solar photovoltaic-thermal (pv/t) technology and development
TRANSCRIPT
Solar Photovoltaic-Thermal (PV/T) Technology and Development
Prof Dato’ Dr Mohd Yusof Hj Othman FASc
Puri PujanggaUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
National University of Malaysia
16 June 2014
7th Asian School on Renewable Energy
Associate Principle Research Fellow/Director, Institute of Islam Hadhari
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
CONTENTS
• Introduction; Why PV/T?
• Current Research in PV/T Studies at SERI, UKM.1. Double-pass PV/T air heater with Fins
2. Double-pass PV/T air heater with CPC & Fins
3. PV/T air heater with V-groove collector
4. PV/T air heater with rectangular tunnel collector
5. PV/T air heater with honey comb collector
6. PV/T water heater collector
7. PV/T combi collector
8. Bifacial PV/T air heater
• Conclusion
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
INTRODUCTION
• Why PV/T?
– A combination of photovoltaic cell and solar thermal collector, hence maximizing space used.
– Generate both electricity and heat simultaneously.
– More efficient solar collector.
Solar water heater Solar air heater Solar electricity
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
Rational of PV/T
• PV technology is well established and accepted; high efficiency and high stability; widely used in isolated locations, stand alone, integrated, grid-connected.
• Solar thermal is also well established and accepted; high efficiency and high stability; widely used in hot water and hot air systems in domestic, space heating, industrial process heat, agriculture etc.
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
Comparisons: Thermal and PV
Solar Thermal
Harnessing solar energy for thermal applications –domestics, industries, hotels, hospitals, leisure, etc.
Use thermal energy for space heating, fluid and generate electricity.
Has been accepted worldwide as solar thermal power.
Photovoltaic
Convert solar energy to electricity.
Absorb 80% of incident solar radiation but convert only small portion to electricity.
Release excess heat during the operation.
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
Why PV/T?
• Increased PV module efficiency by decreasing temperature. About 0.4%-0.5% decrease in efficiency for every 1oC increase in
PV temperature.
Efficiency rate for generating electricity will increase by 10%-15%.
Cooling effect will ensure PV operate at rated electrical output and prevent damage by overheating.
• Replace the traditional heating fuel in the building. Can deliver additional 200%-300% more heat energy from
conventional PV system.
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
Why PV/T?
• Reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. Reduction in COx, NOx, & SOx because PV/T contributes to
displacing fossil fuel.
• Maximize usable roof space The installation produces more energy per unit surface area
compared to PV and Thermal systems installed separately.
• Replacing the roofing material with PV/T system reduces the payback period.
• PV/T systems has a total operating efficiency above 50%
• PV/T systems is proven to be feasible and cost effective
• Therefore, why not use PV/T collector that contributes both electricity and heat simultaneously?
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
Basic Idea of PV/T Efficiencies (?)
Area of Collector = Area of thermal
collector (At) + Area of PV panel (Apv)
Efficiency = ( thermal eff (t) + PV eff(pv))2
Thermal Efficiency = 60 %
Photovoltaic Efficiency = 10 %
Combined Photovoltaic Thermal
Efficiency = 35 %
Area of Collector = Area of thermal
collector (At) +Area of PV panel (Apv)
Efficiency = thermal eff (t) + PV eff
(pv)
Thermal Efficiency = 50 %
Photovoltaic Efficiency = 5 %
Combined Photovoltaic Thermal
Efficiency = 55 %
Air based PV/T system
Air Inlet
Blower
Auxiliary
Heater
PV/T
Collector
Drying
chamber/
space heating
On/off
Controller
Principle scheme
of air based
PV/T system:
PV/T module,
drying chamber,
blower, auxiliary
heater, controller
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
Liquid based PV/T system
Principle scheme of liquid based PV/T system:
PV/T module, storage and auxiliary heater
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
Schematic Diagrams of PV/T
Hybrid collector (Water & Air)
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
Research Study in Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) Collector at SERI, UKM
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
1. Double-pass PV/T air heater with Fins
1. Double-pass PV/T air heater with Fins
The collector has three
essential components: a
glazing on the top, a plate
containing numerous PV
cells and a bottom plate.
The air enters through the
channel formed by the
glass cover and the PV
plate and then through the
lower channel. The fins on
the back of the PV panel
increase the heat transfer to
the air.
