solid waste management baseline survey kon tum tum_finalis… · kon tum solid waste management...

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT BASELINE SURVEY KON TUM

Kon Tum Solid Waste Management Baseline Survey

1

Disclamer This publication has been issued without formal editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of firm names and commercial products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. The views expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Secretariat. The opinions, figures and estimates set forth in this publication are the responsibility of the authors, and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or carrying the endorsement of the United Nations.


2

ACKOWLEDGEMENTS The study reflected in this report was a collaborative product of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), Waste Concern and the Environment and Development Action in the Third World (ENDA). The study was carried out by a team from ENDA, with support from the People’s Committee and CITENCO – the Urban Environment Company in Kon Tum. Appreciation is extended to the officials in the relevant institutions, namely the Kon Tum Provincial People’s Committee, Kon Tum City People’s Committee and CITENCO who provided data and other related information, including supporting documents used for analysing and assessing the state of solid waste management in Kon Tum. Great appreciation is also extended to the households, shop owners, waste pickers, junk shop owners, farmers, fertilizer agents and other individuals who provided critical data and information to prepare the baseline study.


3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 5

2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 7

3. OVERVIEW OF EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 8

a) Waste collection and transportation 8

b) Waste treatment and disposal including future plans 10

c) Income and expenditure 12

d) Policies and ongoing initiatives 13

4. ESTIMATION OF WASTE GENERATION AND COMPOSITION 14

5. INFORMAL SECTOR ACTIVITIES AND RECYCLING 16

6. ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNITY NEEDS 17

7. MARKET OF COMPOST AND ITS USE IN AGRICULTURE 18

8. CONCLUSIONS 20


4


5

1. INTRODUCTION

Background

The rapid urbanization and economic development in Asia-Pacific has resulted in a

corresponding growth in the volume of solid waste generation. Managing solid waste is one

of the costliest urban services in developing countries, where local governments spend 20 to

50 per cent of their budget on solid waste management. Despite the high spending on waste

management, cities are finding it increasingly difficult to collect, process and dispose solid

waste in a cost effective and environmentally friendly manner. The current approach to solid

waste management in Asia Pacific focus on end of pipe solutions based on collection and

disposal of waste in the landfill, with no attention paid to the 3R (reduce, re-use and recycle)

principles of waste management. In addition to facing increasing costs for waste collection

and disposal, public health and the environment suffer due to the negative externalities

associated with poor waste collection and disposal.

In 2009, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

embarked on a regional project “Pro poor and Sustainable Solid Waste Management in

Secondary Cities and Small Towns" to find an appropriate approach to solid waste

management that would transform waste into resources, improve waste collection services

and provide better income and working conditions for waste pickers. The overarching

objective of the project is to develop and execute solid waste management strategies that

are decentralized, pro poor, low carbon and financially viable. The project contributes to this

goal by setting up Integrated Resource Recovery Centres (IRRCs) in secondary cities and

small towns that are run through a combination of partnerships between the local

government, NGO’s, cooperatives and small and medium enterprises.

VietNam is one of the countries targeted in the project supported by ESCAP. Based on the

outcomes of workshops and consultations with civil society groups, local government

officials and other relevant stakeholders, Kon Tum was selected for a baseline study, as a

first step to developing a pilot IRRC project. The baseline study was conducted by Kon Tum

People’s Committee and ENDA with support from ESCAP with a view to developing an

IRRC in Kon Tum. The study centered on collecting accurate data on solid waste

management in Kon Tum.

Kon Tum City

Geographical features

Kon Tum is located inland in the central highlands region of Vietnam. Kon Tum City is the

capital of Kon Tum province and is situated at the southern part of the province in a large valley

with an even and flat terrain at an average height of 520 - 530 meters above sea level.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Vietnam)


6

Kon Tum

Vietnam

Kon Tum city has a tropical climate with a yearly average temperature of 23.3 0C and an

average rainfall of 1.7 mm. The total area of the city is 432,98 km2 (43.298 hectare), with

1.274 hectare used for housing, 21.446 hectare used for agriculture, 7.646 hectare used for

forestry, 6.263 hectare used as specialized land and 6.222 hectare is unused land.

