solutions for sustaining natural capital and …...ecosystem services june 7-11 , 2010, salzau...

Ecosystem services Ecosystem services through the lookingthrough the looking--glass: glass:

the Red Queen's race of the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people science in a world of people

and lawsand lawsZaccarelli N.Zaccarelli N.°°, Zecca S., Petrosillo I., Zecca S., Petrosillo I.°°, Zurlini G., Zurlini G.°° and Dadamo M.and Dadamo M.##, ,

°° Dept. of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Dept. of Biological and Environmental Sciences and TechnologiesTechnologies, , Landscape Ecology Laboratory, University of Salento, ItalyLandscape Ecology Laboratory, University of Salento, Italy

# # ““Litorale di UgentoLitorale di Ugento”” Regional National Park Authority, Comune di Ugento, Ugento, LecRegional National Park Authority, Comune di Ugento, Ugento, Lecce, Italyce, Italy

SOLUTIONS FOR SUSTAINING NATURAL CAPITAL ANDSOLUTIONS FOR SUSTAINING NATURAL CAPITAL ANDECOSYSTEM SERVICESECOSYSTEM SERVICES

JUNE 7JUNE 7--11 11 , 2010, Salzau Castel, Keil, Germany

http://www.uni-kiel.de/

of 15Slide 1 of 15

Ecosystem services through the lookingEcosystem services through the looking--glass: the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people and glass: the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people and lawslaws RED QUEENRED QUEEN’’s RACEs RACE

[…]"Well, in our country," said Alice, still panting a little, "you'd generally get to somewhere else — if you run very fast for a long time, as we've been doing.“

"A slow sort of country!" said the Queen. "Now, here, you see, it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place. If you want to get somewhere else, you must run at least twice as fast as that!“[…]

Lewis Carroll's “Through the Looking- Glass” (1871)

Illustration by John Tenniel (1820-1914)

Ecosystem services through the lookingEcosystem services through the looking--glass: the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people and glass: the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people and laws laws A QUESTION!A QUESTION!

Are we able to “measure”, to “evaluate” and to “monitor” ECOSYSTEM SERVICES (ES)?

The answer depends on many factors as among others:

• the meaning of “measure”, “evaluate” and “monitor”;• the type of target (what definition of ES are we using?);• who is involved (stakeholders and socio-ecological systems);• which is the scale frame (i.e., temporal, spatial and social scales);• others…

My personal believe:

We may not have the best science but we can do a promising work in several cases …

… BUT …Slide 2 of 15Slide 2 of 15

Apuliaregion

Province of Lecce

““Litorale di UgentoLitorale di Ugento”” Natural Regional ParkNatural Regional Park(Regional Law n. 13, May 23 2007)(Regional Law n. 13, May 23 2007)

Ecosystem services through the lookingEcosystem services through the looking--glass: the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people and glass: the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people and lawslaws STUDY AREASTUDY AREA

Lecce

UGENTO

For more information visit: www.visitaugento.itwww.visitaugento.it http://www.parcolitoralediugento.it/http://www.parcolitoralediugento.it/Extent of 2,140 ha.

Slide 3 of 15Slide 3 of 15

http://www.visitaugento.it/

http://www.parcolitoralediugento.it/

Ecosystem services through the lookingEcosystem services through the looking--glass: the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people and glass: the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people and laws laws STUDY AREASTUDY AREA

“LITORALE DI UGENTO” NATURAL REGIONAL PARK

When compared to the Apulia region, we found:

around half of the 47 habitats (92/43/CEE)

around ¼ of the 13 mammals (92/43/CEE)

around half of the 5 Reptiles and all Amphibians (92/43/CEE)

around 2/3 of the 52 Bird species (79/409/CEE)

around 1/3 of the 1300 vegetation taxa


http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Posidonia_2_Alberto_Romeo.jpg

““Litorale di UgentoLitorale di Ugento”” Natural Regional ParkNatural Regional Park(Regional Law n. 13, May 23 2007)(Regional Law n. 13, May 23 2007)

Ecosystem services through the lookingEcosystem services through the looking--glass: the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people and glass: the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people and lawslaws STUDY AREASTUDY AREA

5,5005,500

6,6006,600

4,0004,000

6,1006,100

Number of beds in Hotels, B&B, and camping …resident population 12,037.

