Solar Radiation Solar Radiation (Electromagnetic and (Electromagnetic and Atmospheric Energy)Atmospheric Energy)

Created By:Created By:

Mr. KreegerMr. Kreeger

Homework and Page ReferencesHomework and Page References

Page ReferencesPage References– Page 478-480, 484-486, 491Page 478-480, 484-486, 491

HomeworkHomework– Explain in 2 to 3 sentences why shorter wavelength Explain in 2 to 3 sentences why shorter wavelength

radiation is more harmful than longer wavelength radiation is more harmful than longer wavelength radiation.radiation.

– Do numbers 7-9 on page 486Do numbers 7-9 on page 486– Do numbers 16 and 17 on page 493Do numbers 16 and 17 on page 493– Draw the phase change diagram and label what is Draw the phase change diagram and label what is

occurring at each section of the diagram (Project occurring at each section of the diagram (Project Grade- Due in 3 days)Grade- Due in 3 days)

– COLLECT WEATHER DATA EVERY DAYCOLLECT WEATHER DATA EVERY DAY

Table of ContentsTable of Contents1.1. Components and factors in the Atmosphere.Components and factors in the Atmosphere.2.2. Electromagnetic EnergyElectromagnetic Energy3.3. Solar EnergySolar Energy

a.a. Visible LightVisible Light

4.4. Matter and Electromagnetic EnergyMatter and Electromagnetic Energya.a. RefractionRefractionb.b. ScatteringScatteringc.c. AbsorptionAbsorption

5.5. Earth’s EnergyEarth’s Energy6.6. Energy Transfer in the AtmosphereEnergy Transfer in the Atmosphere

a.a. ConductionConductionb.b. ConvectionConvectionc.c. RadiationRadiation

7.7. Heat and temperatureHeat and temperaturea.a. TempTempb.b. Temp ScalesTemp Scalesc.c. HeatHeat

1.1. CaloriesCalories2.2. Specific HeatSpecific Heat

8.8. Heat energy and phase changesHeat energy and phase changesa.a. Latent HeatLatent Heatb.b. Adding heatAdding heatc.c. Losing heatLosing heatd.d. Water and latent heatWater and latent heat

Components and factors in the Components and factors in the AtmosphereAtmosphere

WeatherWeather is the state or is the state or Condition of the Condition of the atmosphere at a atmosphere at a particular timeparticular timeMeteorologyMeteorology is the study is the study of weatherof weatherAtmospheric variablesAtmospheric variables are changes in weather are changes in weather such as temp, air such as temp, air pressure, moisture, pressure, moisture, precip., wind speed and precip., wind speed and cloud covercloud cover

Components and factors in the Components and factors in the Atmosphere cont..Atmosphere cont..

Components and Factors in the Components and Factors in the AtmosphereAtmosphere

Formula Formula NameName ProportionProportion

NN22 NitrogenNitrogen 78%78%

OO22 OxygenOxygen 20%20%

HH22OO Water (vapor)Water (vapor) 0-4%0-4%

ArAr ArgonArgon 0.934%0.934%

COCO22 Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide 0.037% (370 ppm)0.037% (370 ppm)

NeNe NeonNeon 18.2 ppm18.2 ppm

HeHe HeliumHelium 5.24 ppm5.24 ppm

CHCH44 MethaneMethane 1.5 ppm1.5 ppm

HH22 HydrogenHydrogen 0.6 ppm0.6 ppm

NN22OO Nitrous OxideNitrous Oxide 0.3 ppm0.3 ppm

OO33 OzoneOzone 0.04 ppm0.04 ppm

CFCsCFCs ChlorofluorocarbonChlorofluorocarbon 0.0002 ppm0.0002 ppm

Electromagnetic EnergyElectromagnetic Energy

All EM energy travels All EM energy travels through space at through space at speed of light. speed of light.

