SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT

IN INDIA

India’s Population = 1027 MillionAs per 2001 Census

Urban Population = 285 Million

Urban Areas = 5161(Cities / Towns)

TREND OF URBANIZATION

Year Year Year Year 1951 1991 2001 2021

1. Number of Urban 2795 3768 5161 -- Agglomerations / Towns

2. Urban Population 62.0 217.0 285.0 550.0 (in million)

3. As percentage of total 17.3% 25.72% 27.8% 41% Population

MAGNITUDE OF PROBLEM

- Per capita waste generation increasing by 1.3% per annum

- With urban population increasing between 3 – 3.5% per annum

- Yearly increase in waste generation is around 5% annually

- India produces 42.0 million tons of municipal solid waste annually at present.

- Per capita generation of waste varies from 200 gm to 600 gm per capita / day. Average generation rate at 0.4 kg per capita per day in 0.1 million plus towns.

- Collection efficiency ranges between 50% to 90% of the solid waste generated.

- Urban Local Bodies spend around Rs.500/- to Rs.1500/- per ton on solid waste

management of which,

* 60-70% of the amount is on collection alone

* 20% - 30% on transportation

* Hardly any fund is spent on treatment and disposal of waste

- Crude dumping of waste in most of the cities

QUANTITY OF WASTE GENERATION

TOTAL QUANTITY OF SOLID WASTE 1.15 LAKH TONNEGENERATED IN URBAN AREAS PER DAY (TPD)OF THE COUNTRY

% OF TOTALGARBAGE

WASTE GENERATED IN 6 MEGA CITIES 21,100 TPD 18.35%

WASTE GENERATED IN METRO CITIES 19,643 TPD 17.08%(1 MILLION PLUS TOWNS)

WASTE GENERATED IN OTHER 42,635.28 TPD 37.07%CLASS-I TOWNS(0.1 MILLION PLUS TOWNS) ____________ _________

83,378.28 TPD 72.50%

IF WASTE PRODUCED IN ALL CLASS-I CITIES IS TACKLED, PERCENTAGE OF WASTE SCIENTIFICALLY MANAGED WOULD BE 72.5% OF TOTAL WASTE.

Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste

Compostable / Bio-degradable = 30% - 55% matter (can be converted

into manure)

Inert material = 40% - 45% (to go to landfill)

Recyclable materials = 5% - 10% (Recycling)

These percentages vary from city to city depending on food habits

PRESENT STATUS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

- STORAGE OF WASTE AT SOURCE IS LACKING

- DOMESTIC WASTE THROWN ON STREETS- TRADE WASTE ON ROADS / STREETS- CONSTRUCTION DEBRIS LEFT UNATTENDED - BIO-MEDICAL WASTE DISPOSED IN MUNICIPAL WASTE STREAM- INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSED OF IN OPEN

AREAS

- SEGREGATION OF RECYCLABLE WASTE AT SOURCE NOT DONE

- PRIMARY COLLECTION OF WASTE NOT DONE AT PLACE OF GENERATION

Contd../..

- DESIGN & LOCATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE STORAGE DEPOTS INAPPROPRIATE, RESULTING IN LITTERING OF

GARBAGE .

- STREET SWEEPING NOT DONE EVERYDAY

- WASTE TRANSPORTATION DONE IN OPEN VEHICLES

- WASTE PROCESSING PARTIALLY PRACTISED IN 35 ULBs ONLY

- FINAL DISPOSAL DONE THROUGH CRUDE DUMPING

- RAG PICKERS COLLECT RECYCLABLES FROM MUNICIPAL BINS / DUMPSITES AND LITTER THE WASTE CAUSING INSANITARY CONDITIONS

REASONS FOR IMPROPER MANAGEMENT OF WASTE

Lack of planning for waste management while planning townships

Lack of proper institutional set up for waste management, planning and designing in urban local bodies

Lack of technically trained manpower

Lack of community involvement

Lack of expertise and exposure to city waste management using modern techniques / best practices

Lack of awareness creation mechanism

Lack of Management Information Systems

Lack of funds with ULBs

Indifferent attitude of ULBs to levy user charges and sustainability

RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE MANAGEMENT

1. Possible Waste Management Options :

(a) Waste Minimisation (b) Material Recycling(c) Waste Processing (Resource Recovery)(d) Waste Transformation(e) Sanitary Landfilling – Limited land availability is a constraint in Metro cities.