In 2009 this area hosted around 138.000 tourists from June to September.


Ecosystem services through the lookingEcosystem services through the looking--glass: the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people and glass: the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people and lawslaws QUANTIFYING SERVICESQUANTIFYING SERVICES

Income: 6,3 M€ /year (mean cost 15 euro from June to August)Parking : 420 k€ /year (mean fee 2 euro per car)

RP Management Authority Expenses: 20,000 euro/year

High sea water quality.BUT beach erosion; Sand dunes damages and trampling; litter dropping.

Cultural service: seaside tourismCultural service: seaside tourism


Regulating service: water purificationRegulating service: water purificationExtent of the Ugento basins’ system: 48.1 haPeople equivalent: 12,000 p.e.Revenue of service (on a 25 years base) : 754. 7 k€ /yearManagement costs in 2008-2009 : 100 k€ /year

Estimated sewage treatment plant costs (in 25 years): 175.2 k€ /yearManagement costs in 2008-2009: 225 k€ /year

AND there is soil sealing, energy consumption and no “natural habitats”!!!


This system is in GOOD health, with isolated anoxia crises due to low hydrodynamic turnover in summer.

THE WATERTABLE is highly compromised because of salt, N, P and faecal contamination.


19431943 19551955

19881988 19971997 20052005

1943194319431943 1955195519551955

1988198819881988 1997199719971997 2005200520052005

Supporting service: provision of habitatsSupporting service: provision of habitats

High density residential areasMedium density residential areas

Low density residentaial areas

Arable landsOlive grovesGarigues and Mediterranean maquisWater basins

Sand duensHygrophilous vegetationQ. Ilex forestsPine reforestations

RP Management Authority Expenses since 2007: 25,000 euro/year

Habitat degradation (both natural and human dominated)High fire risk and arsonsRisk of reduction in flora and fauna biodiversityAlien species in animal and vegetation communities



Ecosystem services and natural capital are generated at differenEcosystem services and natural capital are generated at different, t, sometimes overlapping, sometimes overlapping, ecological scalesecological scales (MEA 2003) (MEA 2003) and furthermore and furthermore exploited at multiple exploited at multiple social scales social scales ((Berkes 2002Berkes 2002)) , with possible , with possible scalescale-- mismatchingmismatching and crossand cross--scale interactions eventually leading to scale interactions eventually leading to environmental securityenvironmental security issues and tradeissues and trade--offs offs (cfr. Petrosillo et al. 2008)(cfr. Petrosillo et al. 2008) ..

Environmental security Environmental security is multiis multi-- layered, multilayered, multi--scale and scale and complex, complex, addressing risks to or addressing risks to or fragilityfragility of ecosystem goods of ecosystem goods and services, as well as, in the and services, as well as, in the subjective sense, subjective sense, the perception the perception of those risks of those risks (Zurlini and M(Zurlini and Müüller, 2008)ller, 2008) ..

Environmental Security

Subjective

Objective++ +-

-+ --

ScaleScale--mismatches mismatches occur when occur when the scale of environmental the scale of environmental variation and the scale of the variation and the scale of the social organization/component social organization/component responsible for management responsible for management are unaligned are unaligned (cfr Cumming et al. 2006)(cfr Cumming et al. 2006) ..

