solar pv & wind. systems engineering &...

1

USAID POWER THE FUTURE REGIONAL PROGRAM

JANUARY 20-21, 2020

BISHKEK, KYRGYZSTAN

SOLAR PV & WIND.

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING & DEVELOPMENT

APPROACH & METHODOLOGY

• Cumulative & interlaced knowledge acquisition

• Application and results oriented knowledge delivery

• Project development cycle

• Integration of additional knowledge required by market

• Continuous cumulative exercises and practical examples

• Practical application of tools

• Engineering decision making

• Fully interactive classroom

• Team building

• Workgroups and presentations

• Peer to peer review of results

• Integration of holistic knowledge

GRID

OFF GRID

MINIGRID

MINI GRIDS VS GRIDS. INTRODUCTION

=

~

~

Mini Grid

“Full” Grid

~

=


=

~

~=

=

=

~

~=

=

– Mesh Interconnected Clustered

– Mini Grid.

– Interconnections are below 66 kV to

avoid the cost of substations.

– All generation and all consumption is

shared over the whole integrated grid

providing a self balanced operation.

MINI GRIDS / CLUSTERS WITH DER ARCHITECTURE

1. Solar PV Plant

2. Inverter Grid Forming

3. Inverter/Charger & Controller

4. Storage

5. Diesel genset as backup.

6. Wind generation and/or others.

TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

1

2

34

5

6

78

9

10

11

1. Solar PV Field

2. Inverter.

3. Storage Bank

4. Genset

5. Wind Turbine

12

13

6. Consumer/s & Metering

7. Transformer (Up/Down)

8. Grid (Transmission/Distribution)

9. Protections (DC)

10. Protections (AC)

11. Protections (HV) & Metering

12. Telecommunications

13. Remote Management (SCADA)

SOLAR /

WIND

GENERATION

SOLAR PV. SOLAR GENERATION SIDE

A solar panel is a combination of multiple smaller panels, called Cells or Wafers, each of them is

formed by various layers of different semiconducting materials, which trap the electrons as they hit

the surface and convert them into electricity, which is delivered by the cells’s back layer. The cells

or wafers are connected in series (to add up volts) and the series into parallels (to add up amps).

On commercial projects, the warranties and bankability prevails over technical characteristics.

SOLAR PV. SOLAR GENERATION SIDE. MARKET AVAILABLE

PANEL TECHNOLOGIES.

c-SI or Crystalline

Type

1. Mono Crystalline

2. Poly Crystalline.c-SI Mono c-SI Poly CdTe

Advantages

Good efficiency with

clear sky.

Low degradation

mismatch.

Good efficiency with turbid

sky.

Long cleaning cycles.

Steady market availability.

Same panel cost as c-SI Poly.

Best efficiency in turbid skies

and/in hot weather.

Disadvantages

Uneven market

availability.

Shorter cleaning

intervals.

Industry average degradation

mismatch.

Uneven market availability.

Delicate logistics.

Higher Total project costs.

High degradation mismatch.

Shorter cleaning intervals.

Notes

Performance below

optimal in typical

equatorial turbid sky

The balance between Total

Project’s cost vs Performance

vs OM costs vs

standardization and availability,

makes this to be

recommended technology.

Even having the best

performance for the local

environment these are over-

weighted by the shortcomings

Thin Film Type

1. Cadmium Telluride

2. Other non-commercial

Crystalline technology dominates the world industry with more than 150 GW of manufacturing capacity. Poly type is the most widely available.

There is only 1 big manufacturer of CdTe and has very limited supply capacity, most of it devoted to self-developed large utility scale projects of

more than 100 MWp.

SOLAR PV. SOLAR GENERATION SIDE. STRINGS & TABLES

Strings are organized in “tables” and tables into “arrays”.

Cables between panels shall never jump between tables.

There are many possible configurations of tables, according to how many panels are in vertical order,

normally it varies between 1 and 4.

The panels can be oriented either in vertical position or horizontal position, as by where their long side is

oriented.

Here are some examples of tables: Strings must follow the

table

Strings can be routed on

the table to reduce

cable to reach the

combiner of inverter.

Multiple strings can be

routed on the table in

different shapes to

reduce cable to reach

the combiner of

inverter.

WIND

GENERATION

WIND. GENERATION SIDE

A Wind turbine is an electromechanical generation unit, where an inductive (spinning) generator is

actuated by the effect of the wind against the blades of the rotor. Depending on the technology of

the spinning generator. Today, the small units with less than 300 kW are no longer considered

financially viable and the usual platform starts with 2 WM. The domestic types (< 50 kW) either

generate DC or AC in freespin and must be associated with a battery bank due to the extreme

variability of their output and their lack of controls.


Micro Turbines Utility Scale

0 to 10 kW 800 kW to 12 MWALMOST EMPTY

No mainstream products in the

market

10 kW to 800 kW

Do It Yourself

approach.

Available even in

department stores.

Manufacturers

Vertical Integration.

Financial product

approach.

WIND. GENERATION SIDE. MARKET AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES.

Horizontal type

1. Domestic or

Utility

2. DC or AC Output

Horizontal Vertical

Advantages

High availability.

Proven design.

Available in any scale.

More units per area.

No mechanical stress.

Very low noise.

Disadvantages

Difficult OM.

High mechanical stress.

