Solutions to housing problems

Cases of MDCs and LDCs cities

Solutions to housing problems in MDCs

1. development of new town / satellite1. development of new town / satellite town / self town / self – contained settlement– contained settlement

9 new towns of 3 generations in HK9 new towns of 3 generations in HK

2. Urban renewal2. Urban renewalremoveremove slums in the inner city slums in the inner city rehouserehouse over spilling population over spilling population

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New town development

first generation new towns: Tsuen Wan, Shatin, Tuen Mun

second generation new towns: Tai Po, Fanling/Sheung Shui, Yuen Long

third generation new towns: Tseung Kwan O, Tin Shui Wai, Tung Chung

New Development areas (NDA)

Kwu Tung North, Fanling North, Ping Che/Ta Kwu Ling (3 in 1scheme)

Hung Shui Kiu

Problems of Setting up new towns1. Tremendous sum of investment funds 1. Tremendous sum of investment funds

- deficits / inflation- deficits / inflation

2. Huge volume of administration and manage work / burder2. Huge volume of administration and manage work / burder

3. Resident in housing estates 3. Resident in housing estates

- gaining for much benefits - gaining for much benefits

4. difficult to resettlement in new town4. difficult to resettlement in new town

- not completed infrastructure - not completed infrastructure

5. transport problems between inner city and new towns 5. transport problems between inner city and new towns social problems social problems

6. 6. new townnew town = juvenile delinquency = juvenile delinquency

inner cityinner city = aging problems = aging problems

7. new houses, rent 7. new houses, rent ↑↑ , housing problem worsened , housing problem worsened

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Urban renewal

It is the redevelopment or regeneration of older It is the redevelopment or regeneration of older districts, whose environmental conditions are districts, whose environmental conditions are considered to be below the current expectationconsidered to be below the current expectation

Change of land uses: residential Change of land uses: residential commercial commercial or industrial or industrial residential / commercial residential / commercial

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Before and after renewal

Purposes of urban renewal

improvement of urban morphology, i.e. neat arrangement of tall buildings with wider roads and easier accessibility

in line of the principles of sustainable development

reduction in plot ratio / building density

preservation of heritage / skyline / coastline

solution of shortage problems of open space and community facilities

provision of more useful land for the developers

redistribution of urban poulation to new towns in suburbs

Problems of urban renewal- piecemeal in nature piecemeal in nature

- preserved for cultural and historical preserved for cultural and historical reasonsreasons

- landowners wait for higher market pricelandowners wait for higher market price

- difficult to trace property ownershipdifficult to trace property ownership

- expensive and time-consuming , high expensive and time-consuming , high compensation costcompensation cost

- Requisition by force arouses serious Requisition by force arouses serious political controversies and social unrestpolitical controversies and social unrest

- rehouse / resettlementrehouse / resettlement

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2003 灣仔重建計劃

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2000 Diamond Hill Clearance

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Solutions to housing problems in LDC

1.1. Upgrade the squatters and shanty townUpgrade the squatters and shanty town

-- through financial aids from governmentthrough financial aids from government

-- loans from the World Bank loans from the World Bank

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Case:

In Zambia In Zambia

the city council has cooperated with squatter settlement to provide fresh water supplies

In ColombiaIn Colombia

the low cost housing is being built by the the low cost housing is being built by the poor people with the materials provided by poor people with the materials provided by the governmentthe government

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Kenya, self-help scheme 16

HoweverHowever

considerable amount of money considerable amount of money

demand for housing high demand for housing high

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2. Increase Job Opportunities in Rural Sector2. Increase Job Opportunities in Rural Sector

- slow down rural – urban migrationslow down rural – urban migration

- stem the growth of slumsstem the growth of slums

- Case:Case:

In ZambiaIn Zambia ，， Operation of food production Operation of food production programprogram

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3. Control the migratory flows

encouraging the foreign investments and encouraging the foreign investments and public expenditure in small citiespublic expenditure in small cities

↓↓ pressure on houses in primate city pressure on houses in primate city ↓↓

4. Birth control4. Birth control

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Case Discussion

Urban Problem (Housing Problems) in LDC

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Functional Zones in LDCs

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a Brazilian city

POOR

RIC

HR

ICH

POOR

Functional Zonesin LDCs

Inner ZoneInner Zone

Traffic congestion Traffic congestion

Large and luxurious apartments Large and luxurious apartments

Modern high-rise buildings Modern high-rise buildings

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Outer ZoneOuter Zone

lower-class zone lower-class zone

migrants from rural areas live there migrants from rural areas live there

this is shanty town without adequate basic this is shanty town without adequate basic amenities amenities

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CASES – Shanty settlements

CalcuttaCalcutta ，， IndiaIndia

tens of thousands people / 60% population live tens of thousands people / 60% population live in squatters with wattle and mud(in1996)in squatters with wattle and mud(in1996)

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Calcutta

Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro ，， BrazilBrazil

30% of population live in shanty towns 30% of population live in shanty towns in1996in1996

on hillsides (fire/landslides) on hillsides (fire/landslides)

Shanty houses are constructed from wood Shanty houses are constructed from wood corrugated ironcorrugated iron

no running waterno running water ，， electricity electricity

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Other problems

Lack of social welfare and facilitiesLack of social welfare and facilities

Lack of clean drinking water– give rise to Lack of clean drinking water– give rise to choleracholera

Public transport systems is outdated and poorPublic transport systems is outdated and poor

UnemploymentUnemployment / crime/ crime

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