Socio economic context

According to the Kon Tum City annual statistic report, the population of the city in 2010 was

145,383. The population of major urban wards was 87,248 or 60 % of the overall city

population while the sub-urban population was 58,135 or 40% of the total population.

The population density and distribution in urban area was of 1,898 persons / km2 and

sub-urban area was of 150 persons / km2.

There are a total of 82 schools in Kon Tum city including kindergardens, primary

schools, secondary schools and high schools. In addition, the city has institutes offering

higher education in various fields such as Arts, Teacher Training, Technical Sciences,

Health and Vocational Training. All 21 wards in Kon Tum have access to broadcasting

services including television and radio stations. Daily local TV programs also broadcast in

the languages of ethnic minorities living in the province of Kon Tum.

The economy of Kon Tum city has maintained a high growth rate with a proportional

increase in sectors such as trade, services, industry, and construction marked by a

relative decline in agriculture.The growth in the economy has resulted in a per capita

income of 16.75 million vnd per year (i.e. around 790 USD/year).


7

2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

For the purpose of this baseline study, 180 households from three wards (60 households

each) were selected, which included Quyet Thang ward, Duy Tan ward and Thang Loi ward.

In addition, waste was collected from commercial areas that included the Commercial Centre

of Kon Tum city and the Duy Tan market. Waste was collected and analysed over a period

of seven consecutive days.

The methodology involved: i) surveys; ii) waste generation and composition analysis and iii)

interviews with waste pickers, farmers, shop owners, households and staff of the Kon Tum

People’s Commitee and CITENCO (State owned environment company in charge of solid

waste management).

Households were randomly selected and semi-structured questionnaires were prepared and

tested with respondents from selected households prior to the actual survey. The content

included the level of understanding of the current waste management and collection service,

preferences for future services and waste disposal practices. A questionnaire survey was

also completed by waste pickers and junk shop owners to get more insight on the informal

sector activity in waste recycling and among farmers to understand the market opportunity

for compost.


8

3. OVERVIEW OF EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

CITENCO – the state owned Environment Company is in charge of solid waste management

in Kon Tum. CITENCO receives its orders from the People’s Committee of province and its

annual budget is funded by the state. Present solid waste management practices in Kon

Tum do not follow segregation of waste based on the 3R principles of reduce, re-use and

recycle. CITENCO is responsible for collecting and transporting the waste generated daily to

the landfill. The responsibility for managing industrial and bio-medical waste is vested

directly on the generators and is treated at source.

a) WASTE COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION

The waste collection and transportation process carried out by CITENCO is illustrated in the following chart:

Figure 1: Waste collection and transportation process in Kon Tum

The sanitation workers sweep and gather waste into collection hand-carts and bring it to the

meeting points. The waste from the collection hand-carts is loaded into trucks with a capacity

between 2 to 6.5 tonnes which is then transported to the landfill. Currently street sweepers

and waste collectors clean and collect the waste between 6pm amd 11pm with the exception

SOLID WASTE

Urban areas

Public bins Collection hand-

carts

Meeting point

Compactor

trucks Landfill

Sub-urban areas

Non-hazardous waste

Collection hand-

carts

Meeting point


9

of the commercial center and its adjacent roads where waste is collected during day time

between 7:30 am and 10: 30 am and between 1:30 pm and 3:30 pm.

The following table presents a detailed allocation of the work force in charge of solid waste management in Kon Tum from 2008 to 2010.