Complex foundations & EPC.

Only available for domestic scale.

More expensive.

Limited market availability.

Notes

Utility scale presents a high inertia,

allowing for smooth grid

integration.

The balance between cost and power has

limited his development towards utility

scale type.

Vertical type:

1. Domestic Application

2. DC or AC Output

Horizontal technology dominates the market in all sizes. Verticals are mostly considered for aesthetical reasons.

Platform Average Power Civil Works Turbine Total costCost per

kW

Endurance E-3120 55 kW 176,400 327,600 504,000 9,164

Enercon E53/48/44 800 kW 686,000 1,274,000 1,960,000 2,450

EWT DW61 900 kW 735,000 1,365,000 2,100,000 2,333

GE 1.5sle 1.5 MW 1,421,000 2,639,000 4,060,000 2,707

Enercon E82 2 – 3 MW 1,519,000 2,821,000 4,340,000 2,170

WIND. GENERATION SIDE. MARKET AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES

WIND. GENERATION SIDE. PLANT LAYOUT

T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4

> Diam x 10

T 5 T 5

> Diam x 10

GENERATION SIDE. INVERTERS

The inverter processes the DC energy received

the PV Field to deliver usable AC energy

GENERATION SIDE. INVERTERSThey convert DC power into AC power.There are various types:

• On Grid or Grid tied.They synchronize his output to the voltage and frequency of the hosting grid.

• Grid dependent.

• Anti-islanding protection prevails. No grid, no power.

• Grid forming.

• Anti-islanding can be cancelled or programmed. No grid, power output if desired.VRTH capabilities.

• Off Grid or Isolated.They serve facilities not connected to the grid.They are not grid compatible.

• DC to AC.

• They create a standard power AC power in pure sinewave. Storage should be added.

• Inverter-Charger or DC to AC to DC.

• They can have multiple DC and AC inputs and include the battery charger function.

• DC to DC.

• They create a stable DC output from various DC sources to supply an Off Grid or Grid Ties

inverter. The main application is large storage with multiple large DC generation sources and

multiple storage banks of different technologies.

• Hybrids.

• Multiple DC and multiple AC inputs, like an Inverter-Charger, but with smart power management

capabilities. Output can be Off grid or Grid tie, but not both.

PROTECTIONS

GENERATION SIDE. PROTECTIONS- DC.

- Fuses, ultra-rapid type.

- Breakers 4 pole loop.

- AC & HV.

- Fuses, slow type.

- Thermal breakers.

- Differential breakers.

- Surge arresters & grounding.

Type DCSingle Phase

AC

Three Phase

ACHV Surge Lightning

Fuses >1 V/<1,000 A 240 V / < 16 A 400 V / > 20 A >1 kV/<100 A > 1 kV / >10 A > 1 kV

Breakers < 1 kV/<100 A 240 V / < 16 A 400 V / > 20 A Program N/A N/A

Grounding* < 100 Oh < 100 Oh < 100 Oh < 100 Oh < 100 Oh < 100 Oh

GENERATION SIDE. PROTECTIONS

Type DCSingle Phase

AC

Three Phase

ACHV Surge Lightning

Fuses >1 V/<1,000 A 240 V / < 16 A 400 V / > 20 A >1 kV/<100 A > 1 kV / >10 A > 1 kV

Breakers < 1 kV/<100 A 240 V / < 16 A 400 V / > 20 A Program N/A N/A

~ D DT T

T

T

Section

Protection

& Insulation

Section

Protection

& Insulation

CABLES

GENERATION SIDE. CABLING

Cables are an utmost critical component of every system, often overlooked.

His correct selection, sizing and installation methods are key for the system performance.

Cutting corners or being cheap on cables has dramatic financial impacts in the long term.

GENERATION SIDE. CABLE INSULATION

Material Advantages Disadvantages

PVC

• Cheap• Durable• Widely available

• Highest dielectric losses • Melts at high temperatures • Contains halogens• Not suitable for MV/ HV cables

PE• Lowest dielectric losses • High initial dielectric strength

• Highly sensitive to water treeing • Material breaks down at high

temperatures

XLPE

• Low dielectric losses• Improved material properties al high

temperatures • Does not melt but thermal expansion

occurs

• Medium sensitivity to water treeing

(although some XLPE polymers are water

resistant)

EPR

• Increased flexibility• Reduced thermal expansion (relative to

XLPE) • Low sensitivity to water treeing

• Medium-High dielectric losses • Requires inorganic filler/ additive

Paper/ Oil

• Low-Medium dielectric losses • Not harmed by DC testing • Known history of reliability

• High weight & High cost• Requires hydraulic pressure/ pumps for

insulating fluid • Difficult to repair• Degrades with moisture

GENERATION SIDE. CABLE CAPACITY

No.

1

Cross-Sectional

Area

2

Construction

3

Insulation

Thickness

4

Overall

Diameter

5

Weight

Appr.