Ecosystem services through the lookingEcosystem services through the looking--glass: the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people and glass: the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people and laws laws CONCLUSIONsCONCLUSIONs


Supervised and Unsupervised Structured questionnaire with closedSupervised and Unsupervised Structured questionnaire with closed questionsquestions

Menager data

General section

• Pressure

• State

• Impact

• Response

Specific section:

• Pressure

• State

• Impact

• Response

Ecosystem services through the lookingEcosystem services through the looking--glass: the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people and glass: the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people and lawslaws STUDYING PERSEPTIONSTUDYING PERSEPTION

Same for all stakeholder typesSame for all stakeholder types

Stakeholder type specific questions

Stakeholder type specific questions


Bathing resort managers Farmers TouristsP

ress

ures

(P)

Sta

te (S

)Im

pact

(I)

0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,70

High

Medium

Low

NO

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7

NO

Maybe

YES in the

future

YES

0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,70

NO

Maybe

YES in the

future

YES

0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,70

High

Medium

Low

NO

0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,70 0,80

NO

Maybe

YES in the

future

YES

0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,70

NO

Maybe

YES in the

future

YES

0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,70

High

Medium

Low

NO

GeneralSpecific

0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,70

NO

Maybe

YES in the future

YES

GENERAL

SPECIFIC

0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,70

NO

Maybe

YES in the future

YES

General

Specific

proportion (sample 20 of 25 units) proportion (sample 38 of 56 units) proportion (sample 486 of 46.000 units)

Ecosystem services through the lookingEcosystem services through the looking--glass: the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people and glass: the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people and lawslaws STUDYING PERSEPTIONSTUDYING PERSEPTION

Differences between stakeholders, and within “Farmers”

Differences between stakeholders, and within “Tourists” and “Bathing resort managers”

No real difference among stakeholders, but within “Tourists”

Statistical comparison based on a KolmogorvStatistical comparison based on a Kolmogorv--Smirnov Test for two sample with Bonferroni Correction (Smirnov Test for two sample with Bonferroni Correction (αα=0.05) =0.05) Slide 11 of 15Slide 11 of 15

Policy design and implementation insights from the complex adaptive systems literature:• Ensure that social capital remains intact (Ruitenbeek and Cartier 2001)

• Create opportunity for self-organisation and build networks of reciprocal interaction that foster trust and cooperation (Folke et al. 2002; Glouberman et al. 2003; Axelrod and Cohen 2000)

• Promote effective neighbourhoods (Axelrod and Cohen 2000)

• Promote variation and redundancy (Folke et al. 2002; Glouberman et al. 2003)

• Balance exploitation of existing ideas and strategies and exploration of new ideas (Axelrod and Cohen 2000)• Facilitate copying (Axelrod and Cohen 2000)

• Use social criteria to support growth and spread of valued criteria (Axelrod and Cohen 2000)

• Combine experiential and experimental knowledge (Folke et al.2002)

• Nurture and enhance social and ecological memory (Folke et al.2002)

• Build adaptive capacity (Folke et al. 2002)

Ecosystem services through the lookingEcosystem services through the looking--glass: the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people and glass: the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people and laws laws MANAGEMENT AUTHORITYMANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

•• structure (with political influence)structure (with political influence)

•• constraints (e.g. budget or duties)constraints (e.g. budget or duties)

•• internal and external regulationsinternal and external regulations

•• The Ugento MunicipalityThe Ugento Municipality•• The Basins Reclamation AuthorityThe Basins Reclamation Authority

•• Province of Lecce Province of Lecce –– environmental environmental policy sectorpolicy sector•• Apulia Region Apulia Region –– Preserved Area OfficePreserved Area Office•• Apulia Region Apulia Region –– Coastal Authority Coastal Authority OfficeOffice•• Italian Ministry of Infrastructure and Italian Ministry of Infrastructure and TransportTransport•• Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage –– Landscape sectionLandscape section•• Italian Environmental Ministry Italian Environmental Ministry –– Forest Forest SectorSector•• Port Authority of the Province of LeccePort Authority of the Province of Lecce•• Police of the Province of LeccePolice of the Province of Lecce•• National Forest PoliceNational Forest Police

““Litorale di UgentoLitorale di Ugento”” Natural Regional ParkNatural Regional ParkManagement AuthorityManagement Authority

Conflicts among Institutions (hydraulic efficiency vs. habitat conservation; urban development vs. natural capital erosion)

Hierarchy of interests within different time, spatial and social frameworks! (chaotic single based behavior vs. political/legal object oriented Institutional activity)

Strategy: objectives are pursued on an “investment” vs. “result” perspective



Subjective perception/knowledge is a Subjective perception/knowledge is a ““keykey”” to involvement but most to involvement but most of all for judgment.of all for judgment.