Table 1: Allocation of work force for solid waste management in Kon Tum

Workers 2008 2009 2010

1. Administation 17 19 21

2. Sweeping, collection and transportation 139 161 203

a) Sweeping and collection 128 146 187

b) Driver and assistants 7 7 7

c) Field officers 4 8 9

3. Treatment 3 3 3

Total 159 183 227

Source: CITENCO

To facilitate waste collection, CITENCO has installed 365 public bins (including 27 bins with

the capacity of 660 liter and 338 bins with the capacity of 240 liter). The provision of bins

helps in gathering waste at common points which are collected by the sanitation workers.

For transporting the collected waste to the landfill, the city relies on a total of 7 trucks,

including compactor vehicles. Each truck carries out 2-3 trips per day, working on an

equivalent of 9-12 hours/day.

Table 2: Transportation means and petrol consumption in 2010

No: Vehicle type Brand Year Number Carrying

Capacity

(m3)

Petrol

litre/day/

truck)

Petrol

(litre/month/

truck

1. Non -

compactor

trucks

Rhino 1993 1 10 40 1200

2. Mitsubishi 2003 2 7 25 750

3. Isuzu 2010 2 13 30 900

4. Compactor

Nissan 1992 1 4 39 1170

5. Isuzu 1994 1 4 30 900

Total 7 38 164 4920

Source: CITENCO


10

Volume and rate of domestic waste collection in the city

According to CITENCO, urban areas receive better waste collection services than sub urban

areas. The average amount of municipal solid waste collected in urban wards is about 80-

95% (about 42-53 tons/day) and in the whole city is about 60-75% (about 45-64 tons/day).

Table 3: Waste collection volume by years

Year Average collection volume

Average of percentage collection

Daily (ton/day)

Yearly (thousand tons/year)

(%)

2008 45 16,4 60%

2009 50 18,2 63%

2010 64 23,3 70%

Source: CITENCO

Out of the total waste collected, an average of 5-7 tons/day originates from the markets which amounts to 7-10 percent of the total waste collected daily.

b) WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

All waste generated in the city is transported to one landfill, which is located in the Thanh

Trung hamlet, Vinh Quang commune of Kon Tum. The landfill covers an area of 7 hectares

and is located 10 km away from the city center. The landfill is situated on a sloping terrain

surrounded by hills with an average slope less than 100.

The new landfill at Thanh Trung hamlet which is managed and operated by CITENCO has

been in use since 2005 and has an estimated lifetime of 11 years. The landfill is designed

with the following sanitation standards:

Waste dam with the depth of 10 meter to contain the waste.

Waste burial container: The landfill is divided into 4 containers to burry waste. The

volume of each container is about 55,000 m3; 45,000 m3; 40,000 m3 and 42,000 m3

respectively. Between the containters there is a barrel made by sand that can absorb

water and the floor and wall of each container is built with thick clay. Each container

has a lifetime of about 3 years.

Drainage system: There is a drainage system inside the waste container with two

pipes at the border between the two containers and another drainage system on the

surface of the contrainer with gully-drains around the landfill that collects the waste

water from the surface to the lower system.

A wastewater treatment system has been designed to treat the leachate generated in

the landfill (explained in the following section).

In addition to the above features, the landfill site has a washing garage with cement floors to

wash trucks, office space to carry out daily managerial tasks, and a garage to park the

vehicles. Trees are planted around the landfill to reduce air pollution.


11

Process of landfilling and leachate treatment

After been taken to the landfill, solid waste is bulldozed and compacted in order to reduce

the volume of waste and increase the lifetime of the landfill. During the waste burying

process, effective micro-organisms and lime are used to manage and contain vectors. Forty

litres of effective micro-organisms are used weekly (average of 0.095 litre/ton).

The leachate from waste water flows through the pipeline into the first sedimentation tank

where it is mixed with lime to avoid toxins and the waste water flows through an aeration

tank into the second sedimentation tank. On reaching the container, the incoming water is

chlorinated and passed into a biological lake. The biological lake contains water hyacinth

and fish to inspect the water quality before discharing it to the external environment.