6

Max Conductor

Resistance @ 20°c

7

Min Insulation

Resistance @ 70°C

8

Ampacity in

Free Air

mm2 No. mm mm mm kg/km Oh/km MOh/km A

1 1,5 30,0 0,3 0,7 3,1 20,9 13,3 0,0 21,0

2 2,5 49,0 0,3 0,8 3,7 32,5 8,0 0,0 28,0

3 4,0 56,0 0,3 0,8 4,3 48,6 5,0 0,0 38,0

4 6,0 84,0 0,3 0,8 5,2 70,6 3,3 0,0 48,0

5 10,0 77,0 0,4 1,0 6,7 123,0 1,9 0,0 69,0

6 16,0 119,0 0,4 1,0 7,8 176,0 1,2 0,0 92,0

7 25,0 189,0 0,4 1,2 9,7 272,0 0,8 0,0 123,0

8 35,0 264,0 0,4 1,2 11,3 375,0 0,6 0,0 154,0

9 50,0 378,0 0,4 1,4 13,1 534,0 0,4 0,0 196,0

10 70,0 336,0 0,5 1,4 15,6 739,0 0,3 0,0 247,0

11 95,0 456,0 0,5 1,6 17,6 970,0 0,2 0,0 296,0

12 120,0 576,0 0,5 1,6 19,3 1186,0 0,2 0,0 350,0

13 150,0 720,0 0,5 1,8 22,8 1509,0 0,1 0,0 405,0

14 185,0 888,0 0,5 2,0 24,3 1862,0 0,1 0,0 461,0

15 240,01184,

00,5 2,2 26,6 2373,0 0,1 0,0 554,0

GENERATION SIDE. CABLE LOSES

c.s.a in mm2

Single-phase

circuit

Balanced three-

phase circuit

Motor power

Lighting

Motor power

LightingNormal

serviceStart-up Normal service Start-up

Cu Al cos q:, = 0.8 cos q:, = 0.35 cos q:, = 1 cos q:, = 0.8cos q:, =

0.35cos q:, = 1

1,5 - 24,00 10,60 30,00 20,00 9,40 25,00

2,5 - 14,40 6,40 18,00 12,00 5,70 15,00

4 - 9,10 4,10 11,20 8,00 3,60 9,50

6 10 6,10 2,90 7,50 5,30 2,50 6,20

10 16 3,70 1,70 4,50 3,20 1,50 3,60

16 25 2,36 1,15 2,80 2,05 1,00 2,40

25 35 1,50 0,75 1,80 1,30 0,65 1,50

35 50 1,15 0,60 1,29 1,00 0,52 1,10

50 70 0,86 0,47 0,95 0,75 0,41 0,77

70 120 0,64 0,37 0,64 0,56 0,32 0,55

95 150 0,48 0,30 0,47 0,42 0,26 0,40

120 185 0,39 0,26 0,37 0,34 0,23 0,31

150 240 0,33 0,24 0,30 0,29 0,21 0,27

185 300 0,29 0,22 0,24 0,25 0,19 0,20

240 400 0,24 0,20 0,19 0,21 0,17 0,16

300 500 0,21 0,19 0,15 0,18 0,16 0,13

GENERATION SIDE. CABLE LOSES:Input Data Sheet: :Calculation:

Electrical Load 25,00 Kw Total Electrical Load 25,00 KW

Motor Load 0,00 Kw Total Electrical Load in KVA 25,00 KVA

Total Load 25,00 Kw Total Full Load Curent 36,09 Amp

Type of Supply System Three Phase Electrical Load Starting Current 36,09 Amp

System Voltage V(L-L) 400,00 Volt Electrical Motor Starting Current 0,00 Amp

System Voltage V(L-N) 231 Volt Total Starting Current 36,09 Amp

Demand Factor 1,00 Starting CosØ 0,00

Power Factor 1,00 Starting SinØ 1,00

Short circuit Current(If You Know) K.Amp Runing CosØ 1,00

Allowable voltage drop at Running 5% Runing SinØ 0,00

Allowable voltage drop at Starting 5% Cable Derating Factor:

Motor Lock Rotor Current (If You Know): Amp Cable Installation Media Ground

Motor Lock Rotor Current: 0,00 X Full Load Current Ground Temp. Correction Factor (K1) 0,89

Motor Starting Power Factor: 0 Group Factor for Ground (K4) 0,75

Cable Detail: Cable Laying Depth Factor (K3) 0,96

Type of Cable: LT XLPE (Up to 1.1 KV) Soil Correction Factor for Air (K2) 0,86

Cable Conductor: CU Total Derating Factor 0,55

Size of Cable: 4cX 25 Cable Calculation

No of Parallel Run of Cable 1 No's Conductor Resistance. 0,93 Ohm / km

Cable Length (Distance) 300 Meter Conductor Reactance 0,08 Mho/km

Cable Laying Method: Cable Current Capacity 120 Amp

Cable Installation Media Ground 2 Derating Current 66 Amp

Ground Temperature (K2) 35 °C Min.Required No of Runs of Cable 1,00 Nos

Cable Laying Arrangement Single Tire Horizontal Voltage Drop Calculation:

Distance Between each Cable 0.25 mt Receving end Voltage 383 Volt

No's of Cable in Trench 4 Allowable voltage drop at Running 20 Volt

1 Allowable voltage drop at Starting 20 Volt

Cable Laying on The Depth of 1,5 Meter S.C Capacity of Selected Cable 3.58 K.Amp

Soil Thermal Resistiivty Not Known Km/Watt Voltage Drop at Starting 4,4%

Nature of Soil (k3) Very Dry Soil Voltage Drop at Running 4,4%

N.B: Enter Your Data in White Background Cell

Formula For % Voltage Drop:=

(1.732 X (Full Load Current)X(RCosØ+j SinØ)XLengthX100) / Line

VoltageXNo of RunX1000

GENERATION SIDE. CABLE LOSES

Cable Route Cable Length Cable Details Load DetailStarting

Condition

Runni

ng

Cond

ition

From toLeng

th

(Mt)

No.

of

Cabl

e /

Run

Total

Lengt

h

(Mt)

Size of Cables

Type

of

Cond

.