2. Processing / Treatment should be :

(i) Technically sound(ii) Financially viable(iii) Eco-friendly / Environmental friendly(iv) Easy to operate & maintain by local community(v) Long term sustainability

RECOMMENDED APPROACHES TO WASTE PROCESSING & DISPOSAL

I WEALTH FROM WASTE (PROCESSING OF ORGANIC WASTE)

(A) WASTE TO COMPOST

(i) AEROBIC / ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING

(ii) VERMI-COMPOSTING

(B) WASTE TO ENERGY

(i) REFUSE DERIVED FUEL (RDF) / PELLETIZATION

(ii) BIO-METHANATION

II RECYCLING OF WASTE

III SANITARY LANDFILLING

IV TREATMENT OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE SEPARATELY

VARIOUS TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS RECOMMENDED FOR WASTE PROCESSING

TOWNS GENERATING GARBAGE

UPTO 50 METRIC TONS / DAY(MT/DAY) = VERMI-COMPOSTING

BETWEEN 50 MT & 500 MT / DAY = VERMI-COMPOSTING + MECHANICAL COMPOSTING

MORE THAN 500 MT / DAY = MECHANICAL COMPOSTING + REFUSE DERIVED FUEL(RDF) FROM REJECTS KEEPING IN

VIEW THE TYPE OF THE CITY (INDUSTRIAL OR NON- INDUSTRIAL)

OR BIO-METHANATION

TENTH PLAN PROPOSALS

Requirement of funds as per 10th Plan document for 0.1 million plus towns as per 1991 Census are as under:-

Capital Investment = Rs.23226.00 million

Equipment replacement = Rs. 1355.00 millioncost

________________

Rs.24581.00 million ________________

Based on January, 2000 prices

INITIATIVES BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

Bio-medical Waste Handling Rules, 1998 - Notified

Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules, 2000 – Notified.

Reforms Agenda (Fiscal, Institutional, Legal)

Technical Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management

Technology Advisory Group on Municipal Solid Waste Management

Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Integrated Plant Nutrient Management from city

compost.

Tax Free Bonds by ULBs permitted by Government of India

Income Tax relief to Waste Management agencies

Public-Private Partnership in SWM

Capacity Building

Urban Reforms Incentive Fund

Guidelines for PSP and setting up of Regulatory Authority

Introduction of Commercial Accounting System in ULBs & other Sector Reforms

Model Municipal Bye-Laws framed / circulated for benefit of ULBs for adoption

Financial Assistance by Government of India - 12th Finance Commission Grants

DEVOLUTION OF 12TH FINANCE COMMISSION GRANTS FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT – RS.2500.00 CRORES

( RS. IN MILLION)

(I) COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION - 3864.4EQUIPMENT & MACHINERY

(II) COMPOST PLANTS - 10012.3

(III) SANITARY LANDFILL DEVELOPMENT - 10568.8 -------------------

TOTAL 24445.5 ------------------

DEVOLUTION TO ULBs BY 12TH FINANCE - Rs.19439.4 MillionCOMMISSION

PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT - Rs.5006.2 MillionENVISAGED THROUGH PPP IN COMPOSTING / SANITARY LANDFILLING

NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION

CENTRAL / STATE GRANTS ARE PROPOSED TO BE PROVIDED FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

GrantLoanCentre State

Cities with 4 million plus population

35% 15% 50%

Cities with one million plus population but less than 4 million

50% 20% 30%

Other cities 80% 10% 10%

MAIN ISSUES

- ABSENCE OF SEGREGATION OF WASTE AT SOURCE

- LACK OF TECHNICAL EXPERTISE AND APPROPRIATE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT

- UNWILLINGNESS OF ULBs TO INTRODUCE PROPERCOLLECTION, SEGREGATION, TRANSPORTATION AND TREATMENT / DISPOSAL SYSTEMS

- INDIFFERENT ATTITUDE OF CITIZENS TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT DUE TO LACK OF AWARENESS

- LACK OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT AND HYGIENIC CONDITIONS

- LACK OF FUNDS WITH ULBs

RECOMMENDATIONS

- Outsourcing of all activities under Solid Waste Management Services recommended by 12th Finance Commission for using grants

- ULBs to concentrate on segregation of waste at source

- Waste processing like composting, bio-methanation should be done through public-private partnerships / private sector

- Final disposal viz. sanitary landfilling to be done under public private partnerships / private sector

- Bio-medical waste to be managed by Central Bio-Medical Waste Management Facilities.