Figure 3: Leachate treatment in the landfill

Landfill Leachate Regulate and preliminary

sedimentation I

Aeration tank Sedimentation

tank II

Lake

biological

Environment

Sludge

Activated sludge


12

c) INCOME AND EXPENDITURE

Income

The main source of income for carrying out the activities such as street sweeping, collection,

transportation and treatment of waste is derived from collection fees and through the yealy

budget from the government.

Collection fees

Collection fees are levied for the whole city based on the decision no.19/2007/QĐ-UBND

dated 20/6/2007 of the Province People’s Committee (applied from July 2007 to March

2010) and decision no 08/2010/QĐ-UBND dated 30/3/2010 of the Province PC (applied from

April 2010 up to now).

The collection fee applied for different target groups in Kon Tum is provided in the following

table:

Table 4: Collection fee level in Kon Tum province (in vnd)

No Target group Units Collection fee amount

Details

1 Individual vnd/person/ month

3,000

2 Household vnd/household/ month

8,000 Household in small alley

10,000 Household in the street with collection system

3 Small business houshold

vnd/household/ month

40,000

Household without collection system

60,000 with collection system

4 Schools, companies and offices

vnd/unit/ month

80,000 Without collection system

100,000 With collection sytem

5 Hotel, shop vnd/shop/hotel/ month

200,000

Restaurant vnd/m3 waste 160,000

6 Factory, hospital, market, train /bus station,

vnd/m3 waste 160,000

7 Business center vnd/m3 waste 90,000

8 Contruction vnd/m3 waste 160,000

Source: CITENCO


13

Table 5: Income and expenditure for waste management 2009 – 2011 (in million dong)

No Description Year

2009

Percent Year

2010

Percent Estimated

for 2011

Estimated

percent

I Total income 1.660 1.770 2.301

II Total expenditure 18.838 21.532 27.991

1 Street sweeping and

waste collection

10.864 57,68 12.524 58,17 16.281 58,17

2 Transportation 4.544 24,12 5.118 23,77 6.654 23,77

3 Waste treatment 901 4,78 973 4,52 1.264 4,52

4 Management costs 2.529 13,42 2.916 13,54 3.790 13,54

III Subsidized budget

(II-I)

17.177 91,18 19.761 91,78 25.690 91,78

Source: CITENCO

POLICIES AND ONGOING INITIATIVES

The Prime Minister issued Decision No. 2149/QD-TTg dated December 17, 2009 approving

the national strategy for integrated solid waste management, Vision 2050, which has clearly

defined goals for solid waste management in the future.

According to the National Strategy for integrated solid waste management, by 2020 more

than 90% of the total domestic solid waste generation will be collected and processed in an

environmentally sustainable manner.

In line with the goals of the National strategy, the Kon Tum Provincial People’s Committee

has identified key tasks for effective solid waste management based on 3R principles:

Propagate and raise public awareness on 3R principles of reduce, re-use and recycle of solid waste in schools, state agencies, communities and business organizations with emphasis on source separation of waste.

Strengthen the city’s capacity on solid waste collection and transportation by upgrading facilities for waste collection and transportation with focus on investment in sealed compactor trucks to ensure environmental hygiene during transportation.

Promote composting models to protect the environment, save resources and decrease the volume of waste disposal.

To experiment and replicate solid waste recycle models, and gradually increase the proportion of waste recycled and limit the amount of waste sent to landfill.

To formulate the management mechanism on waste collection in order to strengthen management and coordination in city-ward-commune.


14

4. ESTIMATION OF WASTE GENERATION AND COMPOSITION

To determine the volume and composition of waste generated in the city, 3 wards were

selected, namely Quyet Thang, Duy Tan and Thang Loi. Sixty households in each of the

three wards were taken as sample for this study. In addition 2 commercial markets and

several commercial shops and offices were included in the sample to calculate the volume

and composition of waste generated daily. Waste samples were collected and analyzed

during a period of 7 days.