Res.of

Cable

(R)

(Ω/Km

)

Rea.of

Cable

(X)

(Ω/Km

)

Supp

ly

Volta

ge

Start

ing

P.F

Running

P.F

Light

ing

Load

(Kw)

Moto

r

Load

(Kw)

Total

Load

(Kw)

Motor

Lock

Rotor

Curre

nt

Starting

Current

of Ltg

Load

Starting

Current

of

Motor

Load

Total

Startin

g

Curre

nt

Full

Load

Curre

nt

(Amp)

Volta

ge

drop

(Volt)

%

Regul

aton

Volta

ge

drop

(Volt)

USS Panel-A50 2

1003cX 300 Sq.mm LT

XLPE (Up to 1.1KV)ALU

0,13 0,071433

0,60,9 126 126 3 0,0

560,0 560,0186,68

3,270,75% 1,20

Panel-A Panel-B 100 2 2003.5X300Sq.mm LT


0,13 0,071433 0,7 0,9 126 126 3 240,0

0,0 240,0186,68

2,950,68% 2,39

Panel-B Panel-C 50 1 504cX16 Sq.mm LT


2,45 0,08415 0,6 0,75 25 25 2 58,0

0,0 58,046,37

7,701,86% 7,59

0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00

0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00

0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00

0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00

0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00

0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00

0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00

0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00

0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00

0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00

0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00

0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00

0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00

0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00

0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00

0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00

0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00

0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00

0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00

0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00

COFFEE

BREAK

LOAD

ASSESSMENT

AND

FORECAST

DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN OF OFF-GRID / MINIGRID

FACILITIES

The combination of generation means and storage

is managed by the inverter/charger to deliver stable

power to the user facilities.

DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN OF OFF-GRID SINGLE USER

FACILITIES. LOAD PROFILE

Load & Sizing

Periods Hours% Main

loadMain Load kW

Main Load

kWh day

Main Load kWh

Storage 3 days

Gross Generation

kWh/Year*

Parameters 32 3

06.00 to 11.59 6.00 30 10 58 173

12.00 to 16.59 5.00 60 19 96 288

17.00 to 19.59 3.00 70 22 67 202

20.00 to 06.00 10.00 10 3 32 96

Totals 24.00 54 253 758 183,270

(*) Formula : (253 * 365 + (758 * (365 / 3))) = 183,270 kWh per year

LOAD FORECAST. PRINCIPLESThere are many ways and theoretical approaches to develop a load growth forecast. They can be divided into two main

groups.

Historical, uses the information accumulated over decades from alike environments and evaluates the load growth in

relation with multiple socio-economic parameters. Is the usual approach, but requires accurate and detailed information of

all the data involved.

Statistical, starting from a present value assumption, applies a variety of theoretical stochastic algorithms and itinerances to

anticipate the load growth and his location. There are thousands of theories but they have proven of little application in the

real world.

In consistency with the practical approach, we will use a simplified historical approach.

Data Period Detail What for

Total load profile 10 years Hour Overall growth

Critical loads 10 years Aggregated year Constant service

Economic loads 10 years Hour Wealth growth

Infrastructure loads 10 years Hour Desired services

Per Capita Rent 10 years Year Check kWh/$

LCoE per technology 10 years Year Generation mix

Population 10 years Year Check kWh/$/Users

Housing 10 years Year Density & Location

Cars 10 years Year Check value

RE

RESOURCE

ASSESSMENT


FACILITIES

SOLAR PV. DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN OF OFF-GRID SINGLE USER

FACILITIES

LOCATION

AND WIND

RESOURCES


FACILITIES

DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN OF OFF-GRID SINGLE

USER FACILITIES


FACILITIES

WIND. DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN OF OFF-GRID

SINGLE USER FACILITIES

DESIGN AND

DIMENSIONING

CRITERIA


FACILITIES. LOAD PROFILE.

Load & Sizing

Periods Hours% Main

loadMain Load kW

Main Load

kWh day

Main Load kWh

Storage 3 days

Gross Generation

kWh/Year*

Parameters 32 3

06.00 to 11.59 6.00 30 10 58 173

12.00 to 16.59 5.00 60 19 96 288

17.00 to 19.59 3.00 70 22 67 202

20.00 to 06.00 10.00 10 3 32 96

Totals 24.00 54 253 758 183,270

(*) Formula : (253 * 365 + (758 * (365 / 3))) = 183,270 kWh per year

DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN CRITERIACost approach

USD/kWp Calculated Size kWp Lifespan years

PV System 66 25,00

Panels 400,00 26 400

Mounting 350,00 23 100

Inverters 500,00 33 000

BoS & EPC 437,50 28 875

CAPEX 1 687,50 111 375

OPEX 15,00 990

Lifespan kWh

GeneratedCAPEX Lifespan OPEX CoE USD/kWh

CoE Calculation 2 310 000 111 375 990 0,05

USD/kWh Calculated kWh Total Lifespan Years

Storage (Li-Ion) 350,00 25,00

CAPEX 265 440

OPEX 3,00 2 275

Lifespan kWh

DeliveredCAPEX Lifespan OPEX CoE USD/kWh

CoE Calculation 2 306 800 265 440 2 275 0,12

DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN CRITERIAUSD/kWp Calculated Size kWp Lifespan years