Fin
Glass cover
PV cell
Absorber plate
Air in
Air out
Insulator
Absorber
plate
Glass
coverPV cell
Fin
1. Double-pass PV/T air heater with Fins
PV Cell
Absorber
Plate
Fins
SI/O
DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM
Humidity sensor
Anemometer
Flowmeter
Air
heater
(2 kW)
Air
heater
(2 kW)
Blower
Speed
control
Blower
Gauge
screen air
mixer Flexible
hose
Air
straightener Glass
cover
Solar cells
Insulator
Data logger
I-VTermocouples
Pyranometer
Experimental set-up in laboratory
Experimental set-up to test PV/T collector
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
Performance of the double-pass PV/T collector
with fins
Variation of current (I) and power (P)
against voltage (V) at mass flow rate of
0.027 kg/s.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0 5 10 15 20
V(Volt)
I(A
)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
P(W
)
400 W/m^2
500 W/m^2
600 W/m^2
700 W/m^2
Efficiencies of the collector at solar
irradiance of 600 W/m2 and Tf1 = 35 oC
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
2. Double-pass PV/T air heater with CPC & Fins
2. Double-pass PV/T air heater with CPC & Fins
Basically, the design has similar
concept with the previous one,
except it has Compound Parabolic
Concentrators (CPC) attached to it.
Air enters through the upper
channel formed by the glass cover
and the PV cells, and is heated
directly by the sun. Next, it exits
through the lower channel formed
by the back plate and the PV cells.
The CPC concentrates solar
radiation onto the PV cells. The fins
on the back of the PV panel
increase the heat transfer to the air.
Fin
Glass coverSolar cell
Outlet air
Inlet air
Insulator
CPC
PV/T-CPC Collector under construction
CPC
Solar cells
Fins
PV/T-CPC Collector under construction
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
Performance of Finned Double-pass PV/T CPC collector
The electrical properties of the PV/T at 400 Wm-2 and mass flow rate at 0.069 kg/s
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 4 8 12 16 20
V (Volt )
I (A)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
P (W)
Fins
CPC & f ins
3. PV/T air heater with CPC collector
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
mass flow rate (kg/s)
Effic
ien
cy (
%)
Thermal eff iciency
Electrical eff iciency
Combined eff iciency
The effect of mass flow
rate on efficiencies at
solar radiation of 600
Wm-2 of PV/T collector
with CPC and Fins
PV/T- CPC collector on the
roof top
Drying cabinet
PVT collector
DC fans
Drying of noodle using PV/T dryer
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
3. PV/T air heater with V-groove collector
3. PV/T air heater with V-groove collector
Based on the previous two
designs, the electrical
efficiency of the collector
reduced by nearly 50% since
the PV module is covered by
glass plate. Electrical energy is
considered as high quality
source of energy, and reducing
its value defeats the purpose of
having good quality of PV
module
PV cell
V-grooveInsulator
3. PV/T air heater with V-groove collector
3. PV/T air heater with V-groove collector
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
V (Volt)
I (A
)
Tanpa
lengkuk-V
Dengan
lengkuk-V
The I-V curve at 0.006958 kg/s
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
V (Volt)
P (
W) Tanpa
lengkuk-V
Dengan
lengkuk-V
P-V at 0.006958 kg/s
Graf P lawan V pada 0.069581 kg/s
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
4. PV/T air heater with rectangular tunnel collector
4. PV/T Air Heater with Rectangular Tunnels
INNOVATIVE SOLAR COLLECTOR
FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BOTH
HOT WATER AND ELECTRICITY
Cold Air In
Hot Air Out
Solar Panel
Insulator
4. Front View and Back View of Tunnels design
The structure and the PV/T
module used in this design
are similar with the design
in the previous collector,
except that the V-Groove is
replaced with rectangular
tunnel made of aluminum.
4 PV/T air heater with rectangular tunnel collector
4 PV/T air heater with rectangular tunnel collector
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
Voltan(V)/V
Aru
s(I
)/A
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
Po
wer(
P)/
W
Arus(I)/A
Power(P)/W
The I-V and P-V curves for the PV/T air heater with rectangular tunnel collector
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
5. PV/T air heater with honey comb collector
5. PV/T air heater with honey comb collector
Photovoltaic module
Aluminum sheet Heat Insulator
Honeycomb heat exchanger
5. PV/T air heater with honey comb collector
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
6. PV/T water heater collector
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
6. PV/T Water Collector
Construction of flat box Al-alloy
absorber plate for hybrid PV/T water
heater system
• In this experiment, sensitivity study of the system has been performed and proved that by combining the systems, the installation area produce more electrical and thermal energy per unit surface area than one PV panel and one hot water system (thermal collector).