Image: Collection samples and analysis of data

The following tables present the waste generation, density and composition of waste based

on the findings and analysis of the data from the field survey.

Table 7: Waste generation rates

Wards/commune Waste Generation kg/capita/day

Domestic waste Non-domestic

waste

Domestic + Non-

domestic

Quyet Thang 0.40 0.28 0.68

Duy Tan 0.35 0.25 0.60

Thang Loi 0.36 0.25 0.61

Average 0.37 0.26 0.63

Source: Field survey 2011

Based on the survey conducted, the daily waste generation in Kon Tum city is 0.63

kg/capita.


15

Waste generation projection based on population growth

Having population growth of 1.2 percent per year in the Kon Tum, projected population till

2020 is calculated keeping 2010 as base year, based on data obtained from the statistical

yearbook of the city 2010.

. Table 8: Estimation of waste generation upto 2020

Year Projections

Population waste (ton/day)

2010 145.383 91,59

2011 151.135 95,22

2012 156.420 98,54

2013 161.175 101,54

2014 166.950 105,18

2015 172.000 108,36

2020 225.000 141,75

The waste generation volume/day in Kon Tum for the years from 2010 to 2020 is calculated

by applying the per capita daily waste generation volume of 0.63 kg.

Waste composition

To determine the composition of waste, ten samples each were randomly selected and

analysed in the three wards in addition to the sample collected from the two markets.

Table 10: Waste composition in Kon Tum

No Composition Household

waste (%)

Market

waste (%)

Non-

domestic

waste (%)

Average

(%)

1 Food waste 50.1 39.9 19.6 36.5

2

Grass/wood (coconut cover,

durian cover, leaves, sugar

can dregs)

15.3

30.1

33.6 26.3

3 Bone (snail shell) 2.0 0.2 0.3 0.8

4 Paper 5.5 3.05 10.5 6.4

5 Scraps of fabric 1.4 0.85 1.3 1.2

6 Plastic 12.3 12.1 19.2 14.5

7 Leather/rubber 0.6 0.35 0.3 0.4

8 Metal 0.7 0.05 0.8 0.5

9 Glass/ceramic 1.7 0.15 1.1 1.0

10 Others (sand, coal residue,

napkin, water…) 10.3

13.2 13.5 12.3

Total (%) 100 100 100 100

Source: Field survey 2011


16

An average of 62.86 percent of the waste analyzed is organic in nature and can be

converted into compost for use in agriculture. Presently there are no efforts or initiatives to

recover the organic fraction from the waste stream, as they are disposed at the landfill. The

markets are a good source of organic waste as 70 percent of the total waste generated is

organic in nature. In addition to the organic waste that can be recovered, 23 percent of the

total waste analysed can be recycled, whereas only about 12-14 percent of waste need to be

sent to the landfill for disposal.

5. INFORMAL SECTOR ACTIVITIES IN WASTE RECYCLING

Informal collection activities

In addition to the waste collection carried out by CITENCO, the informal sector

(scavengers and waste pickers) recover valuable waste from the municipal solid waste

stream. According to the survey conducted, the researchers documented the presence of 60

scavengers, out of which 30 persons work at the dumpsite. 7 junk shops were identified that

purchases waste and 16 people were directly involved in scrap trading activities. All kinds of

scraps of waste paper, carton, plastic, aluminum cans, scrap metal in the residential areas

were purchased by small traders. These traders buy waste from the waste pickers and sell

them to the junkshops. The waste pickers do not follow any fixed time schedule for their

work, thus carrying out their daily activities in an arbitrary manner. They collect waste daily

from dustbins on the roads, at meeting points, market area and commercial centers and at

the landfill. 60 percent of the waste pickers interviewed reported that they carry out their

collection with help of bicycles, whereas the remaining 40 percent said they carry out their

activities by walking.