PV System 66 25,00

Panels 400,00 26 400

Mounting 350,00 23 100

Inverters 500,00 33 000

BoS & EPC 437,50 28 875

CAPEX 1 687,50 111 375

OPEX 15,00 990

Lifespan kWh

GeneratedCAPEX Lifespan OPEX CoE USD/kWh

CoE Calculation 2 310 000 111 375 990 0,05

kW USD/kWhCalculated kWh

TotalLifespan Years Lifesapan Hours

Generator 115 150,00 2,44 16 000,00

CAPEX 17 280 1 536 000

OPEX 3,00 48 000

Fuel 0,99 0,25 380 160

Lifespan kWh

DeliveredCAPEX Lifespan OPEX CoE USD/kWh

CoE Calculation 1 536 000 17 280 428 160 0,29

Total CoE USD/kWh 0,34

LUNCH

BREAK

STORAGE

Power (front end, capacity, inverter, PCS)

• Measured in kW or kVA.

• Represents the instantaneous output limit of the storage system, which could be anything from 1 W to the total power.

• Every technology has a specific combination of Power and Energy capability

BATTERY FUNDAMENTALS: POWER VS ENERGY

Energy (back end, modules, racks, batteries)

• Measured in kWh.

• Represents the total amount of energy in the storage

medium.

Size of the Pipe Size of the Reservoir

52

The actual commercial number system used by the reference BNEF (Bloomberg New Finance)

uses has become the world standard.

Usable Energy, prorated including degradation, adjusted for the warrantied number of cycles and

the number of times the unit is delivering energy every hour.

Example: 20/80, means the maximum power will not exceed 20 EU’s while the BESS has a total

usable energy capacity equal to 4 times the Max Power, which is 80 EU’s, therefore the BESS, at

maximum, can serve a load of 20 EU, during 1 hour, 4 times per each cycle of 24 hours.

STORAGE TYPES

There are many forms of storage, either direct or indirect. In our industry, direct storage

of energy in the form of batteries and storage banks is the most usual approach.

GENERATION SIDE. STORAGE TYPES

Technology characteristics, application and dimensioning of batteries and storage banks

- Electro-chemical.

- Lead-acid gel, like OPZ type.

- Lithium-Ion.

- Flow.

- Fuel Cells (Hydrogen).

- Capacitors

- Electro-mechanical.

- Pumped hydro.

- Compressed air.

- Flywheels.

POWER VS ENERGY: C-RATE

2MW/4 hours

2MW/2 hours

2MW/1 hours

2MW/.5 hour

1MW/4 hours

1MW/2 hours

1MW/1 hours

1MW/.5 hour

C Rate

Power divided by Energy

– 1MWh battery can deliver

1MW for 1 hour (1C)


2MW for 30 min (2C) with

recharge.


500kW for 2 hours (0.5C)

Slide 55

56

KEY STRUCTURE

Source: Chernyakhovskiy, Principles of Energy

Storage, NREL, 2019 USAID workshop

BESS STRUCTURE

Cells

Modules BESS

Racks

Slide 57

• Factory Pre Assembled

• Ready to use – No field work

• Automatic control and integration of

– Climate control

– Inverters and protections

– Lightning protection

– Remote management

APPLICATION SPECIFIC SELECTION

Image by NREL, Batteries 101 Series: Use cases and value streams for energy storage58

SERVICES PROVIDED BY ENERGY STORAGE

Energy Discharge Time/Cycles (axis not to scale)

Source: ABB / Energy Storage: Moving toward Commercialization 59

STORAGE APPLICATION

Source: 2019 Utility Energy Storage Market Snapshot, SEPA https://sepapower.org/resource/2019-utility-energy-storage-market-snapshot/60

Ancillary Services - apply in Seconds to Minutes timeframe, and include Spinning Reserves, Frequency Regulation, Black Start.

Ramping Support - applies in the single to 30 minute timeframe; required to address rapid changes in supply and demand, often from renewable

intermittency.

Smoothing – used to address intermittency of renewable energy for grid integration, typically 1-4 hours, reducing impact on conventional generators &

other equipment.

Peaking, or Time Shifting – By supplying extra power during times of high demand, reduces demand on generators and entire system, typically 2-4 hours.

Baseload Generation – Supply power over extended period of time to meet baseload demand on system, typically 6 or more hours

https://sepapower.org/resource/2019-utility-energy-storage-market-snapshot/

61

BATTERY METRICS & MATCHING PERFORMANCE WITH

NEEDS

Source: Energy Storage 101, Joyce McLaren, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, March 2017

GENERATION SIDE. STORAGE DIMENSIONING

TypeSingle

User/House

Single User

Commercial

MiniGrid

DER

On-Grid

Solar PV

Plant

Distribution

Grid

Transmission

Grid

OPZ Average Average NO NO NO NO

Li-Ion OK OK OKCompensate

Variability

Small scale

(< 50 MWh)NO

Flow NOGrid Cost

(> 1 MWh)

24 h Supply

(> 1 MWh)

24h Supply

(> 5 MWh)

Flexibility

(> 50 MWh)Yes

Fuel Cells NO NO Average Average Average NO

Capacitors NOUser Power

QualityNO Average

Grid Power

Quality

Grid Power

Quality

- Electro-chemical.

