERNATIONAL RESPONSES

Pekka Haavisto

5 April 2006

Director´s Forum, Woodrow Wilson Center

What are the goals in Darfur?

• End of conflict• Security, safe return of IDP´s and refugees• Disarmament, reconstruction, reconciliation• Human rights• Freedom of expression, free press• Census (to prepare the elections)• Forming of political parties• Free elections• End of (inofficial) security organisations• Transparency in administration and

budgeting

Importance of Sudan

• Biggest country in Africa

• 40 million inhabitants

• Arab and African population

• Muslim, Christian and traditional religions

• Oil resources

Sudanhasmanyneighbours

Three conflict areas in Sudan

• North-South Civil War 1983-2005– Peace Agreement in Naivasha 2005– Slow implemenation of CPA

• Conflict in Darfur– Peace talks in Abuja, Nigeria– Violence continuing on the ground

• Eastern Sudan– Rebel movements supported by Eritrea– Beja Congress, Free Lions

North-South peace agreement

• 21 years of war• 1,5 million casualties, 4 million

refugees• Comprehensive Peace Agreement

– Wealth sharing, including oil revenues– Power sharing, e.g. First Vice-

President for Southerners– Security, JIU and SPLA

Tragic beginning for the peace

• First Vice-President John Garang dies in July 2005

CPA challenges

• Presence of Southern Sudan in Khartoum

• Transparency of oil income• Forming of Joint Integrated Units• Referendum in 2011• Safe return of IDP´s and refugees• Reconstruction (or construction)

Elements in Darfur conflict

• Population in villages versus nomads

• Government of Sudan has armed arab nomads, Janjaweed

• GoS and Janjaweed joint attacks against villages

• 2 million IDP´s/refugees

Darfur isthe size ofFrance

The Challenges of the Comprehensive Peace

Agreement

• Visibility of South-Sudan in Khartoum• Transparency of the oil revenues• Forming of the common army• Refrendum in 2011• Attitudes• Safe return of the refugees and IDP’s

to South Sudan

The Darfur Conflict

• Traditional conflict between farmers and nomads

• The Arab-nomads, Janjaweeds, armed by the Government of Sudan (GoS)

• The attack by the GoS and Janjaweeds to the villages

• 2 million refugees

Assistance by the International Community

• Massive humanitarian operation• Food and medicine assistance to

the camps• The peascetalks led by the African

Union in Abuja, Nigeria• African Union peacekeeping

operation with 7000 men• EU’s support to African Union

EU Support to Darfur• EU humanitarian

assiatance to Darfur EUR 289 million EUR 136 million

directed through ECHO, including EUR 39.5 million for refugees in Chad

EUR 153 million for food aid/food security

EU support to AMIS

• EC's assistance to AMIS has so far amounted to EUR 162 million

• 4 Military Observers, 29 CivPol in Darfur

• 15 Military Experts deployed in Addis

• EU police supporting the African Union police operation in Darfur

African Union Peacekeepers in Darfur

African Union AMIS helicopter

Masking attempt by the Govenment of Sudan

Darfurian rebel movements

• JEM (Justice and Equality Movement)– Khalil Ibrahim

• SLM/A (Sudan Liberation Movement/Army)– Minni Minawi– Abdul Wahid

Negotiations with SLArebels inDarfur

Janjaweed

• Arab nomads armed by the Government of Sudan

• Attacks to the Darfur villages with the GoS airforce

• Human rights violations

Violations against Human Rights and War Crimes

• Genocide or not?• UN has listed 51 potential criminals• UN sanctions against individuals?• ICC, International Criminal Court (5

leaders from Lord Resistance Army, LRA listed)

Refugee situation

• 2 million refugees in the camps in Darfur

• Return to villages often impossible

• In camps there are schools and medical care

• Camps as recruitment area of the rebels

• Urbanization process

Demostrations agains the UN inNyala,Darfur

Peace talks in Abuja

• African Union in lead (Amb. Salim Ahmed Salim)

• EU supporting• 3 sectors:

– wealth– power– security

Abuja talks: Wealth sharing

• Draft protocol almost ready• Pending issues include:

–Compensations (individual?)–Allocation formula–Percentages

Abuja talks: Power sharing

• Region (3 states or 1 region)• Borders (1.1.1956 boundaries)• Presidency (Vice-President)• Representation in Khartoum

State• Ministers / Parliamentarias• Darurian representation in civil

service

Abuja talks: Security I

• Enhanced Humanitarian Cease-Fire Agreement:

• Disengagement (maps of areas of control)

• Redeployment (areas where troops can be monitored by AMIS)

• Janjaweed (GoS to have responsibility)

Abuja talks: Security II

• Protection of Civilians (more robust)

• Security of Humanitarian Supply Routes (demilitarized routes)

• Bridging Provisions (bridge to final security arrangements, like integration of comabatants, disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR)

Abuja talks: Challenges

• Disarming Janjaweed (GoS)• Zones of Redeployment (rebels)• Controlling IDP camps (GoS)• Sudan and Chad border (GoS)• Merging of the rebel troops to

Sudan Armed Forces (GoS)• Darfur-Darfur talks (GoS, rebels)

Sudan challenges

• Implementation of the North-South Peace-agreement

• New areas of conclict: East, Lord Resistance Army LRA

• Darfur Peace-agreement and its implementation, UN operation

• Equal sharing of the wealth

What can we do?

• Humanitarian Assistance• Development cooperation• NGO’s• EU’s support to AU and UN

peacekeeping and police operations• EU’s support to Abuja Process• Pressure to the parties to comply

with peace agreements

Thank you.