Table 11: The amount of recyclable waste collected per day by the informal sector

Recyclable waste (Kg/person/day)

Plastic 2.9

Paper 8.2

Aluminum 0.2

Iron 0.6

Total 11.9

Socio economic conditions

80 percent of the waste pickers are female, with an average family size of 5 members.

Based on the interviews it was ascertained that most of them have been working in this field

for about 5 years, with some working for over 10 years. None of waste pickers interviewd

wanted to change profession, as their present activity is considered flexible and can meet

their day to day expenses, with an average income recorded between 1.2 to 1.5 million per

month. 60 percent of respondent said that they are exposed to health hazards and diseases

due to the risks associated in working with waste.

In comparison to waste pickers, 80 percent of the junk shop owners are male and most of

them have been operating for about 3-7 years, with some individual owners operating for 21

years.


17

The following table presents the data relating to the types of waste recovered by the informal

sector:

Table 12: The volume of recyclable waste from the informal collection activity

Type of

recyclable

waste

Volume

(kg/day)

Percentage

(%)

Purchase price

(vnd/kg)

Sell price

(vnd/kg)

Plastic 658 15,53 5,600 6.700

Paper 1.484 35,03 2,600 3.100

Aluminum 134 3,17 24,200 25.300

Metal 1.960 46,27 6,180 6.760

Total 4.236 100,00

Source: Kon Tum Citenco

6. ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNITY NEEDS

73 percent of sample respondents said they were satisfied with the existing solid waste

management system. Among the respondents who stated their dissatisfaction with the waste

management system, the most pertinent problem indicated was the lack of sufficient bins in

the neighbourhood to dispose their daily waste, leading to waste accumulating by the

roadside. The two main environmental problems due to waste accumulation on the roadside

and in drains is: 1) waste blocks the water flow in drains causing overflow of water, and 2)

spread of flies and mosquitoes due to waste accumulation on the roadside.

Regarding the collection fee, 97 percent of respondents said the fee was acceptable,

whereas only 3 percent said it was too high. When asked about the reasons for not paying

collection fee, 96 percent of respondents said that there was nobody home when the ward

officials came to collect the fee. Only 1.5 percent of respondents said they do not pay as

there is no waste collection in their area. 51 percent of respondents are willing to pay a

higher fee if the waste collection services are improved.

Waste collection assessment and preference

72 per cent of respondents took their waste to the public dustbin daily and 21 percent took it

every alternate day and 6 percent in every three days. 75 percent of respondents stored and

took their waste to the dustbin in plastic bags and small dustbins. The remaining 25 percent

took their waste in a vessel that was being re-used for this purpose. 81 percent of

respondents confirmed that CITENCO collects the waste daily from the dustbins. 80 percent

respondents preferred daily collection of waste in the evenings.


18

Community awareness and willingness to participate

87 percent of respondents are aware that organic waste can be converted into compost

which can be used in agriculturebnvbnvbbbvbv. 74 percent of respondents felt that

community participation is important for effective solid waste management and 73 percent

are willing to participate in source separaton program in order to improve the solid waste

management practices in Kon Tum.

The willingness to pay for door to door collection of waste was analysed with a view to

identifying the amount the beneficiaries are willing to pay for the service. 53 percent of

respondents said they would continue paying the present rate of 10,000 dong

monthly/household even if door to door waste collection services were offered. Only 20

percent of respondents said they are willing to pay 15,000 dong for door to door waste

collection services.

7. MARKET OF COMPOST AND ITS USE IN AGRICULTURE Questionnaire survey and interviews were carried out among forty farmers and ten fertilizer

shops to understand the market for compost and its current and potential use in agriculture.

Out of the fertilizer shops interviewed, none of them sold compost through their retail outlets,

however they expressed willingness to sell compost if the product is made available. The

following table presents the data relating to the products sold and its average sales quantity

per shop in Kon Tum.