Shorter wavelengths Shorter wavelengths greater frequency greater frequency (More Harmful)(More Harmful)

Longer wavelengths Longer wavelengths shorter frequency shorter frequency (less harmful)(less harmful)

Video clip of Electromagnetic Video clip of Electromagnetic energyenergy

Solar EnergySolar Energy

Energy from sunEnergy from sun major source of major source of energy for earth, energy for earth, sun produces all sun produces all frequencies of frequencies of energy.energy.

a.a. Visible Light-Visible Light- Small Small area of EM spectrum area of EM spectrum (4.0*10^-5—7.0*10^-(4.0*10^-5—7.0*10^-5), greatest intensity 5), greatest intensity of all EM energy.of all EM energy.

Matter and Electromagnetic EnergyMatter and Electromagnetic Energy

When EM energy hits When EM energy hits materials it can bematerials it can be– Refracted-BentRefracted-Bent– Scattered- Reflected and Scattered- Reflected and

RefractedRefracted– AbsorbedAbsorbed

Any material that is a Any material that is a good absorber of EM good absorber of EM energy is a good radiator. energy is a good radiator. Energy radiated longer Energy radiated longer wavelength than wavelength than absorbed.absorbed.Dark rough surfaces best Dark rough surfaces best absorbersabsorbers

Energy Transfer in AtmosphereEnergy Transfer in Atmosphere

a.a. Convection-Convection- Heat energy Heat energy transferred by movements of transferred by movements of liquids and gasesliquids and gases Caused Caused by density diff in fluids.by density diff in fluids.

b.b. Conduction-Conduction- Transfer of heat Transfer of heat energy by collision of atoms, energy by collision of atoms, most effective in solidsmost effective in solids

c.c. Radiation- Radiation- Transfer EM Transfer EM energy through space energy through space (Transverse Waves) No (Transverse Waves) No medium needed, travels medium needed, travels straight at speed of light.straight at speed of light.

Heat and TemperatureHeat and Temperature

a.a. Temperature- Measure of the Temperature- Measure of the averageaverage Kinetic Energy Kinetic Energy of molecules within a substance.of molecules within a substance.

b.b. Heat- Heat- TotalTotal Kinetic Energy of the particles in a sample Kinetic Energy of the particles in a sample of matterof matter

Two jars same temp one jar 50ml of water other jar Two jars same temp one jar 50ml of water other jar 25ml of water.25ml of water.If temp is sameIf temp is same Avg KE is same Avg KE is sameHeat energy is diff because larger volume of Heat energy is diff because larger volume of Water more molecules in motion greater Water more molecules in motion greater Total KE-More heat energyTotal KE-More heat energy Heat always flows from high to low temp. Hot object Heat always flows from high to low temp. Hot object

loses KE cold object gains KEloses KE cold object gains KE

Video Clip of Temp and HeatVideo Clip of Temp and Heat

Heat Energy

Temp scalesTemp scales

ScaleScale FahrenheitFahrenheit CelsiusCelsius KelvinKelvin

Water BoilsWater Boils 212212°F°F 100100°C°C 373.15373.15°K°K

Water Water FreezesFreezes

3232°F°F 00°C°C 273.15273.15°K°K

CommentComment Introduced in 1724, 0 Introduced in 1724, 0 °F lowest temp he °F lowest temp he could measure could measure (combining salt, (combining salt, ice, water)ice, water)

Introduced, by Celsius and Introduced, by Celsius and Linnaeus in 1745; adopted Linnaeus in 1745; adopted in 1948in 1948

C = 5/9 (C = 5/9 (F – 32); F – 32);

F = 1.8 F = 1.8 C + 32 (very useful C + 32 (very useful when cooking in foreign when cooking in foreign countries)countries)

Introduced, not Introduced, not surprisingly, by Lord surprisingly, by Lord Kelvin (1800s), 0Kelvin (1800s), 0°K °K = absolute zero= absolute zero

Temp scale PictureTemp scale Picture

Heat and TemperatureHeat and Temperature

c. c. CaloriesCalories- The quantity of heat needed to raise the temp - The quantity of heat needed to raise the temp of of 1 gram of liquid water1 gram of liquid water by 1C. by 1C.– A joule is defined as the amount of energy A joule is defined as the amount of energy

expended by a force of one newton moving an object expended by a force of one newton moving an object one meter in the same direction as the force. one meter in the same direction as the force.

