CURRENT:

THE CURRENT IS THE RATE FLOW OF ELECTRONCES IN

ANY CONDUCTOR ,IT CALLED CURRENT.IT IS DENOTED BY `I` .

THE UNIT IS Amp.

I=V/R

1Amp =6.26*10^18 e

POTENTIAL:

THE WORK DONE PER UNIT CHARGE IN MOVING AN INFINITECMAL PONT CHARGE FROM THE COMMON REFERENCE POINT TO THE GIVEN POINT.

OR

IT IS IHE MULTYFICATION OF THE CURRENT AND RESISTANCE,IT`S CALLED POTENTIAL.IT IS DENOTED BY `V`.THE UNIT IS VOLT .

V=IR

WHERE,

V= POTENTIAL

I= CURRENT

R= RESISTANCE

POWER:

POWER IS THE RATE AT WHICH ELECTRIC ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED BY AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT.IT IS DENOTED BY`P`.

THE S.I. UNIT OF POWER IS THE WATT.

P=VI

WHERE,

P=POWER

UNITS OF ELECTRICAL POWER 1KW = 10^3W

1MW = 10^6W

1HP = 746W

1W-H = 3600J

1K-H = 3.6*10^6

PERFORMANCE OF SOLLER CELL Max.Voltage = 17.36 V

Max. Current = 1.16 Amp.

Power = 20.137 W

In Open Circuit Voltage = 20.04 V

In Short Circuit Current = 1.32 Amp.

System Voltage = 1000 V DC

CALCULATION : FOR FAN,

P=8W,V=12V,I=?,R=?

1. WE KNOW THAT, P = VI I = P/V

I = 8/12=0.66 Amp

2. V = IR

R = V/I

R = 12/0.66 =18 Ohm

FOR LED,

P=5W,V=12V,I=?,R=?

1. WE KNOW THAT P = VI I = P/V I = 5/12 = 0.42 Amp

2. V = IR R = V/I R = 12/0.42 =28.57 Ohm

RESULTANT:

IF WE CAN GENERATE THE ELECTRICITY 1.16Amp BY SOLLER PANAL CELL SIZE 450*530.IF WE ARE INCREASE SOLLER CELL THEN,WE CAN INCREASE

ELECTRICITY.

ADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

Today, PV systems have an important use in areas remote from an electricity grid where they provide power for water pumping, lighting, vaccine refrigeration, electrified livestock fencing, telecommunications and many other applications. However, with the global demand to reduce carbon-dioxide emissions, PV technology is also gaining popularity as a mainstream form of electricity generation. Photovoltaic modules provide an independent, reliable electrical power source at the point of use, making it particularly suited to remote locations. However, solar PV is increasingly being used by homes and offices to provide electricity to replace or supplement grid power, often in the form of solar PV roof tiles. The daylight needed is free, but the cost of equipment can take many years before receiving any payback. However, in remote areas where grid connection is expensive, PV can be the most cost effective power source. Main Merits are as follows-

The power source of the sun is absolutely free. The production of solar energy produces no pollution. The technological advancements in solar energy systems have made

them extremely cost effective. Most systems do not require any maintenance during their lifespan,

which means you never have to put money into them. Most systems have a life span of 30 to 40 years. Most systems carry a full warranty for 20 to 30 years or more. Unlike traditional monstrous panel systems, many modern systems

are sleeker such as Uni-Solar rolls that lay directly on the roof like regular roofing materials.

LIMITATIONS

LIMITATION

1. High Equipment Cost:

The high cost of solar panels and related equipment is the primary disadvantage to a solar powered home. However, local and national governments often provide tax breaks to individuals who install solar electric systems. Despite tax breaks, solar panels, mounting hardware, electrical components and installation might cost tens of thousands of dollars for the average consumer. Importantly, if a solar electric system reduces or eliminates monthly utility bills, the system eventually pays for itself.

2. Location: Climate, environment and location can limit or enhance the viability of a solar energy system. Solar energy systems depend upon access to the sun's energy. Therefore, disadvantageous locations for solar energy systems include areas that receive intermittent light, heavy shade or sun blockage from natural features. Alternatively, homes located in areas that receive regular, consistent sunlight generally benefits from the installation of solar energy systems.

3. Less Efficiency: It is less efficient because firstly it converts only 60% of total radiation it gets from sun into Electrical Energy and some energy is lost while storing charge into battery. It also loses some charge while running the appliance in the form of Heat.

4. Rapid Voltage Fluctuation: This problem takes place due to change in intensity of Radiation as well as the angle of incidence of Sunrays. The Intensity of Radiation is maximum during Peak Hours (10am to 2pm) and reduces to half after these hours.

FUTURE SCOPE

FUTURE SCOPE:

Solar power deals with the use of solar radiation for practical purposes. It has been employed in order to decrease the carbon footprints from our environment. It is the basic motor of all forms of energy generation methods. It is free and clean to use. This form of energy is available in abundance in our environment. The fossil fuels are also mere frozen solar power. Solar energy has remained a necessary ingredient for decades now. It's demand for usage still prevails.

Solar power is the most flourishing form of eco-friendly energy. It contains no moving parts and generates no noise. It does not release any harmful radiations into the environment. This form of energy does not affect the human life as well as the animal life. It converts light form into electricity very silently. There is a particular disadvantage of this form of energy i.e. its output variability, when there is no direct sun light, these panels fail to work until there is adequate sunlight.

As the technology has advanced, we now have started making use of electric vehicles too. Such vehicles have started becoming readily available and are operated using battery technology as well as solar energy. Their costs are now dropping and such vehicles are becoming readily available to the masses. Electric vehicles have a wonderful future for sure as they do not pollute the environment. They are also cheap in their usage.

ESTIMATE

S.No. COMPONENTS QS. R.S.

01 Photovoltaic Cell 12V DC, 20W 1 4,000.00

02 CHARGE CONTROLLER,1.6Amp 1 700.00

03 Battery 12V DC, 10Ah 1 3,500.00

04 LED LAMP 2 2,000.00

05 DC FAN 1 1,500.00

06 CONECTION WIRE 2 meter 100.00

07 WOODEN STAND 1 350.00

08 NUT&BOLT,NAIL&PAINT 4+12+1 75.00

TOTAL AMOUNT 12,225.00

ESTIMAT:

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Non Conventional Energy Resources By B. H. Khan

2. Non Conventional Energy Resources By Mr. D. K.Sharma3. Non Conventional Energy Resources By D. S. Chauhan4. A Text Book Of Electrical Technology Volume 11 By A.

K. Theraja5. Basic Electronics Module 1 by Jetking India’s No. 1 C. H

& N. I6. www.google.com (search engine)7. www.yahoo.com (search engine)8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_lighting9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell

10.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_%28electricity%29