- Lead-acid gel, OPZ type.

- Lithium-Ion.

- Flow.

- Fuel Cells (Hydrogen).

- Capacitors.

CONTROL OBJECTIVE INFORMS STORAGE DIMENSIONS

ms

hrs

Shifting: Load leveling

Stabilizing: Frequency regulation

Shaving: Peak lopping

Smoothing: Capacity firming

STATCOM: Power quality

Standalone: Island mode

Time (Energy)

Po

wer

Spinning Reserve

ms

Lazard LCoS V50 Dec 2019 Slide 64

COST OF BEES

TECHNO-

FINANCIAL

DESIGN

PRINCIPLES


FACILITIES.DETAILED FINANCIAL MODEL

All projects shall be financially viable, both on the

initial cost and during the whole lifetime. If a project

is not financially viable, there is no project, just a waist

of time and effort.

DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN. FINANCIAL MODEL SAM

DIMENSIONING AND DESIGN. FINANCIAL MODEL SAM

System Minimum Selling Price:

621,853 USD

Electricity Minimum Selling

Price: 0.24 USD kWh

Client / Offtaker

Accepts and signs contract ?

E P C

Starts

Only 10

mins

Wasted

COFFEE BREAK

EPC

DESIGN AND

CONSTRUCTION

EPC. DESIGN, ENGINEERING, PROCUREMENT AND CONSTRUCTION

Design &

Engineering

Contracting

Procurement

Logistics

Construction

Commissioning

EPC.SITE DESIGN

SOLAR PV. EPC. DESIGN

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

1

2

3

4

2 mt

1 mt

EPC

PROCUREMENT

LOGISTICS

EPC. PROCUREMENT

Sourcing

Suppliers &

Quotes

Payment

Schedule

Construction

Program

Contract for goods

or services

EPC. SIMULTANEOUS ENGINEERING

Sourcing

Suppliers

SpecsBoM &

Quote

Payment

Schedule

Construction

Program

Contract for

goods or

services

COFFEE

BREAK

HEALTH

& SAFETY

EPC. HEALTH & SAFETY

Health and Safety

• Personal protection gear is mandatory inside the works area

for ALL people. You and visitors included.

• HiVis vests are mandatory for ALL people while on-site, either

in works area or not.

Mandatory H&S gear for works area:

• Hi Vis vest.

• Safety boots or shoes.

• Helmet.

• Safety Glasses or Googles.

• Work gloves.

Additionally,

• Ear covers or earbuds when close to noisy areas.

• Electric insulation Gloves when works near life wires.

• Electric insulating footwear when near life equipment.

• Back & waist protection band when lifting weights.

• Safety Knee pads when working involves kneeing.

WEARING THE H&S GEAR IS MANDATORY FOR EVERYONE.

IMMEDIATE FIRE ANYONE FAILING TO DO SO.

EPC. HEALTH & SAFETY

Health and Safety

• DAILY SAFETY BRIEFING BEFORE WORK START IS

MANDATORY FOR ALL PERSONNEL.

• SAFETY BRIEFING IS MANDATORY FOR ALL VISITORS PRIOR

ENTERING THE SITE AND THE WORKS AREAS.

• THE DAILY SAFETY BRIEFING MUST INCLUDE UPDATE OF

ALL WORKS BEING CARRIED ON THAT DAY IN EVERY AREA

AND THE STATUS OF ANY HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENT IN

ANY AREA OF THE SITE.

• ALL PEOPLE MUST SIGN THE ENTRY AND EXIT FROM THE

SITE.

• ALL PEOPLE MUST SIGN THE H&S LOG AFTER THE BRIEFING

AND BEFORE ENTERING THE SITE AND THE WORKS AREA.

• ALL MACHINERY MUST BE CHECKED FOR FULL SAFETY

OPERATION EVERY DAY BEFORE BEING USED.

• INCOMPLIANCE WITH H&S RULES MEANS EXPULSION.

EPC

CONSTRUCTION

EPC. CONSTRUCTION

EPC

CONSTRUCTION

GROUNDWORKS

GENERATION SIDE.CABLE INSTALLATION

SOLAR PV. EPC.CONSTRUCTION

WIND. EPC. CONSTRUCTION

EPC

CONSTRUCTION

MECHANICAL

WIND. EPC.CONSTRUCTION

EPC

CONSTRUCTION

ELECTRO-

MECHANICAL


Panel installation is a critical and

delicate process.

Teams of 2 to 4 people are needed.

On 3rd and 4th panel part of the

team will have to stand in a small

scaffolding structure.

The lower panel always goes first and

has to be perfectly fitted and aligned.

The bolting is done ONLY with

power tools with torque settable

drivers. The panel manufacturer will

provide the right number of Nm

torque.

Any broken panel must be put aside

to avoid stumbling on it and injuries.

WEATHER

STATION

SOLAR PV. EPC. MONITORING

CONSTRUCTION

ELECTRICAL

SOLAR PV. EPC. ELECTRICAL WORKS

EPC. ELECTRICAL WORKS. (CONT.)