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
PV/T water heater collector
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
PV/T Water Collector
a) Direct Flow Design,
b) Serpentine Flow
Design,
c) Parallel-Serpentine
Flow Design,
d) Modified Serpentine-
parallel Flow Design,
e) Oscillatory Flow
Design,
f) Spiral Flow Design,
g) Web Flow Design,
NoCollector absorbers
design
1 Tunnel design 9.6 45.1 54.7
2 Spiral Flow Design 11.4 52.2 63.6
PVthermal PVT
Ambient temperature = 24 – 26 °C and Solar Radiation = 700 – 800 W/m2 (Typical clear day)
Efficiency of dual function solar collectors
Ambient temperature = 24 – 26 °C and Solar Radiation = 700 – 800 W/m2 (Typical clear day)
Efficiency of dual function solar collectors
NoCollector absorbers
design
1 He et al. [1], Taiwan R.O.C 9.87 40 49.87
2 Huang et al. [2], China 9.0 38 47
3 Chow et al. [3], Hong Kong 11.0 51 62
4 Ji et al. [4], China 10.15 45 55.15
5 Adnan Ibrahim et al[5] 11.4 52.2 63.6
PVthermal
PVT
Solar Panel
Cold Water In
Hot
Water
OutInsulator
6. PV/T water heater with spiral flow designed collector
DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMThermal
Storage
Thermal Storage
Tank
Data Logger 24ch
Converter/
Inverter
Load
A
V
Anemometer
Pyranometer
Humidity sensor
Thermocouples
DC Current
transducer
DC Voltage
transducer
Flowmeter
Thermostat
I-V
Auxiliary
Heater
Grid
connected
Dual Function Solar
Collectors
NOVELTY :
INTEGRATED AS
ROOFING
MATERIAL
PV/T water heater for low
energy building at SERI,
UKM
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
INNOVATIVE SOLAR COLLECTOR FOR
THE PRODUCTION OF BOTH HOT
WATER AND ELECTRICITY
INNOVATIVE SOLAR COLLECTOR FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BOTH HOT WATER AND ELECTRICITY
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
7. PV/T combi (combination of liquid and air) collector
Glass
Air
Water
Insulator
PV Panel PV PanelAdhesive
7. PV/T Combi (combination of liquid & air) collector
Heat conductor
Sheet-and-tube PV/T-collectors.
(Zondag et al, 2003).
Channel PV/T-collectors.
(Zondag et al, 2003).
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
7. PV/T Combi (combination of liquid & air)
Glass
Transparent
PV panelWaterWater
WaterAdhesive
Adsorber
Insulator
Free flow PV/T-collectors.
(Zondag et al, 2003).
Two-absorber PV/T-collectors.
(Zondag et al, 2003).
Transparent
PV Panel
Heat
absorber
Air
Air
Air
Water
Water
Water
Insulator
Insulator
Insulator
7. PV/T Combi: Mode air and water
Mode a
Mode b
Mode c
Alternative PV/T/dual design
modes, used to determine
the optimum arrangement of
the water and the air heat
exchangers.
(Tripanagnostopoulos, 2007)
Inlet air
Water
tube
Insulation
Transparent
PV cell
Outlet air
Absorber
plate
D1
D2
D3D4
Schematic Diagram of the PV/T collector
Mussalim & Othman (2013)
Schematic diagram the PV/T combi
Water out
Transparent PV cells
Outlet air
Inlet air
Water in
Collector plate
Water tube on top
Water tube on bottom
Double pass air
Insulation
The construction of the PV/T collector
Performance study of the PV/T collector
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
8. Bifacial PV/T air heater
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
8. Bifacial PV/T air heater
The concept of bifacial solar cell as
compared to monofacial solar cell.
• In this experiment, Bifacial PV module has been designed. The idea is to use both sides of the PV module to improve the electricity generation. The heat produce can be used for space heating or any other hot air applications.
8. Bifacial PV/T air heater
Monofacial solar module Bifacial solar module
(front face)
Bifacial solar module
(back face)
8. Bifacial PV/T air heater
Indoor testing facilities
(under construction)Outdoor testing facilities
(under construction)
8. Bifacial PV/T air heater
Bifacial PV/T in
operation at
Madrid Airport
8. Bifacial PV/T air heater
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
CONCLUSION
Mohd Yusof Hj Othman 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
CONCLUSIONS
• We have presented 8 types of PV/T air & water heaters namely,
1. Double-pass PV/T air heater with Fins
2. Double-pass PV/T air heater with CPC & Fins
3. PV/T air heater with V-groove collector
4. PV/T air heater with rectangular tunnel collector
5. PV/T air heater with honey comb collector
6. PV/T water heater collector
7. PV/T combi (combination of air and liquid) collector
8. Bifacial PV/T air heater.
• Each of the collector has it own specifications that may be fit in one of our applications.
• Hybrid photovoltaic collectors have great advantages: higher photovoltaic cell efficiency, higher total efficiency (both the thermal and the electrical combined), lower produced energy costs due to a better use of the energy conversion process
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to record our appreciation to
UKM and the Government of Malaysia for
the financial support of this project (03-01-
02-SF0039; PRGS/1/11/TK/UKM/01/12;
FRGS/1/2011/TK/UKM/02/35; ETP-2013-
011)