Table 13: Fetilizer sales per shop (average)

No: Types of fertilizer Ton/month Price

(vnd/kg)

Total selling in 2010

(ton/year)

1 Urea 7.65 9260 91.8

2 Kali 8.7 10460 104.4

3 Super Phosphate 13.75 4860 165

4 Bio-fertilizer 14.1 1780 169.2

5 Insecticide 28

bottles/month

6 Lime 2 1000 24

7 Phosphate in seed 1 1800 12

8 NPK 8,5 9000 102

The majority of the farmers interviewed did not know about compost application and have

not used it for farming purposes. 50 percent of the farmers interviewed knew that organic

waste can be converted into good quality compost which is good for the soil and plant

growth, but there is a lack of know how on compost production and compost is unavailable in

the market.


19

According to the farmers, the reasons for reduced productivity in agriculture over the years

can be attributed to the following reasons:

Table 14: Reasons for low agriculture productivity in Kon Tum

Reasons Answer %

Lack of organic matter in soil 22 45.83

Loss of nutriens due to intensive cultivation 10 21.83

Burned crop loss 8 16.67

Soil erosion due to the dam 8 17.67

Total 42 102

To understand the market for compost and fertilizers, the present consumption patterns of

fertilizers and the area used for the cultivations of these crops were documented.

Table 15: Fertilizer consumption for major agricultural crops in Kon Tum

Crops Area

(m2)

The amount of fertilizer for each crop/area

Urea Kali Super

phosphat

e

Insecticid

e

Bio-

fertilize

r

NP

K

Compos

t

Vegetabl

e

5200 1005 50 0 0 0 0 0

Flower 2750 21.2 2 5 0.01 5 0 0

Coffee 85000 9650 104

0

2000 26 36950 0 0

Sugar

cane

16500

0

0 0 0 0 0 750 0

Rice 14400 6298 435

8

4520 11.16 0 0 0

Rubber

tree

17460

0

1125

3

935

7

14419 11.86

Based on the findings and interviews with fertilizer agents and farmers, the amount of

compost that can be potentially absorbed for agriculture use in Kon Tum is about 60,000

tons per year. The average selling rate of bio fertilizers through the retail outlets stand at 4.2

million dong per ton. By marketing compost to farmers, agriculture cooperatives, wholesale

and retail shops, the gaps in demand and low supply of compost can be bridged, thereby

ensuring continuous and consistent sales.


20

8. CONCLUSIONS

Based on the findings of the baseline study, it is evident that the current practices of solid

waste management in Kon Tum focus on end of pipe solutions where waste is collected and

disposed in a landfill. Currently there are no formal arrangements for recycling or for

converting waste to resources such as compost or bio gas. The informal sector plays an

important role in recovering valuable waste from the mixed municipal solid waste stream.

However their activites are carried out in an un-organized way and is not supported by the

state, despite the valuable services they offer. Resource recovery initiatives would do well to

factor in the services offered by the informal sector and create a win-win situation for all

relevant stakeholders.

About 63 percent of the total 92 tons of waste generated in Kon Tum can be converted into

resources such as compost and biogas and this opportunity underscores the potential for

livelihood as well as environmental sustainability.

The survery conducted among the households substantiated the willingness of the

community to separate waste for resource recovery initiatives. Also, there is a strong

possibility for effectively marketing and selling the compost produced, as farmers are eager

to try out the product as it helps to replenish the loss of organic matter in the soil. Currently

compost is not sold through shops as the product is unavailable in the market, thus leaving a

demand supply gap that can be bridged.

The favourable policy environment through the national strategy for integrated solid waste

management has set the context and goals for 3 R approaches and resource recovery

initiatives in Vietnam. Projects that are in line with the goals and target of the national policy

and strategies would be endorsed and supported by the state and its relevant departments.


21

VietNam

April 2011

For more information please contact ESCAP’s Sustainable Urban Development Section

Email: [email protected]

solid waste management baseline survey kon tum tum_finalis… · kon tum solid waste management...

Documents