solar constant (1370 w/m (5.67x10 t s (1 a)...
TRANSCRIPT
Earth’s radiative balance or, how I learned to stop worrying and love the greenhouse effect
If the Earth had no atmosphere:
T4 = S/4(1 — A)
T = 255 K
-18 ˚C
0 ˚F
Albedo (reflectivity)
Solar constant (1370 W/m2) Stefan-Boltzmann constant
(5.67x10-8)
reflected
Absorbed and
re-radiated as heat
288 - 255 = 33 ˚ of ‘normal’ greenhouse warming
Actual surface
No atmosphere
Sunlight Infra-red radiation
Air
0
-0.4
0.4
1900 1940 1980 1860
Te
mp
era
ture
an
om
aly
(˚C
)
Global Temperatures for the last 150 years (5-year running average; as of ~2005)
Civil war
Model T
World War II
Al Gore invents
the internet
After Jones and Wigley, 1980
“ . . . a global deterioration of climate, by order of magnitude larger than any hitherto experienced by
civilized mankind, is a very real possibility and indeed may be due very soon.”
Climate change in the age of Disco
The last ~10 years: another plateau resembling ~1950
Currently favored explanation of the plateaus is that
these are periods when accumulated heat gets
preferentially stored in ocean instead of atmosphere…
Warming has a strong geographic bias
(2000-2009 avg. vs. 1950-1980 mean)
±2.5 ˚C scale
A long-suspected driving force — rise in CO2
Global average 1700-2000 AD
Mauna Loa 1958-2004 AD
The CO2 Greenhouse Effect What should physical principles lead me to expect of global warming?
Complications
• Solar ‘constant’ is a variable
• Water-vapor feedback
• Albedo
• Ice
• Clouds
• Aerosols and dust
• Ground cover
33 ˚ of warming = 20˚ from H2Ov + 10 ˚ from CO2 + 3 ˚ from other things
CO2 has risen 10’s of %, so T should
have risen by a degree or more
Arrhenius, 1896
Doubling CO2 = 5-6 ˚C warming
Cylon invasion happens here
Reid, 1999; by way of www.oar.noaa.gov
Sunspots and early 20th century temperatures
So what factor is to blame for 20th century T rise?
Wrong question — lots of things are to ‘blame’ but some
are more important than others, and at different times