SOLAR EPC.TESTING & COMMISSIONING

WIND. TESTING & COMMISSIONING

SOLAR O&M. OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT

WIND O&M. OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT

GRIDS

MINI GRIDS

CLUSTERED

DER


=

~

~

Mini Grid

“Full” Grid

~

=


=

~

~=

=

=

~

~=

=

Mesh Interconnected Clustered

Mini Grid.

Interconnections are below 66 kV to avoid the

cost of substations.

All generation and all consumption is shared

over the whole integrated grid providing a self

balanced operation.

MINI GRIDS / CLUSTERS WITH DER ARCHITECTURE

1. Solar PV Plant

2. Inverter Grid Forming

3. Inverter/Charger & Controller

4. Storage

5. Diesel genset as backup.

6. Wind generation and/or others.

MINI GRIDS / CLUSTERS WITH DER ARCHITECTURE. N-2

=~

=

=~

=

=~

=

METERING

COLLECTIONS

MINI UTILITY

METERING AND COLLECTIONS

Examples of Pre-Pay meters, one with

card, the other with code.

They are available in single and 3 phase.

• Example of Pre-Pay meters by charged

by phone app.

• User re-charges by app or sms and

receives a code which is dialed into

the meter.

METERING AND COLLECTIONS

Growing number of prosumer schemes allow for real-time crossed charges and collections using

blockchain and net metering.

UTILITY

SCALE

PLANTS

SOLAR PV. UTILITY SCALE PLANTS

SOLAR PV. UTILITY SCALE PLANTS. KEY DIFFERENCES

WIND.UTILITY SCALE PLANTS

WIND.UTILITY SCALE PLANTS. KEY DIFFERENCES

LUNCH BREAK

FORMS OF

CONTRACT

POWER PLANTS. FORMS OF CONTRACTS


There are three basic forms of contract, which then have many different variations.

BTT = Build To Transfer. Normally is referred as a simple EPC contract or “Turn key”, where the owner hires the

services of a contractor to perform all the tasks related to the design, engineering, procurement and construction and,

commissioning and warranty provision of the power plant. This includes all permitting of any kind. The payments for the

services are done according to pre-agreed milestones; on anything else than a domestic plant, there will be an external

Owners Engineering or “OE” who will inspect the works and, if satisfactory and according to plan and specifications,

will authorize the payment.

BOO = Build Own Operate. This form goes together with IPP and PPA. Here the owner also hires an EPC or has the

EPC “in house”, but he will get paid based on the generation of the power plant, therefore, the EPC will be required to

provide bank warranties for the each milestone completion and for the production of the whole power plant during, at

least, 10 years. In these cases the EPC will be supervised by one or various OE’s, one from the owner, one from the

lenders (banks) and one from the offtaker (who will buy the electricity from the plant); sometimes there is just OE who

serves all third parties. In this type of plants the testing and commissioning will be also supervised and witnessed by a

certification agency (TUV Reinland, BV, SGS, DNV, etc). Large payments to the EPC will also be retained until the

certification agency provides the acceptance and the offtaker is satisfied with the plat operation.

BOOT = same as BOO but at the end of the PPA (Power Purchase Agreement) the plant will be transferred to the

offtaker.

BOT = Build Own and Transfer; here the owner will build and own the plant, normally only a part of it and the offtaker

will Operate and own another part of the plant, and the plant will be fully transferred to the offtaker at the end of the

PPA.


SPV : Special Purpose Vehicle. This is “Schell” or “containing” company created on purpose of a particular project by the

developer of an IPP, precisely to have the ownership of that particular power plant and be able to adapt to the various forms

of ownership and operation without having any modifications of interferences in the “mother” company, who will possibly

have as many SPV’s as power plants.

IPP : Independent Power Producer. That is the legal name that receives the SPV of a power plant owned by someone

different from the one who buys or uses the electricity. For example, all power plants not owned by the Utility but which

provide power to the Utility are IPP’s.

PPA : Power Purchase Agreement. Is the contract by which the owner (SPV) agrees to sell the electricity to the offtaker at a

certain price per kWh during a certain period of time, normally 20 to 35 years. The PPA’s can be with an Utility or a private

buyer, like a factory, who signs a PPA with an SPV/IPP who will install a plant in his roof or land and will sell the electricity to

the factory to reduce the bills from the utility.

Power Leasing : Same as a Private PPA but with fixed payments which are balanced over the years average generation and

usage. At the end of the year a liquidation balance is crossed and either the SPV/IPP pays the excess to the Offtaker or the

Offtaker pays the excess to the SPV/IPP.

PPP : Public Private Partnership. Here a government body or agency, provides certain “public” benefits to the SPV/IPP, like

land for free, an area Utility license, permits or finance in very special terms. Normally the government entity has a small

share of the SPV/ IPP or has the right to participate in the administrative and financial management of the SPV/IPP. These

types are done for project which have a high interest for the government, and normally are fully transferred to the

government at the end of the PPA or PPP period.


Wheeling : Here the SPV/IPP has a PPA with an offtaker (public or private) who does not have the power

plant inside his facilities, but both, the SPV/IPP and the Offtaker are connected to the same grid (normally the

national grid); in this case a Wheeling agreement is signed with the Utility for the usage of the grid and the

compensation by the offtaker is done by differential metering.