The first step in resolving scale mismatches and tradeThe first step in resolving scale mismatches and trade--offs is the offs is the awareness that one of the causes of the problem is a wrong awareness that one of the causes of the problem is a wrong coupling between ecological and coupling between ecological and institutional and personal scales institutional and personal scales (Cumming et al. 2006). (Cumming et al. 2006).

Institutional flexibility/reorganization may not be possible or Institutional flexibility/reorganization may not be possible or easy to easy to achieve achieve (but see Cumming et al. 2006).(but see Cumming et al. 2006).

(From CMP http://www.conservationmeasures.org/)

Adaptive Management Adaptive Management (Holling 1978; Walters 1986; Lee 1993) (Holling 1978; Walters 1986; Lee 1993) could could be an answer pointing to:be an answer pointing to:

•• scientific driven policy/plan;scientific driven policy/plan;•• stakeholders involvement and trust;stakeholders involvement and trust;•• adaptability to unanticipated events;adaptability to unanticipated events;•• monitor, evaluate, learn and improve;monitor, evaluate, learn and improve;•• institutional flexibility.institutional flexibility.

Unanticipated negative events are ALWAYS fault of Unanticipated negative events are ALWAYS fault of ““someonesomeone””..


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/CMP_Cycle_-_2008-02-20.jpg


TradeTrade--offs and mismatches need to be linked to offs and mismatches need to be linked to ““societal choicesocietal choice”” promoted by promoted by ““participationparticipation”” but but (Scheffer et a. 2000)(Scheffer et a. 2000) ::

•• their solution is often a their solution is often a ““compromisecompromise”” rather than an rather than an ““integrativeintegrative”” solution;solution;•• there is a systematic bias away from optimal shared use there is a systematic bias away from optimal shared use toward activities that are detrimental to ecosystem quality.toward activities that are detrimental to ecosystem quality.

Today, science and scientists as experts no longer hold sway as Today, science and scientists as experts no longer hold sway as unquestioned authoritative sources of objective information in munquestioned authoritative sources of objective information in many any policy debates. policy debates. Civic Science Civic Science (B(Bääckstrand 2003) ckstrand 2003) points to:points to:

•• restoring public trust in science;restoring public trust in science;•• rere--orienting science towards coping with the complexity of orienting science towards coping with the complexity of environmental problems (e.g. recognize socialenvironmental problems (e.g. recognize social--ecological ecological systems);systems);•• installing installing ““democratic governancedemocratic governance”” of science promoting an of science promoting an active role of experts within the active role of experts within the ““ScienceScience--Policy InterfacePolicy Interface”” (van den (van den

Hove 2006)Hove 2006) . . Slide 14 of 15Slide 14 of 15

Ecosystem services through the lookingEcosystem services through the looking--glass: the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people and glass: the Red Queen's race of science in a world of people and lawslaws RED QUEENRED QUEEN’’s RACEs RACE

[…]"Well, in our country," said Alice, still panting a little, "you'd generally get to somewhere else — if you run very fast for a long time, as we've been doing.“

"A slow sort of country!" said the Queen. "Now, here, you see, it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place. If you want to get somewhere else, you must run at least twice as fast as that!“[…]

Lewis Carroll's “Through the Looking- Glass” (1871)

Illustration by John Tenniel (1820-1914)


SandSand dunesdunes lilylily((PancratiumPancratium maritimummaritimum))

Thanks for your Thanks for your attention attention …… and and questions.questions.

solutions for sustaining natural capital and …...ecosystem services june 7-11 , 2010, salzau...

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