– 1 Joule= .24 cal1 Joule= .24 cal

d. d. Specific Heat-Specific Heat- Quantity of heat required to raise the Quantity of heat required to raise the temp of temp of 1 gram of a substance1 gram of a substance by 1C. by 1C. – All substances have a different specific heat value. (Refer to All substances have a different specific heat value. (Refer to

Earth Science Reference Tables)Earth Science Reference Tables)– Takes water 32X longer to heat up than Lead higher Takes water 32X longer to heat up than Lead higher

specific heat more energy required to heat up substance.specific heat more energy required to heat up substance.

Table of Specific HeatTable of Specific Heat

Type of MaterialType of Material Specific HeatSpecific Heat

WaterWater 4.18 Joule/gC4.18 Joule/gC

BasaltBasalt .84 Joule/gC.84 Joule/gC

GraniteGranite .79 Joule/gC.79 Joule/gC

LeadLead .13 Joule/gC.13 Joule/gC

Heat Energy and Phase ChangesHeat Energy and Phase Changes

a.a. Latent heat-Latent heat- Normally when we Normally when we heat things up temp heat things up temp increasesincreases

• During phase During phase changes the temp of changes the temp of a substance does a substance does not change b/c the not change b/c the addition of energy addition of energy used to convert used to convert substance from one substance from one phase to another.phase to another.

Heat Energy and Phase Change Heat Energy and Phase Change Cont..Cont..

b.b. Adding heat c. Losing HeatAdding heat c. Losing Heat1.1. Melting (S-L) 1. Freezing (L-S)Melting (S-L) 1. Freezing (L-S)2.2. Evaporation (L-G) 2. Condensation (G-L)Evaporation (L-G) 2. Condensation (G-L)3.3. Sublimation (S-G) 3. Sublimation (G-S)Sublimation (S-G) 3. Sublimation (G-S)

Heat gained or loss can be found by Heat gained or loss can be found by multiplying mass of a substance by latent multiplying mass of a substance by latent heat valueheat value Varies w/ substance and Varies w/ substance and type of change. (Q=cmtype of change. (Q=cmΔΔT), c-specific T), c-specific heat, m-mass of object, heat, m-mass of object, ΔΔT-Diff in tempT-Diff in temp

Ideas of Latent HeatIdeas of Latent HeatGlass of Water, stillat 0 deg. C

Ice cube0 deg. C

+ Heat 334 Joules per gram ice

Glass of Water, stillat 0 deg. C

+ Heat 416 Joules per gram water

Glass of Water, 100 deg.C

Steam,100degC

Glass of Water, 100 deg.C

+ Heat 2260 Joules per gram water.

Which processes are Sensible Heat? Latent Heat?

Water and Latent HeatWater and Latent Heat

Video clip of Latent HeatVideo clip of Latent Heat

Latent Heat

Water and Latent Heat Cont..Water and Latent Heat Cont..1.1. Heat of Fusion-Heat added to 1g of ice at -100C KE increases temp of Heat of Fusion-Heat added to 1g of ice at -100C KE increases temp of

ice rises to 0C(Melting pt), temp stops rising until all ice changed to ice rises to 0C(Melting pt), temp stops rising until all ice changed to liquid. T stays same even though heat is added.(80cal)liquid. T stays same even though heat is added.(80cal)

2.2. Heat of Vaporization-When ice melts to liquid at 0C, temp rises to 100C Heat of Vaporization-When ice melts to liquid at 0C, temp rises to 100C (boiling pt) temp stops rising b/c all water must turn into gas.(540 cal)(boiling pt) temp stops rising b/c all water must turn into gas.(540 cal)

• Read left to right-Heating energy gainedRead left to right-Heating energy gained• Read right to left-Heat loss, energy released to environment fuel for Read right to left-Heat loss, energy released to environment fuel for

storms.storms.