Differential Metering : The generation plant has an export meter (like any power plant) and the Offtaker has

also his usual consumer meter; difference between the two meters is what the offtaker has to pay to the

Utility and the reading from the generation plant is what the Offtaker has to pay to the SPV/IPP power plant.

Obviously, loses and other charges by the Wheeling Utility are deducted. This formula helps large consumers

with little or no space available to also benefit from the more competitive tariffs of the RE.

Additional readings:

http://fidic.org/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_purchase_agreement

http://fidic.org/

COFFEE BREAK

VARIABLE

GENERATION

IN POWER

FACTORY

VARIABLE GENERATORS. POWER FACTORY

Concepts for the integration of VRE (Variable Renewable Energy).

The 4 key components have to be considered as whole:

- The network, both transmission and distribution, including substations and switching stations.

- The actual generation mix. What are the capabilities in terms of flexible operation.

- The nature, type, profile and location of the loads.

- The VRE in generation size, delivery profile and, grid interaction capabilities.

Below the 50% of the adequate flexible response capacity of the generation mix, VRE don’t require any

special treatment, because they don’t provide more power, they reduce the load in the grid.

Flexible response: The ramping rate of the generation units, ideally > 50% / minute. How quickly and in how

much they can change the power delivered into the grid to compensate for sudden and unexpected changes

in the load.

The main issue is not on the modeling. Power Factory has extensive libraries which allow to model the

behavior of any VRE unit.

The problem reside in the combination of 4 elements:

- Detail of load, frequency and voltage profile, ideally below 1 minute.

- Location of loads and effective capacity of infrastructure.

- Load variability induced by the VRE.

- Power Factory’s semi-dynamic modeling.


Grid Behavior

Load Profile

Load Response

VRE’sNetwork Structure

Power Flow

From the generation mix units:

- Ramp Rates

- Hot & Cold start

- Governing capacity

- Effective dispatchability

From the load profile:

- Type & location

- Ramping per minute

- Manageability

From the network:

- Effective capacity

- Auto-switching units

- Power flow

- Power ripple/latency

From the VRE’s

- Normal profile

- Extreme profile

- Grid supporting capacities


Concepts for the integration of VRE (Variable Renewable Energy).

The 4 key components have to be considered as whole:

- The network, both transmission and distribution, including substations and switching stations.

- The actual generation mix. What are the capabilities in terms of flexible operation.

- The nature, type, profile and location of the loads.

- The VRE in generation size, delivery profile and, grid interaction capabilities.

Below the 50% of the adequate flexible response capacity of the generation mix, VRE don’t require any

special treatment, because they don’t provide more power, they reduce the load in the grid.

Flexible response: The ramping rate of the generation units, ideally > 50% / minute. How quickly and in how

much they can change the power delivered into the grid to compensate for sudden and unexpected changes

in the load.

The main issue is not on the modeling. Power Factory has extensive libraries which allow to model the

behavior of any VRE unit.

The problem reside in the combination of 4 elements:

- Detail of load, frequency and voltage profile, ideally below 1 minute.

- Location of loads and effective capacity of infrastructure.

- Load variability induced by the VRE.

- Power Factory’s semi-dynamic modeling.


For accurate integration of VRE’s into the

model we have to move towards detailed

modeling of both the loads and generators.

Variations in load, frequency and voltage are

in the transient events and small signal

stability type but on an “amplified” range.

A detailed dynamic model of load, generation

and network is desirable, but not always

possible to obtain.

A viable alternative is to model the

combination of maximum and minimum

instantaneous or static scenarios and their

possible combinations to obtain a range of

scenarios and validate the adequacy of our

systems.


Load model types

and attributes or

“pros and con’s.


Recommended studies:

https://e-cigre.org/publication/727-modelling-of-inverter-based-generation-for-power-system-

dynamic-studies

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7917348

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321803580_Impact_of_load_models_on_the_static_

and_dynamic_performances_of_grid-connected_wind_power_plants_a_comparative_analysis

Some models in DS/PF:

https://www.digsilent.de/en/faq-powerfactory/tags/photovoltaic.html

You have more than 10 examples of various models ready to use.

https://e-cigre.org/publication/727-modelling-of-inverter-based-generation-for-power-system-dynamic-studies

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7917348

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321803580_Impact_of_load_models_on_the_static_and_dynamic_performances_of_grid-connected_wind_power_plants_a_comparative_analysis

https://www.digsilent.de/en/faq-powerfactory/tags/photovoltaic.html

Pho

to: C

reat

ive C

om

mo

ns

1/20/2020 137

USAID POWER THE FUTURE REGIONAL PROGRAM (PTF)

MARKUS STRASLICKA, EXPERT

[email protected]

6 SARYARKA AVENUE, OFFICE 1430

ASTANA, KAZAKHSTAN 010000

WWW.PTFCAR.ORG

ОТКАЗ ОТ ОТВЕТСТВЕННОСТИ. Данная презентация была составлена благодаря поддержке американского народа, оказаннойчерез Агентство США по международному развитию (USAID). Содержание этой презентации является исключительной

ответственностью корпорации "Tetra Tech ES, Inc". и не обязательно отражает взгляды USAID или ПравительстваСоединенных Штатов.

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